50 55 60 50 60 57 62 57 54 61 45 62 60 56 64 66 49 54 59 59 66 64 61 52 42 49 62 64 68 64 5462 51 63 59 53 59 72 64 54 63 70 «54 66 4 61 53 58 5465 Solis ABB 55 54 51 62 48 60 61 59 50 59 54 46 53 52 68 63 58 64 57 64 63 58 58 76 66 53 54 53 66 59 56 54 61 57 We have to note that statistical data are collected from observations of real life situations and not just any numbers. However, such data can also be taken from Tables of Random Number, 6.3 Presentation of data When data have been collected, we want to present them in a form in which they can be studied for more information. This leads to classification of data. Consider the sample 6, 7, 3, 5, 8,7, 5, 6, 9, 4. When the data are arranged in order from the smallest to the largest we have ‘what is known as an array. Thus the array is 3, 4, 5, 5 6 6 7, 7, 8 9% The smallest observation is 3 and the largest is 9. The difference between them i.e. 9-3 =6 is known as the range, which shows the spread of the data. __ Consider the data in Table 6.1. A close look at the figures shows that the least mark obtained is 43 and that the largest mark obtained is 84. The range therefore is 84 — 43 = 11. 4 Classification of the data To classify the data, we ma or 5 marks in a group, as the class width. We e may decide to put it into 8 or 9, or 10 groups. This wil give 4 which we {alla class. The number of marks in each group or class is know ange the classcs here thus: first class 40—4. 49, thi oe class 40-44, second class 45-49, = oe aa 80 on. For the first class (also for other classes) the interval 40 — 44 is cé ; Val; 40 is the lower class limit; 44 is the upper class limit. lere are five units i i 44.The wee oe G marks in each class. Thus the interval 40—44 includes 40, 41, 42, 45: the upper class Lindt of eon aes 45: 46, 47, 48, 49, and so on. The half way mark betwee? a class and thi limit * boundary. Thus the lower cla ee lower class limit of the next class is known as the cas is 44.5, and the nent ioe ry of the first class is 39.5 and the next class boundary, 9.5, and so on. See figure 6.1. 238j of the class limit of a class gi | gerenerof the clas mit ofa clas gives the class mark. Tus 7 > 45 + 49 94 ad 9 “~ 5 = 47 respectively, the class marks of the first and second classes. We can also use the class boun- gis to get the class mark, é 39.5 + 44.5 84: Tus 3254 45° _ 84 L 2 r) 42. The classification is bette tabulated as in the following table. ‘TABLE 66 Class Limits Class Boundaries Class Mark 1 40 —44 39.5 — 44.5 42 2 45 —49 44.5 —49.5 ‘47; 3 50 — 54 49.5 — 54.5 52 4 55 —59 54.5 — 64.5 +57 5 60 —64 59.5 — 69.5 62 6 65 —69 64.5 — 69.5 67 7 70 —74 69.5 — 74.5 72 8 715-79 74.5 — 19.5 77 9 80 — 84 79.5 — 84.5 82° The clas mark is a representative observation/mark for that class, This means that every obser- ‘ation in a particular class is assumed to have the same value as the class mark, The number of Gherations in cach clags is called the class frequency, When we find the numberof observations "each das, and display this im a tabular form, we have what is called a frequency distribution Frequency distribution The number of observations i.e. frequency of each class interval is recorded against the class. en the data are not put in an array, counting the number of observations in each class be- 239” ar ili f tally marks and going thr. 2 i ise, This can be facilitated by use of tally i eames» hos on, Pace ally mark for each orcurence; in Table 6.7 the thay iter ged to block up the first four to make aunit block of five. This makes checking’! a dass is ° i i 6.7. TABLE 6.7 [a Class Limits Chee} Mark ] Tallies Class Frequency r 1 40 —44 42 vt 2 2 45-49 47 yd 3 3 50 — 54 52 thle 5 4 55 — 59 57 tee | 6 5 60 — 64 62 etd) “ 6 65-69 67 Hete /// 8 7 70 —74 72 "chet 1 5 8 5-79 7 iy ; 9 80 — 84 82 RES r Consider a second example. Construct the frequency distribution for the data of Table 63. The least observation in this table is 9 and the highest figure is 19. The range is 19 — 9 = 10. The data can be put into 6 classes as in Table 6.8. TABLE 68 Class Class | Tallies Boundaries | Mark sea x 85 ~ 10.5] 95 |apyey 5 105 ~ 125) 15 rays 4 12.5 — 14.51 13.5 | tte tedy uy 12 444 = 165) 15.5 | AH Hee ey 1s P1851 17.5 |e ee 18.5 — 20.5 19.8 | 77) ft 2/ HH II HH HH HE HH HH HEE HEH HE HEE HE HE HH OHH IT HH / mark is 42 and the highest mark is 76. The range is 76 Jass width of 5 units which gives 7 classes. The corresponding frequencies are — 42 = 34, We shall class width of 4 units we get the table below. 