PRAISE FOR ANIMALS IN TRANSLATION

"Full of heart, soul and crackling intelligence." —People

"Grandin's new book draws a fascinating parallel between autism

and the way animals process the world around them." —Newsday

"The real reason to read this book is its deeply logical approach to
compassion ... Animals in Translation may end up being the best
animal book of the year, certainly the most human."
—Los Angeles Times

"Grandin reminds us, as almost no one else has been able to do, that
humans are not human without animals." —Discover

"Animals in Translation explains how [Temple Grandin] combines

her insight at the intersection of autistic and animal consciousness
with research to interpret animal behavior often baffling to other
humans ... Earnest, humble and compassionate."
—The Plain Dealer (Cleveland)

"[Animals in Translation] is suffused with a love of all creatures

great and small, and full of helpful hints for raising pets." —Parade

"Much animal behavior is just plain puzzling—except to Temple

Grandin ... Entertaining and insightful." —Rocky Mountain News

"Using her autism as the key, [Temple Grandin] unlocks a riveting

world of pigeon Picasso fans and hat-phobic horses."
—Entertainment Weekly

"Deeply moving and fascinating."—Oliver Sacks

"Two thumbs up for this thoughtful and educational compilation."

—Dr. Nicholas H. Dodman, author of
If Only They Could Speak and The Dos Wh° Lwed Too Much
"If one is interested in of animal
learning more about the awareness
lives and needs of . This
animals, Animals in book is
Translation is a must- deeply
read. I found it impos- moving
sible to put down." and a
—Monty triumph
Roberts, author
on many
of The Man Who
Listens to Horses levels, not
the least
"Temple Grandin's the
insights are absolutely understan
fascinating, ding of
groundbreaking herself
contributions to the field and her
condition
 that Ms. Grandin has better.
succeeded in achieving, Now she
conveying so lucidly, has
and putting to such written a
productive use. She is an fascinating
inspiration to us all." and
—Alex compellin
Shoumato g book,
ff, author filled with
of The wisdom
World Is and
Burning insight,
that lives
"In this insightful, quirky, up to its
and often funny volume, promise of
Temple Grandin takes us decoding
deep inside the minds of animal
animals. Her behavior."
observations about dogs, —
cats, cows, pigs, birds, Elizabet
fish, and horses are h
meticulous and humane, Marshall
and her approach is Thomas,
impressive both for its author
synthesis of scholarship of The
and for its original Hidden
applications of theory. Life of
Grandin opens new Dogs
vistas that will be
invaluable to anyone who "Animal
cares about the creatures lovers and
of the earth and sky." people
— lovers will
Andrew be
Solomon, thoroughly
author of charmed
The by Temple
Noonday Grandin's
Demon latest
book. Its
"Temple Grandin has sweetly
done many wonderful simple
things for this world, style,
things that have made a chock-full
tremendous difference in of fresh
the lives of animals and and funny
people. . . I feel anecdotes,
strongly that her somehow
interpretations of delivers
animal behavior are brilliant
correct. She has a Ph.D., insights
too, but the autism has into the
probably served her way
animals
 and autistic people
perceive the world."
—Candace B.
Pert, Ph.D.,
author of
Molecules of
Emotion

ANIMAL
S IN
TRANSL
ATION

Disorders
Also by Temple
That
Grandin Sabotage Us
(with John J.
Emergence: Labeled Ratey)
Autistic (with Margaret Lucky
i
M. Scariano)
n
Thinking in Pictures: And L
o
Other Reports from My v
Life with Autism e
:
Genetics and the T
h
Behavior of Domestic
e
Animals S
e
Livestock Handling and c
r
Transport
e
t
s
Also o
by f
Cather H
ine a
Johns
p
on
p
Shadow Syndromes: y
The Mild C
Forms of o
Major u
Mental p
 ANI
les
and
Ho
w
The

MAL
ir
Ma
rria
ges
Thr

S IN
ive

When to
Say
Goodbye to
Tour

TRAN
Therapist

SLAT
ION
Using the
Mysterie
s of
Autism
to
Decode
Animal
Behavior
 Te Gra
mpl ndin
and Catherine
e Johnson

A Ha
Orla

Copyright © F
2005 by
Temple
o
Grandin r
and
Catherine t
Johnson h
e
All rights reserved. No
part of this publication
may be reproduced
a
or transmitted in any form
n
or by any means, i
electronic or mechanical, m
including photocopy, a
recording, or any l
information storage and s
retrieval system, without
permission in writing from —
the publisher. T
e
For information about m
permission to reproduce p
selections from this book, l
write to e
Permissions,
Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt G
Publishing r
Company, 215 a
Park Avenue n
South, New York,
New York 10003.
d
i
n
For }immy, Andrew, Jo
and hn
Christopher — so
Catherine n

h
e

&

5
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 CONTENTS

Chapter 1: My Story 1
Chapter 2: How Animals Perceive the World 27
Chapter 3: Animal Feelings 69
Chapter 4: Animal Aggression 131
Chapter 5: Pain and Suffering 179
Chapter 6: How Animals Think 241
Chapter 7: Animal Genius: Extreme Talents 285
Behavior and Training Troubleshooting Guide 309
Notes 325
Selected Bibliography 337
Acknowledgments 345
Index 349
ANIMALS IN TRANSLATION
MY STORY

P eople who
aren't
autistic always
ask me about
the moment I
realized I
could
understand the
way animals
think. They
think I must
have had an
epiphany.
But it wasn't
like that. It
took me a long
time to figure
out that I see
things about
animals other
people don't.
And it wasn't
until I was in
my forties that
I finally
realized I had
one big
advantage over
the feedlot
owners who
were hiring me
to manage their
animals: being
autistic. Autism
made school
and social life
hard, but it
made animals
easy.
I had no idea
I had a special
connection to
animals when I
was little. I
liked animals,
but I had
enough
problems just
trying to figure
out things like
why a really
small dog isn't a
cat. That was a
big crisis in my
life. All the
dogs I knew
were pretty
big, and I used
to sort them by
size. Then the
neighbors
bought a
dachshund, and
I was totally
confused. I
kept saying,
"How can it be
a dog?" I
studied and
studied that
dachshund,
trying to figure
it out. Finally I
realized that the
dachshund had
the same kind
of nose my
golden
retriever did,
and I got it.
Dogs have dog
noses.
That was
pretty much
the extent of
my expertise
when I was
five.
I started to
fall in love
with animals in
high school
when my
mother sent me
to a special
boarding
school for
gifted children
with emotional
problems. Back
then they called
everything
"emotional
problems."
Mother had to
find a place for
me because I
got kicked out
of high school
for fighting. I
got in fights
because kids
teased me.
They'd call me
names, like
"Retard," or
"Tape
recorder."
They called
me Tape
Recorder
because I'd
stored up a lot
of phrases in
my memory
and I used them
over and over
again in every
conversation.
Plus there were
only a few
conversations I
liked to
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I
P n
e
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p h
l e
A 1
n
meat
pack
ing
indu
stry,
wher
e
I've
work
ed
for
thirt
y
year
s
desi
gnin
g
hum
ane
hand
ling
syste
ms,
a lot
of
plant
own
ers
don't
thin
k
nega .
tive Typi
asso cal
ciati kids
ons pick
(or thes
puni e
shm thin
ent) gs
decr up
ease prett
d y
beha easil
vior. y, so
If pare
you nts
want don't
ed have
to to
teac be
h a espe
reall ciall
y y
com skill
plex ed
beha to
vior, teac
all h
you the
had m
to how
do to
was put
brea their
k it clot
dow hes
n on
into or
its tie
com their
pone shoe
nt s. If
part you'
s ve
and ever
teac tried
h to
each teac
little h
, shirt
tiny butt
step onin
sepa g to
ratel a
pers who
on has
who abso
has lutel
abso y no
lutel clue
y no how
clue to
how do
to do it,
it, you
you soon
soon reali
reali ze
ze that
that you
you don'
don't t
reall reall
y y
kno kno
w w
how how
to to
do do
it, it,
eithe eith
r— er—
not not
in in
the the
sens sens
e of e of
kno kno
wing wing
the the
sequ sequ
ence ence
of of
tiny, tiny,
sepa sepa
rate rate
moti moti
ons ons
that that
go go
into into
succ succ
ess- ess-
fully fully
butt butt
onin onin
g a g a
butt butt
on. autis
You tic
just kids
do and
it. gave
T one
he half
beha of
viori the
sts' child
belie ren
f that inten
any sive
anim beha
al or vior
pers ther
on apy
coul whil
d e the
learn othe
just r
abou half
t got
anyt muc
hing h
if the less
rewa inten
rds sive
were trea
right t-
led ment
Ivar .
Lova Beh
as to avio
his r
work thera
with py
autis just
tic mea
child nt
ren. clas
In sical
his oper
most ant
famo cond
us ition
stud ing,
y he havi
took ng
a the
grou kids
p of go
very over
youn and
over avio
the rism
beha gave
viors pare
Dr. nts
Lova and
as teac
want hers
ed a
them reas
to on
learn to
and thin
givin k
g that
them autis
rewa tic
1 1
4
pe ys
opl did
e wh
we en
re the
ca re
pa wa
s
ble
of
a
lot
mo
re
tha
n
an
yb
od
y
tho
ug
ht,
an
d
tha
t
wa
s a
go
od
thi
ng.
T
he
ot
the
floor
meant
troubl
e. If
Mr.
Ross
had
stuck
to
behav
iorist
princi
ples
and
thoug
ht
about
Jason'
s
enviro
nment
instea
d of
about
his
"psyc
holog
y," he
would
n't
have
made
this
mis-
take.5
A
friend
of
mine
had
the
same
experi
ence
with
her
two
dogs,
a one-
year-
old
Germ
an
she I
ph had
erd a
an pret
d a ty
thr goo
ee- d
mo gro
nth und
- ing
old in
gol ani
de mal
n etho
ret log
y
A 1
fro
m
un
der
gra
du
ate
col
leg
e
bef
ore
I
sta
rte
d
gra
du
ate
sch
ool
at
Ar
i-
zo
na
Sta
te
I
Un
ive
rsit
y.
It
wa
s a
go
od
ga head
ve at all,
m just
e pictur
an es.
im Th
po at's
rta true
nt no
pe matte
rs r
pe what
cti subje
ve ct I'm
ot thinki
he ng
r about
st . For
ud instan
en ce, if
ts you
an say
d the
pr word
of "macr
es oecon
so omics
rs " to
di me I
dn get a
't pic-
ha ture
ve of
, those
be macra
ca me
us flowe
e rpot
an holde
im rs
als peopl
ar e
e used
vi to
su hang
al from
cr their
ea ceilin
tur gs.
es, That's
to why I
o. can't
A under
ni stand
m econo
mi
1

w i
o g
r u
d r
s e
. d

I i
' t
l
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w
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O i
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p I
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. n
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h o
e
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t
I o
c
t k
a
l p
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m
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m i
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T t
h
o m
s e
e .

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d e
s y

w w
h e
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m s
e
a h
n o
, w

b I
u '
t m

t a
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w t
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r
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h
t T
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e
I
r
a e
m a
s
a o
n
t
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p
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c t
o
r s
d o
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r n
. d

T l
h i
a k
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p
a h
r
t a
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p e
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r a
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c d
o
r s
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m s
o
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e
c
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r
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s i
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a h
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s
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o
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v
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, a
s
I e
s
s
t a
a r
r o
t u
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,
m
o t
v o
i o
n .
g W
h
m e
y n

s I
l
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y
a o
r u
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h
T a
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a
t n
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m
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n .
g
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a
t
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t e
h v
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r n
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t a
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s
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e
m S
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y 1
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v b
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w g
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m
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k .

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u t
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p
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l
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n
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r
3
1
H o
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t
w u
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P a
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P l
y
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,
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h
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a b
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p a
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a t
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s
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r
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d A
n
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b
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t
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p
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b
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h l
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s .
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d h
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t g
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l a
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o
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n
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o
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a s
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d c
o
t n
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t
s a
e n
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l
a y
l .
l N
t o
h t
e t
o
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t
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n
o a
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m o
a
l I
p
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c
c a
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.
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u
d t
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t
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p i
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k s
i
n o
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p t
l h
a e
n i
t r
w
h l
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r i
e n
s
t .
h T
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e
a
n l
i o
m i
a n
l
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s
w
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r h
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g a
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t e
t a
i
n i
g n

b b
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w
f e
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i
a v
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c
o p
w a
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s t
o
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i
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a
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r
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t
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t
m h
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t s
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p a
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s
l
l o
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c n
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t .
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d
. b
S r
o u
i
n s
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b
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d e
y a
n
w s
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n b
t l
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r
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c n
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t m
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l
b e
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,
b w
l h
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o c
d h
y
m
a e
r a
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h l
a e
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s
t
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e
b a
e t
t
c o
u
t s
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t l
i .
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e
t l
h a
e y
i
b n
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t
c s
h l
e a
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e
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b r
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l
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b
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p e
, a
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e
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b i
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c t
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s .
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r
a i
s
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l i
e n
y
i ,
s c
a
s n
c
a p
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t d
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s c
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s
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b i
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h
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c v
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s v
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(
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o h
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p
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t u
s s
c t
a u
r n
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n
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h
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r
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m k
i
v n
a .
c
c
i
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a
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h n
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a ,
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b .
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l a
d n

l s
i t
e e
e
d r
o s
w
n s
u
o r
n r
o
t u
h n
e d
i
g n
r g
o
u t
n h
d e
m
w .
i
t B
h r
a
a h
m
h a
u n
n s
d
a h
r e
e y
'
t r
h e
e
n
b i
i c
g e

h a
u n
g i
e m
a
c l
a s
t ,
t
l a
e s

w l
i o
t n
h g

t a
h s
e
y
h o
u u
m
p t
r
o e
n a
t
t
h t
e h
i e
r m

b w
a e
c l
k l
. ,

T b
u a
t t
t
t l
h e
e ,
y
' s
r o
e
t
s h
c e
a
r B
y o
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l d
o e
o r
k
i P
n a
g t
r
t o
o l

a g
n u
y y
b s
o
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y o
u
w l
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o n
'
d t
o
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t
g
k o
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w n

c t
h r
o
s P
e a
t
p r
e o
n l
s
. p
B e
u o
t p
l
i e
t
n
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r
s
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o
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h
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e i
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l
t
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e o
r
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o e
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e
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n e
g
p
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t
h s
t
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c e
a
t i
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T e
h y
e
m
M o
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c
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n h
s e

h c
a a
d t
t
t l
o e
 d
w
o h
u a
l v
d e

r b
u e
n e
n
a
n r
d e
a
g l
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e
d
t a
h n
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m e
r
a o
w u
a s
y
. f
A o
n r
d
, t
o h
f e

c f
o i
u v
r e
s
e g
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t y
h s
a
t l
y
w i
o n
u g
l
o
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t
t e
h e
e r

g a
r n
o d
u
n h
d i
. s
Y
o n
u i
n
d e
o t
n y
' -
t n
i
w n
a e
n
t f
r
a i
e
t n
h d
o s
u
s s
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n e
d p
- p
p i
o n
u g
n
d o
n
B
r y
a o
h u
m
a b
n y
 a
a n
c g
c e
i r
d o
e u
n s
t ,
b
w u
h t
e
n I

t d
h o
e n
y '
' t
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e r
e
t m
r e
y m
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g r

t a
o
s
g i
e n
t g
l
a e
w
a p
y e
. r
I s
t o
n
s
o e
u v
n e
d r
s
g
d e
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- e
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u t
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t e
i
.
r
T
o
h
w
e
n
r
s
e
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e
s
a
o
m
n
i
c
s
a
t
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l
t
e
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h
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e
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y
l
'
l
r
a
e
p
p
c
r
u
o
r
a
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c
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u
s
s
.
o
A
m
l
e
l
t
a
h
n
i
i
n
m
g
a
l
n
s
o
a e
r c
e a
u
c s
u e
r
i i
o f
u t
s h
; e
i y
t
' w
s e
b r
u e
i n
l '
t t
i t
n h
t e
o y
'
t d
h
e h
i a
r v
w e
i
r a
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
y

h
a
v
e

t
o

b
e
,
b
l h
o e
t y
h
a d
r o
d n
e '
r t
t n
i e
m e
e d
.
f C
i u
n r
d i
i o
n s
g i
t
w y
h
a i
t s
t t
h h
e e
y
o
n t
e h
e e
d r
s
a i
n d
d e

a o
v f
o c
i a
d u
i t
n i
g o
n
w .
h A
a n
t
t a
n
i o
m r
a d
l e
h r
a t
s o
t
o f
i
h n
a d
v
e f
o
s o
o d
m ,
e w
a
d t
r e
i r
v ,
e m
a
t t
o e
s
e ,
x a
p n
l d
o
r s
e h
e
h l
i t
s e
e r
n .
v P
i e
r o
o p
n l
m e
e
n s
t a
i y
n
c s
u i
r t
i y
o
s c
i a
t n
y
g
k e
i t
l a
l n
e
d a
n
t i
h m
e a
l
c i
a n
t t
, o
a
n a
d
l
t o
h t
a o
t f
' t
s r
p o
r u
o b
b l
a e
b .
l B
y u
t
t a
r n
u
e a
; n
c i
u m
r a
i l
o o
r s
a t
o
p
e e
r x
s p
o l
n o
r
c e
a
n t
h
b i
e n
g
t s
o ,
o y
o
c u
a
u m
t i
i s
o s
u o
s u
, t
t o
o n
o
. t
I h
f i
y n
o g
u s
' y
r o
e u

t n
o e
o e
d
c .
a B
u e
t i
i n
o g
u
t m
o a
o l
s
c
a a
u n
t d
i
o p
u e
s o
p
m l
i e
g
h n
t e
m e
a d
k
e t
o
y
o a
u v
o
m i
i d
s
s t
r
s o
i u
g b
n l
s e

o b
f e
d f
a o
n r
g e
e
r i
, t
t h
o a
o p
. p
A e
n n
i s
, a
a n
n d
d
a
o c
n t
e o
n
w
a t
y h
e
t m
o
n
d o
o w
,
t i
h n
a s
t t
i e
s a
d
t
o o
f
p w
i a
c i
k t
i
u n
p g

o u
n n
t
s i
i l
g y
n o
s u
'
o r
f e
d
a f
n a
g c
e e
r -
t u
o r
- i
f o
a s
c i
e t
y
w
i d
t r
h i
v
a e
s
h
u a
n n
g
r a
y n
i
w m
o a
l l
f t
a o
n
d e
x
t p
h l
e o
n r
e
t
r i
y t
i s
n
g e
n
t v
o i
r
g o
e n
t m
a e
w n
a t
y f
. o
C r
s t
i a
g r
n i
s l
y
o
f e
d x
a p
n l
g o
e r
r e
.
S a
o
y
i e
t l
m l
a o
k w
e
s r
a
s i
e n
n c
s o
e a
t
t h
h a
a n
t g
a i
n
c g
o
w o
n
w
o a
u
l f
d e
n
v c
o e
l
u b
n u
t o
d n
i e
g .
S
i i
n n
c
h e
i
s a
n
h y
e t
e h
l i
s n
g
i
f n
y e
o w
u
c
t o
r u
y l
d
t
o b
e
f
o d
r a
c n
e g
e
h r
i o
m u
s
t ,
o a
n
w
a a
l n
k i
m
p a
a l
s w
t a
n
t n
s o
s
a e

c i
l n
e t
a o
r
e s
s o
c m
a e
p t
e h
i
r n
o g
u
t h
e e
'
b s
e
f n
o e
r v
e e
r
h s
e e
' e
s n

g b
o e
i f
n o
g r
e
t .
o W
h
p e
o n
k
e h
e
h '
i s
s
b e
e .
i S
n o
g
h
f e
o
r r
c e
e f
d u
s
t e
h s
r
o t
u o
g
h m
o
a v
e
o .
n
e
- Y
w o
a u
y
c
a a
l n
l
u
e
s
y
e
,
t
t
h h
e e
r
e e
' x
s a
c
n t
o
s
e a
s m
c e
a
p c
h a
e n
c i
k m
l a
i l
s s
t
l
w i
i k
t e
h
c
h a
o t
r t
s l
e e
s
, a
n
t d
o
o p
, a
r
p t
a l
r y
t
l b
y e
c
b a
e u
c s
a e
u
s t
e h
e
t i
h r
e
y l
' i
r v
e e
s
p
r a
e n
y d
e m
n y
v
i t
r i
o m
n e
m
e w
n i
t t
s h

a c
r a
e t
t
p l
r e
e
t I
t
y d
o
s n
i '
m t
i
l h
a a
r v
. e

S a
i
n g
c o
e o
d
I
c
s h
p e
e c
n k
d l
i
m s
o t
s
t o
f
o
f d
e
t t
a h
i e
l
s s
a
t m
h e
a
t p
r
s i
c n
a c
r i
e p
l
d e
o
g a
s p
p
o l
r i
e
c s
a
t e
s v
, e
n
b
u t
t h
o
I u
g
c h
a
n t
h
t e
e y
l '
l r
e
y
o p
u r
e
t d
h a
a t
t o
r
s .

a A
n l
d l

d a
o n
n i
' m
t a
l
h s
a ,
v
e p
r
a e
s d
a
m t
a o
n r
y
o
n r
a
t p
u r
r e
a y
l ,

e h
n a
e v
m e
i
e a
s
b
t u
o i
l
w t
o -
r i
r n
y
s
a e
b n
o s
u e
t
o t
f '
s
c
a a
u
t l
i i
o t
n t
l
t e
h
a h
t a
r
i d
s
t
t o
r
i p
g r
g e
e d
r i
e c
d t

b w
y h
i
n c
e h
w
n
t e
h w
i
n t
g h
s i
. n
W g
i s
t
h m
i
d g
o h
g t
s
, s
c
i a
r
e s
o
t
h m
e a
m n
, y

s n
i e
n w
c
e t
h
d i
o n
g g
s s

l a
i l
v l
e
t
w h
i e
t
h t
i
p m
e e
o .
p
l A
e
d
a o
n g
d
w
g h
e o
t '
s
e
x n
p o
o t
s
e n
d a
t
t u
o r
a n
l o
l v
y e
l
t
i s
m t
i i
d m
u
c l
a i
n
t
s h
e e
e
m w
a
l y
i
k a
e
c
h o
e w

d d
o o
e e
s s
n .
' B
t u
t
m
i I
n
d d
o
h n
i '
g t
h
- t
c h
o i
n n
t k
r
a t
s h
t a
t
' v
s e
l
t
r v
u i
e s
. u
a
O l
n
e s
t
o i
f m
u
t l
h i
e
o
g n
o
o a
d
d
t o
i g
m
e i
s s

t H
o a
l
s l
e o
e w
e
t e
h n
e .

