‘Transfer function of a system can be obtained from its experimental data if one can plot the Bode diagram from the experimental data. A sinusoidal input at a given frequency is applied to LTT systems and the steady state output is measured, which is a sinusoidal with the same frequency as the input but difference in magnitude and phase. The ratio of amplitude of the output to the amplitude of the input is equal to magnitude |(jw)| for that particular frequency. The phase difference between the input and output gives phase response for that frequency. This process is repeated over the interested frequency range. ‘Once the experimental values are available, Bode plot can be obtained by plotting IG(jw) te vs log. This plot is called experimental Bode plot. To get the transfer func- tion from the Bode plot, fit the data to the straight line segments such that the slope of the lines are restricted to be positive or negative multiples of 20 dB/decade. The asympototes (straight lines) must be drawn in such a way that the deviation value in dB at the comer frequency is maximum of 6 dB. After getting straight line ap- proximation, use the knowledge we have gained from the properties of the Bode plot to arrive at a possible transfer function that fit the Bodg plot. The simple rules to get the different factors of the transfer function from ex- perimental Bode plot are'as follows, 1. The system type can be detetmined from the slope of Bode plot at low frequencies (left most part). Low frequency slope | Type OdBidecade | Type 0 —20 dB/decade | Type 1 40 dB/decade _ | ‘Type 2I the low frequency asymptote is a horizontal line through AB then the transfer function represents a type -O system with a gain k given by A=20logk Ifthe low frequency asymptote has a slope of —20 dB /dec then the transfer function has a factor ofthe form # If the low frequency asymptote has a slope of ~40 dB /dee, then the transfer function has a factor of the form 4 2. A change in slope at a frequency indicates the presence of another factor. If the change slope at w = we, is -20 dB/dec it indicate the presence of a first order factor 1 + 87; in the denominator where Ty = 3}. On the other hand, ifthe change in slope at w = we, is 20 dB/dee , then the transfer function has a first order factor 1 + sTz in the numerator where T = =~ 3. If the change in slope is —40 dB/dec then a doubt arises whether the factor in the denominator is a second order factor or the factor is a multiple pole of the form (1+ T's)?. If the error between asymptotic curve and actual curve is about 6 dB then factor of the form (1 + ss)? is present in the ‘denominator and if the error is positive then a quadratic factor of the form T?s? + 2¢Ts + 1 is present in the denominator. 4, The value of gain k can be calculated as shown below. For type-0 system If the low frequency asymptote is a horizontal line through A dB then the value of kis k= 10% For type-1 system Ifthe low frequency asymptote has a slope of —20 dB/dec then extend the line (if necessary) until it intersects the 0 dB line. The value of k is equal to the frequency at the point of intersection of the slope with OdB line. oRExtend the low frequency asymptote (if necessary) until it intersects w = 1 fre. quency line, Find magnitude at this point. Let the magnitude be A. © Now 20 10g k= A k= 10% OR Select a point on the low frequency slope, the magnitude and frequency at thay point are wy and AAB respectively. Thus k aoe (2 k= (10) % uy For type-2 system If the low frequency asymptote has a slope of —40 dB/dec then extend the line until it intersects the 0 dB line. The value of k is equal to the square of the frequency at that point of intersection of the slope with OdB line. Extend the low frequency asymptote until it intersects at w = 1. Find the ‘magnitude at this point. Let the magnitude be A. ©. 2Ologk =A k= 10% (OR) Select a point on the initial slope, the magnitude and frequency at that point are 1 and A dB respectively. Thus 20 log (&) =A. k=0(10)% ‘Note: If the slope of the low frequency asymptote is positive then the factors are numerator factors The transfer function for individual factors are assembled to get the overall transfer function,