630 Tallies Class | Class Limits | Mark x +; 40-43 | 415 / 44-47 | 45.5 IT 48—51 | 49.5 ttt tttt | 52-55 | 53.5 dddd tte dete HEE ITT 56—59 | 57.5 dete tett ett IIT 60-63 | 61.5 Att ditt tttt tttt | ‘| 64-67 | 65.5 ditt HEHE ttt | 68-71 | 69.5 tt 72-15 | 73.5 ii 76-79 | 77.5 /Jistribution i.e. Table 6.9 and Table 6.10, . tables of frequency ra Compare the two ft istribution Cumulative Frequency Distri / is ing the number of observations thay i distribution is a table showing fe ie apy ee Referring to Table 6.9, such values are 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 79, iene are the lower class limits, The corresponding cumulative frequencies ae the frequ bt the first class, sum of the frequencies of the first two classes, the sum of the frequencies of the first three classes, and so on. ‘The cumulative frequency distribution in Table 6.5 is shown below in Table 6.11. ‘TABLE 6.11 Eelliaallacad f 1 1 7 ‘Cumulative Frequency less than 45 1 8 less than 50 26 less than 55: 34 21 less than 60: 55 * 28 less than 65: 55 +28 = 83 less than 70: 83 +12 = 95 , less than 75: 95+4 = 99 less than 80: The cumulative frequency distributi F a greater than some polis ae ee can also be drawn showing the number of observation’ \ asin Table 6.12 below, this case we use the upper class limits as the specified valueCumulative Frequency of Values Greater than 74, 1 Greater than69: 1 +4 0 = 5 Greater than 64: 5 + 12 = 17 Greater than 69: 17+ 28 = 45 Greater than 54: 45+21 = 66 Greater than 59: 66+ 26 = 92 Greater than 44: 92+ 7 = 99 Greater than 39: 99+ 1 = 100 4 Graphical Representation of Data far we have collected data, classified them, and constructed the frequency distribution Next we want to consider different ways of representing the data so as to highlight the it characteristics. ine Graph gaph is used to represent the facts in a frequency distribution table. This is a vertical drawn at the class mark shown ona horizontal line. The length of the vertical line is pro- 1s te v7 11.6 13.6 16.6 Figure 6.2 Line graph (Class Morks [Ages in Years) 243e . lass marks are shown at ¢ aa ding class frequency. The c : tional to the correspon istribution in Table 6.8 is shown on the lin oe horizontal axis. The frequency distribution in Table 6.2. qual interval, ¢ graph in Fin this method a, symbols.such as a human sketch, a car, acup, anit In thi i it 5 > » Animal ske of presenting data, sy? a c he : tree, circles, and so on, can be used to represent a given unit of measurement of ouse, tree, 7 s We have the following examples: ha ee PIN WUT we! uantity, \ Fig. 6.3 Pictogram Each of the above symbols can be u All that is needed is to define what uni Pictogram such as in Figure 6,3. sed to represent the data of a frequency distribution. it such a symbol stands for. When this is done we havea The Bar Chart The bar chart is made up of rectan, intervals. The height or length of quency of the class, read is the class mark of the cl The data in Table 6.8 A al gles of equal width spaced out on a horixontal line at eq! the bar corresponds to the number of observations ie. ft up along a vertical axis. The centre of the base, on the horizontal axis lass interval, is shown on the following bar chart.vol “Figure 6.4 Bar Chart css Marka (Ages in Your 155 75 195 ta in Table 6.9 is shown on the bar chart of Figure 6.5. az a 82 87 Figure 6.5 Bar Chart NOR CE TBS a Satparted ive, wt ad ot oe aw me & oS ite Sorsercieny Sen eveetirs ae eye ee em mune 1s i ne bao an Wer it se wen Fk SS eae ane simwcascon in tie vnenegeiong Sette SNe rua | ol rom on wed Tee saccpene on oo ame we tam SO ane Kame OP OF PUNE G Tiagrensve 4 ane * seappenitientie sa 52 oy O2 OT 2 7 82 Claes Marks (Ages In Yeors) Figure 6.7 Histogram at data in Table 6.9 Frequency Polygon To draw the frequency polygon, ‘ogam, We also mark the mid-poin ter the last class (i.e. 82). By joining these § i Folygon with the horizontal