e M
f y
f
e e
c x
t p
s e
r
o i
f e
n
n c
o e
 o
i f
s
m
t i
h n
a e
t
w
d a
o s
g
s s
i
d t
o -
t
n i
o n
t g

l i
i n
k
e h
e
H r
a
l u
l p
o s
w t
e a
e i
n r
s
c
o o
s f
t f
u i
m c
e e
s
! o
n
A e

f d
r a
i y
e ,
n
d g
e
t
t d
i o
n n
g e
,
s
o w
m i
e t
h
w
o t
r h
k e

4
9
famil w
y Lab M
lying T
next T
D
to
her,
when
her
son
walke
d up
the
stairs
wear-
ing
his
Screa
m
costu
me.
You
proba
bly
know
the
one I
mean
: the
costu
me is
dark
black,
and
the
mask
is
bright
SO m s
acti
UND
vate
Last you
but r
not ori-
least, enti
you ng
have res
your pon
sound se.
distra Peo
cters. ple
Any aren
novel, 't so
high- awa
pitch re
ed of
sound this
s will resp
cause ons
cattle e in
to the
balk, m-
becau selv
se es,
they but
activa if
te the you
part live
of an arou
anima nd
l's ani
brain mal
that s
respo you
nds to kno
distre w it
ss well
calls. .
An Any
inter time
mit- an
tent ani
high- mal
pitch of
ed any
sound spec
is ies
that hear
much s a
worse sud
. den
Inter sou
nd, t uld
somet I he
hing run
they ? If
weren he's
't a
expec pre
ting, d-
they ator
stop ,
what doe
they'r s he
e nee
doing d to
and cha
orient se
to the som
sourc ethi
e of ng?
the A
sound pre
. dat
Wh or
en I mig
work ht
ed nee
with d to
pigs flee
at the ,
Unive too,
rsity of
of cou
Illinoi rse,
s I so a
saw pre
the dat
orient or
ing actu
respo ally
nse has
every two
time a deci
small sion
plane s to
would ma
fly ke.
over I
the nter
farm. mitt
The ent
pigs sou
could nds
n't kee
see p
hittin a orie
g that ntin
orient g
ing resp
respo ons
nse. e.
That' Tha
s why t's
it's why
impo it's
ssible imp
to get ossi
to ble
sleep to
when get
you'r to
e slee
heari p
ng an whe
inter n
mit- you'
tent re
sound hear
like a ing
beepi an
ng inte
eleva rmi
tor in t-
a tent
hotel sou
or an nd
inter like
mitte a
ntly bee
beepi pin
ng g
clothe elev
s ator
dryer. in a
A hote
friend l or
of an
mine inte
with rmit
a tent
nine- ly
year- bee
old pin
autist g
ic clot
boy hes
told dry
me a er.
story A
friend
of
mine
with
a
nine-
year-
old
autist
ic
boy
told
me a
story
about
her
son,
who
had
gotte
n
into
openi
ng
and
closi
ng
doors
repeti
tively
. She
was
exhau
sted
one
day,
mostl
y
5 5
0
b n
e e
c e
a d
u e
s d
e
t
h o
e
r t
a
s k
o e
n
a
d
i n
d a
n p
' ,
t
b
s u
l t
e
e w
p h
e
w n
e
l s
l h
e
a
t l
a
n y
i
g d
h o
t w
, n

a h
n e
d r

s s
h o
e n
s o
t
a t
r h
t e
e
d l
a
o u
p n
e d
n r
i y
n
g r
o
a o
n m
d
n
c e
l x
o t
s
i t
n o
g
h
t e
h r
e
b
s e
l d
i r
d o
i o
n m
g .

p H
o e
c
k w
e o
t u
l
d d
o
o w
r a
i
t t
a l
o
f n
e g
w
e
s n
e o
c u
o g
n h
d
s f
o
i r
n
h
b e
e r
t
w t
e o
e
n s
t
e a
a r
c t
h
t
n o
e
w d
r
d i
o f
o t
r
o
c f
l f
o
s t
i o
n
g s
, l
e
j e
u p
s
t a
g h
a u
i m
n p
,
a
a n
n d
d
t
t h
h e
e
n d
o
s o
u r
d
- w
d o
e u
n l
l d
y
h
s i
h t
e
' t
d h
e
h
e d
a o
r o
r
a j
a
r m
u b
m
b a
l g
e a
- i
r n
u .
m
b E
l v
e e
- n
t
t c
h
o a
u f
g t
h e
r
t
h a
e b
o
s u
o t
u
n t
d e
n
w
a m
s i
n
m u
u t
f e
f s
l
e o
d f
,
t
s h
h i
e s
.
s
a I
i t
d '
s
s
h t
e h
e
w
a C
s h
i
f n
r e
a s
n e
t
i w
a o
t u
e r
r
h
t e
o a
r d
t
u c
r o
e n
t
p i
r n
i u
n -
c o
i u
p s
l l
e y
.
y
I o
f u

y w
o o
u u
l
h d
a n
d '
t
w
a l
t i
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be
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o:
t an
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ia
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ai
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54 b
A r
n a
i i
m
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a
l
s c
o
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e
T s
r p
a o
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l
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s r
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p i
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s
t
l o
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a
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; a
l
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n
p d
a
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a
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r
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b How Animals
u Perceive the
i World
l
d 55
i
n T
g R
A
a
P
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w D

o I
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a
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h e
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g .

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a e
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t A
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h t
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c i
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a a
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p h
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ANIMAL FEELINGS

RAPIST ROOSTERS

W e've been doing some

strange things
animals' emotional makeup
to

in our breeding programs.

