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    Probabilistic analysis on scattering effect of initiation systems andconcept of modified charge per delay for prediction of blast inducedground vibrations

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    Probabilistic Analysis On Scattering Effect of Initiation Systems Andconcept of Modified Charge Per Delay For Prediction of Blast Inducedground Vibrations

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    Luciana Figueiredo

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    so1nar2019 eee Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modifiad charge par delay for pracction of bast induc Measurement 130 (2018) 306-317 Contents lists available at SciencoDirect Measurement journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement Probabilistic analysis on scattering effect of initiation systems and concept of modified charge per delay for prediction of blast induced si ground vibrations Hemant Agrawal *, A.K. Mishra i Department of Mining Engineering nan nite of Technolgy (IN), Dhanbad 826004 Jara nda ARTICLE INFO ‘ace tony Received 28 june 2018, Received in cevise orm 30 july 2018 ‘Accepted 16 Angst 2018 ‘Avalble online 17 August 2018 Feywors: ap seatering Intiation system estronic detonator Pek pre velty aside round vibration ABSTRACT ‘Most ofthe mine operators use Non-electric and Detonating cord with cord relay initiation system for basting in surface mines. The ground vibration predictor equation proposed by United States Bureau (of Mines (USBM) using Non-electic or Detonatng cord with cod relay initiation sytem gives erroneous "results while predicting the Peak particle velocity (PPV) at point of interest. The predicted values of PPV lsing the scaled distance equation and actual values shows significant errors incase of blasting with Pyrotechnic based delay initiation system. The errors between predicted and actual PPV may be attibu- {ed tothe fact thatthe cap seater in pyrotechnic based delay initiation system varies from £10% to #202. Variation of actual firing time from the designated time delay may result in altered firing order, overlap- ping of holes and failure ofthe blasting sequence, which can cause altered maximum charge per delay Fesultng in high vibration levels: Therefor, it becomes very important to understand the impact of «ap scattering on maximum charge per delay and influence of altered maximum charge per delay on blastinduced ground vibration In this paper, anew concept of modified charge per delay has been developed to predict the blast- induced peak particle velocity for blasts using different initiating systems having varying cap scatter ‘while using the same predictor equation, Itis seen that a significant reduction in erors has been obtained ‘between actual and predicted PPV with values of root mean square errors (RMSE) up to 161 mms. 1. Introduction Mining activities remain a time and cost-intensive business, therefore, accurate planning and cost efficiency have been the Important factors in excavation operations. In a move to improve ‘overall cost-efficiency in large mining and construction operations, ‘operators are adopting the use of electronic detonators for accu- rately controlling time delays, to improve rock fragmentation, lower vibration levels, reduce oversize and to essen the potential (of fly-rock [1], This translates into faster excavation times and improves downstream processing costs for the mining operation by increasing throughput, reducing crusher wear, and lowering power consumption and maintenance costs. The accuracy and flex- ibility of the programmable detonator have provided the mining industry with options, previously not available, to improve timing designs for increased benefit in the areas of ground control and better fragmentation [2-4]. The industry's whole approach to blast + Coeesponding author mal adres: hemantism@gmailcom (H, Agrawal upsidoiony0.1065ameasrement 201808032 (022 2243/0 2018 Beever a Al ight reserved (© 2018 Elsevier Lt. llrightsreserved timing design can now be focused on greater safety, increased productivity and blast performance, rather than being restricted by the limited interval selections and inaccuracies the conven- tional pyrotechnics detonator timing systems offer. ‘The use of Electronic detonators is a latest technological advancement in the field of blasting; itis also proven by many of the researchers that electronic detonators have improved the blast performance [5-9]. It has been observed by many researchers that ‘proper initiating system and precision of delay time in detonators offer great advantages in controlling ground vibrations, reducing adverse effects of blasting such as generation of fly rock, noise and improving fragmentation of material [10-12] Peak particle velocity (PPY) is generally deemed to be the main control target of ground vibration in engineering. It is established that the PPV is mainly affected by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of monitoring and site geology. ‘Maximum charge per delay and distance of monitoring are the ‘major controllable parameters where site geology is uncontrol- lable, Due to adverse effect of blast-induced ground vibration, accurately predicting blasting vibration velocity and analyzing hitpsreader olsevier comiroaderisdipil$0263224118807759?lokon=67E30262530AFT 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS12B880D32F... 1/12 