axis completing the polygon. Figure aad the frequency polygon for the data of Table 6.9. we mark the mid-points of the tops of the rectangles of the his- ‘sof the class before the first class (i.e. 37) and also the class points by straight line segments we get a frequency .7 shows both the histogram + frequency distribution is called an Ogive. In Table 6.11 we have the pation of the data of Table 6.5, To draw the cumulative frequency curve I the class boundaries on the horizontal axis at equal intervals repre- ‘On the vertical axis, using a convenient scale, we mark the The graph of the cumul “umulative frequency distri We draw the axes and mar __ Senting the class interval and width. 247 ise pole NEA kode:ig 1, at 49.5 it is 8, at to give the cumulative frequency dis ints representing the cumulative freq stribution curve — the Ogive. Gon Percentile 6" decile Figure 6.8 Ogive of the cumulative frequency distribution in Table 6.11. The cumulative freque sideration. The vertical line at 79.5 is made to represent 100 units (i 50th and 75th, percentiles are equivalent to Qy, up carefully on the horiz percentile = 6th decile = mcy curve can be used to estimate the quartiles Q,, Qy and Qs sth percentiles). The 251 Q and Qs, respectively. These values are ontal axis. Q, = 53.8, Q = 58.3 (the median), Q, = 63.0. The 1 to 100. The cumulative frequency uency [roe paints afeall plptied,'and joer ots 54.5 it is 34, and so on. The p' rae ec ciles, and the percentiles. These quantities serve as measures of partition for the data = for reading off the percent The Pie Chart The pie chart to the class wencics: which is the budget alloca i a circle which is sub-divided into sectors, whose sectorial angles are pr req 60.2. It can also be used to estimate the median of grouped data, tage of scores below or above a given value. or the quantities to be represented. Consider the data of Table 6h tions of a Local Government Council. | ; 248 ‘ 4900,000.00 Health 720,000.00 Utilities 280,000.00 Roads 420,000.00 Agriculture 480,000.00 Capital Development §1,400,000.00 Housing | 600,000.00 The above information is to be represented on a Pie Chart (sce Figure 6.9). The calculation «3s follows Total Revenue = §4,800,000.00 tion; 900;000 360° 5 Hacton: 430,000 * 1 = 90X 3 = 675 2 360 ot; i rr -, = 72 X 0.75 = 54! Health: 480 x 1 Utilities: 28 X 0.75 = 21% Roads: 42 X 0.75 = 31.5% Education Amiculture: 48 X 0.75 = 36° = ° Capital Development: 140 X 0.75 = 105 Housing: 60 X 0.75 = 45° capital Development Fig. 6.9 Pie Chart 4 45° = 360° Wote that 67.50 + 54° + 21° + 31.5° + 36° + 105° + 45° = 360°) i diz Draw'a large circle and measure out the angles for the corresponding sectors. Label the diagram ce cir ‘propriately, ki 249“Exercise 6.1 1, A frequency distribution table bas 7 classes and the first two, given in terms of thei lay limits, are, 20.5 — 23.4; 23.5 — 26.4. (a) Write out the remaining classes. (b) Write the class boundaries. (c) What is the class width ? (d) What are the class marks? 2, A frequency distribution table bas 8 classes. The class width is 6 units, and the lower clay limit of the 3rd class is 40. ; (a) Write out the class limits of the table. (6) What are the class marks? —_(e). What is the upper class boundary of the 7th class? 3. If the class mark of the first three classes of a frequency distribution are 47, 56, 65, bat are the class boundaries of the classes? What is the class width? 5 4. The observations of a table of data are recorded correct to the nearest hundredth, first three classes of the distribution have their class boundaries as: 3.275 — 3. 795; 3.795 4.315; 4.315 — 4.835. (a) Write out the class limits of the distribution. (b) What are the class marks? (c) What is the class size? 5. A sample bas its observations recorded to the nearest tenth of a unit. The data are pit into nine classes of size 5.3 units and the first one begins with 17.15. Find: <= (a) the class boundaries, (6) the class limits, (c) the class marks of the nine classes. 6. Represent the data of the table by a line graph, Number of Children [2] [+s fe Number of Families [ @ | M1 4 Draw a Bar Char for the table in question number 6 above. 7. 