When I was just starting
my work with chickens a
few years ago, I visited a
chicken farm. Inside the
barn where all the chickens
lived I found a dead hen
lying there on the floor. She
was all cut up, and her body
was fresh. I was horrified.
I went back to the farmer
and I said, "What was
that?"
He told me the rooster
did it: the rooster killed the
hen. He acted like that was
a perfectly normal thing for
a rooster to do. He wasn't
happy that his roosters were
killing his hens; he just
thought that's the way it
was.
I knew that couldn't be
right. If roosters killed hens
in nature, there wouldn't be
any chickens. But people
raising animals in captivity
tend to forget this basic fact
of life. A lady who raises
llamas told me recently that
one of her males had tried
to bite the testicles off
another male. I told her
that's definitely not normal.
If llamas bit off each other's
testicles in the wild there
wouldn't be any llamas.
The chicken farmer told
me that half of his roosters
were rapist-murderers. I
was stunned when I heard
that. There is no species
alive in nature where half
the males kill reproductive-
age females. There had to
be something seriously
wrong with those birds.
So when I got home I
immediately talked to one
of my students whose
family were backyard
breeders. They had a small
side business raising and
breeding chickens in the
backyard. She'd never even
heard of a rooster killing a
hen. Then I called my good
friend Tina Widowski, who
was a specialist in chickens,
and she said absolutely not:
normal roosters do not kill
hens.
70 rooste
Anim rs and
als in
Trans
had
lation found
that
Tin the
a rooste
knew r
about courts
the hip
killer pro-
rooste gram
rs, had
and gotten
she accide
told ntally
me delete
what d in
the about
deal half of
was. the
Ian birds.
Dunca A
n norma
from l
the rooste
Unive r does
rsity a little
of courts
Guelp hip
h in dance
Canad before
a had trying
studie to
d the
mate recept
with a ive
hen. positi
The on so
dance the
is rooste
hardw r can
ired mount
into her.
the She
rooste doesn'
r's t
brain; crouc
it is h
instinc down
tual unless
behavi she
or, or sees
what the
anima dance
l .
etholo That's
gists the
call a way
fixed her
action brain
patter is
n. All wired.
norma But
l half
rooste of the
rs do rooste
it. rs had
Th stopp
e ed
dance doing
trigge the
rs a dance
fixed ,
action which
patter meant
n in that
the the
hen's hens
brain, had
and stopp
she ed
crouc crouc
hes hing
down down
into a for
sexual them.
ly So
the rapist
rooste rooste
rs had rs
beco were a
me side
rapist effect
s. of
They single
jumpe -trait
d on breedi
the ng,
hens which
and is
tried selecti
to vely
mate breedi
them ng
by anima
force, ls to
and increa
when se or
decrea
the
se just
hen
one or
tried
two
to get
desira
away,
ble
the
traits,
roos-
like
ter
fast
woul
growt
d
h (to
attack decre
her ase
with feed
his costs
spurs and
or his time
toes to
and marke
slash t) or
her to heavy
death. muscl
ing
SING (to
increa
LE-
se the
TRAI amou
T nt of
BRE meat
EDIN per
bird).
G
The
The breed
ers ucing
focus thems
totally elves.
on So
those breede
traits rs
and mate
nothin female
g else. s who
Sin have
gle- fast
trait growt
breedi h, big
ng isn't muscl
quite es,
as and
simple sound
as just fertilit
mating y to
fast- males
growi who
ng, just
big- have
muscl fast
ed growt
males h and
to fast- big
growi muscl
ng, es.
big- They
muscl don't
ed worry
female about
s, fertilit
becaus y lev-
e els in
when the
you do males,
that becaus
fertilit e even
y a low-
tends fertilit
to go y male
out the can
windo still
w. fertiliz
You e the
get eggs
animal of a
s who female
have with
troubl good
e fertilit
reprod y. You
end up Animal Feelings
with a
71
hybrid
chicke ductiv
n, e
which cycle
means is so
a cross short.
betwe A
en two chick
differe en
nt egg
lines. has to
All of be
the incub
chicke ated
n meat for
and only
eggs twent
we eat y-one
come days
from before
hybrid it
birds. hatch
Sin es,
gle and a
- newly
trai hatch
t ed
bre
femal
edi
e
ng
wo chick
rks will
fast be
in ready
chi to lay
cke fertile
ns eggs
bec five
aus mont
e hs
the later.
ir That's
rep two
ro- gener
ations
of
chick
ens in
one
year,
which
mean
s that
in Th
three e
to five rapist
years rooste
the rs
geneti didn't
c line come
can along
be until
chang breed
ed ers
compl had
etely. gone
Th throu
e gh at
probl least
em three
with differ
single ent
-trait single
breedi -trait
ng is breedi
that ng
when progr
you ams
breed over a
for numb
one er of
trait years.
you The
end first
up goal
chang the
ing indust
other ry
traits, pursu
too: ed
there was
are to
alway devel
s op
unint faster-
ended growi
conse ng
quenc chick
es. ens
That's who
what could
happe be
ned taken
with to
the marke
rooste t
rs. soone
r. single
They -trait
mated breedi
the ng
fastes progr
t- am,
growi this
ng one
hens had
with some
the unin-
fastes tende
t- d
growi conse
ng quenc
rooste es
rs and althou
voila: gh
faster- they
growi weren
ng 't as
chick severe
as the
ens.
rapist
In
rooste
practi
rs.
ce it's
Mainl
more
y the
compl
faster-
icated
growi
than
ng
this, chick
becau ens
se tende
they d to
also have
do weake
variou r legs
s and
geneti hearts
c . The
calcul weak
ations hearts
, but meant
the a
basic highe
appro r
ach is incide
to nce of
breed flip-
fast to over
fast. diseas
Lik e,
e which
every is a
nice becau
way se
of peopl
sayin e like
g that to eat
the white
chick meat.
ens' That
hearts progr
gave am
out. was
Heart succe
failur ssful,
e in too;
chick they
ens got
got chick
the ens
name with
flip- bigger
over breast
diseas s.
e This
becau time
se they
that's got a
what lot
it more
looks probl
like. ems,
When thoug
a h,
chick becau
en has se the
heart chick
failur ens
e it grew
sudde so big
nly that
flips their
over legs
and could
dies. n't
Th handl
e next e
goal their
was weigh
to t.
breed Many
chick of the
ens chick
with ens
bigger were
breast so
s lame
they painki
could llers
n't over
walk norm
to the al-
feede tastin
r, and g
some feed,
of which
their is
legs good
were evide
defor nce
med that
and the
bent, chick
with ens
fluid- were
filled sufferi
swelli ng.
ngs. Th
Th ey
e also
chick had a
ens much
were highe
proba r rate
bly in of
const flip-
ant over
pain. diseas
One e,
study becau
found se
that their
the hearts
lame were
chick too
ens small
would to
choos pump
e to blood
eat to
bad- their
tastin huge
g feed bodie
laced s. It
with
A 7
was truck
like on a
trying Volks
to run wage
a n
Mack engin
e, and hing,
their so
hearts they
gave starte
out. d
Th breedi
e big- ng for
breast streng
ed th and
chicke HvMl
ns ity,
were which
a means
disast the
er. No chick
one ens'
wants over-
to all
breed health
chick and
ens abilit
who y to
are grow
lame and
and in thrive
pain, instea
but d of
even dying
if you young
didn't .
care Th
about ey
the didn't
chick just
ens' go
well- back
being, ward
no a step
busin to the
ess earlie
can r
sell chick
defor ens
med with
drums the
ticks small
to the er
food breast
marke s,
t. becau
They se
had to they
do wante
somet d to
have So
their in
cake anoth
and er few
eat it, years
too. they
They had
wante big,
d fast- strong
growi chick
ng, ens
big- with
breast big,
ed heavy
chick thick
ens legs
with and
strong strong
legs er
and hearts
sound and it
hearts looke
. d like
Breed they
er had
coloni their
es dream
think chick
like en.
softw Then
are nature
comp threw
anies. them
If a
there curve
are ball
probl and
ems they
with got
Chick rapin
en 3.2 g,
they murd
don't ering
go rooste
back rs. No
to one
Chick has
en any
3.1. idea
They why
go or
forwa how
rd to the
3.3. genes
for enoug
hearts h that
and the
bones farme
are rs and
relate proba
d to bly
the the
genes breed
for er
matin coloni
g es,
behav too,
ior, didn't
but real-
obvio ize
usly they'd
they create
are. d a
Thi monst
s kind er.
of Nobo
thing dy
happe notice
ns all d
the what
time was
when happe
breed ning.
ers As
over- the
select rooste
for a rs got
single more
trait. and
You more
get aggre
warpe ssive,
d the
evolut huma
ion. ns
The unco
really n-
bad scious
thing ly
was adjust
that ed
the their
chang perce
e ptions
happe of
ned how a
slowl norma
y l
rooste not.
r Select
shoul ion
d act. pressu
It was re is
a case the
of the term
bad for
beco what
ming happe
norm ns
al, when
and the
it's a enviro
big nment
dange influe
r in nces
selecti or
ve select
breedi s
which
ng
memb
progra
ers of
ms.
a
I've
specie
seen it
s live
many
long
times.
enoug
h to
SEL reprod
uce
ECTI
succes
ON sfully
PRE and
SSU which
RE do
not.
Huma Select
n ion
beings press
are ure
consta can
ndy help
changi new
ng the traits
selecti get
on stron
press ger
ure on
ani-
mals,
wheth
er we
want
to or
and color
more vision;
wides then
pread their
in a impro
specie ved
s, and color
the vision
absen was so
ce of useful
selecti for
on findin
pres- g food
sure that
can the
cause anima
long- ls
standi with
ng the
traits best
to color
weake vision
n or also
disap had
pear. the
Tha best
t's chanc
what e of
happe stayin
ned g
with alive
the long
Old enoug
World h to
primat reprod
es. uce.
They After
proba their
bly babies
experi were
enced born,
some of
kind course
of , the
rando trichr
m omati
geneti c
c vision
mutati anima
on ls
that would
gave also
them have
better had
the have
best the
chanc trait a
e of reprod
findin uctive
g advant
enoug age.
h food Over
to suc-
feed ceedin
their g
offspri genera
ng, so tions
the their
babies genes
— spread
many throug
or h the
most popul
of ation.
whom At
would the
have same
inher- time,
ited once
the vision
new becam
trichr e
omati more
c impor
vision tant
mutati for
on— findin
also g
lived food,
to smell
adulth proba
ood bly
and becam
reprod e less
uced. impor
That's tant.
how This
selecti would
on have
pressu meant
re that
streng anima
thens ls
a trait; with
it an
gives excell
animal ent
s who sense
of gone
smell into
were declin
no e.
more Genet
likely ic
to mutati
have ons
babies happe
than n all
anima the
ls time
with a when
poor ani-
sense mals
of reprod
smell: uce,
every due to
one simpl
could e
reprod copyi
uce ng
no errors
matter in the
how DNA.
good Some
or bad mutati
their ons
sense are
of good,
smell. some
The are
selecti bad,
on and
pressu some
re for don't
good make
smell a
genes differ-
was ence
gone. one
As way
a or
direct anothe
result, r.
Old Select
World ion
primat pressu
es' re
sense saves
of and
smell promo
would tes the
have good
mutati BAD
ons
BEC
and
OME
weeds
out S
the NOR
bad MAL
ones.
When
Once
it
selecti
comes
on
to
pres-
domes
sure is
tic
gone,
animal
a trait s,
will we're
go the
into enviro
declin nment
e . We
throug create
h the the
natura selecti
l on
proces pressu
s of res. If
routin you're
e a
geneti chicke
c n
mutati breede
ons r and
piling you
up on allow
each only
other the
until fastest
the -
trait growi
or ng
traits rooste
those rs and
genes hens
influe to
nce breed
has you're
weake exerti
ned or ng a
even selecti
disapp on
eared. pressu
re in
favor
THE of
faster- inte
growi ntio
ng nal
chicke sele
ns. ctio
Tha n
t's pres
an sure
exa ,
mpl but
e of peo
an ple
A 7
n
create that
uncons when
cious, you
accide don't,
ntal you're
selecti uninte
on ntion-
pressur ally
es all creatin
the g a
time. selecti
For on
instanc pressur
e, e that
you've favors
probab the
ly develo
heard pment
doctors of
compla antibio
in tic-
about resista
patient nt
s not strains.
finishi That's
ng becaus
their e
full you've
course used a
of half-
antibio course
tics. of
The antibio
reason tics to
you're kill off
suppos the
ed to weaker
finish bacteri
your a,
antibio leaving
tics is only
the ting
stronge study
r of this
bacteri was
a alive one
to where
reprod the
uce. researc
Over hers
several gave
generat rats
ions, from
that's the
how same
you get genetic
bugs strain
that to two
antibio differe
tics nt labs
can't and
kill. then
Wit left
h them
domest there
ic for
animal five
s, we years
are the while
main the
engine labs
of did all
evoluti their
on. normal
We're experi
consta ments.
ntly Both
changi of the
ng labs
their bred
bodies succes
and sor
their genera
emotio tions
ns, and from
it the
happen origina
s a lot l rats,
faster which
than meant
we that
realize researc
. The hers
most could
interes compar
e the lit
descen open
dants. space
At about
the the
end of size of
five a large
years, tableto
the p, and
researc watch
hers to see
tested how
the much
rats explori
and ng he
found does.
that Being
the prey
two animal
groups s, mice
of and
descen rats
dants don't
had like
develo open,
ped well-
compl lit
etely spaces
differ- . Only
ent the
levels boldes
of t rat
natural will do
fear. much
They explor
tested ing
this by out in
doing the
open open;
arena most
studies rats
with hang
each back
rat. In at the
an sides
open of the
arena arena
study and
you stay
put still.
one rat The
alone ancest
inside or rats
a well- had all
started tried,
out to
with breed
exactl rats
y the with
same differe
levels nt
of levels
explor of fear.
atory The
behavi two
or. groups
But at of rats
the just
end of natural
just ly
five evolve
years, d away
one from
group each
of other
descen in
dant respon
rats se to
was differe
much nt
more conditi
fearful ons at
than the
the two
other. labs.
The This is
interes what
ting happen
thing s in
was uncons
that cious
none selecti
of the ve
people breedi
at the ng.
labs The
had researc
any hers
idea don't
their know
rats why
had the
change rats
d, and evolve
none d away
of from
them each
had other.
They lab
just studie
know s, and
that there
they wasn't
did. any
No big
one at differ
either ence
of the in the
labs kinds
had of
any stud-
kind ies
of the
agend two
a other labs
than were
just to doing
use that
the could
rats in explai
norma n why
l the
psych two
desce
ndant
group
s
diverg
ed in
perso
nality.
My
guess
is that
the
emplo
yees at
the
two
labs
probab
ly
respon
ded
differe
ntly to
aggres
sive
behavi
ors
withou
t
realizi got a
ng it. guy
Say with
I'm the big
lady gloves
who and
takes he's
care of kind
the of
rats at macho
the so he
first doesn'
lab, t get
and I rid of
have a them.
couple Rats
of rats who
who bite
bite— get
I just culled
get rid out of
of the
them, gene
becaus pool in
e I the
don't first
like lab,
them. but
At the they
other live
colony and
you've reprod
got uce in
the the
same second
numbe lab.
r of Tha
rats t
who would
bite, make
becaus a
e the differe
rats nce in
are all the
from open
the arena
same test
line. becau
But se fear
maybe and
in the aggres
second sion
lab are
you've relate
d. mstan
Most ces,
of the rats
time, who
the bite
more are
fearfu proba
l an bly
anima less
l the fearful
less , so at
aggres the
sive first
he is, lab,
becau the
se a one
high- with
fear the-
anima hypo-
l is thetic
afraid al
to get lady
into a cullin
fight. g the
High- biters,
fear I'm
anima selecti
ls can vely
also breedi
be ng for
more fearfu
aggres l rats,
sive and
under that's
certai what
n I'm
circu gettin
mstan g.
ces, Rats
which with
I'll get higher
to in a fear.
secon That
d. But 's
over- one
all, poss
fear ibili
inhibit ty.
s On
aggres the
sion. other
Under hand,
most say it
circu was
the high-
macho fear
guy ani-
who mals
was are
cullin more
g the likely
aggres to
sive panic
rats, and
not the bite
lady. when
Maybe they
he was are
handli handle
ng his d
rats roughl
roughl y by
y and human
scarin s. If
g the
them. man
If that got rid
were of the
the biting
case, rats he
the would
rats be the
doing one
the changi
biting ng the
would gene
be the pool
high- by
fear selecti
rats, ng for
not the calm,
low- low-
fear fear
ones. ani-
Low- mals
fear who
animal can
s are take a
more lot of
aggres rough
sive handli
when ng.
fightin Either
g way
anothe you
r get the
animal same
, but result:
one is that
lab is some
inadve sort of
rtently uncon
breedi scious
ng a ,
differ uninte
ent ntiona
kind l
of rat selecti
—a on
more pressu
confid re had
ent rat to
with have
lower been
fear, put on
in this one or
case. both
We' lines
ll of
proba those
bly rats to
never cause
know them
what to
happe diverg
ned, e so
but dramat
the ically
botto in just
m line five
years.
7 A 7
6 n
Th less
at's dange
not a rous
bad to the
thing anima
on the l,
face althou
of it gh
neces that's
sarily, never
becau been
se studie
acci- d. At
dental least
selecti with
on uncon
pressu scious
re is selec-
proba tive
bly breedi
ng the bothe
huma ring
ns them.
influe The
ncing lady
evolut at lab
ion numb
aren't er one
consci might
ously not be
trying cullin
to g
chang every
e just single
one rat
aspec who
t of shows
the the
anima tiniest
l. bit of
They aggres
may sion,
be so the
unco gene
n- pool
scious doesn'
ly t get
shapi quite
ng a so
cluste distor
r of ted as
relate it
d does
behav in
iors, forma
or l
they select
may ive
just breedi
be ng
less progra
intens ms.
e It's
about when
chang you
ing consci
the ously
one and
behav purpos
ior ely
(like breed
biting animal
) s to
that's chang
e one body
define and
d the
physic brain
al trait aren't
drama two
tically differe
from nt
what things,
nature contro
intend lled by
ed two
that compl
you etely
can differe
definit nt sets
ely of
end genes.
up Many
with of the
some same
major chemi
emoti cals
onal that
and work
behavi in
oral your
proble heart
ms. and
Moreo organs
ver, also
when work
you're in
trying your
to brain,
chang and
e a many
physic genes
al trait do one
you thing
very, in
very your
often body
end up and
changi anothe
ng an r thing
emoti in
onal your
and brain.
behavi So if
oral you
trait, chang
too. e a
The gene
in years I
order have
to learne
chang d that
e a when
chicke you
n's over-
breast select
size, for
you're any
also trait at
going all,
to eventu
chang ally
e you
whate get
ver neurol
that ogical
gene damag
might e, and
have neurol
been ogical
doing damag
in the e
chicke almos
n's t
brain, alway
assum s
ing means
you're emoti
mod- onal
ifying damag
a gene e, or
that is at
active least
in impor
both tant
places. emo-
Thi tional
s is a chang
very es.
seriou The
s distres
proble sing
m in thing
the is that
selecti with
ve single
breedi -trait
ng of breedi
anima ng for
ls. a
Over physic
the al
trait, percei
nobod ve
y how
notice much
s the the
emoti anima
onal ls are
chang changi
es that ng
are emoti
emerg onally
ing until
right the
along behavi
with ors
the have
altere gotten
d so
physic extre
al me
trait, that
becau the
se alarm
nobod bells
y is finally
expect go
ing to off.
see Then
any they'v
emoti e got
onal anothe
chang r big
es. proble
The m to
breede fix.
rs are
monit
oring
physic
al
chang
es, not
lookin
g for
emoti
onal
or
behavi
oral
chang
es. So
breede
rs
don't
 Wi don't
th the know
rapist for
roost sure,
ers, since
the they
good don't
news write
is up
that I and
think publi
they sh
prob what
ably they'r
are e
gettin doing
g the .
probl
em
fixed PSY
now. CHO
I saw HEN
some
S
of
these There
chick was
ens anoth
just a er
few really
mont bad
hs case
ago, of
and warpe
they d
all evolut
behav ion
ed with
just egg-
as laying
nicely hens
as up in
can Canad
be. I a.
think White
proba chick
bly ens
the are
comp much
anies more
are hyper
cullin active
g the and
rapist frantic
s, but than
I
brown
chick on
ens, less
who food,
are so
calm they
and crosse
laid- d
back. them
Howe with
ver, the
white more
chick feed-
ens effici
have a ent
big white
advan chick
tage ens.
over (They
brown didn't
chick want
ens, to just
which switc
is that h over
they to
need white
a lot chick
less ens,
food becau
to lay se a
the lot of
same peopl
numb e like
er of to eat
eggs. brow
That's n
called eggs
feed and
conve only
rsion. brow
The n
farm I chick
visite ens
d produ
wante ce
d to brown
breed eggs.)
brown In
chick the
ens succe
who eding
could gener
lay ation
more s
eggs some
chick centr
ens al
were spine
still of
almos each
t feath
solid er
brow was
n, short,
some soft,
had and
brow limp,
n and and
white the
feath feath
ers er
mixe barbs
d (that's
toget the
her feath
like a ery
tweed stuff
, and that
other grows
s out of
were the
mostl shaft)
y were
white super
. The -soft,
brow almos
n t like
chick down.
ens Em
had otion
matur ally,
e the
feath brow
ers, n
but hens
the were
feath the
ers on calme
the st
white birds,
chick the
ens brow
were n and
imm white
ature, hens
soft, were
and nervo
runty. us,
The and
the beatin
white g
hens their
were own
extre feathe
mely rs off
anxio again
us st the
and sides
agitat of
ed. their
When cages,
you until
walke they
d into were
the half
barn nude.
they They
would were
go violen
berser t, too,
k and
squa would
wking peck
and and
hoppi kill
ng up each
and other
down. if
They they
were had a
extre chanc
mely e.
hyper But
active nob
and ody
did
franti
any
c- thin
acting g
. abo
Then ut it
when bec
they aus
e it
got was
old ano
they'd ther
start cas
e of
A 7
9
the slowl
chang y
e enoug
happe h that
ning the
huma ens
ns could
adjust lay as
ed to many
the eggs
new as the
chick white
en chick
reality ens,
and althou
percei gh
ved it they
as neede
natura d 10
l. The perce
bad nt
beca more
me feed,
norm but
al. they
Finall were
y one calm
farme birds
r who
bough didn't
t show
some any
brow signs
n of
Hutte agitati
rite on or
chick anxi-
ens ety.
that When
they they
house got
d old
close they
to the still
white had
chick all
ens, their
and feathe
the rs.
differ In
ence the
jumpe hens'
d out case I
at think
them. the
The reason
brow for
n their
chick psych
ologic in the
al midbr
prob- ain,
lems where
is less it may
myste have a
rious protec
than tive
whate effect.
1
ver You
cause see all
d the kinds
rooste of
rs to proble
beco ms in
me white
violen anima
t ls.
rapists Dalma
. Pure tians
white with
anima the
ls highes
(and t ratio
peopl of
e) white
have fur to
more black
neuro- are
logica gettin
l g
proble close
ms to true
than albini
dark- sm.
skinne They'r
d or e
dark- more
furred likely
anima to be
ls, deaf
becau than
se other
melan dogs,
in, the and
chemi they
cal are
that often
gives airhea
skin ds
its you
color, can't
is also train.
found Black-
and- horse
white versio
paint n of
horses Toure
can tte's.
have Every
proble sixty
ms, secon
too. ds his
It's not whole
unusu body
al for would
a flinch
paint uncon
horse trollab
to be ly.
plain And
crazy, it's
especi fairly
ally if well
he has know
blue n that
eyes. if you
Yo mate
u see two
quite blue-
a few eyed
probl huski
ems es the
in offspr
anima ing
ls can
with have
blue proble
eyes. ms.
I met The
a color
paint of the
horse anima
once l's
who skin is
had more
one impor
brow tant
n eye than
and the
one color
blue of its
eye, fur. If
and its
he skin is
clearl dark,
y had that's
a good.
The concl
inside uded
of a that
dog's resear
mouth chers
shoul shoul
d be d not
mostl be
y using
black, albino
with anima
some ls in
white. their
Tru resear
e ch,
albino becau
anima se
ls are albino
much anima
worse ls are
. A not
study norma
by l.
Donn Albin
ell o
Creel, anima
resear ls like
ch the
profes white
sor of labora
ophth tory
almol rats
ogy peopl
and e used
visual for
scienc years
es at proba
the bly
Uni- aren't
versit even
y of good
Utah, for
looke drug
d at resear
all the ch,
proble becau
ms se
and melan
differ in
ences binds
in to
albino some
anima of the
ls, and chemi
cals respo
used nse
in to a
medic medi
ations catio
, so an n can
albino be
anima comp
l's letely
differ
ent
from
a
non-
albin
o
anim
al's.2
In
the
wild
there
are
very
few
all-
white
anima
ls
apart
from
polar
bears
and
the
occas
ional
white
wolf.
But
polar
bears
and
white
wolve
s both
have
dark
skin;
it's
just
their
fur
that's
white. o
They Dober
aren't man
albin pinsc
o. It's hers
when becau
the se
skin they
is all look
pink so
or all pretty
white .
that These
the anima
anima ls are
l has not
probl norm
ems. al,
Albin and
o they
anima suffer
ls are .
occasi Peopl
onally e who
born own
in albino
nature Dober
, but mans
their report
survi that
val their
rate is dogs
low have
becau poor
se of vision
all ,
their intole
probl rance
ems. I to
am sunlig
defini ht,
tely skin
again le-
st sions,
huma and
ns probl
doing ems
things with
like tempe
delibe rame
rately nt,
breed usuall
ing y
albin aggre
ssion. onal
In proble
one ms,
surve thoug
y 11 h we
perce don't
nt of know
owne why
rs breedi
said ng a
their chick
dogs en to
had need
bitten less
peopl food
e.3 would
That's turn
an her
enor feathe
mousl rs and
y skin
high white
numb in the
er first
consi place.
derin How
g how is
rare feed
dog conve
bites rsion
are in relate
comp d to
arison feathe
to the r
numb color?
er of We
dogs don't
living know,
with and
huma we
ns. could
So proba
it's not bly
surpri learn
sing a lot
that about
an all- the
white biolog
chicke y of
n emo-
would tions
have a if we
lot of studie
emoti d the
 uninte white
nded peopl
behav e
ioral aren't
chang really
es white.
that White
have huma
come ns
out of have
these melan
selecti in in
ve their
breedi skin,
ng and
progra get
ms. tan
Wh when
eneve they
r I spend
talk time
about in the
white sun.
anima Cauca
ls in sians'
my skin
lectur color
es, evolv
peopl ed the
e same
want way
to every
know one
wheth else's
er skin
what color
I'm evolv
sayin ed,
g throu
applie gh the
s to forces
white of
and natura
black l
peopl select
e. ion
The opera
answ ting
er is witho
that it ut
doesn consc
't, ious
becau huma
se n
interf The
erenc Dalm
e. atian
That's has
why been
arti-
you
ficiall
see
y
emoti bred
onal to be
and mostl
behav y
ioral white,
differ and is
ences startin
in all- g to
white be
ani- closer
mals to
that albin
os
you
than
don't to
see in norm
"all- ally
white pigm
" ented
peopl anim
e. als.
Na It's
ture not
doesn an
't albin
evolv o, but
e a it's
Dalm get-
atian. ting
there.
A 8
n 1
Ho S
w So
PE far
OPL I've
been
E
talki
CH ng
AN mostl
GE y
ANI about
accid
MAL
ental
S' chan
EM ges
OTI that
ON come
out h
of anim
singl als
e- get to
trait repro
bree duce
ding and
progr whic
ams, h
but anim
peop als
le don't.
also A
chan lot of
ge the
ani- time
mals —
all mayb
the e
time even
in a most
much of
more the
natur time
al —
way. these
That chan
happ ges
ens aren't
beca bad
use at
peop all.
le Som
are e of
in the
char chan
ge of ges
dom migh
estic t
anim even
als' be
lives, good
and .
we Here'
make s an
or exam
influ ple.
ence Seve
the ral
decis years
ions ago I
abou visite
t d the
whic pigs
at each
two other
multi genet
plier ically
units beca
withi use
n the breed
same ers
com use a
pany fair
but amou
locat nt of
ed in inbre
diffe eding
rent to
parts keep
of consi
the stenc
count y in
ry. A the
multi anim
plier als.
unit The
is a pigs
breed in
ing these
colon two
y units
that starte
raise d out
s the
fema same
le in
pigs every
to way,
sell genet
to ically
farm ,
ers. physi
The cally,
pigs and
all emoti
belo onall
ng to y.
the Bu
same t by
genet the
ic time
line, I saw
and them,
are the
very pigs
close at the
to two
units ns
had had
deve any
loped idea
comp they'
letely d
differ evolv
ent ed a
perso whol
naliti e
es. new
The pig.
pigs They
at never
one visite
of d
the each
mult other'
i- s
plier farms
s , so
were they
much didn't
more know
excit the
able pigs'
and perso
hype naliti
r, es
while had
the diver
pigs ged.
at the That'
other s
one what
were I
calm mean
and by
easy natur
goin al—
g. It nobo
was dy
the was
same doing
story anyth
as ing
the on
rapist purp
roost ose
ers: to
none affect
of the
the pigs'
huma evolu
tion. ated
It for
just breed
happ ing
ened. stock
W . The
hen I empl
took oyees
a weig
look h her
at the and
pigs' look
lives at her
in teeth,
the her
two udder
units , and
I the
foun overa
d the ll
cause conf
: the orma
unit tion
with of
the her
calm body.
pigs Conf
had orma
been tion
select mean
ing s that
for the
placi differ
d ent
tem- parts
pera of
ment the
s anim
unkn al are
owin in
gly. good
In a prop
multi ortio
plier n to
unit each
each other
fema . The
le pig only
has differ
to be ence
indiv betw
iduall een
y those
evalu two
units on
was the
that mor
one e
unit hyp
had a er
good, pig
stabl s,
e and
scale I'm
and sur
the e
other the
unit y
had a wer
crapp e
y cull
scale ing
with the
a hyp
needl er
e that one
jump s
ed all and
over kee
the pin
place g
. The the
unit cal
with m
the one
crapp s.
y Th
scale ey
could didn'
n't t
get a have
readi a
ng cons
cious
plan
to
cull
the
hype
r
pigs;
they
just
ende
d up
doin
g it
"natu
rally you
" how
beca sensi
use tive
the anim
scale al
was genet
defec ics is
tive. to
Sinc the
e the envir
farm onme
with nt:
the some
good thing
scale as
coul simpl
d get e as
relia how
ble well
weig the
hts scale
on is
all work
the ing
pigs at a
whet multi
her plier
they unit
stoo can
d chan
still ge a
or pig's
not, inner
there -i ited
was emot
no ional
accid make
ental up.
selec A
tion ccid
press enta
ure lly
to shap
get ing
rid a
of pig's
the gene
hype tics
r to
ones. crea
That te
show cal
s mer
ani long
mal time
s is ,
an and
exa dom
mpl esti
e of c
a ani
"nat mal
ural s
" hav
hu e
man bee
sele n
ctio evol
n ving
pres in
sure resp
that' onse
s to
not hum
onl ans
y for
har year
mle s. A
ss pig
but wou
mig ldn't
ht be a
be pig
goo if it
d had
for n't
the bee
ani n
mal evol
s. ving
Peo in
ple the
and com
dom pan
esti y of
c hum
ani ans.
mal He'
s d be
hav som
e e
bee othe
n r
toge kind
ther of
for ani
a mal,
like tho
a ugh
wild :
boar we'
. So re
pro seei
babl ng
y a mor
lot e
of and
the mor
inci e
den lam
tal ene
sele ss
ctio in
n pig
pres s
sure tod
s ay.
we
put
on A
ani PU
mal PPY
s BR
are
AIN
eith
er AND
har GR
m- OW
less N-
or
UP
goo
d TEE
for TH
the Hu
ani man
mal. sele
O ctio
ne n
gen pres
etic sure
dev on
elo ani
pm mal
ent s'
I emo
am tion
con al
cer mak
ned eup
abo is
ut, pro
ba- de
bly the
the skul
mos l for
t thei
obv r
ious brai
in n. A
dog dog
s. I nee
do ds a
not nice
like ,
wha wid
t e
bre skul
ede l to
rs hou
are se
doi its
ng brai
to n,
pur and
ebr if
ed you
dog look
s. at
Bre old
ede pain
rs ting
hav s of
e coll
mad ies
e fro
coll m
ie the
face begi
s nnin
thin g of
ner the
and twe
thin ntiet
ner, h
for cent
exa ury
mpl that'
e, s
leav wha
ing t
less you
and see:
less Las
spac sie
e with
insi a
bro did
ad, n't
flat reco
fore gniz
hea e
d. the
B coll
y ies
the in
earl her
y neig
198 hbo
0s rho
coll od
ie as
hea belo
ds ngi
had ng
gott to
en the
so sam
narr e
ow bree
that d as
a her
frie chil
nd dho
of od
min pet.
e So
wh meh
o ow
gre she
w got
up the
wit idea
h a that
coll the
ie "ne
on edle
a -
far nos
m e
in coll
the ies"
195 her
0s nei
and ghb
196 or
0s own
told ed
me cam
she e
A 8
3
from that
a the
whole pro-
differ gressi
ent ve
line narro
of wing
Frenc of
h their
collie faces
s has
she'd distort
never ed
seen collie
befor brains
e! (I anato
don't mi-
know cally.
how But
she whate
got ver
Franc the
e in cause,
there, their
but intelli
she gence
did.) has
Th gone
e down
proble so far
m that I
isn't call
just collie
the s
reduc brainl
ed ess
space ice
for picks.
the It's a
collie' horrib
s le
brain; thing
it's to
also have
the done
weird to a
shape nice,
of the and
skull. beauti
I ful,
would dog.
expec Ma
t to king
find collie
s ple
stupid proba
wasn't bly
the put
point, much
of more
cours constr
e. uctive
Collie selecti
breed on
ers pressu
proba res on
bly mutts.
just A
wante mutt
d to who
exagg bites
erate peopl
one of e, or
the who
most destro
distin ys the
ctive house
fea- by
tures chewi
of the ng
collie everyt
dog, hing
which in
is its sight,
long has an
thin excell
nose. ent
But in chanc
the e of
proce being
ss of sent to
breed the
ing pound
for or put
super to
- sleep.
elong That
ated mean
noses, s his
they genes
bred will
out a be
decen remo
t- ved
shape from
d the
skull. gene
Peo pool.
Just Wit
about h
the purebr
only ed
mixed dogs
-breed the
dogs selecti
who on
get to pressu
reprod res are
uce compl
are etely
the differ-
ones ent,
who and a
are lot of
well them
adapte are
d to negati
living ve.
with For
peopl one
e— thing
and the
good breed
at ers are
gettin consci
g out ously
of the trying
yard. to
(I meet
know Ameri
owner can
s are Kenne
all l Club
sup- standa
posed rds,
to which
neuter are
their heavil
pets, y
but a tilted
lot of towar
owner d
s physic
don't. al
That's criteri
why a, not
we emoti
have onal
so or
many behavi
mutts. oral.
) More
over, oral
profes proble
sional ms
breede and
rs the
rarely breede
if ever r
think could
about know
what nothin
their g
beauti about
ful it. So
dogs there'
are d be
going nothin
to do g to
to an stop
owner him
's from
house, contin
and uing
they to
usuall breed
y the
don't parent
call dogs
the and
peopl produ
e cing
who'v more
e puppi
bough es
t their with
puppi the
es to same
follow proble
up on ms.
the The
puppy other
's factor
behav shapi
ior. ng
All pureb
the red
puppi dog
es in a geneti
litter cs is
could owner
have s'
emoti higher
onal tolera
or nce
behavi for
diffic owner
ult is
behav planni
ior in ng to
a breed
beauti the
ful, dog
expen he
sive won't
anima stop
l. A to
perso think
n who mayb
has e a
spent dog
$1,00 who
0 on a is
dog is horrib
going le to
to put live
up with
with a shoul
lot dn't
more have
bad puppi
behav es.
ior Thi
than a s is
perso just a
n who theory
has , but
spent there's
nothin plenty
g. of
And if evide
the nce
on the
emo-
tional
and
behav
ioral
probl
ems
of
pureb
red
dogs
versu
s
mixed
breed
s to
suppo
rt the emoti
hypot onally
hesis stable
that , for a
the coupl
select e of
ion reaso
press ns.
ures One is
on that
mutts negati
are ve
more emoti
constr onal
uctive traits
. For will
one tend
thing, to get
mutts bred
are out of
physi mixed
cally -breed
health dogs,
ier, becau
becau se
se the mutts
bad with
traits major
of emoti
purebr onal
eds, prob-
such lems
as hip like
dyspla aggre
sia, ssion
disap or
pear severe
just separa
one or tion
two anxiet
gener y are
ations proba
away bly
from more
the likely
pureb to be
red sent
line. to
Mu shelte
tts are rs
also than
more pureb
likely reds.
to be The
other red
is that dogs
no is that
one is pureb
practi reds
cing are
single respo
-trait nsible
selecti for
ve the
breedi large
ng major
with ity of
mutts, fatal
so dog
mutts bites,
are not
not mutts.
going One
to be twent
turned y-year
into surve
monst y
er found
dogs that
the pureb
way reds
the were
rooste respo
rs nsible
were for
turned aroun
into d 74
monst perce
er nt of
rapist all
rooste fatal
rs. dog
In attack
terms s on
of peopl
behav e.
ior, Seein
the g as
most how
impor pureb
tant reds
differ are
ence only
betwe aroun
en d 40
mutts perce
and nt of
pureb the
total onal
pet and
dog behavi
popul oral
ation effects
in the of
count single
ry, -trait
that's selecti
pretty on.
bad.4 Often
Th breed
ere ers
have will
to be mate
at their
least a dogs
coupl so as
e of to
reaso exagg
ns for erate
this. one
One, distin
I'm ctive
sure, trait
is that in the
aggre breed,
ssive like
mixed the
-breed rough
dogs collie'
get s long
put thin
down nose.
much Since,
more as I
quickl menti
y than oned
aggre earlier
ssive , any
pureb time
reds. you
But I selecti
think vely
pureb breed
red for
dogs one
also trait,
suffer event
some ually
of the you
negati end
ve up
emoti with
neurol Pro
ogical bably
proble the
ms. most
Once stable
you mutts
start are
gettin mixed
g -breed
neurol dogs
ogical whose
proble under
ms, lying
one of skin
those color
proble isn't
ms is too
likely light.
to be Hair
aggres color
sion, doesn'
so it t
doesn' matte
t r; you
surpri Just
se me want
that to be
purebr sure
eds you'r
have e not
more adopt
aggres ing
sion an
proble anim
ms al
than who
mutts. has
too
A 8
n 5
many ing
albino most
chara of its
cterist body.
ics, A
such small
as amou
blue nt of
eyes, white
a pink for is
nose, per-
and fectly
white fine,
for but
cover you
shoul are
d easier
avoid to live
a with
white in a
or lot of
light- ways.
colore I
d coat don't
com- think
bined there'
with s any
either hard
blue data
eyes on
or a how
pink much
nose. shoe
Th chewi
e fact ng
that mixed
mixed breed
breed s do
s are comp
so ared
much to
less pureb
aggre reds,
ssive but
is there's
good a lot
evide of
nce anecd
that otal
the evide
selecti nce
on that
pressu pureb
res on reds,
mixed or at
breed least
s are certai
more n
con- breed
structi s of
ve. pureb
My reds,
impre do
ssion more
is that of it
mixed than
- mutts.
breed A
dogs friend
of mutts
mine did
told hardly
me a any
typica destru
l story ctive
about chewi
mutts ng at
versus all,
pure- where
breds as the
on yello
chewi w Lab
ng. chews
Altog everyt
ether hing
she she
has can
owne get
d two her
mixed teeth
-breed on.
black She's
dogs, destro
and yed
one shoes,
yello toys,
w pencil
Labra s,
dor pens,
retrie one
ver. corner
Labs, of the
in rug in
case my
you friend'
didn't s
know office,
it, are the
notori fringe
ous on the
chewe orient
rs. al
Even carpet
thoug in the
h my living
friend room,
got all three
three differ
dogs ent
as wood
young en
puppi chair
es, the legs,
severa and
l T- it's
shirts only
that the
were indoo
left r list.
lying Outdo
aroun ors
d, two she
blank wreck
ets, a ed a
coupl $400
e of hot
books tub
, cover,
severa chewe
l d up
Tuppe the
r- wood
ware frami
contai ng
ners, aroun
a d the
sweat neigh
shirt, bor's
all the pictur
balls e
in the windo
house w,
, and and,
she back
chewe in my
d the friend'
electri s
c cord yard,
to the gnawe
dehu d
midifi clear
er in throug
half. h the
That's trunk
just of a
the whole
list lilac
my tree,
friend just
could like a
reme beave
mber r. The
off dog is
the one
top of and a
her half
head, years
old minim
now, um,
and not
she's counti
still ng the
going. two
She's rugs
doing that
a little can't
better, be
becau repair
se ed
they'v and
e been would
worki cost a
ng on lot to
traini replac
ng her e.
to All
chew Labra
her dors
rawhi chew
de like
bones that;
instea it's
d of built
every- into
thing their
else, geneti
and c
becau make
se up.
she's Golde
a little n
more retrie
matur vers
e. But are
she's proba
bly
still
just
destru
as
ctive.
bad. I
My
don't
friend
think
estim
anyon
ates
e
she's
know
done
s
$1,00
why,
0
altho
worth
ugh
of with
dama Labs
ge at it
a may
be overe
relate ating.
d to (Alth
their ough
obses golde
sive ns
belon
g to
the
same
geneti
c
group
as
Labs
and
all
the
other
hunti
ng
dogs, 5
they
don't
overe
at the
way
Labs
do, so
they
may
not
chew
for
the
same
reaso
ns.) I
heard
one
owner
call
Labs
"oppo
rtunis
tic
eaters
"—
they'll
eat
just
about
any-
thing
you to eat
give that
them, make
inclu s
ding them
grape need
s and to
banan chew
as. everyt
They hing
love in
food sight,
so becau
much se
you Holst
can ein
train cows
them are
to sit the
and same
heel way.
just Holst
using eins
little have
piece been
s of bred
dry to eat
kibbl a
e. huge
They amou
are nt of
alwa feed
ys so
hungr they
y and can
will produ
pack ce
on more
the milk,
poun and
ds if they
you also
let have
them a
eat comp
whate ulsion
ver to
they lick
want. and
I mout
suspe h
ct it's things
this and to
drive manip
ulate to eat,
object you
s with also
their increa
mout se its
hs. desire
Their to use
behav its
ior is mout
so h.
extre Of
me cours
that if e that
a raises
tracto the
r gets questi
left in on of
their why
pen Labs
they'll have
lick such
the massi
paint ve
off appet
and ites,
chew and I
up all don't
the know
hydra the
ulic answ
hoses. er to
They'l that.
l They
destro were
y it, origin
where ally
as bred
beef to be
cattle fishin
will g
just dogs
sniff in
it. Newf
Perha oundl
ps and,
when and
you they'r
geneti e
cally imper
increa vious
se an to
anima cold
l's and
desire pain,
so s
mayb most
e the peopl
extra e to
fat overe
helps at,
them while
stay some
warm peopl
. I e can
don't stop
know eatin
. g
-That' when
s why they'r
the e full.
quirk Get
s of ting
select back
ive to
breed mutts,
ing I'd be
are so surpri
fascin sed if
ating. any
If we mutt
knew ever
why chews
breed things
ing a the
Lab way
to be Labs
a Lab do.
also Neith
mean er of
s the
breed two
ing a black
Lab mutts
to be my
a friend
comp owne
ulsive d had
overe her
ater Labra
we dor's
might chew-
have up-
a the-
good whole
idea -
of house
what gene.
cause Her
first have
mixe a
d- stron
breed g
dog inbor
never n
chew drive
ed to
anyth chew
ing in things
my the
friend way
's the
house Lab
, even does,
when so he
he could
was a easily
youn stop
g chewi
pupp ng
y. even
The with
secon the
d dog hapha
went zard
throu "traini
gh a ng"
brief my
chewi friend
ng gave
perio him,
d that which
he was
quick mainl
ly y just
outgr to
ew. yell
That at the
dog dog if
was she
also caugh
highl t him
y chewi
respo ng
nsive somet
to hing
pun- he
ishme wasn'
nt for t sup-
chewi posed
ng. to.
He That
didn't was
all it him
took to
to get stop.
A 8