so1nar2019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 ao the attenuation law of the parameter are of great significance [15,14], Many researchers have worked upon different numerical approach and computational techniques to precisely predict the ground vibrations [15-17]. The vibrations resulting from a single-hole per delay and a multi-hole per delay blast, both con- taining the same total explosive charge weight per delay, ae sig- nificantly different [18] Its commonly perceived that the inherent random timing scat~ ters of conventional non-electric initiation systems is a major con- tibuting factor to the inconsistencies observed which may be alleviated through Electronic detonators. Due to scattering (#10- 20%) in pyrotechnic detonators the timing of detonation of each hole cannot be accurately predicted, which leads to probability of ‘overlapping of detonated holes | 19]. This overlapping of holes lead to an increase in maximum charge per delay and results in higher ‘ground movements than the predicted {20} The variation of overlapping of detonating holes due to scatter- ing of time delay in initiating system causing varied maximum, instantaneous charge influencing blast induced ground vibration in production blasts have not yet studied in detail. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop a concept of modified charge per delay due to different percentage of cap scattering in initiation system, 1.1 Blast induced ground vibration prediction ‘The most acceptable concept of vibration prediction is of Scaled Distance (SD) given by United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) [21 The scaled distance is a concept put forward by using the amount ‘of explosive energy in shock and seismic waves, and the effects on the basis of distance [22,4 The SD is derived by combining the dis- tance between the source and measurement points, and the max- Jmum charge per delay. This SD is defined by the equation below: SD=D/VWe ‘where SD is the scaled distance (mjkg®°) [23], D is the absolute dis- tance between the shot and the station (m), and Wg is the maxi- ‘mum explosive charge per delay (kg). ‘The peak level of ground motion at any given point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the shot point [16]. The PPV is given by the following equation: PPV = K x (SD)" where, K and n are site/geological constant factors. The site factors are determined by a logarithmic plot of PPV versus SD. The straight- line (24) best representing the data has a negative slope n, and an intercept K [4], Earlier many researchers such as | 19,25-36] and many others have studied the effect on vibration due to delay time precision, The overall result found by researchers is that with an increase in precision of delay time or by reducing the cap scattering in delay time, a significant reduction in blast-induced ground vibration level is seen, ‘To study the effect of delay time precision and cap scattering on blast-induced ground vibration level, tral blasts was conducted at ‘Amalgamate Joytampur Colliery, Lodna Area, BCCL. 2. Monitoring ground vibration behavior using different initiation system The PPV of trial blasts conducted using different initiation sys- tems are recorded at different distances in seismographs. The site selected for the trials blasts is Amalgamate Joyrampur colliery, odna area, BCCL. 2.1. Amalgamate Joyrampur Colliery, Lodna Area, BCCL Details of the blasting site 2) Location ‘The Amalgamated Joyrampur Colliery (Mega Project ‘D’) Is located in the eastern-central part of Jharia Coalfiek! in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, The Mega Project ‘D' lies between latitude 23° 42°14" to 2343'59" N and longitude 862443" to 86° 26° 45°. ‘The area is covered under Topo sheet no- 73-i/6. b) Accessibility and communication ‘The project area lay in the eastern-central part of Jharia Coal field and located at about 18 KM from Dhanbad Township. The nearest Railway station is Bhaga Railway station which is located at 4 Km from Lodina area, The mines of this cluster are about 1 Km-18 KM from Dhanbad Rallway stations. The nearest Town is Jaria which is located about 6 KM from this cluster. The project area is well connected by cemented road with Dhanbad -Jharia- Sindei District Board Road, which runs along the western Boundary of Lodna Colliery. ©) Site and Instrumentation ‘At Amalgamated Joyrampur Colliery (Mega Project‘) the bar- akat formation, occurring below the soil covers, consists of sand- stone, argillaccous sandstone, arenaceous shale, carbonaceous shale, grey shale and coal seams. Trial blasts were conducted on second overburden bench using three numbers of Minimate Plus (instantel make) vibration monitors. Details of blast design param- eters and monitored vibration observations are as shown in Table 1. 