8 TI istril ‘he table shows the distribution of marks in a class test,Represent the distribution by a histogram. ji) How many students scored less than 6? _ (ji) How many students scored more than 7? +, A family shared out their available money of N#00,00 for the month as follows: | Food = 6180.00 School fees = 100.00 ; Health care = 50.00 Rent * = 60.00 Incidentals = 10.00 (a). Represent the above information in a pie chart, ’ (b) What percentage of the income is given to school fees? 0. Construct a frequency distribution for the table. 5 12 eS WT ABR EBD, B 1, +10 12 «5, 4 %& 9% IL 16, 16, 15, 14, 14, 15, 6, 10, 12, 15, 13 17% «13, «12, «+12, «14, «10, 9% 16, AT i Drawa histogram for the distribution. (i) Draw the frequency polygon. (ai) Draw the ogive. 65 Measures of Location this section we shall look at how to determine the measures of location ormeasures of cen- tendency. These measures are mid-range, median, mode and the mean. is is a number half-way between the smallest and the largest observations. Thus it ic iefined as: Mid-Range = Smallest number : Jargest number Forexample, consider the sample: 8, 3, 7, 6) 5, 6 4% & g+8 = rr et 8S o, consider the sample: 45, 53, 49, 86, 67, 74, 50, 41, 60, 65. 36+ _ U0 . MidRange = yg a 5B. aORES RIMES n or number which occurs most often. If each obsey nthe sample has no mode. If two observations o¢; TV ation ‘. 4 “CUF the then the sample is said to be bimodal. If there a ‘The mode of a data is the observatio ~ gecurs the same number of times, the: ~ ame number of times more than others, ~ many modes the sample is said to be multi-modal. unimodal. For a grouped or classified distribution we talk of the mod highest frequency. If there is only one mode the sample j jal class which is the class with Example (i) . As an illustration, we note that if a sumple is 3; 2,4,5,4, 6,4, 7, 5,4, 65 then the ‘mode is 4, which occurs four times. ‘a il Example (ii) For the sample: 52, 57, 63, 45, 57, 60, 97, 60, 67, 58, the mode is 57 because it occurs the highest number of times (i.¢. three times). ; The Median When the sample observations are arranged in order in an array, from the smallest to the largest, the median is the middle observation if the number of observations is odd. If the number of ob. servations is even, then the median is the average of the two middle observations. For a classi fied distribution, we have the median class which is the class into which half of the total number of observations falls. The median in this case can be calculated or determined from the ogive, and also from the histogram. Example 6.2 Consider the sample: 24, 29, 33, 22,27, 36, 42, 47,43. Find the median. Solution Array: 22, 24, 27, 29, 33, 36, 42, 43, 47. The Median is 33, since the number is odd. Example 6.3 Consider the sample: 24, 29, 33, 22, 27, 36, 42, 47. Find the median. Solution Army: 22, Ys 22, 24, 27, 29, 88, 36, 42, 47. The number is even. The two middle observatio™ | sre 29, 88. Therefore the median is 29 + 33_ 62 2. ga Be 25264 consider the sample 2, 3, 7,5, 3,9,5,6,9,4,5,6,6,7. Find the median. “Amay: 2, 3,3,4, 5,5, 5,6, 6,6, 7, 7,9, 9, ‘The median is a6 ll = = 55. Note: The median may or may not be one of the observations, the Arithmetic Mean - The arithmetic mean or simply the mean, is the most commonly used measure of location. is defined by: Sum of the observations ' Me = Simatic observations _ mn Total number of observations“ ¢ arithmetic mean is sometimes called the average. nus, ifasample is 7, 9, 5, 4, 5, themeank = 2+9+5+4+5 - 2. 6. iy eee 5 . Eumple 6.5 Given the sample 24,35, 82, 27, 43, 48, 54, 58, 35, 42, find the sample mean, . wy tm ty tee. t xy The sample mean ¥ =“) 8 = 24, xz = 35, x3 = 32, X4 = 27,... = 24 + 85 + 32 + 27 + 43 + 48 + 54 + 58 + 95 + 42 10 398 = 39.8 10 a, The Median of Classified or Grouped Data f For classified data, as in Table 6.9, where there are 100 observations, the median is _ Le, 50.5th observation. The table is reproduced here.1 89.5 — 44.5 2 44.5 — 49.5 3 49.5 — 54.5 4 54.5 — 59.5 5 59.5 — 64.5 6 64.5 — 69.5 7 69.5 — 74.5 8 74.5 — 79.5 The median is the} (50 + 51)th observation. The cumulative frequency column enables one to find that there are 34 observations in the first three