MAXIM CMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator General Description Maxim's MAX634 and MAK#391 CMOS DC-DG regu- latere are designed for simple. eicent, nyerung DC"DC eanverter cieuts. The MAXBS and MAX42ot switening regulators provide all contol and power hanaiing functions in'@ compact 8 pln package. a 12BV bandgap relarance, an oscillator a comparator for cutput voltage regulation, and a S25mA P-channel cutput MOSFET. A Second comparator 1s al80 pro- vided for convenient low battery aetection, ‘The operating current is typically 100A and is neaty Independent of output swith currant and uty oyele, thus ensuring’ high efciency ven in low, power battery operated systems. Operating in the nverting Configuration, the MAKBS4 ane MAKEGOI can convert ‘positive Input voltage inthe range of ~SV Yo 16.8 flay negative output valtage up 1-200 These devices are pin compatible enhancements of tne Raytheon polar cireut RCS351. Improvements ineluge signlicantly higher ellcwency. extended ow voltage operation’ ang improved output voltage accuracy (MAKE34), Maxim manutacrares a broad ine of DC-DG convor- ters, inclusing the MAX635, MAXB35, and MAXGST. which reduce the external component court in fixed ‘SW. =12V. and “159 output OC-O0 converter circuits See Table 2'0n the fast page of this data sheet for & Summary of ather Maxim DC-DC convertors. Applications High Eticiency Battery Powered DC-DC Convertors Board Level, Local Power Supply Generation Regulated Negative Output Power Supplies SV to *12V of “18V Power Conversion Fegulated Voltage Inverters Pin Configuration Top View wal [we uo me la we] 8" ae ow] [a maxim Call toll free 1-800-998-8800 for free samples or literature. et Features # Converts Positive Voltage to Negative Voltage # Low Operating Current—100.A + Compact 8 Pin MiniDIP and SO Packages 1 High Etficiency—85% Type Low Battery Detector 4 4% Output Voltage Accuracy (MAXE34) 4 +3V 10 +16.5V Input Voltage Range 4 Adjustable Output Voltage “up to -20V with Simple Colt e with bGEPXVIN/PEOXVN _ Ordering Information Pant EWR RANGE ‘ncxaoe | MAXAGIESA 40°C10 "85°C BLe905Smal Outing pial operating —— | ni peg a 5M ta SV Conv Maxim erated Products. 1MAX634/MAX4391 CMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Storage Terese Range acto nee zs essen Sader @sscrd sae ome ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS [Up °60V. Tas 126°C, unless oferarae noted) won wait | WaT To _Panaeren srmmor | cowormont [ay ME ay | am wa | Sop eae ce % 2 ves [a0 7 sup caer ww ITE nw ® “ a Yow] Yorn = 5 a za [aa -tes | ov vor | Yona: Sey eo i | ben | Yoga" la eter oe a ans Asiernes Vatage| : 1 ea me] | Sch sage CT Pa “ae va Cacia Cure = Coe ate np as Coren | hae a reoaacx input as Garert [yg | [001 [efeorey Fame? = Note The neu votge int may be wxceegeg pone mgut eure etmaga tose than irk ROC Ih Seat cr rms rane ty aaah savrna wih sane tr maximCMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 'Speeting emperature maxon MAXIM anaweren ‘eONoTIONS | ag, MARE Ae | aay MARE uy, [UNITS Spy Wenoe e) % 28 5/40 75 Lv soo Ca be 2 = oes aS Tar Te as Tease 0 ous Wrage vw aaah aS _Snten eas Core Tee [Rev bv we | ow Brey Output Covent —| han | W=0av Wat cd wo. a Cow BH Outpt abane | hare [a= 1681-1 a ales — Pin Description PuncTiOn ow [Nawe Funerion {ow Baer Deion con S| Ae | Topatine tps vate Far vo REED tia pnd Tiss muede ea tage SRW as Soheterta ete wee ee | teow 120 7 | “esr | Gonersed yan cmchip bandgap. + | ono | crown | tease sider comesteg 10 the 5 | te | iStat chanse MOaret wmen ata hraxaior wit pie th imepe hrecin eto Meter nage tine tS Boca dating Minar Soon b6EPXVIN/FEOXVNMAX634/MAX4391 CMOS Micropower inverting Switching Regulator ___ Typical Operating Characteristics beownesemce surrey cunnen supe cunpenn * “oO *oaooot pom ° - 2” ; 4 ° a Peri: Detailed Description [~ : Principle of Operation a simplified buck-boost voltage an inverting or fyback Converter When the Switch is closed & charging cur rent lows through the inductor, creating a magnotc field. Winen the switeh opens, he current continues to flow through the inductor in the same direction as the charging eurrent Since the switch is now open the curtent’must flow through the diode, thereby charging tne capactor with @ negative volsge. The current inearyeecays to zere and the magnet fad collapses asthe energy stored inte nauetor transfered fo the output iter