4) Data Collection ‘The blasts were conducted using Electronic, NONEL/Shock tube and Detonating cord with cord relay initiation system with varying. ‘maximum charge per delay. To record the blast induced ground vibration, seismographs i.e. Minimate plus (Instantel Ine., Canada) were fixed at a distance of 40 m to 330 m from the blasting point. Total 63 vibration readings were recorded at different distances with Nonel initiating system, 62 vibration readings were recorded at different distances using Electronic initiation system, and 68 vibration readings were recorded at different distances using a detonating cord with cord relay. Vibration data collected with the different initiating system is plotted against the SD on the same ‘graph as shown in Fig. | Details blast design parameters and monitored vibration obsenations at oyampur (alery BCCL etal o Bee ‘alain System NONEL Electronic Detonatng ond wh ford olay To. of rounds 7 6 18 fo. abeenations 6 ct 68 Depthof dil oles (m) 45-59 43-6416 Bude ( 3 3 a Spacing) 35 35 3s plosvecharghole(kg) 2715-4215 3015-6015 2015 -sas Mavimur charge/ely (kg) 42.15 eas sos Maximum chage/ound (hs) 16542 iaio.s hitpsreader olsevier comiroaderisdipi$0268224118807759?lokon=67E30262530AFT 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS128880D32F... 2/12 so1nar2019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc us Aral AKC Misa Messen 130 (2018) 306-317 PPV V/s SD “enone m0-cord A lectronie detonator 200 z — zw . a ‘ ‘SCALED DISTANCE (kg) « Fig 1. Plot showing FPV values vs SD with diferent nttion system at oyrampur Coley, BCL ‘able? ‘Saterng est ress using cord relay and None detonators ‘CORD RELAY ‘NONEL DETONATOR SL Specied delay timing Scattering om specified delay SL Specified dey timing Scattering Fom specied delay = No(s) ‘ising (5) Scattering Na. (ts) tings) Scattering a 4 a 4 1765, 7s 2 em 7 a 4 as es 5 20 8 2 6 1429 Average scattering fr Cord relay 2205 Average scattering for NONEL Hoe ‘The vibration readings collected with different initiation sys- tems are plotted against SD (Fig. 1). Itis found that the PPV values are highest with the Cord relay initiation system and least with the Electronic initiation system. 3. Scattering tests of initiating systems Setup with two channel digital storage oscilloscope and micro- phone was used to test the scattering in detonators. Delay timing ‘of detonators was measured one by one. Two lead wires of detona- {ors were connected to a constant current generator unit. Constant ‘current generator unit connected to channel I of oscilloscope and ‘microphone was connected in channel I f the oscilloscope. After the necessary connections and safety checks, fring button in constant current generator was pressed. Channel 1 of oscilloscope records the firing pulse generated by the constant current genera- tor and channel two records the sound generated due to detona- tion sound recorded in microphone. The time interval between the start of current supply and detonators detonation time is considered the delay time/scatter, To find out the scattering, percentage in both cord relay and Nonel initiating system, eight rumbers of cord relays and eight numbers of Nonel detonators vere taken randomly for scattering test. The scattering test results are shown in Table 2. Itis observed that while using cord relay an average scattering js 420% and in Nonel delay detonators the average scattering is 210%. ‘While using different initiation system, ie. Electronic Detona- tots, detonating cord with cord relay and shock tube in same geo- logical condition with same blast design parameters (Spacing, Burden, Depth of hole, the diameter of hole et.) only thing varies the precision in timing of detonation of each hole [26 Stil, itis hitps/readerelsevier.comiteader/edpivS0269224118907759?token=67E30262530AF71253FA7FFF9S5385981114587982EED81283¢D030F. seen that by using Electronic detonators with precise timing the round movement found to be of lesser magnitude. The only logical reason behind this seems to be the less precision of timing in pyrotechnic detonators. As the geological condition of the blast site is same so the site constants (K and n) found with scaled dis tance approach as discussed above must remain same forall ype of initiating systems. Although many researchers such as (20,37), and many others have studied the impact of blasting initiation sys- ‘em on the ground vibration. A wrong concept is prevailing where different site constants values for different initiation system are taken in account for scaled distance approach to predict the ground vibration and maximum charge per delay to limit the peak particle velocities at a different distance. It is quite evident and also proven by many scientists that [lectronic Detonators are very accurate. It is also claimed by the manufacturers that it has the scattering of £0.05%. So, the accurate charge per delay is known which can be used to find the site con- stant values, these values are considered as the actual values of site constants which will remain same for any initiating system while using scaled distance approach [38 While Using NONEL and Detonating cord with a pyrotechnic detonator, due to higher cap scattering overlapping of holes increases resulting in higher charge per delay and higher blast- induced ground vibrations. {different approach is tried here considering the cap scattering effect of pyrotechnic detonators (Both NONEL and D-cord) to predict the ground vibration more accurately. 4. Analysis of scattering effect due to different initiation system ‘The initiation system used for blasting are Detonating cord with, cord relay, Non-electric (NONEL) and Electronic detonators. These ana 3010972019 Probabilistic analysis on scalterng fac of ination sys 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 tems and concept of modified charge par delay for prediction of blast induc O=Hole ——+ ms ms Fig. 2. Bas design showing designated time of last ofeach hake free face as Bas asa fs m5 573 ams ams mgs as ams ams O=Hole Fig. 3. Bs design showing the acta esianated time of last of ach hoe sing the Nonlin tem, initiation systems differ in their accuracy and show a cap scattering in a different level of percentage. The scattering leads to overlapping of holes and hence increase in charge per delay. The overlapping of holes due scattering effect of the initiation sys- tem is analysed using a probabilistic approach. 