classes. Sixteen more observations are needed to make up a half of 100, and these will come from the 4th class with limits 55 — 59. The lower class boundary is 54.5 and the class 55 — 59 is called the Median class. There are_ 21 observations (frequencies) in this class whose width is 5 units. We need to work out the proportion viz: z X 5 = 381 +. The median (50.5th observation) = 54.5 + 3.81 = 58.31. Note: 54.5 is the lower clas boundary (by) of the median class, 55 — 59 is the median class (M). The numbet_ of observations is denoted by n. The number of observations in the median class is denoted by (Fgh e ro frequency of the classes before the median class is denoted by F yy_y'- The class width ‘The general formula for the median of classified data is given as: ; (5 — Fay) € Median = by + tamer Referring to the above example, " 100 34 Median = 54.5 + wa ks = 54.5 4+ 50 — 34 2 X 5 = 5831 234the data of Table 6.9. The mean is calculated as shown in Table 6.14. ABLE 6.14 METHOD 1 100 5825 —_ 5825 _ Mean =x = 00 = 58.25 ‘Tsble 6.15 METHOD 2, (USING AN ASSUMED MEAN) Class | Class Limits Class fd | fu Mark x 1 40-44 42 2 45 —49 47 Br | 50-54 52 4 55 —59 57 5 60 — 64 62 6 65 —69 67 7 70 —74 72 8 75-79 7TMI —— Mean x = 57 + 125 9, 57 + 25 x 5 " oo °°” * yo5 * = 57 + 1.25 or 57 + 1.25 = 58.25 . or 58.26 In general, the mean of classified or grouped data, denoted by x, is given as: k 5 fi 81/m were a = where x; is the class mark of the it classs §; is the number of observations in the ith class x; is the product of the class frequency and the class mark; k_ is the number of classes; and n = total number of observations or frequencies. Exercise 6.2 1. Foreach of the following samples, find the mid-range. (a) 7, 3,5, 4,8 9% (6) 2487, 2.426, 2.584, 2.485, 2418. () 564, 594, 525, 584, 574, 540. ; (d) 36, 40, 76, 55, 63, 39, 45, 72. 9 (e) 46.5, 49.7, 58.6, 40.9, 66,4, 73.7. 2. Find the mode of each of the samples. (a) 5,9, 7, 6, 4, 7, 8 6, 8 7 (b) 8, 4, 2, 7, 4, 5, 8, 8, 2, 7, 5. (c) 15, 11, 17, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22, 24, 27, 20, 22, 15, 16, 15, 19, 22, 24, 22, 11. 3. | Find the median for each of the samples in No, 2. 4. Find the mean of each of the samples in No. 1. |S, Find the median and the mean of the following data: 275, 273, 269, 237, 274, 278, 248, 292, 267, 24: ‘ 276, 260, 280, 268, 273, 277, 251, 282, 249, ese % 256ay set of numbers consists of six 5's, . : | what is the mean of the set? two 3's, two 6's, five 4's, and tbree 8's, | ‘ A sample consists of 100 numbers, out oj i 4 ere 8, 20 were 9's and the remainder were Pare S15 tre 6 25 wee 7% Find the arithmetic mean of the numbers, Find the mode, median and mean of the set of numbers: 4,3, 7, 6,9, 5, 6, 8, 6, 7 i a the mode, median and mean of the set of numbers: 41,6, 58.7, 40.5, 49.3, 48.4, bution. 150, 140, 146; 135, 170, 168, 152, 154, 146, 151, 155, 160, 167, 146, 175, 156, 143, 153, 154, 155, 161, 163, 158, 154, 171, 148, 167, 168, 159, 158, 160, 140, 145, 147, 139, 140, 147, 151, 150, 162. 1, Draw histogram of the frequency distribution of No. 10. Using the histogram, estimate the mode and median of the data. 12. Draw the ogive of the distribution table of No, 10, Determine the median beight of the stu- The table gives the beights in cms. of 40 students in a class. Construct a frequency distri- dents from it. What is the 75 percentile of the data? 66 Measures of Dispersion The measures of dispersion include: solute deviation, the variance, and the st ‘The range, which has been discussed earlier, the mean ab- andard deviation, | The Range The range is the simplest measure o| Range = larges f dispersion. It is defined as: observation minus smallest observation, Eample 6.6 Find the range of the sample: 23, 20, 18, 27, 34, 30, 24. - Solution The largest observation is : 257 18. The range is 34—18 = 16. 