D T
O H
G W
S D
I
A
R
E

P
E
O
P
L
E
'
S

O
T
H
E
R

C
H
I
L
D
R
E
N

(
N
E
O
T
E
N
Y
)
The big
problem
with Labs
is that
they're
permanent
children.
through t he
his dog car
exterior. A wind
Wolves ft ow
don't bark, e and
and r just
neither a stare
did this s d
wolfie- h into
looking o my
dog. rt eyes.
The w It
King h was
Charles il an
study e unfli
looked at t nchin
the ages at h g,
which wolf r penet
puppies e ratin
develop e g,
different w calcu
aggressive o lated
behaviors, l stare.
ranging v It
from e was a
growling, s weap
which they tr on
can do by o desig
age twenty tt ned
days, up e to
through the d unset
long stare, u tle,
which is p not
the last . just
aggressive T an
behavior h expre
they e ssion
develop, y of
after they s inter
are thirty
t est.
days old.
o Th
You've
o e
probably
d follo
seen
a wing
pictures of
l day I
wolves
o had
giving an
n prett
enemy a
g y
long stare.
s much
They lock
i forgo
their eyes
d tten
on to an
e the
animal's
t lions
face and
 and fiare the
tigers x ultimate
, but itexample
I was s of the
still o accidental
thinki w breeding
ng n programs
about e humans
this r create for
long w the
stare itanimals
and I h they live
starte a and work
d to w with.
wond itMany
er h experts
why I e believe
had rithat one of
never n the
seen g reasons
wolves
a dog s
turned
acco t
into dogs
mplis a
was that
h the r
nursing
same e
human
unner ?
mothers
ving
probably
feat. D
adopted
After
orphaned
all,
wolf cubs
dogs
and
are
nursed
just them at
dome their
sticat breasts
ed along with
wolve their
s. So human
why babies.
does Under this
a theory, the
Pekin only
gese reason
not dogs exist
have at all is
the that early
abilit people
y to really
A 8
loved gave
wolf any
puppi full-
es, grow
which n
wolve sting
s who questi
hap- on is
pened wheth
to er
have dogs
a case made
of us
arrest evolv
ed e into
devel a
opme differ
nt a ent
repro kind
ducti of
ve huma
adva n at
ntage. the
Huma same
ns got time
along we
best were
with maki
submi ng
ssive, them
puppy evolv
like e into
wolve a
s, and differ
over ent
time kind
that's of
what wolf.
they I'll
got, get to
the that
same later
way on.
the
multi
plier ANI
unit MAL
with S
the ARE
bad
N'T
scale
got AMB
calme IVAL
r, ENT
nicer
Mam
pigs.
mals
Th
and
e
birds
intere
have
the State
same s
core prote
feelin ct
gs their
peopl youn
e do. g
Resea from
rchers preda
are tors
just the
now same
disco way a
verin mam
g that mal
lizard would
s and . The
snake fact
s that
proba some
bly snake
share mothe
most rs
of take
these care
emoti of
ons their
with babie
us, s
too. came
Just as a
to big
give a surpri
coupl se,
e of since
exam resear
ples: chers
the have
skink alway
lizard s
in believ
Austr ed
alia is snake
mono s
gamo weren
us, 't
and social
rattles at all
nake and
mama that
s here mothe
in the rs
Unite aban-
d doned
their ated
babie by the
s brain,
after and
birth.8 there'
We s no
still questi
don't on
know anima
much ls
about share
the that
social biolo
lives gy
of with
snake us.
s, but Their
at emoti
least onal
now biolo
we gy is
know so
that close
they to
have ours
a that
social most
life. of the
We resear
know ch on
anima the
ls and neurol
huma ogy
ns of
share emoti
the ons—
same or
core affect
feelin ive
gs neuro
partly scien
becau ce—is
se we done
know with
quite anima
a bit ls.
about When
how it
our come
core s to
emoti the
ons basics
are of
cre- life,
like t;
gettin they
g don't
eaten have
by a love-
tiger hate
or relati
protec onshi
ting ps
the with
young each
, other
anima or
ls feel with
the peopl
same e.
way That's
we one
do. of the
Th rea-
e sons
main huma
differ ns
ence love
betwe anima
en ls so
anima much;
l anima
emoti ls are
ons loyal.
and If an
huma anima
n l
emo- loves
tions you
is that he
anima loves
ls you
don't no
have matte
mixed r
emoti what.
ons He
the doesn
way 't care
norma what
l peo- you
ple look
do. like
Anim or
als how
aren't much
ambi mone
valen y you
make. Thi
s is
anoth
er
conne
ction
betwe
en
autis
m and
anima
ls:
autisti
c
peopl
e
have
mostl
y
simpl
e
emoti
ons,
too.
That's
why
norm
al
peopl
e
descri
be us
as
innoc
ent.
An
autisti
c
perso
n's
feelin
gs are
direct
and
open,
just
like
anima
l
feelin
gs.
We
don't
hide
our autisti
feelin c is
gs, that I
and don't
we have
aren't to
ambiv deal
alent. with
I can't all the
even emoti
imagi onal
ne crazin
what ess
it my
would stude
be nts
like do. I
to had
have one
feelin fantas
gs of tic
love stude
and nt
hate who
for flunk
the ed out
same of
perso schoo
n. l
So becau
me se she
peopl broke
e will up
proba with
bly her
think boyfri
this is end.
an There'
insulti s so
ng much
thing psych
to say odram
about a in
autist norma
ic l
peopl peopl
e, but e's
one lives.
thing Anim
I als
appre never
ciate have
about psy-
being chodr
ama. ation
Chi cor-
ldren tex,
don't, tying
either everyt
. hing
Emoti togeth
onally er,
, includ
childr ing
en are emoti
more ons
like like
ani- love
mals and
and hate
autisti that
c would
peopl proba
e, bly be
becau better
se off
childr stayin
en's g
fronta separ
l ate.
lobes That's
are anoth
still er
growi reaso
ng n why
and a dog
don't can
matur be
e like a
until perso
somet n's
ime in child:
early childr
adulth en's
ood. 9 emoti
I ons
menti are
oned straig
earlier htfor
that ward
the and
fronta loyal
l like a
lobes dog's.
are A
one seven
big -year-
associ old
boy partm
or girl entali
will zed.
race Of
throu cours
gh the e, no
house one
to know
greet s why
Dad an
when autisti
he c
comes grow
from n-up
work has
the troubl
same e
way a makin
dog g
will. I conne
think ctions
anima , since
ls, our
childr fronta
en, l
and lobes
autisti are
c norma
peopl l-
e have sized.
simpl All
er we
emoti know
ons right
becau now
se is that
their resear
brains chers
have find
less "decr
ability eased
to conne
make ctivit
conne y
ctions amon
, so g
their cortic
emoti al
ons region
stay s and
more betwe
separa en the
te and cortex
com- and
subco er.
rtex."1 The
0
The autisti
way I c
visual brain
ize it is like
is that the
a same
norma big
l brain corpo
is like rate
a big office
corpor buildi
ate ng
office where
buildi the
ng only
with way
teleph for
ones, anyon
faxes, e to
e- talk to
mail, anyon
messe e else
ngers, is by
peopl fax.
e There'
walki s no
ng teleph
aroun one,
d and no e-
talkin mail,
g—a no
big mes-
corpo senge
ration rs,
has and
zillion no
s of peopl
ways e
for walki
mes- ng
sages aroun
to get d
from talkin
one g to
place each
to other.
anoth Just
A 9
faxes. stuff
So a is
lot gettin
less g
throu e
gh as have
a a
conse norm
quen al-
ce, sized
and neoc
every ortex
thing inclu
starts ding
to norm
break al-
down sized
. front
Some al
mess lobes
ages , our
get brain
throu s
gh funct
okay; ion
other as if
mess our
ages front
get al
distor lobes
ted were
when eithe
the r
fax muc
mispr h
ints small
or the er or
paper not
jams; fully
other deve
mess l-
ages oped.
don't Our
get brain
throu s
gh at funct
all. ion
Th more
e like a
point child'
is s
that brain
even or an
thoug anim
h al's
autist brain
ic , but
peopl for
differ then
ent comp
reaso letely
ns. forge
W t
hen about
the it the
differ next,
ent beca
parts use
of the being
brain mad
are and
relati being
vely happ
separ y are
ate separ
from ate
each states
other . A
and child
don't hops
com from
muni one
cate to
well, the
you other
end depe
up ndin
with g on
simpl the
e, situat
clear ion.
emot Yo
ions u see
due the
to exact
comp same
artm thing
entali with
zatio anim
n. A als.
child Stron
can g
be emoti
furio ons
us at in
his anim
mom als
or are
dad usual
one ly
seco like a
nd, sudde
n a
thund norm
erstor al
m. adult
They does
blow get
in over
and a bad
then emo-
blow tion
back he's
out. made
Two a
dogs lastin
who g
live conn
toget ectio
her in n
the betw
same een
house the
can angry
be emoti
snarli on
ng and
one the
secon perso
d, n or
then situat
go ion
back that
to made
being him
best angry
friend .
s the Whe
next. n a
Norm norm
al al
peopl perso
e n gets
need furio
a lot usly
more angry
time with
to get a
over perso
an n he
angry loves,
emoti his
on, brain
and hooks
even up
when ange
r and that
love ani-
and mals
reme prob
mber ably
s it. don't
Than have
ks to the
his com
highl plex
y emot
devel ions
oped peop
fronta le
l do,
lobes, like
whic sham
h e,
conne guilt,
ct emba
every rrass
thing ment
up ,
with greed
every , or
thing wanti
else, ng
his bad
brain thing
learns s to
to hap-
have pen
mixe to
d peopl
emoti e
ons who
about are
that more
perso succe
n or ssful
situat than
ion. you.
An Ther
other e are
big differ
differ ent
ence scho
betw ols
een of
anim thou
als ght
and abou
peopl t
e is simp
le come
and from
comp the
lex reptil
emot ian
ions, and
but the
the mam
defin mali
ition an
I use brain
is s, but
brain they
- light
base up
d. the
Simp neoc
le ortex
emot as
ions well.
are The
the seco
prim ndar
ary y
emoti emot
ons ions
such build
as on
fear the
and pri-
rage
that
come
from
the
reptil
ian
and
the
mam
malia
n
brain
s.
Com
plex
emoti
ons,
or
secon
dary
emoti
ons,
also
mary s
emoti when
ons to feel
and emba
invol rrass
ve ment
more or
thoug guilt,
ht and but
interp all
retati three
on. start
For out in
instan the
ce, brain
sham as the
e, pain
guilt, of
and being
embar isolat
rassm ed.
ent I
proba don't
bly all want
come to
out of give
the the
same impre
prima ssion
ry that
emoti anim
on of als
separ never
ation have
distre more
ss,11 than
which one
I'll feelin
talk g at
about the
shortl same
y. time.
Your Later
cultur on I'll
e and talk
upbri about
nging the
teach fact
you that
when cows
to feel often
sham feel
e curio
versu us
and le of
afraid exper
at the iencin
same g a
time. mixe
(Jaak d
Panks emoti
epp, on.
au- Bu
thor t in
of real
Affect life
ive one
Neur emoti
oscie on
nce, usuall
classif y
ies ends
curios up
ity as comp
a core letely
emoti repla
on.12) cing
Biolo the
gicall other,
y it's and
possi some
ble of the
for core
more emoti
than ons
one proba
basic bly
emoti do
onal "turn
syste off
m to other
be s. For
activa instan
ted in ce,
an brain
anima resear
l's ch
brain show
at the s that
same play
time, and
so rage
techni are
cally inco
an an- mpati
imal ble
is emoti
capab ons,
whic happy
h play
anyo feelin
ne gs
who along
has with
ever angry
watch fight
ed feelin
two gs.13
dogs Once
play a
fighti play
ng fight
can has
tell turne
you. d
Once real,
in a all of
while the
a play dog's
fight body
will langu
turn age
into a and
real vocal
fight, com
and muni
when cation
that is
happ angry
ens .
the
two
dogs No
don't FRE
show UD
the FOR
slight
DO
est
sign GS
(frien Anot
dly her
tail huge
wags, differ
tooth ence
y betwe
smile en
s) that anim
they'r als
e and
expe- peopl
rienci e: I
ng don't
think d on
anima repres
ls sion
have in
the some
defen way.
se Using
mech repres
anism sion,
s you
Sigm push
und whate
Freud ver it
descri is
bed in you'r
hu- e
mans. afraid
Proje of
ction, down
displa into
ceme your
nt, unco
repres nscio
sion, us
denial mind
—I and
don't focus
think your
we consc
see ious
these mind
things on a
in stand-
anima in.
ls. Or, in
Defen the
se case
mech of the
anism highe
s r,
defen more
d matur
again e
st defen
anxi- se
ety, mech
and anism
all s, like
defen humo
se r,
mech altrui
anism sm,
s or
depen intell
ectual rea
izatio son
n, I
you bel
use iev
humo e
r, ani
empat ma
hy, ls
and do
thoug n't
ht to ha
push ve
away Fre
the udi
"real" an
emoti def
on, ens
whic e
h is me
fear. cha
Th nis
e ms
A 9
3
is have
that any
anim of
als Freud
and 's
autist defen
ic se
peopl mech
e anism
don't s, and
seem I'm
to alway
have s
repre amaz
ssion. ed
Or, if when
they norm
do, al
they peopl
have e do.
it One
only of
to a the
weak thing
degre s that
e. I blow
don't s my
think mind
I about
norm that
al what
huma they'r
n e
being doing
s is isn't
denial going
. to
When work,
I see but
a peopl
packi e
ng insid
plant e the
gettin bad
g into situat
a bad ion
situat can't
ion see it
I'll becau
say, se
"That their
's not defen
going se
to mech
work, anism
" and s
every prote
one ct
will them
imme from
diatel seein
y g it
think until
I'm they'r
being e
really ready
negati .
ve. That'
But s
I'm denia
not. l, and
It I
woul can't
d be unde
obvio r-
us to stand
anyo it at
ne all. I
outsi can't
de even
the imagi
situat ne
ion what
 it's from
like. it
Th than I
at's do.
becau That's
se I why I
don't can't
have watch
an any
uncon viole
scious nt
. movie
Norm s with
al rape
peopl or
e can tortur
push e
bad scene
things s.
out of The
their pictur
consci es
ous stay
minds in my
into consc
their ious
uncon mind.
scious Once
minds they'r
, but I e
can't. there,
Norm I can't
al get
peopl rid of
e them.
can't The
alway only
s way I
keep can
the block
bad a bad
stuff image
locke is by
d up, thinki
of ng
cours about
e, but somet
at hing
least else,
they but
have the
more bad
freed image
om still
pops doesn
back 't
up in have
my an
mind, unco
like a nscio
pop- us,
up ad but I
on the think
Intern it's
et. conne
The cted
way I to the
think fact
about that
it is pictur
that a es are
norma my
l "nati
brain ve
has a lan-
built- guage
in ," not
pop- word
up s.
zappe Lots
r, but of
my studie
brain s
doesn' show
t. To that
get the
rid of langu
the age
pop- parts
up of
image your
I have brain
to block
con- your
scious mem
ly ory
click for
on imag
anoth es.
er Lang
screen uage
. doesn
I 't
don't erase
know your
why imag
my e
brain mem
ories; don't
the know
image why I
s are don't
still seem
there, to
inside have
your an
head. unco
But nscio
langu us, I
age think
keeps my
the probl
image ems
s with
from langu
beco age
ming have
consc a lot
ious. to do
Psych with
ol- it.
ogists Lan-
call guage
this isn't a
verba natur
l al
overs abilit
hado y for
wing, me,
and so
I'll mayb
talk e the
about langu
it age
more parts
in my of my
chapt brain
er on don't
anim have
al the
thinki same
ng. powe
For r to
the overs
time hado
being w the
, let's pictu
just res.
say
that
while
I
 I don't
know have
it's a them,
leap either
to go . You
from never
sayin see
g that an
I anim
don't al act
have as if a
an dange
unco rous
n- situat
sciou ion is
s to safe.
sayin You
g I might
don't see a
have dog
defen act
se like
mech he's
anism not
s, but afraid
based when
on he is,
my but
perso that's
nal not
exper the
ience same
I thing
think . The
it's dog
true. know
No s
one there'
has s
ever dang
tried er
to and
test is
anima using
ls for a
defen stand
se ard
mech dog
anism strate
s, but gy to
anima avoid
ls act provo
as if king
they the
threat two
ening feroci
dog ous-
any acting
furthe Germ
r. an
A shep-
friend herds
of down
mine the
has street,
two the
dogs, collie
one a looks
gentle straig
femal ht
e ahead
collie and
and acts
the as if
other she's
a deaf
mach and
o blind.
golde She
n does
retrie this
ver. becau
(You se
might starin
not g is a
have provo
thoug cation
ht a .
golde She's
n averti
retrie ng her
ver eyes
could to
be avoid
mach challe
o, but nging
this them.
one Th
is.) e
When reaso
my n we
friend can
walks say
the the
collie collie
alone is
past only
the prete
nding charg
not ing
to be straig
afraid ht
of the towar
other d her,
dogs the
when collie
she's has to
alone consc
, iousl
instea y
d of overr
not ide
feelin her
g fear most
becau basic
se ori-
she's entin
repre g
ssed respo
it, is nse.
that She
she has
stops to
orient activ
ing to ely
motio ignor
n. All e the
anim other
als dogs.
orient
to
move FO
ment. UR
It's CO
auto RE
matic
EM
.
Since
OTI
no ONS
dog Resea
can rcher
be s
obliv have
ious identi
to fied
two and
Germ mapp
an ed
shep out
herds four
who prima
are l
emoti 4. Cu
ons, riosit
all of y/inte
which rest/a
matur nticip
e not ation
long
after Most
an anima
anima ls
l is also
born. have
four
They
prima
are:
ry
social
l.Rag emoti
e ons,
2. Pre which
y are
chase not as
drive well
3. Fea mapp
r ed:
A 9
1. Se kno
xual w
attra enou
ction gh
and about
lust fear,
2. Se rage,
parat and
ion prey
distr chase
ess drive
(mot that
her these
and emot
baby ions
) deser
3. So ve
cial their
attac own
hme chapt
nt ers:
4. Pl rage
ay
and
and
prey
roug
chas
hhou
e
sing
drive
in
W
Chap
e
ter 4, L
fear
in C
Chap A
ter 5. T
For S
the
rest O
of R
this
chapt A
er, N
I'm Y
goin
g to O
talk T
abou H
t E
curio R
sity/i
ntere A
st/ant N
icipa I
tion M
and A
the L
socia All
l mam
emot mals
ions. and
birds
C are
U curio
R us
about
I
and
O
inter
S
ested
I
in
T
their
Y
sur-
roun
D dings
O
, and
E
they
S reall
N y
' look
T forw
ard
K to
I good
L thing
s wagg
happ ing
ening his
. You tail at
can top
see spee
how d.
much Getti
fun ng-
the ready
state -to-
of eat is
antici alwa
patio ys a
n is happ
for y
an mom
anim ent in
al a
anyti dog's
me life.
you'r Th
e e
getti dinn
ng a ertim
dog's e
food wag-
ready and-
. All smile
you come
have from
to do one
is of
start the
pouri most
ng basic
dry emot
kibbl ions
e in a we
dog have
dish , an
and emot
your ion
dog that
will does
brea n't
k out have
in a a
huge stan
dogg d-
y alon
smile e
and name
begin .
You ated,
need a
at perso
least n or
two anim
word al
s to prob
captu ably
re it, feels
and some
even mixt
then ure
you of all
have three
n't —
com curio
pletel sity,
y got inter
it. est,
Dr. and
Pank antic
sepp ipa-
says tion
the —
best depe
langu ndin
age g on
he the
can situat
come ion.
up Hum
with ans
is have
inten troub
se le
inter descr
est, ibing
enga what
ged it's
curio like
sity, to
and have
eage this
r part
antic of
ipati the
on. brain
W electr
hen ically
this stimu
brain lated
circu but
it is usual
activ ly
"repo arou
rt a nd
feelin like
g that crazy
some ,
thing sniffi
very ng,
intere explo
sting ring,
and and
exciti forag
ng is ing.
goin Dr
g .
on."14 Pank
Ani sepp
mals calls
who this
are part
havin of
g the
their brain
curio the
sity- SEE
intere KIN
st G
circui circui
t t.15
stimu Ani
lated mals
act as and
if hum
that's ans
the share
way a
they powe
feel, rful
too. and
They prim
get al
very urge
ani- to
mate seek
d and out
excit
ed-
actin
g and
imm
ediat
ely
start
to
run
what preda
they tors.
need W
in e
life. know
We that
depe curio
nd sity/i
on ntere
this st/ant
emot icipat
ion ion,
to or
stay SEE
alive, KIN
beca G, is
use a
curio positi
sity ve
and emoti
activ on
e from
intere a
st in field
the of
envir resea
onme rch
nt calle
help d
anim elect
als rical
and stimu
peopl la-
e tion
find of
good the
thing brain
s, , or
like ESB.
food, In
shelt ESB
er, studi
and a es
mate, surge
and it ons
helps impl
us ant
stay elec-
away trode
from s in
bad an
thing anim
s, al's
like brain
and whic
then h
watc goes
h the up
anim when
al's the
beha hypo
vior thala
when mus
differ is
ent stimu
parts lated.
of The
the hypo
brain thala
are mus
stimu regul
lated. ates
The sex
SEE horm
KIN ones
G and
part appet
of the ite,
brain so it
is make
locat s
ed sense
mostl that
y in the
the SEE
hypo KIN
thala G
mus, emot
whic ions
h is woul
in the d
mam origi
malia nate
n from
brain, there,
and since
the all
most anim
impo als
rtant spen
chem d a
ical great
invol deal
ved of
is their
dopa time
mine seeki
, ng
food n
and electr
mates odes
. are
W impl
e anted
know into
anim the
als curio
like sity/i
being nter-
in the est/a
SEE nticip
KIN ation
G syste
state m,
becau anim
se of als
self- turn
stimu them
latio on
n and
studie keep
s them
wher on
e the until
resear they'r
cher e
gives totall
his y
anim exha
als usted
contr from
ol all
over their
the frenz
electr ied
odes, racin
so g
the aroun
anim d and
al sniffi
can ng.
choo Si
se to nce a
turn lot of
the peopl
electr e
odes read
on or about
off these
hims exper
elf. imen
Whe ts in
colle neuro
ge I trans
want mitte
to r
point assoc
out iated
that with
the the
inter SEE
preta KIN
tion G
of circui
these t is
studi dopa
es mine,
has so
chan they
ged thou
comp ght
letely dopa
in mine
recen was
t the
years "plea
. sure"
Rese chem
arche ical.
rs That'
used s
to what
think I was
that taugh
this t in
circui colle
t was ge.
the Whe
brain' n I
s learn
pleas ed
ure about
cente these
r. exper
Some iment
times s, I
they thoug
calle ht the
d it ESB
the anim
rewa als
rd must
cente be
r. exper
The ienci
main ng
some dopa
thing mine
like a levels
perm in the
anent brain.
orgas Rese
m. arche
Th rs
e assu
pleas med
ure peopl
cente e
r idea devel
fit in op
with addic
the tions
fact to
that drugs
dopa beca
mine use
is drugs
invol make
ved you
in a feel
lot of good,
drug so
addic dopa
tions. mine
Coca must
ine, be
nicoti the
ne, feel-
and good
all chem
the ical
stimu in the
lants brain.
N
raise
A 9
7
Bu e that
t now the
resea reas
rcher on a
s see drug
thing like
s cocai
differ ne
ently. feels
We good
have is
a lot that
of it's
evi- inten
denc sely
stim in
ulati what'
ng to s
the going
SEE on—
KIN being
G what
syste peopl
m in e
the used
brain to
, not call
to "high
any on
pleas life"!
ure Th
cente ere
r. are at
What least
the three
self- differ
stimu ent
latin lines
g rats of
were evide
stimu nce
latin for
g this
was new
their inter
curio preta
sity/i tion.
ntere One
st/ant is the
icipat fact
ion that
circu anim
its. als
That' who
s are
what havin
feels g this
good part
: of
being the
excit brain
ed stimu
about lated
thing act
s and inten
inten sely
sely curio
inter us.
ested The
seco but
nd is stops
the firin
fact g
that when
huma the
n anim
being al
s sees
who the
are actua
havin l
g this food
part itself
of . The
the SEE
brain KIN
stimu G
lated circu
say it
they fires
feel durin
excit g the
ed sear
and ch
intere for
sted. food,
Th not
e durin
third g the
is the final
clinc locati
her. ng or
This eat-
part ing
of of
the the
brain food.
start It's
s the
firing searc
when h
the that
anim feels
al so
sees good
a .
sign Th
that at's
food not
migh as
t be surpr
near ising
by as it
soun Depe
ds ndin
when g on
you their
think perso
about naliti
it. At es
the and
most inter
basic ests,
level, huma