4.1, Nonel/shock tube A shock tube detonator is a non-electric explosive fuse or initia- tor in the form of small-diameter hollow plastic tubing used to ‘wansport an initiating signal to an explosive charge by means of a percussive wave travelling the length of the tube. The shock wave travels with the speed of 2000 m/s inside the shock tube [2.12]. To analyse and explain the scattering effect due to the NONEL/Shock {ube initiation system a blast design is assumed as BLAST DESIGN PARAMETERS: No. of holes = 18 Spacing = 35m Burden = 3.0m Depth of hole= 5.5 m ‘The blast design (Fig. 2) showing the designated time of det- ‘nation of each hole using Nonel Delay detonators, The shock ‘waves travel inside the shock tube and reach the non-electric delay detonators to initiate the blasting of holes. The shock wave travels through the shock tube with the velocity of 2000 mis, [12] Time taken by shock wave t0 reach one hole to another is an additional time added in designated detonation time. Time added due to travel of shock wave in shock tube between two holes to find the actual time of detonation of each hole can be caleulated as: Length of shock tube used per hole = Spacing + Depth of hole Time taken by shock wave to travel one hole to another Length of shock tube used per hole ‘Speed of sfiock wave in shock tube Using the above equations for the considered blast design (Fig. 2, Length of shock tube used per hole =3.5 +5.5=9.0m ‘Time taken by shock wave to travel one hole to another = 9.0 m 2000 m/s = 45 ms ‘A time of 4.5 ms due to travel of shock wave in shock tube is added in designated time to get the actual designated time of det- ‘onation of each hole (Fig. 3). “Taking a scattering of #10% in an actual designated time of blast of each hole using NONEL (As calculated in Table 2) initiating sys- tem, The lowest possible time at which the detonation may occur is calculated as: Lowest possible time ofdetonation Actual deste tne 2c Degen) aaalaed Highest possible time of detonation 10 ~ Actual designated time + 7 (Actual designated time) Scattered time zone with NONEL (10% scattering) Time(s) Fig 4. Plot showing the Tine window af detonation of ech le of bss designed using NONEL inating system. hitpssreader elsevier comireaderisdipi$0263224118907759tokan=67=30262630AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS 128S8DD33F ana so1nar2019 Aral AKC Misa Messen 130 (2018) 306-317 ‘The overlapping time window with a successive hole The overlapping time window wih wo suceessve hoes Fig. 6. showing the veloping time window Between thee hos, Due to cap scattering, the time of detonation of hole will lie between the lowest possible time of the detonation to highest pos- sible time of detonation and is termed the as the “time window of ‘detonation’. The time Window of detonation of each hole for the blast design is plotted on a time line as shown in Fig. 4 below. Fig. 4 presents the time window of detonation of each hole con- sidering #10% of scattering. The overlapping ofthe time window of ‘detonation of holes shows that there are fair chances of detonation ‘of two oF more holes together. The overlapping time window and the time window of detonation of each hole can be used to ‘calculate the probability of detonation of holes together (see Figs. 5 and 6) Probability of detonation of two holes together __The overlapping time window with succesive hole The time window of detonation of ole Similarly, Probability of detonation of three holes together ‘The overlapping time window with two succesive holes The time window of detonation of hole In the similar manner the probability of Detonation of single hole (P (1)), probability of detonation of two holes together (P (2), probability of detonation of three holes together (P (3)) and probability of detonation of four holes together (P (4)) is calculated. The probabilities of detonation of holes together are calculated for the blast design (Fig. 3) and shown in Table 3 below ‘The probabilities of detonation of single, two, three and four hholes together using Nonel/Shock tube initiation system is calcu- lated (Table 3) and plotted as shown in Fig. 7. There isa significant probability of detonation of more than one hole together and it is clear that due to scattering in the initiation system, holes will ‘ot blast individually on there designated time as designed. Due to this scattering and detonation of more than one holes together, charge per delay for the blast increases. ‘The probability of detonation of single, two, three and four holes together of complete 18 holes blast design (Fig. 3) is caleu- lated by summation of overlapping windows and is shown on pie chart (Fig. 8) It is found that the probability that single hole will detonate ata time as designed is 0.5582 while there is significant probability of 0.3203 for detonation of two holes together and probability of 0.1165 and 0.005 of detonation of three and four holes together respectively. Tale 9 Geto of ptt of deat of aks tpter sng NONEL sack tbe nian em. Tale Ded Tine Actual__—Lowest_— Highest Tine Oveapping_Ovnovng Owing obs oT ov inc tahenby desiated posse pole window time time mndow Une window Seonation oles Sik” ime time imeet without window thw wth te eter weve to ktcoon Scnatin oreoning witha seonve see pp trv specesive holes holes o @® 6 & 1 5 4st ° a 00 ap0 000 000 2 as 1935 Bos 43 ° ° a 4100 000 800 000 3 S wes 3373 ° ° 0 im 0m 000 0m 4 as oe os a ° q 085 035 00 O00 3 3 Sas asa a6 ° a {st 036 000 G00 6 S ea mm 2 73 ° 0 4050 030 00 O00 > as mas a3 73 os 0 4050 045 05 00 0 “5 ess nis 72 a ‘ a 34 038 028 000 i a Tos 535 2 2s 0 35 031 03) O00 hitps/readerelsevier.comiteader/edpivS0269224118907759?token=67E30262530AF71253FA7FFF9S5385981114587982EED81283¢D030F. Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc sina 0092019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 am Probability Distribution for detonation of holes together BEE brobabiity Fig. 7. Pot showing the probabil PROBABILITY OF DETONATION OF HOLES TOGETHER FOR COMPLETE BLAST ede Single Fig. 8 Probability of detonation of singe, 2,384 holes together for complete bast ‘sg Nope Iitating system M59 Mig 5255 O59 my m4, 1204 APS, so 7750" 9450-5150 2850-10530 1ers0-a795-soRs i 8. Bast design showing the acl designate ine of last ofeach hole sing 2 ‘ord inating syste “This i wil very random to tell wether single hole wil detonate or two, the, four holes will detonate together. Theoretically the expected value of a number of holes detonating together (E) can be calculated by using a probabilty-weighted average fall possi- bilities, which can be calculated as: Eix Pi) Expected numberof holes detonating together (E) — py where, i= Number of holes detonating together ) = Probability of detonation of i holes together £E= Expected number of holes detonating together of detonation of singe, 2,3 and our Holes together with NONEL ntting Sytem, ‘The theoretically expected value of a number of holes detonat- ing together(E) for the 18-hole blast designed using Nonel/Shock tube initiation system when calculated using the above equation comes out to be 1.57 holes. Hence the expected theoretical value of charge per delay will be modified to 1.57 times the amount of explosive charged in a single hole 42, Detonating cord with cord relay Pyrotechnic detonator with Detonating cord, Detonating cord is, a thin, flexible plastic tube usually filled with pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, pentrite). The PETN explodes at a rate of 6000 mys. It is a high-speed fuse which explodes, rather than burns, and is suitable for detonating high explosives. The detonat- ing cord used while tral bast is having 10gm of PETN per meter of cord. The Scattering time window of 20% (As calculated in Table 2) is plotted in Fig. 10 considering the blast design as shown in Fig. 9. In Fig. 2, blast design with the designated time of detonation of. each hole is shown with detonating cord and cord relay initiation system, The detonation front moves along with detonating cord and reaches the pyrotechnic delay detonator. ‘Time taken by detonation front to reach one hole to another travelling along the length of detonating cord is an adeitional time added in designated detonation time. Time added due to the propagation of detonation front along detonating, cord between ‘wo holes to find the actual time of detonation of each hole can be calculated as: Length of Detonating fuse used per hole ~ Spacing + Depth of hole Time taken by detonation front to propagate one hole to another Length of detonating fuse used per hole Velocity of detonation of detonating fuse Scattered time zone with D-cord (20% Scatter) Fig 10. Pot showing te tae window of detonation each hole of lst designed using Dor initaing system hitpssreader elsevier comireaderisdipi$0263224118907759tokan=67=30262630AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS 128S8DD33F ana 0092019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc a2 Aral AKC Misa Messen 130 (2018) 306-317 ‘ante 4 Glestation of probattty of detonation of holes together using Detnating Cod nating system. Hole Designated Timetaken Adval —Lowest‘Highest_— Tine Overlap Overlap_—Overlap_—_—_—robabliies of mm time by Aesignated posible possible window time time time ‘etontion of hoes Detonation time timeaf time of withowt_— window window = window together Front etonation detonation oveapping witha with? WN py propagate uccesive sccesive successive Fy : oy one secssie ay) G) ° ° ° ° © ° ‘00 and O00 000 mi 74 ° ° ° 100 00 900 1.00 a6 0 28s ° ° 096 904 900 000 3 2 6a 72 4 1 030 034 030 005, m6 6M 7a 6a 73 a4 030 026 030. O14 oa 7a a 72 oa 7 023 026 023 028 1s M6 72 oa 6 018 021 018 02 ina M873 oa 72 0 019 O17 O18 nas az ala 72 oa na O15 G7 O15 nz a2 Sl 7 oa a6 na O14 012 026 47 55 oa 16 Be na O12 425 925 039 Using the above equations for the considered blast design (Fig. 2) Length of detonating fuse used per hole =3.5+5.5 =9.0m Velocity of cetonation of detonating fuse = 6000 m/s. Time taken by detonation front to travel one hole to another = 9.0 m = 6000 mjs = 1.5 ms ‘A time of 1.5 ms due to the propagation of detonation front wave in detonating fuse is added in designated time to get the actual designated time of detonation of each hole. The blast design with an actual designated time of detonation of each hole is given in Fig. 9 ‘The time window of detonation ofeach hole for the blast design (Fig. 10) with £20% scattering is plotted on a time line as shown in Fig. 10 below. ‘The probability of Detonation of a single hole (P (1), the prob- ability of detonation of two holes together (P (2), the