capactor The MAX634 controls the magnitude of the negative Output voltage by turning a awiteh on and off only linen the oulput voltage has fallen palow me desires Basic Circuit Operation Figure 2 shows the stanard cicut for converting a pontwe npn vhage ino.asogatve vltago. wren {he teak voltage pin 8 above arund ao Panne MOSFET apis tums on gun te not ‘owegomng porod of the ovclaton the. Eeenanne NOSEET doors cures to tw oxtotnal neta Sonng energy in eemagnets eld. Wan the 05) infor suit goes ngh te Fechner MOSFET ca Ghana fro SkekOack: ofthe mndvtor pulls current through diode Bt negately charging the ouput tercapactr Ci Tha-eyle repens nt the ouput voisge pals te feouback input gin. below ground ‘The NOR gate latch nrovents high frequency oscilla- lions by not allowing Ly to switch repeatedly during [an oscilator eyele The output voltage is determines by the internal {.2sv'reterence and the ratio ot the resistors AY ane Ra, Your Capacitor C1 isthe output filer capacitor The capac- iianeo and ESR (aqulvaiont soves resistance) of Ci Getermine the output nipple. C2 and Ca are bypass apactors while Cy sols the osciiater frequency. MAXIMCMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator En look simiar 11 watl resistors, They have the advantages Ot low cost and ease of handling. but have higher ‘esstance, higher losses, and lower power handling Capability than thor Fyne Potted Torta neuctors A typical 1mH. 0.82 ohm potted toroidal inductor (Dale TE-SQ4TA) ‘3 0.685" in ciamoter by 0.385" high and mounts ciety onto a printed circu board byits leads. Such devices ofler high efficiency and mounting ease, bul ata somewnat higher cost than mmaided inductors Femte Cores (Pot Cores) ot cores are very popular as switor-mode inductors since they’ offer high performance. and ase of design The Soils are geheraly wound on a plastic Bobbin, which then placed Between twa pat Core sections A simple clip to Nols the core sections together completes the inductor. Smaller pot cores mount directly onto printed circu" boards via the terminals. Cores come in a wide variety Of Sizes. often with the enter posts ground down 10 pan alt gap. The gap prevents saturation While accurately delining the inductance per turn Squares. Pot cores are suitable forall OC-0C converters, but 2f€ Usually used in the higher power applications ‘They are also useful for experimentation since 2857 10 van coils onto the plastic Bobbins. Toroid! Cores fn volume production the toraical core otters high Berlormande iow size and weight and iow cost hey 278. Roweve slightly more site for proto. typing, 19 that manually winding tures ante a toroid |Simote tedious than on the plastic bobbins voed with pot cores, Toralds are more ellicient fora given 52e Since the fiyn ie more evenly dstabutew than in 2 pot core, where the ellecive Gross sectional area “ifers between the post. side. top and bottom, Since itis dificut to gap a toroid, manufacturers produce "oroids using a mixture of fertomagnetc Bowder(tyacaly von oF Mo-Permalioy paweer) and Brbinder The pevmenbity 1s cortrolled by varying re-amount of binger which changes the effect (9p Betwoan the ferromagnetic partes. Me-Perrlioy Bowder (MPP) cores nave lower losses ane are recom Prended for the highest efictency, while Iron powder Cores are lower cor! Table 1. Coll and Core Manufacturers ‘wawurscrunen | TYPICAL | oescriion { woibeD NOUETORS ceaaateurne fesse S009 one POTTED TOROTBALINOUETORS FERRITE COREE AHO TOROIOE aensrocey | rossisaon | 195,608 ‘Siemens, (364200-K38-x36 | Tor Core, 4uHT? | meres e0 Ber MAXIMCMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator External Diode {In most MAX634 circuits the inductor current returns 1 gar bolore Ly lurne on for the Next Cutout Poe This alows the Use of Slow turm-a diodes. Oa the other hand, the diode current abruptly goes trom 2ar0 10 fl peak current wach time Ly sontenes oft {Figure 2, DN. To avo exsesive losses during turn ‘onthe diode must nave a fast turnson time. The INT or N41 is suitable for low power app Cations. ‘The INSBIT sets of Schottky. diodes or {heir equivalent are suitable for nigher power applica tions. Rectiir diodes such as the IN4OQT series are Unacceptable snes thet Slow turn-on results in eh Cosine losses. Filter Capacitor ‘The output fiter capacitor (C1 in Figure 2} stores the enexgy delivered By te Inductor ane delivers current (a'the load. The