anim ns
als enjoy
and any
huma kind
ns of
are hunt:
wired they
to like
enjoy hunti
hunti ng
ng throu
for gh
food. flea
That' mark
s ets
why for
hunte hidd
rs en
like finds
to ;
hunt they
even like
if hunti
they' ng
re for
not answ
goin ers to
g to medi
eat cal
what probl
they ems
kill: on
they the
like Inter
the net;
hunti they
ng like
part hunti
in ng
and for
of the
itself ultim
. ate
mean ent
ing levels
of of
life curio
in sity.
churc Ra
h or ts,
in a for
philo insta
soph nce,
y are
semi super
nar. -
All explo
of rers.
those They'
activi re
ties very
come activ
out e and
will
of
explo
the
re
same
every
syste
little
m in
nook
the
and
brain
crann
.
y of
any
ANI envir
onme
MAL
nt
S you
LIK put
E them
NE into.
Ca
W
ttle
TO are a
YS, lot
TO less
curio
O
us by
In a natur
natur e,
al possi
settin bly
g, beca
differ use
ent they'r
anim e big
als enou
have gh,
differ and
have So
been me
dom cows
estic are
ated more
for curio
long us
enou than
gh, other
that s.
they Hols
don't tein
have cows
quite are
so very
many curio
dang us
ers and
that do a
need lot
looki
of
ng
expl
into.
orin
g
with
their
tong
ues.
If I
lie
dow
n in
the
midd
le of
a
past
ure
fille
d
with
Hols
teins
they'
ll
com
e up
and
start
licki
ng
my
boot
s.
They who
'll go is
up to gene
a ticall
hors y
e, close
too, r to
and her
lick wild
him ance
on stors
his than
back the
side. AKC
I pure
woul bred
dn't s.
be Red
surpr Dog
ised is
if we very
find curi-
out ous.
wild If
anim you
als take
are her
more to a
curi- new
ous place
than she
dom sniff
estic s
anim like
als craz
over y;
all. she
My has
assis to
tant, expl
Mar ore
k ever
Dees ythin
ing, g.
has a One
wild- time
type we
Caro took
lina her
dog to a
nam dog
ed wash
Red ing
Dog busi
ness we
that took
was her
next some
door place
to a like
McD the
onal dog
d's wash
and ing
she busin
just ess
went she
craz woul
y d still
sniff intera
ing ct
and with
expl us. If
oring dome
. She stic
woul anim
dn't als
inter are
act less
with curio
us at us,
all. it's
M proba
ark's bly
old the
dog, result
Anni of
e, anoth
who er
was differ
a ence
little in the
Austr selec
alian tion
blue press
heele ures
r, actin
was g on
much dome
more stic
socia ani-
ble. mals
She versu
was s
curio anim
us, als
too, who
but if fend
for desir
them e to
selve touc
s in h
the and
wild. expl
Dom ore
estic and
anim inter
als act
are with
taken new
care thing
of by s—is
huma prob
ns; ably
they the
don't same
have thing
to as
look curio
for sity.
food All
or anim
shelt als
er. like
They new
don't thing
have s the
as same
much way
need peopl
for e do.
the If
emot you
ion give
of an
curio anim
sity al a
as a bunc
wild h of
anim nice
al toys
does. to
W play
hat I with,
call and
nove then
lty a
seeki coup
ng— le of
an week
anim s
al's later
you nd in
give and
him telep
a hone
bran book
d- s for
new, them
not- to
very- tear
nice up.
toy, But
he'll if I
alwa brou
ys ght
prefe in
r the anyt
new hing
toy new
even they
if it's drop
not ped
as ever
good ythin
as g
the and
old went
ones. for
That the
was new
true toy.
with All
my the
pigs pigs
at prefe
the rred
Univ a
ersit new,
y of crum
Illino my
is. I toy,
gave like
them a
lots meta
of l
good chain
thing that
s to you
play can't
with, chew
like up,
stra to an
w to old,
root fun
arou toy,
like toys
the they
stra have
w alrea
and dy,
the and
telep grow
hone n-
book ups
s. alwa
T ys
hat's want
why new
child cloth
ren es
alwa and
ys cars.
want It's
new the
toys newn
no ess
matt itself
er that's
how pleas
man urabl
y e.
A 9
9
So curio
a sity
likin for
g for the
novel sake
ty of
proba findi
bly ng
come food
s out or
of shelt
the er.
SEE Peopl
KIN e and
G anim
sys- als
tem. need
It's to
curio use
sity their
for facult
curio ies,
sity's and
sake, curio
rathe sity
r is an
than impo
rtant cage,
facult the
y. So less
peopl likel
e and y the
anim parro
als t was
need to
new devel
thing op
s to feath
stimu er-
late picki
their ng
brain beha
s vior,
with. whic
Parro h is
ts, stress
for -
insta relate
nce, d.16
need (Parr
a ots
huge also
amou have
nt of to
novel have
ty to lots
keep of
them huma
from n
goin comp
g anion
stir- ship.
crazy They
. In are
one highl
study y
of a socia
singl l
e birds.
parro )
t, the Fo
more r the
novel time
items bein
the g,
resea that's
rcher the
s put best
in the expl
parro anati
t's on I
can transi
come tions,
up so
with she's
as to alwa
why ys
novel work
ty is ing
both with
scary him,
and tryin
fun. g to
We teach
need him
to to be
know more
more flexi
about ble.
the He
SEE loves
KIN new
G toys,
syste but
m in that's
the abou
brain t it.
. I do O
have ne
one day
good she
story was
about expla
this ining
from to
a him
frien that
d of it
mine was
, a
thou little
gh. contr
Her adic-
son tory
is to be
one again
of st
those new
child expe
ren rienc
who es
hates whil
chan e
ge const
and antly
bugg helps
ing them
her learn.
to That
buy soun
him ds
new obvio
toys us, I
and know
he , but
said, the
"I detail
don't s of
like how
new curio
thing sity
s, helps
but I an
like anim
new al
stuff. learn
"Tha aren't
t's .
exact It
ly turns
the out
way that
anim all
als anim
act. als
and
hum
ANI ans
MAL have
SUP what
ERS resea
rcher
TITI
s call
ONS a
Curio built-
sity in
doesn confi
't just rmat
help ion
anim bias.
als Ani
find mals
the and
thing hum
s ans
they are
need; wire
it d to
also belie
ve food
that appe
when ars,
two prett
thing y
s soon
happ the
en pige
close on
ly will
toget start
her peck
in ing
time the
it's light
not ed
an key
accid to
ent; get
inste food.
17
ad He
the does
first that
event beca
caus use
ed his
the confi
seco rmati
nd on
thing bias
to leads
happ him
en. to
Fo belie
r ve
insta that
nce, the
if first
you event
put a (the
pige key
on in lighti
a ng
cage up)
with caus
a key es
that the
light seco
s up nd
right event
befor (the
e a food
piece appe
of aring
). appe
The ars
pige (bec
on ause
happ food
ens alwa
to ys
peck appe
the ars
light whe
ed n the
key a key
coup is
le of lit),
times and
, the now
food he
concl
udes
that
peck
ing
the
key
when
it's
lit
caus
es
food
to
appe
ar.
Th
e
pigeo
n is
actin
g like
a
perso
n
who
think
s his
team
will
win
the
baseb
all
game
if
he's
got after
his pecki
lucky ng
rabbit the
's lit-up
foot key.
with In
him, both
whic cases,
h is they'
why ve
B. F. concl
Skinn uded
er that a
called correl
this ation
kind is a
of cause
behav .
ior Co
anim nfirm
al ation
super bias
stitio is
n. built
The in to
pitch anim
er has al
pitch and
ed a huma
coupl n
e of brain
good s, and
game it
s helps
while us
carryi learn.
ng We
his learn
rabbi becau
t foot se
the our
same defau
way lt
the assu
pigeo mptio
n has n is
gotte that
n if
food Event
a 1 is
coupl follo
e of wed
times closel
y by es
Event you
2, have
then to
Event form
1 ally
cause teach
d stude
Event nts
2. that a
Our corre
defau lation
lt isn't
assu auto
mptio matic
n ally a
isn't cause
that . Our
Event brain
s 1 s are
and 2 wired
happ to see
ened correl
at the ation
same s as
time cause
by s,
coinc perio
idenc d.
e. Since
Coinc in
idenc real
e is life a
actual lot of
ly a times
fairly Event
advan 1
ced does
conce cause
pt Event
both 2,
for confi
anim rmati
als on
and bias
for helps
peopl us
e. make
That' the
s why conne
in ction.
statis Th
tics e
cours down
side d to
to each
havin other
g a . You
built- just
in so
confi happ
rmati ened
on to
bias wear
is your
that blue
you shirt
also the
make day
a lot you
of passe
unfo d
unde your
d math
causa test;
l then
conn mayb
ectio e you
ns. just
That' so
s happ
what ened
a to
super wear
stitio your
n is. blue
Most shirt
super the
stitio day
ns you
proba won
bly a
start prize
out at the
as an fair;
accid and
ental after
assoc that
iation you
betw think
een your
two blue
thing shirt
s that is
aren't your
actua lucky
lly shirt.
relate An
imals pens
devel to
op keep
super the
stitio peace
ns all . All
the the
time pigs
thank wear
s to electr
confi onic
rmati tags
on on
bias. their
I've collar
seen s that
super work
stitio some
us thing
pigs. like
On an
farm electr
s, onic
pigs pass
get at a
fed tollb
one ooth.
at a Whe
time n a
insid pig
e walk
small s
electr over
onica to the
lly feed
contr pen a
olled scann
feedi er
ng reads
pens. the
Pigs tag
can and
get open
into s the
really gate,
nasty then
fights shuts
over the
food, gate
so behin
farm d the
ers pig
use so
the none
of reach
the their
other snout
pigs s
can insid
get e and
in. bite
The the
sides tail
of or
the rear
pen end
are of
solid, the
so pig
the who'
other s
pigs eatin
can't g.
A 1
0
O out
nce a the
pig is exact
insid amo
e the unt
pen of
she food
has that
to pig is
put supp
her osed
head to
up eat.
close So
to me
the of
feedi the
ng pigs
troug figur
h e out
wher that
e it's
anoth the
er collar
electr that
onic lets
scan them
ner into
reads the
the feedi
ID, ng
then pen,
meas and if
ures they
see a confi
loose rmati
collar on
lying bias,
on about
the the
grou feedi
nd ng
they'l troug
l pick h
it up insid
and e the
carry pen. I
it saw
over sever
to the al
pen who
and woul
use it d
to get walk
insid over
e. In to
that the
case feede
confi r and
rmati go
on insid
bias e
has when
led the
them door
to the open
corre ed,
ct then
concl appro
usion ach
about the
the feed
natur troug
e of h and
realit start
y. doing
Bu some
t pur-
other posef
pigs ul
devel beha
op vior
super like
stitio repea
ns, tedly
also stom
based ping
in their
feet they'
on d
the con-
groun clude
d. d it
They was
kept the
doing foot
this stom
until ping
their that
heads got
happ them
ened food.
to Peopl
move e and
close anim
enou als
gh to devel
the op
pen super
scan stitio
ner ns the
to exact
read same
their way.
tags Our
and brain
deliv s are
er wired
their to see
food. conn
Obvi ectio
ously ns
they and
had corre
had lation
food s, not
deliv coinc
ered idenc
a es
coupl and
e of happ
times ensta
when nce.
they More
happ over,
ened our
to be brain
stom s are
ping wired
their to
feet, belie
and ve
that a AND
cor- FAM
relati
ILIE
on is
also a S
cause On
. The top
same of
part the
of the four
brain prim
that al
lets emot
us ions,
learn all
what anim
we als
need and
to birds
know have
and four
find basic
the social
thing emoti
s we ons:
need sexua
to l
stay attrac
alive tion
is and
also lust,
the separ
part ation
of the distre
brain ss,
that so-
prod cial
uces attac
delus hmen
ional t, and
think the
ing happ
and y
consp emot
iracy ions
theori of
es. play
and
roug
ANI hhou
MAL sing.
FRI
END
Sex
S
ual ing
Attr for
acti much
on leane
and r
Lust pigs,
Sex becau
se
is
anoth Amer
icans
er
area want
to eat
wher
e you leane
r cuts
see
funk of
meat.
y
evolu So far
the
tion
thank leane
r pigs
s to
huma are
healt
n
inter hy,
but
venti
ons. their
perso
One
exam naliti
es are
ple:
Ame comp
letely
rican
breed differ
ent.
ers
have They'
re
starte
d super
-
select
- nervo
us
and
high-
strun
g. No
one
know
s why
this
happ
ens,
altho
ugh it
might
have
to do
with
myeli r
n, myeli
whic n
h is levels
the could
fatty produ
sheat ce
h jump
surro y
undin anim
g the als
nerve becau
cell se
axons inhibi
that tory
helps signal
signal s—
s pass the
from chem
one ical
brain signa
cell to ls
anoth that
er. tell
Myeli other
n is neuro
made ns
of not
pure to
fat, fire
so it's —
possi don't
ble get
that throu
when gh
you from
breed one
a pig neuro
to n to
have anoth
less er.
fat The
you anim
interf al
ere can't
with calm
myeli itself
n down
produ .
ction That's
in one
some theor
way. y,
Lowe anyw
ay. rican
Le sow's
an litter.
pigs And
are the
also fat
a lot Chin
less ese
sexu boars
al. In are
Chin super
a the -
pigs sexy.
are Whe
all n
fat, they
and brou
the ght
mam them
a pig to the
make Univ
s ersity
way of
more Illino
piglet is the
s. A boars
fat woul
Chin d
ese magi
moth cally
er slip
pig out
will of
have their
a pens
litter and
of breed
twent the
y- sows
one whe
piglet neve
s r the
comp staff
ared wasn
to 't
just arou
ten nd,
or some
twelv thing
e no
piglet Ame
s in a rican
lean pig
Ame woul
d do. who
They take
had care
nons of
top anim
sex als
on alwa
their ys
mind have
s and to be
they deali
turne ng
d with
into their
Hou sexua
dini lity
to one
have way
sex. or
All anoth
the er.
fat Eithe
Chin r you
ese want
pigs to
were preve
super nt
- your
calm anim
and als
super from
- breed
sexy. ing,
The or
fema you'r
les e
were tryin
really g to
good get
mam them
as, to
too. breed
Se succe
x is a ssfull
very y,
stron and
g both
drive goals
in have
any their
anim chall
al, so enges
huma .
ns Yo
u can have
preve come
nt in.
unwa That
nted happ
breed ened
ing with
easil our
y Siam
enou ese
gh cat
by BeeL
neute ee
ring when
an I was
anim little.
al, We
but neute
you red
can't him
neces prett
sarily y
preve late,
nt all after
the his
beha spray
viors ing
that beha
go viors
along were
with well
breed estab
ing, lishe
espec d.
ially One
not if time
you we
neute move
r an d to a
anim new
al hous
relati e
vely wher
late e we
in its stack
life ed all
after our
all its pictu
matu res in
re the
sexua hall,
l waiti
beha ng to
viors be
hung spray
on ed
the every
walls singl
. e
BeeL one.
ee Ther
saw e
his were
reflec about
tion thirty
in the -five
glass pictu
of the res
pictu altog
res, ether,
and and
he he
1 A 1
0 n
compl all
etely compl
ruined ex
twenty behav
of ior,
them. sexual
We attract
had to ion
throw and
them mate
out. selecti
The on
rest depen
were d on
stinky, learni
but we ng.
put The
them sex act
up itself
anywa is a
y. hardw
ired
fixed
How action
TO pat-
MAK tern,
EA like
the
PIG rooste
FALL r's
IN courts
LOV hip
E dance.
It's
Like hardw
ired years
into of
the anima
brain, ls who
and an got
anima mixed
l is up in
born this
knowi area.
ng There'
how s a
to do book
it. He called
doesn' The
t have Parro
to be t Who
taught Owns
. But Me,
an writte
anima n by
l does an
have ornith
to ologist
learn at
from Rut-
other gers
anima Unive
ls who rsity
he's who
suppo adopte
sed to d a
mate thirty-
with year-
and old
who parrot
he's after
not his
suppo own-
sed to ers
mate died.
with. The
We parrot
know got so
this attach
partly ed to
becau his
se new
there'v owner
e been that
so he
many decide
stories d she
over was
the his
mate. s also
Every the
spring famou
he s story
would of A
court Moos
her. e for
He Jessic
would a,
shred about
newsp the
aper to moose
make in
a nest, Verm
he ont
would who
kiss fell in
her, he love
would with a
hoard Heref
food ord
to cow
share named
with Jessic
her, a and
and he courte
would d her
attack in her
her pas-
husba ture
nd if for
he sevent
saw y-six
him days.19
gettin Bre
g too eding
affecti domes
onate
tic
with
anima
his
wife. ls can
Then be
later easy
on or
he'd hard,
act depen
sorry
ding
for
on the
being
mean animal
to the .
husba Co
nd.18 ws
There' and
sheep necess
are the arily
easiest have
. the
Some best
cow semen
and or the
sheep best
breedi genes.
ng is So if
done the
au top
nature bull is
l; they shooti
just ng
send blanks
the and
males chasin
out in g off
the all
pastur your
e with good
the bulls,
female that's
s, and bad.
they You
breed. have
The to try
one to put
thing enoug
you h bulls
do out
have with
to be the
carefu cows
l that
about one
with domin
cattle ant
is bull
domin won't
ance breed
hierar them
chies all.
with Mo
the st of
bulls. the
The dairy
most cattle
domin breedi
ant ng is
bull done
doesn' by
t artific
ial with
insem the
ina- femal
tion, es.
which You
is easy just
with thread
cattle. a
You cathet
don't er into
have their
to do womb
anythi s and
ng inject
specia the
l semen
and
that's
it.
The
re's a
little
more
involv
ed
with
some
of the
bulls,
especi
ally
the
Brah
man
bulls.
Those
are the
white
cattle
with
the
big
humps
on
their
backs
and
the
long
ears.
Brah
man
cattle
are
very when
affecti you
onate collect
towar semen
d from a
people Brah
, and man
they bull
love to you
be have
petted. to pet
They them a
just long
eat it time
up. I first.
love They'l
Brah l
man refuse
cattle. to
If you give
treat the
them semen
nice, for
they'll twent
treat y
you minut
nice. es
They'l becau
l lick se
you all they
over want
your twent
face y
and minut
body. es of
But if throat
you and
treat butt
them scratc
bad, hing;
look that's
out. the
They'l stuff
l kick they
you or really
charge care
you. about.
Bra Then
hman they'll
bulls give it
are so to
affecti you.
onate They'l
that l delay
the lot of
sex in the
order time
to get breede
some rs use
good, artifici
seriou al
s insemi
stroki nation
ng. instead
With .
some Breedi
of ng
them pigs
you comm
have erciall
to y is an
walk art. I
away talked
and to a
leave man
or who
they had
won't one of
give the
you most
the succes
semen sful
at all. record
You s for
have breedi
to let ng
them sows
know out
that if there
they and he
don't told
give me
the things
semen no
they're one's
not ever
going written
to get in a
stroke book
d. as far
Pigs as I
could know.
be Each
bred boar
natura had
lly, his
too, own
but a little
perver were a
sion lot
the more
man intimat
had to e. He
do to might
get the have
boar to hold
turned the
on so boar's
he penis
could in
collect exactl
the y the
semen. right
Some way
of that
them the
were boar
just liked,
things and he
like had to
the mastu
boar rbate
wante some
d to of
have them
his in
dandru exactl
ff y the
scratch right
ed way.
while There
they was
were one
collect boar,
ing he told
him. me,
(Pigs who
have wante
big d to
flaky have
dandru his
ff all butt
over hole
their played
backs.) with.
The "I
other have
things to
the stick
man my
had to finger
do in his
butt, busine
he just ss—
really and
loves remem
that," ber,
he told this is
me. a
Then busine
he got ss
all red we're
in the talking
face. about.
I'm The
not numbe
going r of
to tell sows
you succes
his sfully
name, bred
becaus by the
e I boars
know translat
he'd be es
embarr directl
assed. y into
But the
he's profits
one of a
the compa
best in ny can
the make.
A 1
n
Th just
is take a
same cathet
man er
also and
told insert
me it into
he her
had wom
to b and
deal she'll
with have
the babie
femal s.
e pigs She
the doesn
same 't
way. have
With to be
a cow turne
you d on
can or in-
terest is
ed. ready
But . One
you of the
have signs
to get you
the look
sow for is
turne that
d on when
when a pig
you is
breed sexua
her lly
so recep
her tive
uteru her
s will ears
pull will
the go
seme "blin
n in. k!"
If she and
isn't pop
fully straig
arous ht up.
ed That'
she'll s
have calle
a d
small popp
er ing.
litter Also,
becau when
se you
fewer put
eggs press
will ure
get on
fertili her
zed. back,
So whic
the h is
breed what
er has she
to be woul
able d feel
to tell when
exact the
ly boar
when moun
the ts
femal her,
e pig she'll
stand put
perfe weig
ctly hts
still. on
Bree the
ders sow's
call back
that to
"stan acco
d for m-
the plish
man. the
" A same
good thing.
breed Pi
er g
know breed
s ers
when used
his to
sows ignor
are e all
ready these
to psyc
stand holog
for ical
the facto
man, rs,
and but
he now
usual they
ly pay
sits attent
on ion.
each One
sow's thing
back that's
when reall
he y
insert impo
s the rtant:
seme the
n so man
she who
feels does
that the
press breed
ure ing
on cann
her ot be
back. invol
Some ved
breed with
ers any
nasty h,
thing from
s, Austr
like alia,
vacci show
natio ed
ns or that
any sows
kind who
of are
veter afraid
inary of
care. peopl
(Nast e
y have
from 6
the perce
pig's nt
point fewer
of piglet
view, s
I than
mean sows
.) If who
he aren't
does afrai
any d of
of peopl
that e,
stuff, and
the the
pigs pigle
will ts
reject don't
him. do as
He well
migh on
t still weig
be ht
able gain
to after
breed they'r
them, e
but born.
20
they'l
l The
have peopl
small e
er atten
litter ding
s. the
Paul farro
Hems wing
wort also
have good
to be job
peopl with
e the their
pig anim
trusts als.
comp But I
letely have
. So a lot
the of
empl comp
oyee laints
han- about
dling horse
the breed
breed ers.
ing They
has keep
to do the
only stalli
ons
the
locke
breed
d up
ing
alone
and
in
nothi
their
ng
stalls
else.
all
day
HO long,
wher
RSE
e
S IN they
SU go
PER crazy
- with
nothi
MA ng to
X do
PRI and
SO no
one
NS
to
Pig inter
breed act
ers with.
respe Hors
ct the es are
anim social
als' herd
natur anim
e, als,
and and
they they
do a need
to be O
with ut on
other the
horse rang
s. e, a
The stalli
super on
-max who
priso want
ns we s to
keep mate
stalli a
ons mare
in walk
distor s up
t to
their her
sexua
and
lity.
whin
nies.
He's
sayin
g,
"Wo
uld
you
like
to
have
sex?"
and
he
has
to
ask
very
nicel
y to
breed
her.
If the
fema
le
does
n't
coop
erate
he
isn't
goin
g to
get
anyw
here.
 Bu on if
t a she
stalli does
on n't
who' like
s him.
been Then
locke they
d up let
in a the
stall stalli
turns on
into out
an and
aggre he
ssive just
sex runs
mani up to
ac. her
The and
mati rapes
ng her.
proc It is
edur disgu
es sting.
owne I
rs unde
use rstan
are d
horri why
ble. the
They bree
tie ders
up don't
the want
mare to do
so thing
she s the
can't natu-
run ral
away way.
, and They'
then re
they afrai
hobb d the
le mare
her will
feet kick
so the
she stalli
can't on
kick and
the injur
stalli e
him. his
But chara
turni cter
ng has
stalli alrea
ons dy
into been
horse warp
rapist ed.
s is Hors
wron es
g. It's don't
comp need
letely priva
abnor te
mal, stalls
and ;
keepi they
ng need
the other
stalli horse
ons s.
locke The
d up owne
the rs
way may
they be
do is spari
ter- ng no
rible. expe
A nse
raceh provi
orse ding
who' food
s and
been shelt
reare er,
d in but
isolat they'
ion re
proba just
bly not
does think
need ing.
his
own
stall HO
for RM
prote ON
ction ES
, but
OF
that's
beca LO
use VE
We as
know well
a fair know
amou n:
nt oxyto
about cin in
the femal
brain es
basis and
of argin
sexua ine
lity. vaso
Ever press
yone in
has (AVP
heard ), or
of vaso-
testos press
teron in, in
e, males
estro .
gen, (Som
and e