34 and the smallest observation is ak ott’RE ROT a ¢ Mean Absolute Deviation ¢ mean absolute deviation is the deviation of each observation from the sample mean withou. to the sign, The mean absolute deviation is denoted by M.A.D. and given as: t ZIx— map, = “oh Example 6.7 Find the mean absolute deviation of the sample: 25, 16, 26, 17, 11, 14, 20, 15. Solution The calculation is set out in table 6.16. The sample mean X must be first calculated by adding up all the numbers, X and dividing the sum by 7, the number of values given. TABLE 6.16 ° | The M.ALD. is 4.' i . See 25, and this means that on the average, cach observation is 4.25 units from The Variance and the Standard Deviation ir : ge are meanures that do not involve absolute values. Some ofthe deviations from the ssf ee FGCmenRe The we of negative deviation is avaded by squaring the deviations. 1B), (a R)*, (xy -R)?,. (vy)? The sum of the squared devi ions is (1%)? + (2-8)? + (x, —z)2 n ‘a (sR) +. + (x8)? ra (xz)? MAD. = Z| X-%| _ 34 an BOT 4B. i i‘ Jf th iati Dee oe thence eCviations of the n sample observations is obtained by dividing the n, For some theoretical reasons, for sm: i —1 instead ° se abehter est ate of the sr ra ae the sum is divided by n—1 inst of "if yesulting quantity is denoted bs ii te ion or . ‘The easy fore: ed by 0? and is called the sample mean squared deviation Q El iW 8)? n ots if we take the square root of the variance, we have the measure of dispersion known as the sandard deviation, which is denoted by 0. ‘pample 6.8 the variance and the standard deviation for the sample data: 25, 16, 26, 17, 11, me TABLE 6.17 i construct Table 6.17 using the sample data. x1 0 =| E gj -x)? 198 Si - L es tees Variance 0? = = ; Standard deviation 9 = Vv 46 = 4.95 259SERFS OTR ESTE TIT Mean Absohite Deviation of a classified data x1, 2, Spee e0-005%q which occur with fre, cies fi. fas fas .. «Spy Tespectively, is given by the relation: n n MAD. = 2, 4 l%i—®lwhereN.= 21 f- Example 69 Calculate the Mean Absolute Deviation for the data of Table 6.18, which are the marks obtained im s mathematics test for a class of 40 students. 1 2 3 < 5 6 7 8 9OOD Hh we 2715 m the entries in Table 6.19 where the mean is x = 67.88, wehaver MAD. = 2a = 7405 Variance and Standard Deviation 6.10 ste the variance and standard deviation of the data of Table 6.18. First calculate the mean. This has been done in the last section and the mean is 67.88, For convenience, we snall take the mean correct to two significant figures and this makes the mean ¥ = 68. The calculation is as set out in Table 6.20. 261ESN EN EL TT TABLE 6.20 - wanaar er $425 = 85.625, k=9, Pr 7 40 ro , o = SBE 9.25 Example 6.11 The data in Table 6.21 are the test scores of 80 students in Biology. TABLE 621 B 52 39 86 69 64 44 38 91 7 58 36 33 67 72 60 41 94 59 47 93 61 58 78 76 46 80 57 44 70 63 55 65 7 52 89 69 41 83 58 63 49 60 62 64 55 56 52 56 43 54 66 62 57 68 38 90 46 50 58 54 48 43 61 64 88 48 53 4 48 49 52 Classify the data and find the median, mean, variance and standard deviation. 262—22.75 | 517.56 33.25)1105.56 Fm = 565+ 40=82 x 7 17 8 = 5+ = 56. 7 x7 = 56.5 + 329 = 2 _F, m1 by 4 2 xc (M2) 59.79 (Al) 362.23 2976.72 995.28 52.02 303.16 900.36 1852.8 3445.3 4422.24 15310.11 * (B3) (For frequency table [- mark’for each error to. amaximum of —3}: * (B3) (For Cumulative frequency table {+4mark for each error to a maximum of -3] Mean: Find the products of the class marks x and the frequencies and add up to get 4940. Divide the sum by 80 to get 61. Variance: In the next colimn we cviations are squared in the ‘the next column. The sum is ©. Variance, 0° = 80 75 as the mean. find the deviation of the class marks from the mean. The next column and multiplied by the corresponding frequencies 15310.11. This is divided by 80 to get the variance. 5310.11. 191.38 (M1) ‘The standard deviation ¢ =~ 263 "491.58 (Ml) = 1338(AD (Total = 12 marks)-420 = 67 +(-¥P) = 67 ~ 5.25 = 61.75 The assumed mean is 67. This method reduces the sizes of the numbers involved in the lation. In finding the variance, we need three more columns. The ‘uj* cohunun temoved the stant factor C in the deviation, Here C = 7, The fju; column can alto be used to calculate the mean via: ~ 60 = 614 (Go) x 7 = 67 + (~0.75 * 7) = 67-525 = 61,75 ‘264lure is known as the codin deviation which is given as: N N SVE - (Sey fein Vn = 7X V 424 “go ~ (0.75)? 8 method. The last column is used for calculating a W = 7 5.3 — 0.5625 ‘. TV 4.7375 = 7X 2.1766 = 15.2362 * 15.24 oo =o? = (15.247 = 232.96 formula for o is the simplest computational form. | Find the range, mean absolute deviation, variance and standard deviation for each of the samples: , f) 6, 9, 5, 8, 9, 4, 10, 5. ®) 51, 46, 37, 49, 52, 66, 69, 73, 58, 67. 