output voltage nipple ts cirectly Alleeted by the capacitance and the equivalent series Fenistance (ESA) of the Output sitar capacitor ‘The output voltage ripple has two components, with approximately 80" phase dference. One ripple com ponent 'screates by the change in stores charge {ne capacitor with each output pulse. The other nipple Component is the product of the capacitor charge’ Gigcharge currant times the ESA elfectivo. soies Fesistance) of the capacitor ith law cost alummnury binctalyte capacitors, the ESM produces ippls ‘generally larger than the Fippie trom the change nage. esi ~ Ine X ESR (Volts P-P) Yin x SP = PO ESR (ons P-P) where Vin 18 the Input vohage to the coil Lis the Indvetance of the cal, 15 the oscilator frequency find ESA is the equivalent serge resistance of the Sutpat titer capactor “The output ripple resulting from the chango in ‘charge onthe titer capacitors Q Nona where: = to x oe eee _Mintlonatto) 2. whore tog and toys are the charge and discharge: Limes forthe inauetor (1(2t) Gan be used for normal calculations) Yeo MAXIM Osciliator Capacitor, Cx The oscillator capacitar can be a low cost coramic capacitor. I the cireuit wil be opersted over a wide fempereture range. an capacitor with alow tempera ture eostieent of capacitance should be Used The value of Cx can be calculated using the formula: Cy 21209 yy where fs the desived operating frequency in Hertz 1383 Cys the sum of the say capae tance on the Ex pin and the internal capacitance of the package ‘he internal capacitance about 1pF for the plastic package and SbF for the CEADIP package. Typical Stay eapacttance ‘about 39F for normal printed ‘revi! board layouts, but will be signiearty migher i Sockets used Application Hints Inductor Saturation when using off-the-shelf inductors, make sure that the peak Cutvent rating is observed When designing Your own inductors observe the core manuacturer = [Ampere-tuins 0” Ri ratings. Failure to nbserve te peak current of NIratngs may lead to Saturation of fhe muetor, especially mm crusts with external cure rent boosting Uansistors: Inductor saturation leads tolvery nigh current levels through the external Boost transsators causing excessive power dissipation. poor sliclney. and posable damage Tote into are the external Wansision Test far saturation by applying the maximum load fhe maximum input voltage. and (Tor a-satety mar gin) lowering the clock Trequency by 25%. Monitor the inductor current using a current prope. The Formal ndvetor current waveform isa sawtcoth with Siineas current ramp. Saturation creates 3 nonlineat Curent ‘wavelorm with very Tapia increase. in Gurren onee the inductor saturates tis tive apd Current increase and the resultant high Peak eur Fonts that can damage the inductor and the external boast transistor Bypassing and Compensation ‘The high operating current pulses in tho Ly output and the external inductor ean ease erratic para tion unless the MAXaaet-MAXES4 ie propery by- Dascod Connect a 70, bypass capacitor directly ‘eross the MAK&S91 petwoen pin 6 (Ve) and pind {Ground} to minmize te inductance and nigh fe quency impedance of ine power source. Nake su that the gh current ground return path of the Inguctor does not cause a vollage drop sm the Maxa931 ground tne, LGEPXVIN/PEOXVINMAX634/MAX4391 CMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator The teference voltage output, pin 7. should also be bypassed 0 ground to avoid coupling to the high rent path that includes tne Ly output. the inductor, nai ground return, With light oad. coupling from the high power cit- ult ino the contol ekcuity may cause the output pulses to occur in bursts. thereby increasing low fequency pple and degrading the line ard Toad regulation. Normal operation with eveniy distributes Dull guises can be restored by acsing a TO0DF to {Ont ‘compensation capacitor across te feedback fesistor RL Minimizing the stray capacitance of the Yee terminal wit ofton eliminate the need Tor Is Compensation capacitor. ___Typical Applications -5V Output Regulated Voltage Inverter ‘ie stanoard circu in Figure 2 wil geiver SOMA at 5¥ Ethcleney 884 when using alow toss por core of torocal Inductor suena he ‘Dale TESGITA Sele Using alow cost maided inductor wih sever me seria rosstace reduces the elon 10 70% ~12V and -18V Output DC-DC Inverters The circuit of igure 2 can also be used fr -12V ot "Sv ‘curputs sy Simply changing