proge reade
stero rs
ne, may
and have
proba heard
bly of
most AVP
peopl from
e their
know pedia
that tricia
both ns.
sexes AVP
have is
all also
three calle
horm d
ones, antid
thou iureti
gh in c
differ horm
ent one,
amou or
nts. ADH
Two ,
other beca
impo use it
rtant incre
horm ases
ones water
aren't retent
ion. e
Doct brain
ors s
some durin
times g
presc sex.
ribe (Ox
it for y-
child tocin
ren is
who more
wet impo
the rtant
bed.) in the
O femal
xytoc e
in brain
shoot and
s up vaso
right press
befor in is
e a more
moth impo
er rtant
anim in
al the
gives male
birth brain
and .)
helps Thes
her e are
be a very,
good very
moth old
er, chem
and icals.
both Both
oxyt of
ocin them
and evolv
vaso ed
press from
in vasot
shoot ocin,
up in whic
male h
brain contr
s as ols
well sexua
as l
femal beha
vior
A 1
0
in frogs
and have
other our
amphi frog
bians. brains
If you worki
put ng for
just a us.
little Va
bit of sopre
vasot ssin
ocin and
into a oxyto
frog's cin
brain aren't
the just
frog sex
will horm
imme ones.
diatel They'
y re
start mothe
perfo rhood
rming ,
courts father
hip hood,
and and
matin love
g horm
behav ones,
iors. too.
There' Some
s only scienc
one e
amino writer
acid s have
diffe called
rence vasop
betwe ressin
en the
vasot mono
ocin, gamy
oxyto horm
cin, one,
and becau
vasop se
ressin, prairi
so e
when voles,
it who
comes mate
to for
sex, life,
we have
still much
higher done
levels a lot
of of the
vaso- resear
pressi ch on
n than vasop
their ressin
cousi and
ns the voles,
monta has
ne found
voles, that
who when
don't you
mate put
for high-
life. vasop
(Only ressin
3 prairi
perce e
nt of voles
all togeth
mam er in a
mals big
are room
mono y
gamo cage
us.) the
Moth male
er and and
father femal
prairi e
e mates
voles will
build spend
nests half
toget their
her time
and close
raise togeth
their er.
babie When
s you
togeth put
er. low-
Thom vasop
as ressin
Insel, monta
a ne
neuro voles
scient inside
ist the
who same
has cage,
they other.
spend An
almos experi
t all ment
of with
their mutan
time t mice
alone who
and didn't
only 5 have
perce the
nt of gene
their for
time oxyto
physic cin
ally found
close that
to the
anothe mice
r didn't
vole.21 form
Ox social
ytocin memo
is ries.
especi They
ally could
impor reme
tant to mber
all everyt
these hing
social else
activit just
ies, fine,
becau but
se they
oxyto could
cin is n't
essent reme
ial to mber
social that
memo they'd
ry: alread
oxyto y met
cin is a
the mous
hor- e who
mone had
that just
lets been
anima put in
ls their
reme cage,
mber and
each they'd
start us,
sniffi and
ng you're
him not
like going
he to be
was a a very
total devot
strang ed
er.22 mom,
(Anim either,
als if you
who have
alread trou-
y ble
know recog
each nizing
other your
never babies
sniff .
each Thi
other s
as findin
much g has
after a led
separa resear
tion chers
as to
they specu
do late
when that
they some
first autisti
meet. c
You peopl
can e
see might
this have
easily faulty
with oxyto
dogs.) cin
Obvio produ
usly, ction,
if you since
don't a lot
have of
social times
memo autisti
ry c
you peopl
can't e
be don't
mono seem
gamo to
reme aspec
mber t of
peopl autis
e m
they'v that
e met no
befor one
e, under
either stand
. s,
Howe altho
ver, a ugh
lot of we do
that have
has to brain
do scan
with data
face confir
recog ming
nition it.
, There'
which s also
is a
extre study
mely showi
poor ng
in that
autisti nor-
c mal
peopl peopl
e, not e use
face differ
memo ent
ry. parts
This of the
is brain
anoth to
er recog
nize
an
object
versus
a
face,
where
as
autisti
c
peopl
e use
the
object
recog
nition
area peopl
of the e's
brain face
to recog
recog nition
nize probl
object ems
s and come
faces. from
I have some-
a thing
terribl else.
e time Vas
recog opress
nizing in also
peopl makes
e's prairie
faces voles
mysel sexual
f, but ly
I don't posses
have sive.
any They
troubl mate
e guard
reme ,
mberi which
ng means
peopl they
e in stick
other close
ways, to
like their
throu mate
gh and
their fight
voices off
. Oxy- any
tocin other
might male
be who
invol appro
ved in aches.
autis They'r
m; I e
don't more
know. territo
But rial,
I'm and
guessi they'r
ng e
that much
autisti more
c aggres
sive voles
towar who
d are
other still
males virgin
even s are
when almost
their never
mates aggres
are sive.
not But
presen once
t. One they'v
study e
looke mated
d at and
the had
relatio their
nship vaso-
betwe pressi
en n
vaso- levels
pressi rise
n and they
inter "exhib
male it a
aggre long-
ssion, lasting
which ,
is a perma
male nent
anima increa
l's se in
tenden aggres
cy to sion."
attack In the
anoth study
er the
strang resear
e chers
male inject
that is ed
put newb
into a orn
cage prairi
with e
him. 23 voles
The with
resear vasop
chers ressin
found over
that the
adult first
male seven
days mated
of a
life, femal
then e they
tested disap
them pear.
for They'r
aggres e just
sion. not
The very
treate social
d ly
voles motiv
were ated.
much The
more monta
aggres ne
sive, femal
not es are
just loners
towar , too.
d Oxyto
other cin is
males the
but mater
even nal
towar horm
d one,
femal and
es. monta
The ne
monta femal
ne es
voles, have
who lower
have levels
low of it
vasop than
ressin the
, prairi
could e
care femal
less es.
about Mont
their ane
mates femal
or es
about aband
other on
males their
. babies
Once soon
they'v after
e they
give kitche
birth n and
— she
and could
the n't get
babies to her
aren't puppi
too es,
bother who
ed by were
this, in the
becau attach
se ed
they garag
aren't e.
very Annie
social, went
either. crazy.
Co First
mpare she
that to violen
the tly
way a scratc
mama hed
dog the
acts door,
with then
her she
babies attack
. One ed the
time plaste
Mark' rboar
s dog d on
Annie the
accide wall
ntally betwe
got en the
locke kitche
d in n and
the the
A 1
n
garage. f levels
She was so D spark
frantic that O maternal
she clawed A warmth
clear and care.
through the Oxytocin
wall into produces
the garage. caring
Annie was "maternal"
a relatively behavior
small dog, in men,
only thirty too. So for
to thirty- parents,
owning g
and
petting a
dog is
probably
like
getting a
"good
parent"
shot every
day. Dogs
are
probably
good for
marriages
for the
same
reason.
One of
the
interesting
things
about the
research
on
vasopressi
n is the
way
behaviors
we humans
tend to
think are
"bad," like
aggression
and sexual
possessive
ness, go
together
with
behaviors
we think
are good,
like taking
care of the
young and
being
faithful to
your mate.
Male
prairie
voles have
higher
aggression
and higher
mate
montane i coming up
voles don't short. A
have much A truck
aggression A holds two
or any hundred
mate animals,
guarding and when a
at all, but farmer
they're delivered a
promiscuo truckload
us and of pigs to
totally the loading
unintereste dock the
d in their stockyard
offspring. manager
Take away would do a
the head count
aggression and find
and the that one
mate pig was
missing.
guarding
and you They
discovered
lose the
who the
devoted
thief was
mate and
when
the good
somebody
dad, too.
noticed a
They go
pen where
together.
none of
The
the pigs
research
were lying
on
together.
testosteron
Each pig
e and
was
paternal
keeping
behavior his
isn't as distance
clear as the from the
research on others, and
vasopressi the guy
n. A lot of who
researchers noticed
have them
concluded realized
that that the
testosteron pigs in that
e lowers pen were
paternal acting like
behavior, strangers.
but the The reason
most they were
recent acting like
research strangers
shows that was that
they were
strangers.
They'd
come from
different
farms.
1 A 1
1 1
The reaso
thief n for
turned anyon
out to e to
be an think
emplo the
yee pigs
who inside
was had
taking been
one or stolen
two if the
pigs a pigs
day thems
out of elves
the hadn't
thousa know
nds at n they
the didn't
auctio belon
n and g
movin there.
g The
them pigs'
to a behav
pen in ior
the gave
back him
where away.
he They
was weren'
keepi t with
ng their
them friend
until s, and
he they
could acted
take like
them they
home. weren'
The t with
pen their
looke friend
d like s.
every Pe
other ople
pen, consta
and ntly
there under
would estim
have ate
been dome
no stic
anima peopl
ls' e
need sitting
for in a
com- saddl
panio e on
nship. their
A backs
good holdi
way ng a
to pair
under of
stand reins?
just It's
how pretty
social incred
these ible.
anima Mo
ls are st
is to expert
ask s
yours believ
elf e that
how the
horses reaso
, n
cows, these
pigs, anima
sheep, ls
dogs, beca
and, me
to a dome
lesser s-
degre ticate
e, d was
cats, that
came they
to be were
dome highly
sticate social
d in .
the Their
first innate
place. sociab
Why ility
did led
wild them
horses to
decid associ
e it ate
was with
okay huma
to ns
have and
event ship.
ually It is
to as
accept much
huma a core
n requir
own- ement
ership as
and food
directi and
on. water.
That's So
a high me
degre ranch
e of ers
sociab are
ility, begin
and ning
it's to
still take
there this
in all into
of our accou
domes nt. In
tic the
anima past
ls. I've
Even watch
cats ed
are calves
much being
more separ
social ated
than from
peopl their
e mama
realiz s here
e; at the
sister unive
cats rsity
even when
help they
each reach
other ed
give weani
birth. ng
All age,
dome which
stic is
anima three
ls to six
need mont
comp hs.
anion There
's a ed,
lot of too.
indivi No
dual w
variab peopl
ility e are
in starti
how ng to
the do
calves low-
and stress
the weani
mothe ng,
rs where
react, the
and mothe
some rs and
of the
them babie
would s are
get separ
horrib ated
ly by a
upset. fence
I but
reme they
mber can
one still
mama touch
who noses.
was That's
mooi all
ng the
franti babie
cally s care
and about
trying by
to that
jump age.
the They
fence don't
to get care
back about
to her the
baby. nursi
The ng;
babie they
s care
acted about
really being
stress toget
ed her
and with
agitat their
mom. togeth
If you er.
didn't You
separa also
te the see
calves males
, and stay
just with
let their
nature brothe
take rs, and
its in
cours some
e, specie
femal s
e males
calves form
would friend
proba ships
bly with
stay other
with males.
their A
mothe dog's
rs for attach
good. ment
You to his
see owner
that a is like
lot in a baby
the animal
wild, 's
mothe attach
rs and ment
daugh to his
ters mothe
stayin r, or a
g human
child's
attach
ment
to his
mom
or
dad.
Pet
dogs
act the
exact
same
way
childre
n do in
the
strang but
e when
situati she
on leaves
test. In the
the room
strang they'll
e stop
situati explori
on test ng and
the wait
resear anxiou
cher sly for
watch her to
es come
how a back.
very Dogs
young do
child exactl
reacts y the
to a same
strang thing.
e new This
enviro has
nment been
when tested
his for-
mothe mally
r is in
there fifty-
with one
him, dogs
and and
when owner
she's s.
not. Most
Most dogs
childre stop
n will explor
confid ing
ently and
explor act
e a anxiou
strang s
e when
enviro their
nment owner
as leaves
long the
as room.
their Then
mother they
is with relax
them, and
start ated
explori by
ng elec-
again trodes
when .
their Using
owner this
returns techni
. que
When they'v
human e been
s say able
dogs to
are map
like out
childre these
n, cir-
they're cuits
right. and
Res the
earche chemi
rs do cals
ESB that
— are
electri involv
cal ed
stimul pretty
ation well.
of the Evolut
brain ionaril
— y,
resear social
ch on distres
social s is
attach linked
ment to
by three
record old,
ing primit
which ive
areas syste
in the ms in
brain the
cause brain:
an
anima 1. Pai
l to n
make respon
separa se.
tion 2. Pla
distres ce
s calls att
when ach
stimul me
nt: ne
the in
ani thei
mal r
's ho
abil me,
ity not
to in a
for stra
m nge
an pla
atta ce.)
ch 3.
me
nt Therm
to oregu
its lation
nes : the
t, regula
bre tion of
edi body
ng heat.
terr
itor Yo
y, u can
or see all
ho three
me. in the
(Ba langu
bie age
s of peopl
all e use
spe to talk
cies about
are their
dis social
tres attach
sed ments,
wh and in
en the
left way
alo they
ne, act.
but The
the conne
y're ction
less betwe
dist en
ress social
ed separa
if tion
the and
y're the
left pain
alo syste
m is loss:
proba pain,
bly angui
the sh,
most agony
obvio , even
us in tortur
our e.
langu Pla
age. ce
We attach
use ment
the you
same can
words see in
to sayin
descri gs
be like,
physic "Ther
al pain e's no
and place
social like
separa home.
tion "
and
A 1
1
Th peopl
ermor e are
egula warm
tion or
come cold.
s up War
all m
the peopl
time e are
when lovin
peopl g,
e talk kind,
about and
relati con-
onshi necte
ps. d, and
We cold
use peopl
the e are
expre the
ssion oppos
"mate ite.
rnal Also,
warm peopl
th," e and
and anima
we ls
say who
are syste
feelin m
g that
lonel handl
y es
usual physi
ly cal
want warm
to be th.
touch That
ed, shoul
whic d tell
h you
come somet
s hing
from about
the how
fact impor
that tant
in the social
wild attach
babie ment
s is to
keep anima
warm ls. In
by all
stayin mam
g mals
close a
to baby
their has to
paren have
ts' a
bodie strong
s. social
I attach
know ment
that to its
sound paren
s ts in
strang order
e, but to
resear survi
chers ve. A
believ baby
e that wolf
social needs
warm social
th conta
evolv ct to
ed stay
out of emoti
the onall
brain y
warm Most
as peopl
much e
as it know
needs that
physi the
cal brain
conta has
ct to its
stay own
physi paink
cally illers
warm. called
Socia endor
l phins
attac .
hment Endor
is a -
sur- phins
vival are
mech endo
anism geno
that us
evolv opioi
ed ds:
partly they
from are
the natur
surviv e's
al versi
mech on of
anism morp
of hine
keepi and
ng the heroi
body n.
warm The
. brain
circui
t that
LOV releas
E es
HUR endor
TS phins
The is
same called
chem the
icals opioi
in the d
brain syste
are m.
invol The
ved, brain
too. releas
es addic
endor tion,
phins too.
when Peopl
we're e
injure who
d to are
reduc attac
e hed
pain, to
and each
also other
when devel
we op a
are social
with depe
peopl nden
e we ce on
love, each
or other
when that's
some based
one in a
we physi
love cal
touch depen
es us. dence
A lot on
of brain
neuro opiat
scient es.
ists A
think lot of
we intere
prob- sting
ably resear
beco ch
me has
addic been
ted to done
or on the
depen opioi
dent d
on theor
peopl y of
e in a love
simil and
ar friend
way ship
to using
heroi the
n or drug
morp naltr
hine exone
, an Who
opioi Love
d d Too
antag Much
onist .
that Docto
block rs use
s naltre
opiate xone
s in to
the treat
brain. heroi
Jaak n and
Pansk alcoh
epp is ol
best addic
know tions,
n for but it
this also
resear
ch,
and
I've
also
done
an
exper
iment
with
Nicho
las
Dodm
an,
who
is a
profes
sor in
the
Tufts
Unive
rsity
Schoo
l of
Veteri
nary
Med-
icine
and
also
the
autho
r of
The
Dog
block is
s exactl
endor y
phins, what
so they
resear hoped
chers they'd
can find.
use He
naltre re's
xone how
exper it
iment work
ally s.
to see Naltr
what exone
happe block
ns to s the
social effect
attach s of
ment opioi
and ds in
distre the
ss brain,
calls whic
when h
an feels
anima bad.
l's Funct
opioi ionall
d y
syste speak
m ing,
isn't havin
worki g
ng. your
Wh opi-
at oids
resear block
chers ed is
have the
found same
is that as
anima havin
ls get g low
much opioi
more ds.
social Socia
when l
they conta
take ct
naltre raises
xone, opioi
which ds in
the low
brain, shoul
whic d try
h to
feels raise
good. his
In endor
theor phins
y, by
anim gettin
als g
who'v more
e social
taken conta
naltre ct the
xone same
ought way a
to get heroi
more n
and addic
more t
social whos
, e
becau heroi
se n
they levels
are have
trying got-
to ten
raise low
their will
endor want
phin to use
levels more
back heroi
up to n.
where Th
they at's
were what
befor happ
e the ened
naltre in the
xone exper
block iment
ed s.
them. Dogs
An on
anim naltre
al xone
whos wagg
e ed
endor their
phins tails
are more
and autisti
monk c
eys peopl
groo e may
med have
each too
other many
more. natur
Anim al
als opioi
takin ds in
g their
naltre brain
xone s.
beco High
me levels
more of
socia opioi
ble. ds
I lower
have social
n't desire
heard ,
of whic
any h is
exper why
iment heroi
s on n and
naltre morp
xone hine
in addic
typic ts
al withd
huma raw
ns, from
but social
Dr. conta
Panks ct.
epp They
has stop
done feelin
a lot g the
of need
work for
using other
naltre peopl
xone e. Dr.
in Panks
autis epp
m, think
becau s
se he some
thinks autist
some ic
childr high
en opioi
may d
be levels
like , and
heroi also
n on
addict the
s. fact
They that
don't some
feel autist
the ic
need childr
to en do
intera not
ct cry
with real
other tears.
peopl When
e you
becau give
se opiate
their s to
opioi anima
ds are ls
too they
high. don't
He cry at
based all, so
this it's
theor possi
y on ble an
the autisti
fact c
that child
some who
autisti cries
c witho
childr ut
en tears
have might
abnor have
mally a
low proble
pain m in
sensit his
ivity, opioid
whic syste
h m.24
might (Ani
come mal
from resear
too- chers
use childr
the en
same who
word like
to very
descri spicy,
be salty,
cryin or hot
g in foods
anima might
ls as have
in natur
peopl ally
e.) high
Dr. opioi
Panks d
epp levels
also , so
thinks they
autisti might
c get
A 1
n 1
more FRO
social M
taking
naltrex
MY
one. SQU
So far EEZE
he's MAC
found HINE
that
about When
half of I saw
the the
autistic cattle
childre in
n he's their
treated squee
have ze
gotten chute
more and
social got
when inspir
they ed to
take build a
low squeez
doses e
of machi
naltrex ne for
one.25 myself
, at
first I
FEEL was
INGS thinkin
g only under
about neath
the sofa
calmin cushio
g ns and
effects even
of have a
deep person
pressu sit on
re. So top of
I built the
it with cushio
just ns. I
two used
hard to like
plywo to go
od under
boards the
, sofa
withou cushio
t any ns
paddin when I
g or was
cushio little.
ns. All The
autisti pressu
c chil- re
dren relaxe
and d me.
adults The
like n
deep gradu
pressu ally I
re. starte
Some d to
of impro
them ve my
will squee
put on ze
really machi
tight ne by
belts addin
and g soft
hats to paddi
feel ng to
the the
pressu board
re, and s, and
lots of I got a
autisti secon
c d
childre feelin
n like g that
to lie was
differe overh
nt ead.
from Thing
just s like
feeling that.
relaxe The
d and hard
calm. board
The s
pads made
gave me
me feel
feeling physic
s of ally
kindne calm,
ss and but
gentle the
ness soft
toward paddi
other ng
people made
— me
social feel
feel- social
ings. It . I had
also to
made have
my the
dream nice
s feelin
nicer. g of
I being
would held
have to
dream have
s nice
about thoug
pet- hts
ting about
puppi people
es, or .
being My
out in experi
the ence
green remin
pastur ds me
e at of the
my famou
aunt's s
ranch experi
with ments
the back
blue in the
skies 1960s
by ant to
Harry them
Harlo than
w at the
the food.
Unive I
rsity notice
of d
Wisco somet
nsin. hing
He else
tested with
baby my
monke padde
ys to d
see squeez
wheth e
er they machi
would ne,
prefer too.
fake After I
mothe started
rs using
made it, I
of would
wire someti
or of mes
soft feel
cloth. worse
All the
the next
babies day,
prefer more
red anxiou
the s. That
soft didn't
cloth happe
mothe n with
r, even the
when hard
all the plywo
milk od.
came Today
from I think
the I
wire probab
mothe ly felt
r. The more
contac anxiou
t s
comfo becaus
rt was e the
more soft
import squeez
e machi
machi ne the
ne was same
activati way
ng my people
opioid are
system depen
. It was dent
makin on
g me social
have contac
nice t to
social keep
feeling their
s, and endorp
it was hin
also levels
makin up.
g me When
physio I used
logical the
ly squeez
depend e
ent on machi
my ne and
raised
my
opioid
s, then
didn't
use it
again
for a
few
days, I
was
having
a
withdr
awal. I
was
develo
ping a
social
depen
dence
on my
squeez
e
machi
ne.
I
think
the
squeez soft
e machi
machi ne I
ne though
probab t, "I
ly also have
helped to
me make
have the
more same
empat feeling
hy, or I have
at least go to
more the
empat cat." I
hy for walke
animal d out
s. of the
When room
I first and
started the cat
using was in
the the
soft hall,
versio and I
n of started
the strokin
machi g him,
ne, in trying
my to
late transfe
teens, r the
I feeling
didn't I had
know in the
how to machi
pet our ne.
cats so Before
they I used
really the
liked soft
it. I squeez
always e
wante machi
d to ne
squee BeeLe
ze e used
them to run
too away
tight. becaus
Then e I
after I always
used squash
the ed
him. to
But teach
that them.
day he Usuall
started y they
purrin want
g and to
rubbin squeez
g up e the
against animal
me. I way
realize too
d, "I tight. I
know talked
how to to one
pet young
kitties woma
so they n with
like Asper
me." ger's
This syn-
happe drome
ned about
immed her pet
iately cat.
after I Asper
used ger's
the syndro
soft me is a
machi form
ne for of
the autism
first where
time. I the
remem person'
ber the s IQ is
exact normal
mome and
nt I langua
did it. ge
Auti comes
stic in on
childre time.
n (A
never person
know with
how to autism
pet can
animal also
s the have a
right normal
way, or a
so you high
have IQ, but
to have of
the norma
diagno l
sis of people
autism don't
you realize
have to that
have you
had a have
langua to
ge stroke
delay.) animal
She s, not
told pet
me her them.
cat They
didn't don't
like to like to
be be
squeez petted.
ed, but You
since have
to
she
stroke
liked
them
to
the
squeez
way
e the
the
cat she
mothe
kept
r's
on
tongue
doing licks
it. I them.
told So far
her, no one
"You has
must studie
not d
squeez empat
e the hy and
cat," the
and I opioid
stroke syste
d her m.
arm to Resear
show chers
her have
how just
she measur
had to ed
touch things
her like
cat. distres
Eve s calls.
n a lot But
my based
experie on the
nce opioid
with system
the cat , too,
might not
mean just
that social
social attach
intellig ment
ence depend
may be ence.
Partly
A 1