1) 95, 76, 72, 67, 69, 48, 76, 74, 60, 78, 80, 48, 86, 59, 68, 73, 77, 51. 81. 214, 40.1, 34.8, 39.2, 24.3. the variance of the following data, 45, 46, 42, 47, 49, 48, 47, 46, 44, 40, 48, 40, 48, 46, 49, 48, 43,47, 41, 42. Find the standard deviation of the data. | Classify the data below and calculate the mean absolute deviation, the variance and the 0, 12, 5, 12, “4.8,8,9,11, 16, 15, 15, 14, 14, 15, 6 19, 12, 15, 13 7,8, 18, 12, 14, 10, 9, 8 16, 1 | Find the range, mean absolute deviation, variance and standard deviation of each set of mumbers: . : (@) 14, 9, 4, 8, 12, £5, 11, 17, 13, 16. ©) 6, 11, 9, 8.9, 10 17, & 14 Compare the results of (a) and (b). . 5. Cateulate tbe standard deviation of tbe data of the following table:Find: (a) (b) (c) The Ist and 3rd quartiles, The semi-interquartile range, The 85th percentile. Exercises 6.4 (Miscellancous) lL Table 6.25 shows the numbers of buildings owned by some landlords in a city cente TABLE 6.25 Number of buildings, 4 5 | 6 7 8 Number of Landlords 3 | 4 3 2 3 (2) Dhustrate the data using a bar chart. (@) What is the mode? (i) How many landlords were involved in the exercise? (@)_ How many landlords have at least six buildings? The following are the marks scored by a class of forty boys in an examination: 42, 42, 68, 9, 47, 27, 60, 54, 45, 40, 81, 35, 19, 72, 15, 37, (i) Using the class intervals 1 — 10, 11 — 20, 21 — 303... (a) form the frequency table, (b) identify the modal class, (c) calculate the mean mark, 18, 56, 60, 45, 62, 52, 88, 49, 29, 51, 30, 85, 13, ll, 36, 46, (d) draw a histogram to represent the distribution. 65, 79, 41, 76, 26, 73, 37, 45, (i) A pupil is chosen at random from the class. Calculate the probability that se lies in the range 41 — 70, [WAEC] 266ail Twenty women of the Women’s Guild were asin the accompanying table. 24, 32, 36, 2, 54, 4 47, 25, 22, 30, . 23, 33, 36. (i) Find the range of the ages. (ii) What is the mode? i What is the median age? iv, picked at random ani 33, 48, {v) Draw a bar chart to represent the information. The following are the lengths (in cm) of fifty poles manufactured by a metal company for various purposes. 65, 69, 92, 43, 72, 57, 87, 61, 39, 56, 41, 68, 94, 70, 33, 73, 66, 81, 27, 98, 70, 49, 65, 60, 34, (i) Classify the data for a frequency distribution table,given that the class marks are 25.5, 35.5, 45.5. i) Draw a histogram for the distribution. (ii) Using your histogram: (a) What is the modal class? 58, 42, 76, 62, 69, (b) Determine the mode of the distribution The marks scored by some gitls in a class quiz are shown in the data given. The maximum mark is 10. 7, 5, 3 4° 8 6 2% 3, 8, 10, 7, 9, 8 4 2, 8 3 5 6 4% 10, (i) Construct the frequency distribution. (i) Find the mode. (ii) Calculate: (a) the median mark (b) the mean mark {i Check for the number of girls who scored at least 6 marks, v) Draw a suitable diagram for the distribution. 267 28, 21, 59, 58, 85, 71, 32, 53, 34, 81, 51, 24, 45, 60, 35, 46, From the sample, what is the number of people who are at least 37 years? 50, 33, 70, 52, 54, d their ages are recorded 54, 50, ° 49, 63, 44,ARG ee ee ee eee Table 6.26 gives the assets of Barmas Utilities Company Limited at the end of 1986, TAME 6.26 Description 4 Twestments N68,000.00 Stocks, N58,000.00 Landed property 40,000.00 Government security 43,000.00 ‘ Miscellaneous 'N31,000.00 i (i) Mlustrate the above information by means of a pie chart, (ii) What percentage of the assets represents the landed property? [Adapted from WAEC] 3 4 4 7 7. Table 6.27 shows the marks distribition in an examination. TABLE 6.27 Marks % [1-10] 11-20] 21-30] 31-40] 41-50 | 1-60 | 61- aS 81-90] 91- = ‘requency (| 2 | 13 36 | 72 | 85 102| 90 ® Dias a cumulative frequency table for the distribution. 4 sing a scale of 2cm to 10 marks and 2cm to af fae See frequency of 50, draw the cum (c)_ From your graph, estimate the median mark of the distribution, : (d) What is the probability of selecting a candidate with at least a mark of 45% ? ; [Adapted from WAEC] 8. The table shows the monthly salaries of 50 factory workers, to the nearest N1.00. 