CONTENTS Acknowledgement List of Tables and Graph Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: Introduction CHAPTER 2: Development Profile of Bihar State CHAPTER 3: Socio-Economic Structure of the lages CHAPTER 4: Technical Change and Agricultural Development CHAPTER 5: Land-labour Relation, ‘Employment and Wages’ CHAPTER 6: Household Affairs of Farming Community CHAPTER 7: Conclusion and Suggestion Listing Schedule Interview Schedule Bibliography Page No. 30-64 65-99 100-139 140-171 172-206 207-221 222 223-232 233-246ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I owe my deepest sense of gratitude to the “Almighty God” for his blessing showered upon me without which this work would not have been possible I pride myself on expressing with the sense of deepest gratitude and reverence to my supervisor Dr. Rajendra Prasad Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi, whose innovations & instructions make me able to complete this research work. Insight of his suggestions & instructions, this research work got possible and therefore this research work is devoted in his feet. I extend my heartiest thanks to Professor Satyendra Nath Chaturvedi, Head, Department of Economics and Professor Rathindra Pratap Sen, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, whose skillful co-operation could help me enormously in completion of this research work. Iam very grateful to all the respected teachers of economics department who help me and gave me valuable guideline to complete this research work. I am also thankful to the Office Staff of my department and university who gave their valuable time to me. I would like to express my thanks to the librarian and staff of the Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi; Banaras Hindu University, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida; A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Science, Patna and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for the excellent support they have extended in the matter of reference facility. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my fellow researcher Dr. Ashok Kumar Maurya and his whole family, PankajKumar Mishra, Pramod Kumar Singh, Govind Kumar Suman, Amrendra Kumar singh and Pramod Kumar Sinha for their generous cooperation and necessary help throughout the research work. I am thankful to Dr, (Smt.) Krishna Singh who continuously encouraged me to complete the study timely and to give my best to the work Lam indebted of all the villagers of both the villages and Panchyat Rozgar Sewak of MNRE information related to my research work. Om Prakash Singh, who give me appropriate Lam highly grateful and profoundly indebted to my father, mother, brothers and sisters for their encouragement and moral support throughout the research work. No words are enough to express my heartiest gratitude to my wife Ms. Reena Singh, son Aryan Singh and daughter Prathibha Kumari for having patience and allowing me time on their own cost to building my educational carrier. | am also thankful to my sister Ms. Maya Singh and brother in-law Mr. Devpujan Singh, whose unmatched inspiration and cooperation helped me to complete the research work. I have also attended some national seminars, conferences and workshops. I have also read various articles of many learnt scholars, who gave me valuable knowledge for my research work. I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude for all of them. oof Kehr hygh Date: 26-6F- 2s? (Anand Kishor Singh) Place: Varanasi Research ScholarLIST OF TABLES AND GRAPH: _| P. Table No Title i | Table 1.1 | Sample Size and its Proportion to the Households | 22 Table 2.1 | Pattem of land use in Bihar 33 [Table 2.2 | Region wise land use pattern in Bihar* before division | 35 Table2.3 | Land Utilisation Pattern in Bihar 35 Distribution of working population by Agricultural and| 7 | Table24 | Other workers of Bihar (% of main workers) a Table 2.5 | Poverty Ratios in Bihar and India 38 Table 2.6 | Rural Poverty Incidence and Shares by Land 30 Table 2.7 | Sectoral Composition of GSDP at Constant Price 4 Table2.8 | Ranking of States According to Infrastructure Index B “Table 2.9 | Road Density in Selected States and India 44 _Table 2.10 State wise Road Density in 2001 45 Table 2.11 | Length of road in Bihar 46 Table 2.12 | Source-wise Irrigated Area in Bihar a8 Table 2.13 | Consumption of power in Bihar 50 Tabie2.14 [Tit flow in Agrontre Secor i Bihar: 2003-04 to) 55 Table 215 | Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and its Growth Rate 35 Table 2.16 | Cropping Pattern in Bihar 56 ‘Area, Production and Yield of different crops in Bihar Table 2.17 | during 1970-71 to 1990-91 7 ‘Area, Production and Yield of Paddy crops in Bihar Table 2.18 | during 2000-01 to 2008-09 a ; ‘Area, Production and Yield of Wheat in Bihar during | Table 2.19 | 2000-01 to 2008-09 9 | ‘Area, Production and Yield of Gram in Bihar during Table 220 | 3990-01 to 2008-09 ne ‘Area, Production and Yield of Mustard in Bihar during Table 2.21 | 2090-01 to 2008-09 |_ 60 Table 2.22 | Land Utilisation Pattern in Rohtas District a Table 3.1 | Land and Demography of the village 68 Table 3.2 walsae Infrastructure Facilities: Distance from the 69 Table3.3 | Landholding wise Distribution of Village Households | 71 Table 3.4 Distribution of Land among different holding Sizes 2 Tables [Casteswise Distribution of Households according 10] 7, 3 landholding Sizes Table 3.6 Caste-wise Distribution of Land 74 Table 3.7 Percentage distribution of Tenancy _ 91Table 3.8 | Percentage distribution of Tenancy 92 Table3.9 