probability of ‘detonation of three holes together (P (3)) and the probability of ‘detonation of four holes together (P(4))is calculated. The probabil- ities of detonation of holes together are calculated for the blast ‘design (Fig. 9) and shown in Table 4 below: ‘The probabilities of detonation of a single, wo, three and four holes together using D-cord initiation system is calculated (Table 4) «and plotted as shown in Fig. 11. There isa significant probability of ‘detonation of more than one hole together and it is clear that due to scattering in initiation system, holes will not blast individually ‘on there designated time as designed. Due to this scattering and detonation of more than one holes together, charge per delay for the blast increases. ‘The probability of detonation of single, two, three and four hholes together for complete 18 holes blast design (Fig. 9) is calcu lated by summation of overlapping windows and is shown on the pile chart (Fig. 12). It is found that the probability that single hole ‘ill detonate at a time as designed is 0.3742 while there isa signif ‘cant probability of 0.2480 for the detonation of four holes together and the probability of 0.1991 and 0.1787 of detonation of two and three holes together respectively. ‘The theoretically expected value of a number of holes detonat- ing together(E) for the 18-hole blast designed using D-cord intia- tion system when calculated using probability-weighted average ‘comes out to be 2:30 holes. Hence the expected theoretical value of charge per delay will be modified to 2.30 times the amount of explosive charged in a single hole using a D-cord initiation system, 43, Flectronicidigital detonator Electronic Detonators are known for its Accuracy of timing, and they have the scattering range of +0.05% The Scattered time win- «dow of detonation is calculated with a scattering of 0.05% (Table 5) and is plotted in Fig. 13, considering the blast design as shown in Fig. 2. team be seen from Fig. 13, that there is no overlapping time ‘window with electronic initiation system, Hence, inthis case, the Probability distribution for detonation of hole together Hole ne Fig. 1. Pot showing the potabites of detonation of igh, 2.3 and four holes together with Dcod Initiating Sytem. hitpssreader elsevier comireaderisdipi$0263224118907759tokan=67=30262630AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS 128S8DD33F ma 0092019 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 PROBABILITY OF DETONATION OF HOLES TOGETHER FOR COMPLETE BLAST Fi. 12 Probability of detonation of single 2,3 8 4 holes tpeter for comple as sing Dor ting system CCharge per delay is well defined and can be used for mote accurate Vibration prediction. The probabilities of detonation of a single, two, three and four hholes together using Electronic initiation system is calculated (Table 5) and plotted as shown in Fig. 14. It is clear that using elec- tronic initiation system only one hole will detonatejblast that too (on its designated time with £0.05% of scattering. As the probability of detonation of a single hole is 1.0, the expected number of holes detonating together(E) while using electronic initiation system when calculated using probability weighted average comes out to be 1.0, Hence the expected Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc theoretical value of charge per delay will be the amount of explo- sive charged in a single hole when using electronic initiation system, 5. Concept of modified charge per delay (Qn) Modified charge per delay (Qn) is the theoretically expected amount of charge which is detonating at once without any delay. This modified charge per delay is the actual charge contributing inthe generation of peak particle movement and causing the high- est vibration while blasting. ‘With the above analysis, tis now possible to calculate the the- oretically expected number of holes detonating together with diferent initiation system for different blast designs. While the analysis is done with a specified blast design (Fig. 2). the results of the analysis with different initiation system are sumimarized in Table 6 below. With the theoretical expected value of detonation of holes together the modified charge per delay can be calculated using the amount of total explosive charged in a hole. 5.1. Amount of total explosive charged in a tole (Q) ‘With the emulsion explosive, the cast booster(s) are also pre- sent ina hole. Cast boosters contain PETN which isa high explosive used to detonate the emulsion explosive in the hole. The actual ‘rable Gelatin of probability of overapping of les sing Electronic niating system with 200% Sater Hole Actual Lowest Highest Tine Tie ‘Oueaptine Overlap ine Oveap time Prabal of designated possible possible window of window window witha window with 2 wiadow with detonation of holes time tinea! time of’ detonation witout Sucre ale sucresve holes Sucenie oles tether ‘etonstion — deonstion ‘overlapping ae oo a) ° © ° 0 © 100 000 000000 2 0 7008s. ooo 0 ° 100 000 900 00 5 oF 67960 ons oo 0 ° 100 000 a00 000 1% 16 eosi9s — te1.0s oo 5 ° Xoo 000 O00 00 Scattered time zane with ED (0.05%) a i* : 2 Imscater tie anes Time (ms) Fig 13, ot showing the tine window of detonation of each hol f bast designs using Electric ntton sytem, hitpsreader olsevier comiroaderisdipil$0268224118807759?tokon=67E30262530AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS12B880D32F... 8/12 so1nar2019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc aa Aral AKC Misa Messen 130 (2018) 306-317 Probability dlstribution for detonation of hole together g Probability 58 é @ thoes holes —— hoes 9 0 1 2 13 1 15 36 17 a8 Hole Fi. 14 Pot showing the probabilities of etontion of snl. 2,3 an four hols tagether with kero ntton system, 6 “The Theoretical expected value of detonation of oles together wit the moied large po delay using diferont nation sys. Taatng Scaling Theortial opeced Milica darae thot together (€) (Qn =E(@ TBecronic Detonator 005% 10 1010) None tr 457 157 «(Q) Detonaing cord 208230 23010) amount of explosive charged in a hole(Q) is the amount of emul sion explosive (Qg) in hole added with the amount of emulsion ‘equivalent to the amount of PETN in cast boosters used in the hole. ‘The equivalent amount emulsion means the amount of emulsion ‘explosive releasing same energy as the amount of PETN in a boos- ter (Qg). This can be calculated using the Absolute weight strength (AWS) of explosives as: ‘AWS (Absolute Weight strength) of PETN = 1400Keal)Kg [AWS of Emulsion = 880 Keal/Kg [5] ‘This means 1 kg of PETN releases 1400 Keal of energy where 1 kg of explosive emulsion releases 880 Keal, that means it will take 1.6 Kg of the emulsion explosive to generate 1400 Kcal of energy which is equal to 1 kg of PEIN, Hence, 1 kg PETN = 16 Kg of Emulsion So, ifthe amount of PETN in the booster is Qy kg, then an equiv- alent amount of emulsion explosive will be 1.6Qx kg, ‘Which means the amount of total explosive charged in a hole ‘ean be expressed as: Q=Or+16 «0» Where, Qis the amount of total explosive charged in a hole (kg). Qcis the amount of emulsion explosive charged inthe hole (kg) (Quis the amount of PETN in cast booster (kg). If Qiis the amount of total explosive charged in a hole (Kg), then, ‘with detonating cord initiation system, the modified charge per ‘delay (Qu) will be the 2.30 times Q, and with None! initiation sys- tem, the modified charge per delay will be 1.57 times Q for the biast design considered. Quy cam be expressed as Oy = EXO ‘Where, Quis the modified charge per delay (kz) Evis the theoretical expected value of detonation of holes, together Qis the amount of total explosive charged in a hole (kg) hitpssreader elsevier comireaderisdipi$0263224118907759tokan=67=30262630AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS 128S8DD33F ‘This value of modified charge per delay can be used with scaled distance approach (as discussed above) to calculate the modified scaled distance (SD, for predicting PPV using the site constant ound withthe help of actual data of PPV collected with electronic initiation system. The scaled distance equation to predict the ‘ground vibration can be now expressed as SDn =D//Qn PPV = K x (SDn)" Where, ‘SDq is the modified SD Quis the modified charge per delay Kis the site constant found with actual data of vibration col- lected using an electronic initiation system ‘The analysis when repeated with 40 different blast designs (Spacing, Burden, number of holes, scatter percentage, Number of holes in a row and number of rows). The theoretically expected value of holes detonating together{E) varied with different blast designs. When the data of 40 different blast design with a theoret- ical expected value of detonation of holes together(E) is modelled ‘under linear regression using MATLAB, its found that the theoret- ically expected value of detonation of holes together (E) can be expressed as: ~ £009 «500087» (852) «ons xc 40.1873 » R- 0.1037 ao [Correlation coefficient = 0.9794] where, E= Theoretical expected value of detonation of holes together Sc= Scatter percentage = Spacing D=Depth of hole V=Velocity of Detonation of Detonating cord/Shack wave speed in shock tube C=No of hole in a Row R=No. of rows Also, Modified charge per delay can be expressed as Qn = (Qe +16 Q5) xE @ where, Qe= Weight of emulsion in a hole(Kg) Qy = Weight of PETN booster (Kg) E=Theoretical expected value of detonation of holes together ona 0092019 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc Curve between measured PPV vs SD using Electronic initiation system Pv mms) 5 0 (meg) aww. ae, te: Fig 15, Curve ited hctween measured FPY ad SD ind out the Site constants for Joyrampur coley ‘Actual PPV vs Predicted PPV with D-cord Pv (m/s) cBRES Ss 33 5 7 9 111915272921 23 2527 2931383537 29 41424547 495153555759 61626567 Reading No. Fig. 16. Plot between Actual PV Valuc and rele PPV using mode charge per delay concept using Dcord where RMSE ‘Actual PPV vs Predicted PPV using NONEL Pevienm/s) Event Number —tetual poy —Predcted PPV Fg 17. Plot betwen Act PPV Value an Predict FV using mifed charge per delay sng Noe! inition system where RMSE = 08155. 