S H
Q I
U C
E K
E S
Z There
E have
been
M two
A experi
C ments
H on
I squeez
N e
E machi
S nes for
animal
F s, one
O by Dr.
R Panks
epp
P and
I one
G that I
L did
E with
T Nick
S Dodm
an. In
A Jaak's
N experi
D ment,
he
B hollo
A wed
B out a
Y little
foam
C square
to what
make Jaak
a predict
squeez ed
e would
machi happe
ne for n.26
a one- That's
day- eviden
old ce that
baby the
chick. soft
He put squeez
a little ing
fluffy raised
chick the
inside chick's
the brain
foam opioid
square s,
with since
its animal
head s stop
stickin crying
g out, when
and they
then are
counte given
d how opiate
many s. It's
distres not
s calls just
the social
chick contac
made t that
when raises
it was endorp
sepa- hins in
rated the
from brain.
its Social
mothe touchi
r. ng
Inside also
its raises
foam endor-
square phins.
the The
chick study
cried a I did
lot with
less, Nick
which didn't
is turn
out as squee
neatly ze
. We machi
built a ne so
squee they
ze could
machi touch
ne for noses
a throug
piglet h the
out of gate.
two We
boards had to
wrapp have
ed in the
foam other
rubber piglet
and becau
covere se if
d by we
gray didn't
plastic the
uphols lone
tery piglet
materi would
al. just go
The crazy
two with
boards anxiet
were y.
inside We
a little didn't
pen actuall
with a y
gate at squeez
the e the
front, piglet
and on in the
the squeez
other e
side machi
we ne,
had becaus
anothe e we
r wanted
piglet to see
standi whethe
ng r he
there would
facing squeez
the e
piglet himsel
inside f
the against
the not
foam squeez
boards ing
after himsel
we'd f.
given Nor
him mal
naltrex baby
one to pigs
block love
his to
opioid snuggl
system e into
. We each
were other.
predict If they
ing get
that he anx-
would ious
n't or
squeez excite
e d
himsel during
f handli
against ng
the they
foam, stick
becaus togeth
e he er so
would tightly
n't be you
able to can't
feel get
any of them
the apart.
good Hog
endorp farmer
hins s call
that it
come "squea
from ling
physic super-
al glue."
contac So if
t. you
Squee put a
zing norma
himsel l
f piglet
would inside
n't feel a
any piglet
better squeez
than e
machi done
ne an
he'll experi
snug- ment
gle with
down baby
agains chicks
t the showi
foam ng
and go what
to happe
sleep, ns if
proba you
bly raise
becaus their
e his opioid
endor s by
phins giving
help them a
put low
him to dose
sleep. of an
It's a opiate
little drug
like a and
heroin then
addict hold
"nodd them
ing in
out," your
only hand.
it's The
natura baby
l and chick
health will
y. stop
(Dr. cheepi
Panks ng,
epp snuggl
has e right
down,
and
close
its
eyes.
Raised
endorp
hins
probab
ly
have
exactl
y the
same
effect.) ned,
So though
we . At
predic first
ted the
that piglet
naltre couldn
xone 't
would settle
preven down
t the at all,
piglet so we
from were
snuggl right
ing about
into that.
the But
foam after a
and while
going he
to manag
sleep, ed to
becaus do it.
e he All
would the
n't be naltre
able to xone
feel seeme
the d to
effects do
of was
higher delay
endor the
phins contac
in his t
brain, comfo
and he rt
would respon
n't get se.
sleepy Jaak
. He Panks
would epp
stay found
awake the
and same
stay thing
standi with
ng up. his
Tha baby
t chicks.
wasn't Even
exactl when
y what he
happe compl
etely raised
blocke his
d their oxytoc
opioid in a
system little
s, they more
still until
settled finally
down his
eventu oxytoc
ally. in
I levels
think were
the high
explan enoug
ation h to
may compe
have nsate
to do for the
with missin
oxytoc g
in. opioid
Oxyto s and
cin he
also settled
goes down.
up This
with resear
physic ch is
al import
contac ant for
t, and I people
think with
what autism
might . A lot
have of
hap- autisti
pened c
is that childre
every n can't
time stand
the pig to be
briefly touche
squeez d. I
ed was
himsel like
f that
against when I
the was a
soft little
foam kid. I
he wante
probab d to
ly feel
the keep
nice getting
social bigger
feeling and
of bigger
being . At
held, first
but it the
was waves
just feel
too good,
overw and
helmin the
g. It sensat
was ion is
like a soothi
tidal ng and
wave relaxin
of g. But
sensati as the
on waves
drow get
ning strong
me. I er and
know more
that power
doesn' ful
t make you
sense feel
to like
people you're
who startin
aren't g to
autis- drown
tic, and
and you
the panic.
only Bei
other ng
way I touche
can d by
think anothe
of to r
descri person
be it is was
being so
in the intens
ocean e it
with was
waves intoler
washin able. I
g over would
you start
that to
panic me,
and I and if
had to it got
pull too
away. intens
Tha e I
t's why could
I stop.
would But
get when
under people
the hugge
sofa d me
cushio they
ns, would
becaus n't
e I stop. I
could had
contro this
l one
those. very
I affecti
could onate
let that big,
good fat
feeling aunt
wash and
over
A 1
when away.
she Wh
hugge en I
d me first
she used
had my
this squee
horrib ze
le machi
perfu ne it
me so was
there overw
was helmi
that ng,
smell too. I
over had to
whel force
ming mysel
me f to
along relax
with into it
the and
touch. let the
I had good
to get feelin
g have
wash ways
over to
me. work
Toda with
y I an
think autisti
it's c
very child
impor so
tant to that
desen touch
sitize starts
autisti to feel
c much
childr less
en to intens
touch, e and
becau more
se all norm
childr al.
en That's
need impor
to be tant.
touch No
ed. nautis
It's ric
not peopl
that e can
autisti have
c proble
childr ms
en with
don't touch,
want too,
to be of
touch cours
ed; e.
it's Over
that the
their years,
nerv- what's
ous interes
syste ting is
ms that
can't I've
handl found
e it. A that
lot of some
occup guys
ationa hate
l the
thera idea
pists of the
squee them
ze too
machi rough
ne ly,
becau and
se the
they anima
don't ls
want don't
to like
give it. A
in to lot of
it. times
Girls men
alway play
s like too
it roughl
better y with
than dogs,
the too, at
guys. least
Big in my
mach experi
o guys ence. I
especi don't
ally know
don't wheth
like it, er
and pettin
anyon g is
e relate
who's d to
claustr opioid
ophob s or
ic oxyto
hates cin or
it. mayb
With e to
men, both,
I've but
found men
that a have
lot of lower
guys levels
also of
don't oxyto
know cin
how than
to pet wome
anima n, so
ls mayb
right. e
They'l when
l pet a man
has a dy
rough know
er way s why
of anim
touchi als
ng love
anima to
ls than play
most so
wome much
n, it's , but
relate they
d to all
oxyto do.
cin. I That's
don't wher
think e the
it's emoti
clear on of
wheth joy
er come
men s
from,
have
the
over-
play
all
circui
lower
ts in
levels
the
of
brain.
oxyto
When
cin,
big
but old
their huge
testost dairy
erone cows
may are
make let
them out in
less the
respo sprin
nsive g,
to the after
oxyto spend
cin ing
they the
do whol
have. e
winte
r
ANIM coop
ALS ed up
LOVE in the
TO barn,
PLAY man,
they
Nobo
just to
jump play.
aroun That'
d all s not
over to
the say
fields the
like neoc
little ortex
calves never
. It's lights
the up
same durin
feelin g
g play;
young it
anima proba
ls bly
have does.
when But if
they you
play. remo
W ve
e the
don't
know
as
much
about
the
brain
basis
of
play
as we
do for
curio
sity,
love,
and
sex.
One
thing
we
do
know
is
that
you
don't
need
any
neoc
ortex
at all
neoco grow
rtex, up
an and
anima their
l will fronta
still l
play. lobes
And matur
if you e.
dama Proba
ge the bly
fronta the
l more
lobes, domin
which ant
are your
the fronta
decisi l
on- lobes,
makin the
g, more
respo "serio
nsible us"
part and
of the nonpl
neo- ayful
cortex you
, an are.
anima Stimul
l ants
actual increa
ly se
plays frontal
more. lobe
Tha functi
t fits oning,
in so
with natura
the lly
fact they
that would
all decrea
huma se
n play,
childr too.
en do As a
less matter
and of
less fact,
rough some
house parent
play s
as whose
they hyper
active other
childr chemi
en cals
(ADH that
D, for decrea
attenti se
on play,
deficit includ
hypera ing
ctivity the
disord stress
er) horm
take ones
Ritalin and
or oxyto
other cin.
stimul We
ants also
compl know
ain that
that lots of
their opioid
kids s are
lose releas
too ed
much during
of play.
their But
playfu none
lness, of this
and adds
when up to
you a
give a clear
stimul pictur
ant to e of
a the
young brain
animal biolog
it y of
plays play,
less, and
too. behavi
So or
play is studie
definit s don't
ely not tell us
a why
neoco ani-
rtical mals
functi play,
on. either.
The But
re are the
fact theory
that about
they locom
all otor
play at play.
just Loco
about motor
the play is
same the
age preten
relativ d
e to chasin
brain g and
develo jumpi
pment ng-
tells and-
us that spinni
play ng
may play a
be young
import animal
ant to does
brain when
growt it's
h alone.
and/or (If you
to want
sociali to see
zation locom
. otor
Tw play,
o watch
resear a goat.
chers, They
John are the
Byers bigges
at the t
Univer jumper
sity of s and
Idaho spinne
and rs
Curt ever.)
Walke Drs.
r at Byers
Dixie and
State Walke
Colleg r think
e of the
Utah, purpos
have e of
develo locom
ped an otor
interes play
ting might
be to ctions
help (or
grow synaps
good es)
conne betwee
ctions n its
among cells,
the and
cells in peaks
the at the
cerebe same
llum,17 time
which synapti
is the c
small, growth
round peaks.
"ball" So
down mice
at the start
bottom locom
of the otor
brain play at
that aroun
handle d
s fifteen
postur days
e, after
balanc birth
e, and and hit
coordi their
nation. play
28
Their peak
researc from
h four to
shows ten
that in days
mice, later;
rats, cats
and begin
cats, locom
locom otor
otor play
play aroun
begins d four
when weeks
the after
cerebe birth,
llum and
starts reach
to their
form play
lots of peaks
new at
conne aroun
d brain
twelve growt
weeks. h is
In also
both the
mice peak
and point
cats, of
the locom
peak otor
point play.
of
A 1
2
Si is
nce formi
the ng
cereb new
ellum conn
handl ectio
es ns.
physi The
cal loco
coord moto
inatio r play
n, it perio
make d
s also
sense coinc
that a ides
youn with
g the
anim perio
al or d
huma when
n musc
might le
spend fibers
a lot are
of turni
time ng
leapi into
ng, either
run- fast-
ning, twitc
and h or
chasi slow-
ng twitc
durin h
g the fibers
perio .
d that (Fast
his -
cereb twitc
ellum h
fibers far
give this
you findin
the g is
kind only
of a
short- correl
lastin ation,
g and
blasts we
of don't
powe know
r you from
need a
for correl
sprint ation
ing; whet
slow- her
twitc it's
h the
fibers loco
give moto
you r play
the that's
long- causi
lastin ng
g, the
endur cere-
ance bellar
stren devel
gth opme
you nt, or
need the
to cereb
run a ellar
marat devel
hon. opme
Your nt
heart that's
woul causi
d ng
have the
to loco
have motor
slow- play,
twitc or
h both,
fibers or
, or neith
you'd er.
be Resea
dead. rcher
) s will
So have
to run do
contr has
olled gone
exper down
iment , but
s to if it
answ has
er that's
those proba
questi bly
ons. not
But good.
my Whe
guess n I
is was a
play child
proba we
bly didn't
does have
help game
brain syste
devel ms or
opme comp
nt. uters
That or
make cable
s me TV;
worry we
about had
all two
the reces
comp ses a
uter day
game at
s kids schoo
play l
today instea
. I d of
don't just
know one;
whet and
her the
the only
overa time
ll of the
amou week
nt of when
loco kids
moto could
r play watc
Amer h
ican carto
child ons
ren was
Satur bigge
day r
morni quest
ng. ion
To than
me it just
seem whet
s like her
we or
proba not
bly kids
did grow
more up to
loco be
motor well-
play coord
if inate
only d
becau adult
se we s.
didn't Physi
have cal
anyth move
ing ment
else is
to do. proba
If bly
loco the
motor basis
play of a
is huge
impo amou
rtant nt of
to acade
devel mic,
oping socia
the l, and
brain, emoti
I onal
wond intell
er igenc
whet e. A
her lot of
child major
ren psych
today ologi
are sts,
gettin inclu
g ding
enou Jean
gh of Piage
it. t, the
Th Swiss
is is a psych
ol- paper
ogist ,
who can't
mapp draw
ed at all
out on
the the
stage comp
s of uter.
child You
ren's have
cogni to
tive learn
devel to
op- draw
ment, by
have hand
said first
that and
move then
ment move
is to the
basic comp
to uter.
learni Virtu
ng, al
and I drawi
agree ng
. My isn't
drafti a
ng subst
stude itute
nts for
who' the
ve real
never thing
learn . I've
ed to seen
draw this
physi over
cally, and
holdi over
ng a again
penci .
l in Piage
their t said
hand child
and ren
movi learn
ng it by
acros physi
s a cally
piece mani
of pulati
ng That'
objec s
ts move
and ment.
seein So if
g kids
how aren't
they gettin
work. g as
much
loco
moto
r play
now
as
they
did in
the
past,
that
could
be a
probl
em
not
just
for
coord
inatio
n but
for
learni
ng.
Ph
ysical
move
ment
is
proba
bly
what
cause
d the
brain
to
evolv
e in
the
first
place,
as a
matte
r of
fact.
Dr. ple of
Rodol what
fo havin
Llina g a
s, a brain
neuro is all
scien- about
tist at . The
UCL sea
A squirt
who is a
wrote primi
I of tive
the organ
Vorte ism
x: with
From about
Neur three
ons hundr
to ed
Self, brain
says cells
the that
brain starts
evolv out
ed looki
becau ng
se some
creat thing
ures like a
neede tadpo
d a le,
brain and
to ends
help up
them look-
move ing a
aroun little
d bit
witho like a
ut turni
knock p.
ing For
into the
things first
.29 He day
gives of its
the life it
sea swim
squirt s
as the aroun
ultim d
ate until
exam it
finds brain.
a It
perm also
anent eats
spot its
to own
latch tail
on to. and
Once tail
it muscl
finds es.
its Basic
spot, ally
it the
doesn sea
't squirt
move begin
again s life
for as a
the kind
rest of
of its tadpo
life. le,
He with
re's a
the tadpo
intere le-
sting like
part: brain,
while and
it is then
swim turns
ming into
it has an
a oyste
primi r-
tive class
nervo creat
us ure.
syste Since
m, the
but sea
once squirt
it isn't
beco going
mes to
attac move
hed ever
to an again
objec , it
t it doesn
eats 't
up its need
own a
brain. brain.
Dr
.
Llina ANI
s's MAL
theor RO
y is UG
that
HH
we
have OU
brain SIN
s so G
we No
can one
move know
. If s
we exact
didn't ly
move why
we youn
woul g
dn't anim
need als
brain and
s and huma
we ns
woul play
dn't with
have their
them. frien
So I ds
won't and
be siblin
surpr gs,
ised either
if Dr. . We
Byer do
s and know
Dr. socia
Walk l play
er are alwa
right ys
that mean
one s
of the rough
prima housi
ry ng,
purpo whic
ses of h has
play led a
is to lot of
devel beha
op vioris
the ts to
reaso adult
n that males
play do
fighti more
ng real
must fighti
teach ng
anim than
als adult
how femal
to es.
win a Beha
fight vioris
when ts
they'r figure
e d the
grow play
n up. fights
On were
the practi
face ce for
of it the
that real
alwa thing.
ys Bu
soun t
ded wh
logic en
al, res
becau ear
se ch
youn ers
g tri
males ed
usual to
ly do est
more abl
play ish
fighti a
ng dir
than ect
youn co
g nn
femal ect
es, ion
the bet
same we
way en
A 1
rough fighti
house ng in
play squirr
and el
adult monk
eys one
they way
didn't or the
find other.
any That
conne doesn'
ction. t
The dispro
squirr ve the
el hypot
monk hesis,
eys but it
who doesn'
playe t sup-
d the port
most it,
didn't either
win .
more An
fights other
as intere
adults sting
, and fact:
the play
monk fighti
eys ng is
who nothi
won ng
the like
most real
play fighti
fights ng. A
when lot of
they the
were move
young s that
didn't happe
necess n in
arily real
win fighti
the ng
most never
real happe
fights n at
when all in
they play
were fighti
grow ng,
n up. and
There the
was ones
no that
correl do,
ation happe
n in a real
differ fight,
ent but
seque insid
nce. e the
We brain
also rough
know play
that and
the real
brain aggre
circui ssion
ts for are
aggre two
ssion differ
are ent
separ thing
ate s.
from Th
the e
brain other
circui piece
ts for of
play. evide
Testo nce
steron that
e, play
which fighti
can ng
increa isn't
se about
aggre learni
ssion, ng
either how
has to
no win is
effect the
on fact
play that
fighti all
ng or anima
actual ls
ly both
reduc win
es it. and
Some lose
times their
rough play
housi fights
ng . No
play youn
will g
turn anim
into a al
ever amou
wins nt of
all his the
play time.
fights That's
; if he called
did, self-
nobod handi
y cappi
would ng,
play and
with all
him. anima
When ls do
a it,
juveni mayb
le e
anima becau
l is se if
bigge they
r, didn't
stron do it
ger, their
older, small
and er
more friend
domi s
nant woul
than d stop
the playi
youn ng
ger with
anima them.
l he is This
play is
fighti also
ng called
with, role
the rever
bigge sal,
r becau
anima se the
l will winne
roll r and
over the
on his loser
back revers
and e
lose roles.
on Ro
purpo le
se a revers
certai al is
n such
a pupp
basic y was
part about
of a
rough third
house his
play size,
that but
anima Labra
ls do dors
it are
when fearle
they ss
play and
game up for
s like anyth
tug- ing so
of- she
war, wasn'
too. t
A fazed
friend by his
told size.
me a The
story two
about dogs
her liked
mixe to
d- play
breed tug-
dog, of-
when war
he with
was a a
year rope
old toy
and my
fully friend
grow had
n, out
playi on his
ng terrac
with e, but
the of
four- cours
mont e my
h-old friend
Labra 's dog
dor was
pupp so
y next huge
door. comp
The ared
new to the
pupp the
y that puppy
it was was
no "winn
conte ing"
st. If some
he of the
used tugs.
all his First
streng my
th friend
he'd 's
end mutt
up would
just pull
whip the
ping puppy
the
back
pupp
ward
y
across
aroun
the
d the
terrac
terrac
e,
e like
then
a
the
Frisb
puppy
ee.
would
But
that' pull
s him
not back
wha ward
t a
hap way.
pen My
ed. friend
Pret said
ty her
soo dog
n was
my "kee
frie ping
nd the
noti puppy
ced in the
that game,
" and
I'm
sure
she's
right.
So
me
behav
iorists anima
say l
that starts
the out on
fact top,
that and
all no
anima anima
ls self- l who
handi lives
cap to old
might age
mean ends
that up on
the top,
purpo either.
se of Even
play a
fighti male
ng who
isn't is
to going
teach to end
anima up as
ls the
how alpha
to win starts
but to out
teach young
them and
how vulne
to win rable.
and He
lose. has to
All know
anima how
ls to do
proba prope
bly r
need subor
to dinate
know behav
both iors.
the
domin
ant PLA
and Y
the AND
subor SUR
dinate PRIS
role,
E
becau
se no Mare
k Spink
Spink a is
a, an right,
anima that
l would
resear explai
cher n why
in the play
Czech fighti
Repu ng is
blic, so
has differ
cre- ent
ated a from
gener real
al fighti
hypot ng,
hesis becau
of se a
play play
in fight
anima has to
ls. His be
theory consta
is that ntly
play surpri
teache sing
s a to
young teach
anima the
l how young
to fighte
handl rs to
e respo
novelt nd to
y and novelt
surpri y. Dr.
se, Spink
such a's
as the theory
shock also
of goes
being along
knock with
ed off self-
balan handi
ce or cappi
a ng,
surpri since
se chan
attack ging
. roles
If in the
Dr. middl
e of a is
play proba
fight bly
means relate
that d to
the Dr.
anima Llinas
ls put 's
thems resear
elves ch on
in the
roles brain
they and
don't move
norma ment.
lly Dr.
have. Llinas
A says
norma that a
lly brain
domin has to
ant do
young three
anima things
l puts to
himse allow
lf in its
the owne
subor r to
dinate move
role, : it
and a has to
norma set
lly goals
subor (wher
dinate e do I
young want
anima to
l puts move
himse to?),
lf in it has
the to
domin make
ant predic
role. tions
That's (if I
a move
novel this
situati way
on. will I
Dr. crash
Spink into
a's that
theory tree?),
and it in one
has to piece.
rapidl All
y of
proce that is
ss a
tons pretty
of good
inco descri
ming ption
sensor of
y data what
to happe
make ns in
sure almos
its t any
predic kind
tions of
are play
comin in
g true youn
and g
its anima
owner ls,
is wheth
gettin er it's
g loco
where motor
he or
wants social
to go