376 359 878 365 872 871 358 366 365 375 367 360 878 882 869 363 374 868 971 357 367 384 376 367 871 874 355 368 379 82 381 370 3738 370 367 , 380 384 364 380 878 362 385 376 388 365 sa ee 369° 358 = 367. 268 oy ia Si SM i na al pe Mant— a - ————— Use the class intervals: 355 — 359, distribution table, ” 880 ~ 364, 365 — 369, ete to draw a frequency (p) What isthe mid-range of the data? {@) Identify the modal group. . For the modal class, i @ Be Tae lass, set up a frequency table and use it to find: the median (ii) the mean ° (c) Represent the information in (a) with a histogram. 4, The'marks of 200 candidates in an entrance examination are shown in table 6.28: TABLE 628 77\| 82 13| 7 No. of Candidates | 12 ‘(a) What are the class limits? (b) Draw the cumulative frequency table. (c) Draw the ogive, using a scale of 2cm to 5 marks on the marks axis, and 1cm to 10 units on the frequency axis. (4) Use the graph to estimate: (i) the maximum mark scored by the bottom 25% of the candidates. (ii) What is the other name for this mark? ) The number of candidates who scored between 41 and 76 marks. (iv) The passmark if 20% of the candidates failed the examination. 10. The lengths of some sample of precision rods manufactured by a company are given below (correct to the nearest mm). 96.5 14,0 17.0 29.3 314 31.0 118 22.0 24.0 14.5 175 305 23.3 30.3 29.5 25.0 143 15.3 20.0 245 268 25.5 36.3 29.0 128 122 33.0 35.0 35.8 136.2 325 23.2 26.0 20.5 19.7 16.3 29.5 21.0 17.5 39.5 320 14.0 18.7 23.5 224 192 145 23.3 224 1215 . 20.8 37.5 33.5 36.0 26.0 13.5 13.0 296 16.5 18.5 218 30.5 14,8 13:3 284 14.5 164 40.0 33.5 28.5 824 306 19.4 224 282 302 345 404 118 28.0 269 oe» a ila(b) Glassify the data and draw the frequen (c) Draw the cumulative reanency table (d) Draw the ogive. (ec) From your ogive, estimate: (i) the median (i) the 40th percentile (ii) the semi-interquartile range. 270 cy distribution table. ; "432 Chay 9 ane Pesce ty ne, wasioncee st eenntin ewfatonte cam Re sent hy ernie the ‘in YF Phe ernie i stat es hatin fe Hirge the abe ane eine vem He ws v6 cyan EWN Cee te) lat wet tert 1 Re pret cnet of Blaperecdd Tic Semnch fe cee nce ee 2 The mrewonnrs 2 eine a A nsrinile Pow examine am fhe aviation, Mee: sinwntore omic Be etsalh he parte eH MOE ME gether 3 The Sainnce nel enna Awvation ae yet ty eter the miner of dat vies than {hill sith» pecitid amterwa ik eBARION Fie example, Chebyshev's thenremt “teapiisn! Titer) choc Aine foe any datention, at feast 10% of the data valves wil fall ‘ein > ctnmutins Ascii oF A we Finis the eaeiine net eumtned Meyyaton ane sed quite often in inferential statisties These tee wll he Gove yo ner chapters of thiv texthonk coat evgationn ane ees y determine the comateney woserse oF tS tet ae tS an By, thee les have the came units of messi thon for each cian he compared directly, For example, suppose an automobile te compare the standard deviation of miles driven for the cars she received ow cars She found that for a specific year, the standard deviation for Buicks ». smiles and the standard deviation for Cadillacs was 350 miles, She could say that 1 sarutin in mileage was greater in the Ruicks. But what if a manager wanted to compar the standard deviations of two different variables, such as the number of sales per sale. Pemen over a 3-month period and the commissions made by these stlespeople? A statienc that allorws you to compare standard deviations when the units are differ emt, an in this example, 18 called the enefficient of variation. trae the standard deviation divided by the ‘The coefficient of variation, denoted by CVar. rear, The result expressed as a percentage For samples, For populations, Cv ~ 2.100% Cvar» ©. 100% x o Saies of Automobiles The mean of the umber of sales of cars over a 3-month period is $7, and the standard Sevsaluwn 1s $ The ances of the comnissions is $5225, and the standard deviation is $77) Connpate the variabons of the two Salutes The cuctticiouts of venation ane $8 Va = = 55 Wh = 5.7% salen aE CMa 5g MUM = WA communion Since the Lucthiviont al yawxalion b> haeger for commminniona, the commirsions are more sanable thaw the saber