the valve of PY in se fectack network using te formula Your 2 Ree Tae Es Dual Output, -12V or +15V DC-DG Converters ‘The puck-boost contiguration of tne MAXB34 is wal Suifed for dual output DC-DG converters. As shown in Figute. all Rat's needee sa secona winding on the Inductor Typically this second winding Is btlar lorimary and Secondary are Wound simurancously Using two wires im paral). The inductor core Usually @ toroid ora pot core. sev Table 1 soc eee gute 4 =P bus tacking Regulator MAnimCMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator ‘The negative output voltage is fully regulated by the MAXGSi Tho positive wtage is somiregulated and ‘sillvaty sightly with foaa emanges on either the pos. hive oF negative outputs, See he MAKSS9 data sheet fora simiar cieut with @ fully regulated postive Dutput and’a cemiregulateg negative output It path Supusts must be fully regulated use balla MAXESS and a MAXG30, as showrin Figure 4 Voltage Inverter ln Figure §, the negative cutput voltage tracks the positive input voltage This eeu performs the same inchon ae Maxims ICL7660, butwith better output fegulation ane higher output current capabiity Wh the citcust components shown. Figure 8 ll deliver approximately Soma al “OV when the spor is *2V, Srelabout SOMA at when the input is “8V, Input voltage tracking is achieved by using the post tive input voltage as the reference instead of the Dninoate bandgap reference, ‘The output volage 18 set by the input voltage. Rt and F289 follows: Fe Baas Low Power Shutdown Unlike the MAXEIO, the MAXBB4 and MAXAGS1 do not hve loge ee! ston pin. but iow power ‘nage ca” easily be implemented 23 show in gure 6''Since the operating curent i only 250,A max r i Vout = Manet Fou Low Power Shown mum, the GND pin can bo diiven ditectly by a CIOS gate or N'channe! FET Drive GND low for ermal aperation: ft fhoat or drive thigh to enter {he law power shutdown mode. It iow power shut own the MAXES9 circuit Graws nly the leskags Contentof the be output ‘The Ground pin should be well bypassed and any voltage aap scvese the CMOS gate aces 1 the re! renge voltage, sighlly increasing the regulated O purvoage MAXIM ___ L6EVXVIN/PEOXVNMAX634/MAX4391 CMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator gi? Bing Out Per Win Etral NEN Foes Tar t Power With "External Power Devices The MAKI an MAXASOI aro ited to @ Maxie imum switch cutrant of S25mA. It higher current. of {Cutput resistance tess han the 8 Onms of the AXES Is required. the cfeuls of Figutes 7 8, of @ can be The citcut ef Fiqute 7 uses an NPN bipolar transis: for to boost the output current. Allo the NPN transistor base curren! fs used to dive fhe inauctr, Dat the voltage drop across the transistor wil be Spproxmately BV, ‘The circuit of Figure 2 uses a low resistance N. Chante! MOSFET in @ transformer coupled vatiape Inverter cveus This cicurt has the advantage that a Boosting Out 0 positive output voltage can also be obtained by Simply adeing a dlowe ang an output Fiter capneitor ‘The -15V output is luily regulated for both ine and load varianonsr the *20V output voltage wil varies with changes in toad on ether the S20 or =18V Sulput a9 well'ae changes inthe =8V input Vartation ss normally less tran TO%. High Output Voltage ‘The circuit in Figure 9 converts any positive voltage from =3V to “160 10 any desired Oulpur voltage. 35, long a8 the vollage. breakdown of the external P’Channa! MOSFET Is not exceeded. This crcl Is fiso Uselu for generating 2 high power nigh eft: sreney TeV orf outout sng a Spe one win Ing co Figure’. Boating Voltage External P-Chaane! MOSFET MAKCMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator Operating with Wide Input Voltage Range Te aa oun power vars athe su Low Battery Dete | actor oF. This circuit can be used with any ofthe other api : ato rcule in tis data sheet ci | . | MAXIM __. b6EPXVIN/PEOXVWMAX634/MAX4391 CMOS Micropower Inverting Switching Regulator Table 2. Maxim DC-DC Converters. | Device DESCRIPTION INPUT VOLTAGE | OL VOLTAGE COMMENTS: 3-DE Waltage invertor | 23v to 165 Package Information sean [Sp ate dint ME apetiee FER— wget ae tin “plum oi {ess 38) ‘Lead Pasi DIP (PA) 8 Lead CERDIP (JA) 244 TOC Oa CW c= 75°00 Be= 55°C _Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel rive, Sunnyvale, CA. 94086 (408) 737-7600 1 19EEneen negated Pochcts Pred USA AMAIA ss rire Wada of Mi egiatad Produce