6. Validation of concept of modified charge per delay Trials were conducted at different mines, and actual value of PPV at a different distance was collected with different initiation system, The site constants were found using Digitl/Electronic ini tiation system and used to calculate/predict the PPV for detonating cord and None! initiation system using modified charge per delay in scaled distance approach. The predicted value than compared ‘with the actual value of PPV to validate the concept used, 6.1. The amalgamated Joyrampur colliery 6.1.1. Finding site constant using data collected with electronic initiation system ‘Total 16 no ofthe tral blast was performed with 62 no of obser vation of vibrations at different distances (Table 1). While perform= ing the curve fitting with the available data set the values of field hitps/readerelsevier.comireader/edpilS02692261189077597token=67E30262500AF 1253F A7FFF955385981114587982EED3 128980033, constants for Scaled distance analysis were found for the site as shown in Fig. 15 ‘The value of field constants as per scaled distance analysis is found K= 205.21, n=-1232 ‘able? etal of Data collected at Jayant opencast Project, NCL etal a ase Taian stom ‘tronic Detonator betonatng Gnd To. of rods n 10 No. oabservations u 10 Depth dl oles (om) 230-00 20-400 Burden (m) 3 ° Spacing (m) 0 10 aplesvecharpshole (ke) 700-1400 600-1800 Manna chargeleund (tg) 60000 sora so1nar2019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc a6 Aral AKC Misa Messen 130 (2018) 306-317 ‘CURVE BETWEEN MEASURED PPV VS SO USING ELECTRONIC INITIATION. 7: syste y=43.g07x0™ reso £ > . - ?. wet 20 0 (mkg®) 200 Fig. 18. curve fed benween measured PPV and SD 0 find out dhe Ste constants or ayant Project Actual PPV vs Predicted PPV using D-cord E Event Number Fig. 19, Poe berwoen Actual FPV Value and Predicted PV with D-cord where RMSE With Dard =091 ‘This site constant values are now used in scaled distance equa- tion with a modified charge per delay (using Eq. (2)) for data col- lected in Table 1 for detonating cord and Nonel initiation system to predict the value of PPV. PPV = 205.21 x (SDq)-"7* ‘The values predicted using modified charge per delay for deto- nating cord initiation system were very close to the actual value of PPV the root mean square error of 1.361 only (Fig. 16). ‘The values predicted using modified charge per delay for Nonel) ‘Shock tube initiation system were also very close to the actual value of PPV the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.8155 only (Fig. 17) 62, Jayant opencast project ‘The concept of modified charge per delay was validated on the Dragline bench blast at jayant mine of Northern Coalfield Limited (NCL) (A subsidiary of Coal India Limited) using different initiation system, ie, Electronic detonator and Detonating cord. Feld trials with different initiation system, ie. Electronic Detonator and Detonating cord were conducted. Details of data collected are as shown in the table below in Table 7 below: ~ Curve Fitting using Electronic detonator reading is drawn to find the site constants value using Scaled distance approach (see Fig. 18) ‘The value of fleld constants as per scaled distance analysis is found k= 43.907, n= -0.739 This site constant values are used to predicticalculate the PPV using a detonating cord with a modified charge per delay in scaled distance equation. ‘The values predicted using modified charge per delay for ‘detonating cord initiation system were very close to the actual value of PPV with the root mean square error of 0.91 only (Fiz. 19). hitpsreader elsovier comiroader/sdipil$0263224118807759oken=67=30262530AF7 1253FA7FFFOSS385981114587982EEDS 128380033, 7. Conclusion Mine operators mostly use non-electric and detonating cord with cord relay initiating systems for blasting in surface mines The scaled distance predictor equation/site constants are deter~ ‘mined using PPV values recorded for blasting with pyrotechnic initiation system for further prediction of biast-induced ground vibrations. The same predicting equation when used for predicting the PPV of the production blasts, significant errors. between predicted and actual PPV has been found due to cap scattering in initiating ‘system. A concept of modified charge per delay developed in this study will help the mine operators to achieve the precision in prediction of PPV using different initiating systems (with varying cap scatter) with a single scaled distance predictor equation. The developed concept of modified charge per delay has been validated at Amalgamated Joyrampur colliery, BCCL, where, the predicted values of peak particle velocities came very close to actual value with very less error and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.361 with detonating cord and 08155 with NONEL/Shock tube initiation system. Also, validation is done in Jayant openeast mine with resulting RMSE value of 0.91 with ‘detonating cord initiation system. ‘The lower values of RMSE proves the precisionjeffectiveness of the developed approach. The developed approach for determina- tion of modified charge per delay (Qj) will be helpful and handy {or the blasting engineers to predict the ground vibration more accurately. Although, the phenomenon of overlapping of holes and alteration of maximum charge per delay can be verified using ‘modelling which is presently not covered in the study, References UL. Hosina, G, Mori. shaoquan, Optimum delay interval design in ey sting rable (2000) 139-148, (2) Gorgald E Arpae 0. Uysal, VS. Dut, AG. YokSek, A Kogan, MLK (umac lavestipton of the eects of Bastiog design pavareersad ck ane 0092019 Probabilistic analysis on scaltaring effect of nitation systems and concept of modiiad charge par delay for praccton of bast induc 1. Agra AX Misia Measurement 130 (2018) 305-317 27 _ropertes on laine ground vibrations Arb.) Geos. 8 (2015) 4269- 427% upton] 10 joDr 12517 018-1779 (3) 5 tase} Hottman,c sia, W. Wedding E: Mortis, Calvan, Evaluation of emergent clecronie™detonstors and modern not-elcce shock tube fetontas accuracy. lasting Fraga 8 (2012) 117 (AL DE. Siskind, MS. Stag. JW. Kopp. CH. Dowling. Stracure response and

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