Percentage distribution of lease out household and their 93 average land Table 3.10 Percentage distribution of leased-in household and their 93 average land Table 3.11 Percentage Distribution of household: terms of tenance; 94 Table 4.1 Sources of Irrigation 107 Table 4.2 __| Consumption of Fertilizer in Bihar 13 Table 4.3 Average Consumption of Fertilizer in different Crops US Table 4.4 Percentage Share of each crop in Gross Cropped Area 118 Table 4.5 Cropping Pattern in Kharif Season 19 Table 4.6 Cropping Pattern in Rabi Season 120 Table 4.7 Cropping Intensit 121 Table 4.8 Productivity of Paddy crops 122 ‘Tabled. rosacty of Paddy Crop according to Landholding | 54 Table 4.10 | Productivity of Paddy according to Farm size of Paddy [125 Table 4.11 Productivity of Wheat Crop 126 Table 4.12 Productivity of wheat according to Landholding Size 128 Table 4.13 Productivity of Gram 129 Table 4.14 Productivity of Mustard 130 Table 4.15 | Purchasing Agency of Paddy Crop 134 Table 4.16 Time of Selling of Paddy Crop 134 | Table 4.17 Place of Selling of Paddy Crop 134 Table 4.18 _| Purchasing Agency of Wheat Crop 136 Table 4.19 Time of Selling of Wheat Crop 136 Table 4.20 Place of Selling of Wheat Crop 137 Table 5.1 Distribution of total Employment 147 Table 5.2 Distribution of Employment in Agriculture Sector 148 Table 5.3 Percentage Distribution of Total Employment in) | 49 L Agriculture Sector _ Agricultural Operation-wise Distribution of Table 5.4 Employment in Kharif Season 150 Table 5.5 Agricultural | Operation-wise Distribution of 153 Employment in Rabi Season Table 5.6 Distribution of Employment in Non-agriculture Sector 155 Table 5.7 Percentage Distribution of Employment in Non- 156 agriculture Sector Table 5.8 Distribution of Employment in Construction Sector 156 Table 5.9 qcennse Distribution of Employment in Construction 157 Table 5.10 __| Distribution of Employment in Non-agriculture Sector | _157[Table 5.11 | Employment Position in NREGA 160 _| Table's.12._ Time Taken in Getting Employment after Giving | 169 Application Table 5.13 | Time Taken in Wage Payment 162 Table 5.14 | Mode of Wage Payment 163 Table 5.15 | Observance of Prescribed Norms 163 [Table 5.16 | Mode of Measurement of Man days 165 Tables 17 Impact of NREGA on Rural Wages and Out Migration | 65 of Labour Table 5.18 | Earnings from NREGA and Level of Living 166 Table 5.19 Suggestions for Improvement in NREGA 167 Table 6.1 | Family Size of Households 173 Table 6.2 Average Family Size of Households: Caste-wise 174 Table 6.3 ‘Age Composition of Household Members 174 “Table 6.4 | Education of Household Member 175 Table 6.5 | Education of Household Member: Caste-wise 176 [Table 6.6 Condition of house of respondent 177 Table 6.7 | Condition of house of respondent 178 Tabieaa |A°Ailability of separate kitchen room in the) 179 Respondent’s main House Tapes) Availability of separate Kitchen room in the| 7g Respondent's main House Table 6.10 | Availability of toilet in the Respondent's main House | 180 Table 611 Availability of Toilet in the Respondent's main House | 180 Taplea12 | Distance of availabilty of Drinking Water from the) yp Respondent’s House Taplea 1a | Distance of availablity of Drinking Water from the), 1 Respondent's House Table3.14 | Household: livestock 183 Table 6.15 | Household: Agriculture Implements 186 Table 6.16 | Household: Means of Transport 187 Table 6.17 Household: Domestic Appliance 189 Table 6.18 | Percentage Distribution of Household: Ration Card 191 Percentage Distribution of BPL Household: | Table 6.19 | Beneficiaries of Antyodya Ann Scheme 191, Percentage Distribution of BPL Household who gels Table 6.20 | foodgrains from PDS = Tabega1 | Peteentage Distribution of BPE. Household who gets | 95 foodgrains from PDS Table 6.22 | Annual Income of Household 193 Table 6.23 | Sectoral-wise Average Income of Household 194Table 6.24 Percapita Annual Income 196 Table 6.25 Per capita Monthly Expenditure of Household 197 Table 6.26 Indebtedness Household 201 Table 6.27 case-wiee Indebtedness Household: Source of Total 201 Table 6.28 Source of Total Debt of Indebtedness Household 203 Table 6.29 Total Indebted Household: Purpose-wise 204 GRAPH: Sectoral Composition of GSDP at Constant Price Al Figure: 1 vi|BBREVIATIONS USED HYV ICAR SFDA RWP CSRE PIREP IRDP NREP RLEGP DWARCA Mws TRYSEM TAY SGSY NREGA MNREGA ANSISS ILO OBC sc GpP. GSDP PPP MDR ODR RGGVY NHPG BSEB RRBs KCC NABARD TPDS FCI FPS APL BPL MSP : High Yielding Varieties : Indian Council of Agricultural Research, : Small Farmer Development Agency Rural Work Programmes : Cash Scheme for Rural Employment ilot Intensive Rural Employment Project : Integrated Rural Development Programmes ational Rural Employment Program: : Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme : Development of Women and children in Rural Area : Million Wells Scheme : Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment = Indra Awas Yojna : Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act .N. Sinha Institute of Social Science international Labour Organization : Other Backward Caste chedule Caste : Gross Domestic Product Gross State Domestic Product : Public Private Partnership : Major District Road : Other District Road : Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojna : National Hydroelectric Power Generation : Bihar State Electric Board : Regional Rural Banks Kisan Credit Card : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development : Target Public Distribution System : Food Corporation of India ir Price Shop : Above Poverty Line : Below Poverty Line : Minimum Support price es vil