f
124
Animals
in S
A
Translati
on

or object
play,
which is
playing
with any
kind of
object, like
a ball or a
stick. One
time I
watched
Red Dog
playing
with a
plastic bag
in the
 n ally
Animal 125
T turning on
Feelings
the other.
eyes up But I
to the have
husband observed
and that prey
franticall animals
y often feel
wagging both
his tail in emotions
greeting. at the
Then he'd same
jerk his time. I
head don't
back know
down and whether
carry on predator
screamin animals
g and also
cowering, experienc
all the e both
while fear and
creeping curiosity
along the at the
floor on same
his belly time, but
toward I expect
the they
husband. probably
My do.
friend I've
said it already
was mentione
exactly d that
like the cows will
dog investigat
thought e scary
he was new
seeing a objects or
ghost. He people in
was their
terrified environme
and nt. If you
overjoye stand still
d in the in their
same pasture
moment, they'll
seeing start to
someone walk up
he to you
thought because
he would they're
curious. s striking
But if T that I've
you make T had more
even a than one
tiny person
movemen who
t with didn't
your hand know
they'll anything
jump about
right cattle go
back, out to a
because pasture
they're with me
also and say,
afraid. "She acts
Then as like she's
soon as curiously
you stop afraid."
moving, That is a
they'll perfect
resume
the
approach.
When
they get
about
four feet
away
they'll
stretch
their
heads out
as far as
they can
so they
don't have
to get any
closer
than they
absolutely
have to,
and then
their
tongues
will come
out
another
eight
inches so
they can
give you a
good lick-
ing and
1 A 1
descri evide
ption nce
of that
how the
cows core
react emoti
to ons
novel each
stimul have
i: their
curiou own
sly separa
afraid. te
It's the circuit
only s is
examp the
le of fact
animal that
s you
being can
ambiv use
alent selecti
that
ve
I'm
breedi
used
ng to
to see-
chang
ing as
e one
a
witho
matter
ut
of
changi
course
ng the
.
other.
We
BRE know
EDIN this
from a
G
quail
EMO study
TION done
S in
Franc
Apart
e by
from
Jean-
the
Miche
ESB
l
studie
Faure.
s,
Dr.
anoth
Faure
er
looke
piece
d at
of
two
impor
differe
tant
nt
geneti opposi
cally te
inherit directi
ed on
emoti from
ons: the
fear cage.
and The
social quail
reinst had to
ateme run
nt, agains
which t the
means movin
the g
tenden tread
cy for mill
an belt to
animal get
to back
want to the
to get cage.
up They
close measu
to his red
buddie how
s.30 hard
The the
y quail
tested tried
this by to get
puttin back
g a to his
group friend
of s.
quail The
in a y also
cage measu
at one red
end of each
a quail's
tread fear
mill, level
and and
then then
puttin correla
g one ted
lone fear
quail with
on the social
tread reinsta
mill tement
going . Their
in the first
set of cats
findin are
gs was high-
what fear
they for
predic cats
ted: and
high they'r
fear e also
and high-
high social.
social No
reinsta one
tement knows
go why,
togeth but it's
er. true.
The They'r
more e
fearful super-
the affecti
bird, onate;
the they'll
harder eat up
he pettin
tried g,
to get much
back more
to his so
group. than
You other
see cats.
that in But if
all you
kinds make
of a rapid
animal move
s, ment a
includi marm
ng alade
predat cat is
or the
animal first to
s who run
don't away.
need The
to next
stick part of
togeth the
er to experi
be ment
safe. is
Marm really
alade import
ant. life
They the
used two
selecti emoti
ve ons go
breedi togeth
ng to er, in
see if the
they brain
could they're
separa separa
te fear te.
and We
social have
rein- some
statem eviden
ent— ce for
and this in
they people
could , too.
do it Vario
easily. us
It was studie
not s have
hard at shown
all to that
breed positiv
a e and
high- negati
fear ve
quail emoti
who ons
didn't are
care proba
about bly
gettin create
g to d by
his differe
buddi nt
es, or chemi
a cal
high- syste
social ms in
quail the
who brain.
wasn't That's
afraid not
of surpris
anythi ing,
ng. but
Even
thoug
h in
real
what probab
is ly
surpris explai
ing is ns
the why
fact people
that with
positiv bipola
e and r
negati disord
ve er can
emoti have
ons mixed
aren't states,
invers when
ely the
related person
. If is
you excite
use a d and
medic maybe
ation even
like eupho
Paxil ric at
or the
Prozac same
to time
lower that
negati he's
ve highly
emoti irritabl
ons in e.)
a Inte
norma ntional
l ly or
person uninte
, you ntional
don't ly,
autom human
ati- s often
cally separa
raise te
his animal
positiv emotio
e ns that
emotio norma
ns. lly go
They'r togeth
e er
separa throug
te h
system selecti
s.31 ve
(This breedi
ng ous.
pro- He's
grams. danger
For ous,
instanc becaus
e, take e in
the nature
idea of fear
breedi rides
ng an herd
animal on
for aggres
low sion.
fear. A dog
That with
might norma
sound l fear
like a levels
good might
idea, want
becaus to get
e high in a
fear fight
levels with a
can rival,
make but
an he's
animal also
nervou scared
s, of
high- getting
strung, hurt
and and
hard to that
manag slows
e. But him
fear is down.
an The
import dog
ant who's
emotio fearles
n, and s
a doesn'
person t think
or an twice.
animal You
with see
abnor that in
mally human
low s, too.
fear A
levels fearful
can be boy is
danger a lot
less s
likely some
to start intere
fights sting
than a resear
fearles ch on
s one. this in
It's not men
that and
the wome
fearful n, too.
boy Males
doesn' get in
t get more
mad; physic
he al
does. fights
Anger than
and female
fear s, but
are female
separat s have
e just as
emotio much
ns, and anger,
a high- and in
fear some
person studies
or show
animal more
can indirec
feel as t
much aggres
anger sion,
as a like
low- gossip
fear ing
person about
or a
animal person
. The they
differe don't
nce is like or
that exclud
fear ing
keeps them
an from
angry the
person group,
from than
going males.
too So far
far. psych
There' ologic
al dogs.
resear They
ch has could
found end up
that with
the some
reason very
wome danger
n have ous
as animal
much s. On
anger the
as other
men hand,
but so far
don't we're
get in gettin
as g
many away
physic with it
al with
fights Labra
is that dor
they retriev
also ers.
have Labs
higher are
levels low-
of fear fear
in and
angry low-
situati aggres
ons. sion,
Fear is which
a is
constr somet
aint on hing
physi- you
cal don't
aggres see in
sion. nature.
Peo I'm
ple sure
take a this is
big becaus
risk e
when breede
they rs
try to have
breed been
less selecti
fearful ng
A 1
for we're
lower breedi
levels ng for
of calm/
both calm/
emoti calm,
ons. and
At we're
least, startin
I hope g to
that's get a
what Lab
they'r who's
e so
selecti calm
ng he's
for. abnor
But mal.
with If you
Labs, do
too,
somet
breede
hing
rs are
aggre
startin
ssive
g to
like
see
grab
some
him
of the
by
proble
both
ms
jowls
that
he
kick
doesn'
in
t
from
the react.
traits Peopl
that e are
we also
don't breedi
realiz ng the
e are startle
geneti out of
cally Labs,
conne so if a
cted. car
On backfi
e of res he
the won't
proble jump
ms and
comes run
from off
the with
fact the
that blind
perso to get
n he's fish
suppo out of
sed to fishin
be g
leadin nets.
g. You
That can
makes still
Labra see
dors that
good behav
with ior in
childr Labs
en, today.
who A
can be young
rough Labra
and dor
unpre puppy
dictab will
le. jump
La in a
bs little
have kids'
low wadin
pain, g
too, pool
altho and
ugh start
that pawin
may g the
be a water
trait like
they'v crazy,
e like
alway he's
s had, trying
since to
as catch
worki the
ng fish
dogs in
in there.
Newf Th
oundl e
and probl
they em
had with
to makin
jump g a
into dog
icy so
water calm
is that startin
you g to
breed see
all the epilep
motiv sy in
ation some
out of of the
them. dogs.
I You
talked can
to a end
lady up
at a with
guide epile
dog psy
schoo no
l, and matte
she r
said what
some brain
of the trait
Labs you'r
are e
worth over-
less select
becau ing
se for.
they That'
don't s
pay what
attent happe
ion. ned
Peopl to
e are Sprin
gettin ger
g spani
worri els,
ed who
they'r now
e have
creati Sprin
ng a ger
dog rage.
they They
won't kept
be breedi
able ng
to them
train. to
Even look
worse super-
, alert,
they'r and
e they
ended breed
up ing to
with a create
form an
of anima
epilep l
sy who's
that really
create differ
s ent
sudde from
n, what
out- natur
of- e
the- create
blue d,
episo you
des of can
aggre end
ssion.3 up
2
with
Ge some
netica nasty
lly surpri
speaki ses. I
ng, think
Labs peopl
are e
strang shoul
e d be
dogs: much
low- more
fear, caref
low- ul
aggre and
ssion, awar
and e
high- when
social they'r
. e
That's overs
not a eeing
norm anima
al l
combi breed
natio ing.
n. I
And don't
any- want
time to
you leave
use the
select impre
ive ssion
that
I'm
ANIM
again AL
st FRIE
Labra NDS
dor AND
retrie
vers,
ANIM
thoug AL
h. WEL
They' FARE
re one
peopl
of the
e who
best
own
pureb
and
red
mana
dogs
ge
we
anima
have;
ls
they'r
need
e
to
good
think
famil
about
y
anima
dogs
l
and
feelin
good
gs,
worki
becau
ng
se
dogs,
anima
too. I
ls
just
have
want
the
to
same
make
core
sure
emoti
we
ons
keep
we do.
them
Just
that
keepin
way.
g
anima
ls
health
y and
well
fed
isn't
enoug
h; we
need
to
give
anima
ls friends
enoug hip.
h Even
social seemi
contac ngly
t with unsoci
other al
animal animal
s— s like
and giraffe
with s are
human turnin
s in g out
the to
case have
of cats friends
and hips
dogs now
—to that
live an people
emoti are
onally studyi
norma ng
l life. their
Ani social
mal struct
mother ures
s, and more
some closel
animal y. A
fathers resear
, love cher
their named
babies Mered
; ani- ith
mal Basha
babies w at
love the
their Georgi
mothe a
rs Institu
(some te of
love Tech-
their nolog
fathers y in
, too); Atlant
and a
almost started
all resear
animal ching
s have giraffe
some friend
form ship
of after
two s to
female react
giraffe badly
s got when
extre the
mely male
upset was
when moved
the . But
male both
giraffe female
they'd s were
lived horribl
with y
for upset
nine and
years started
in the repetit
Atlant ively
a Zoo lickin
was g the
taken fence,
away. which
Neithe is a
r sign of
female stress.
had The
ever reason
mated no one
with knew
him, giraffe
and s had
from friends
what was
the that
human the
s field
could studies
see, of
the giraffe
three s from
giraffe the
s 1970s
hardly had
interac conclu
ted ded
much that
at all. individ
So no ual
one giraffe
was s did
expect not
ing the form
female close
attach ninety
ments -acre
to park
other and
giraffe she
s. Ms. could
Basha watch
w says, wheth
"Giraff er
es just some
seeme giraffe
d to s stuck
move closer
about togeth
the er than
plains others.
of She
Africa found
like that
rando giraffe
m s have
molec buddie
ules in s just
your like
coffee every
cup." other
But social
after animal
the we
female know.
giraffe A
s got giraffe
so will
upset spend
in 15
Atlant percen
a, Ms. t of its
Basha time
w grazin
went g with
to the its
San friend,
Diego and
Wild only 5
Anima percen
l Park, t of its
where time
the grazin
giraffe g
s are close
free to to any
move other
around giraffe
a .
Anoth an
er giraffe
animal s, who
expert live in
who the
has Namib
studie Desert
d ,
giraffe partic
friend- ular
ships female
since s
the spend
1970s, a half
Julian to a
Fennes third
sy at of
the their
Univer time
sity of with
Sydne their
y, says female
that friends
among .33
Angol
13 Animals in
0 Translation

In animal
any s they
social aren't
grazin related
g to. Dr.
group Fennes
you sy has
find also
some studied
mother a
- group
daught made
er up
pairs, mostly
but of
you males,
also and
find the
animal males
s have
keepin friends
g hips,
compa too.
ny Anima
with l
other researc
hers put
find them
animal throug
friends h, and
hips in it's no
most differe
or all nt for
mamm animal
als. I s.
don't Anima
know ls need
if friends
monta and
ne compa
voles nions,
form and
friends human
hips s need
(they to
may make
not), sure
but at they
this have
point them.
we
believe
that all
or
nearly
all
mamm
als—
and
possibl
y most
or all
birds
—form
friends
hips.
For
people,
solitar
y
confin
ement
is one
of the
worst
punish
ments
you
can
 s.
Even
thoug
ANIMAL h Tina
AGGRE was
SSION studyi
ng for
a
Ph.D.
in
animal

D
ners
og
ow
behavi
or, she
was
are still
usuall shocke
y d
horrifi when
ed the she
first saw
time her
they gentle
see dog
their finish
belove off a
d pet squirre
kill a l like
helple an
ss little expert
furry assassi
animal n.
. I It's
remem even
ber the more
day shocki
my ng
good when
friend you
Tina see
saw Lassie
her kill for
golden what
retriev looks
er like the
Abbey pure
kill a fun of
squirre it. My
l on friend
the Dave,
quad who
of the always
Univer takes
sity of his
Illinoi sevent
y- knew
pound perfec
half- tly
shephe well
rd- how to
half- obey
hound the
mix comm
out for and
runs "Drop
with it"
him, when
was he had
stunne a shoe
d in his
when mouth
Max . But
shot there
out was
after a no
ground way
hog Max
one was
day, droppi
seized ng a
the live
animal groun
by the dhog.
neck, The
and most
then upsetti
shook ng
it thing
violent was
ly until that
it was Max
dead. didn't
The have
dog the
totally slighte
ignore st
d my interes
friend, t in
who actuall
was y
racing eating
after his
him kill.
shouti He
ng, broug
"Drop ht the
it!" dead
Ma groun
x dhog
over to once
Dave, the kill
droppe was
d it at under
his way.
feet, Afte
and r that,
beame Dave
d up at said he
his started
master to
, wonde
obviou r why
sly people
expecti and
ng dogs
Dave get
to be along
mightil togethe
y r at all.
impres We
sed. In have
a way, 60
Dave million
was. pet
This dogs in
was this
the countr
dog he y, all °f
trusted them
to play predato
gently rs
with wired
his to kill
two- —why
year- aren't
old there
son, daily
and newsp
he'd aper
just re-
watch Ports
ed of
Max hideou
turn s fatal
into a dog
viciou attacks
s on
predat human
or who s,
couldn instead
't be of the
called actual
off numbe
r, and
which 1998.'
averag That's
es out one
to dog
about out of
fifteen every
a year, four
based million
on the . It's
years tiny. If
1997
A 1

there peopl
were e,
a that's
disea for
se sure.)
that I
struc had
k anoth
only er
one friend
in who
every told
four me
milli the
on same
peopl story.
e, Her
only kids
seven were
ty youn
peopl g
e in when
our she
whol adopt
e ed
count what
ry she
woul thoug
d ht
have was a
it. sheph
(Dog erd-
s kill Lab
peopl mixe
e a d-
lot breed
less dog
often from
than a
peopl shelte
e kill r. By
the g up
time on
he the
was bed
fully with
grow the
n it famil
was y to
obvio watc
us h TV.
from That'
his s
marki typic
ngs al of
and domi
behav nant
ior dogs;
that they
the like
dog their
had "spac
more e." A
Rott domi
weile nant
r in dog
him doesn
than 't
anyth intera
ing ct
else; when
he you
was a want
very him
domi to; he
nant intera
ani- cts
mal. when
Whil he
e he wants
was to.
still a He'll
pupp let
y he you
prefer know
red to when
spend he's
eveni intere
ngs sted.
alone Ev
in his en
crate, wors
inste e,
ad of peopl
gettin e she
and shed
her in
dog Septe
met mber
on 2000
the found
street that
were Rott
sayin weile
g he rs and
looke pit-
d like bull-
he type
had dogs
some are
pit respo
bull nsible
in for
him, the
too. vast
My major
friend ity of
didn't fatal
think dog
she'd bites,
accid with
entall Rott
y weile
adopt rs
ed a being
pit numb
bull er
desce one.2
ndant Some
, but of
she that is
was a due
little to the
upset fact
that that
her Rott
grow weile
n dog rs
looke have
d and gotte
acted n so
so popul
much ar
like a there
Rott are a
weile lot
r. A more
study of
publi them
aroun Not
d. even
But close.
that's (For a
not numb
all of er of
it. In reaso
1997 ns,
and inclu
1998 ding
pit owne
bulls rs'
and rights
Rott- to
weile equal
rs put prote
toget ction
her under
were the
respo law,
nsibl the
e for autho
67 rs of
perce the
nt of study
all did
fatal not
dog reco
bites, mme
and nd
there' laws
s no ban-
way ning
Rott either
weile pit
rs bulls
and or
pit Rott
bulls weile
toget rs.)
her Se
make eing
up 67 how
perce domi
nt of nant
the her
total dog
dog was,
popul my
ation friend
in starte
this d to
count wond
ry. er
about you
the think
whole about
dog- it. I
huma don't
n think
relati my
onshi friend
p. neede
She'd d to
grow worry
n up as
with much
dogs as she
hersel did,
f, but thoug
now h.
that Rottw
she eiler
was a mixes
paren proba
t she bly
realiz aren't
ed any
just more
how dange
much rous
trust than
we any
place other
in type
these of
anima dog,
ls. excep
Peopl t for
e trust the
dogs handf
with ul of
their pureb
lives; reds
peopl know
e n for
trust low
dogs aggre
with ssion,
their like
child Labs.
ren's I say
lives. "prob
It's ably"
pretty
incre
dible
when
beca popu
use latio
there n.
is Just
some eyeb
raw allin
data g the
avail num
able bers,
on it
the looks
num to
bers me
of like
mixe Rott
d- weile
breed r
Rott mixe
weile s
rs aren't
who any
have more
attac dan-
ked gero
and us
kille than
d any
huma other
ns, mutt.
but But I
it's can't
impo say
ssibl for
e to sure.
inter M
pret y
beca frien
use d
we figur
don't ed
kno she
w need
how ed to
man teach
y the
mixe pupp
d- y to
breed be
Rott more
weile socia
rs are ble,
in so
the she
dog woul
d Even
pick thoug
him h
up she'd
out lived
of his with
crate dogs
and her
put entire
him life,
on she
the woul
bed d
with watc
her h this
and pupp
the y
kids. snap
The ping
pupp and
y snarli
woul ng
d away
stay and
put, think
but to
his herse
way lf,
of "Wh
playi y do
ng I
was have
incre this
dibly anim
aggre al wp
ssive. here
My on
frien the
d bed
said with
his my
jaws kids?
woul "
d be W
snap ell,
ping prob
open ably
and she
shut shoul
like a dn't
little have
allig had
ator's the
. pupp
y up -
on natur
the ed
bed, adult
seein dog
g as who
how m
the neigh
first bors
thing and
any guest
dog s all
train like
er to
will visit.
tell He's
you still
is domi
that a nant,
very and
domi the
nant famil
dog y still
need has
s to to
be remi
kept nd
dow him
n of
low. the
A prop
domi er
nant hiera
dog rchy
shoul (hum
d ans
neve on
r be top,
at dog
eye on
level the
with botto
a m),
hum but
an! he is
How a
ever, cheer
toda ful
y the and
pupp devot
y is a ed
swee mem
t and ber
good of
the chers
famil strugg
y. led to
Ho come
w up
do with
es defini
thi tive
s classif
ha icatio
pp ns of
en anima
? l
behav
ior.
AG Anim
GRE al
SSI aggre
ON ssion
was
IN
especi
THE ally
BRA diffic
IN ult to
To categ
under orize,
stand if
anim only
al becau
behav se
ior there'
you s so
have much
to of it.
start Natur
from ally,
the differ
brain ent
and resear
work chers
outwa woul
rd. d
For come
years up
anima with
l differ
behav ent
iorists lists
didn't of
have core
this aggre
optio ssive
n, and behav
resear iors.
Some dropp
lists ed
were into
longe the
r; cage
some of
short anoth
er. er)
One and
behav territ
iorist orial
might aggre
make ssion
a (whic
distin h
ction often
betwe mean
en s one
inter male
male fighti
aggre ng
ssion anoth
(the er
tende male
ncy who
of has
two invad
males ed his
to territo
fight ry,
when althou
one gh
male femal
is es
A 1
can engage g ession.
in W
territorial I'l
aggression, l THE
too). st KILLING
Another ar BITE
researcher t
Predatory
might w
aggression
decide that it
isn't just
intermale h
something
aggression pr
predator
and e
animals
territorial d
do. Prey
aggression at
animals
were really or also have
the same y the neural
thing. a circuits for
Studyin g predatory
gr
aggression a
in their T
brains,
though
these
circuits
don't get
activated
very often.
Research
with rats,
who are
prey
animals,
shows that
you can
elicit a
biting
attack in
some rats
by
stimulating
the same
part of the
brain you
would
stimulate to
elicit a
biting
attack in a
predator
animal like
a cat.4
Even
though a
rat rarely
hunts prey
in the wild,
he has the
innate,
built-in
capacity to
do it. Jaak
Panksepp,
the author
of Affective
Neuroscien
ce, says
researchers
haven't
been able
to turn on a
biting
attack in
can turn on a down,
the killing S suddenly
bite by bent over,
implanting or dropped
electrodes a tool, and
into the the sudden
predatory movement
circuits in triggered
the brain the
and predatory
stimulating fixed
them with action
electricity. pattern.
The animal I'm sure
doesn't that's
have to be where the
hungry, line "Don't
and no make any
prey has to sudden
be in sight. moves"
All comes
predators from in
have a police
hardwired shows.
killing bite, Humans
but the bite have the
can differ same built-
from in
species to primitive
species. reaction to
Dogs and movement,
cats bite and in a
down and tense
then shake situation a
their prey sudden
to death; movement
large cats can trigger
such as a person
lions, who holding a
kill large weapon to
prey ani- use it.
mals like While
antelope, the fixed
often bite action
the pattern is
animal's always the
neck and same,
then hold emotions
on until it can differ
dies of from one
suffocation animal to
. They do another
that within the
because an same
species. If k raises the
Dave had question of
two dogs P how much
instead of animal
just one, he behavior is
might find learned
that one of and how
his dogs much is
was more instinctual.
motivated The
to hunt answer is
down and that it
depends
A 1
n
on the Their
specie brain
s. s
Anim aren't
als as
with comp
large, lex as
comp a
lex perso
brains n's or
like a a
chim chim
panze panze
e rely e's,
on but
learni are a
ng lot
much more
more comp
than lex
simpl than a
e- lizard'
brain s or a
ed chick
anima en's.
ls like So
lizard dogs
s. and
Dogs, cats
cats, are
horse more
s, and depe
cows ndent
are on
some learni
wher ng
e in than
the chick
middl ens
e. are,
but down
they prey
proba and
bly the
use beha
more vior
hard of
wired killin
behav g the
ior prey
than a are
chim contr
p. olled
Th by
e differ
next ent
thing circui
to ts in
know the
is brain.
6
that
there Se
is a eing
differ the
ence word
betw "emot
een ions"
the in this
fixed conte
actio xt
n might
patter be
n surpri
itself sing.
and Anim
the al
emoti exper
ons ts
that used
motiv to
ate talk
and about
drive instin
the cts,
fixed whic
actio h are
n the
patter fixed
n. action
The patter
emoti ns,
on of and
chasi drive
ng s,
which mapp
we ing
defin the
ed as brain.
built- It was
in too
urges broad
that and
made abstra
anima ct,
ls and and
huma when
ns resear
seek chers
the looke
core d for
neces single
sities ,
of life unifie
like d
food brain
and cir-
sex. cuits
Instin under
cts lying
and specif
drives ic
descri drives
bed , they
anima didn't
l and find
huma them.
7
n
behav Inst
ior ead of
well findin
from g one
the unifie
outsid d
e, but circuit
the for a
conce hunge
pt of r
a drive,
drive for
didn't exam-
hold ple,
up they
well found
once two
resear differ
chers ent
starte circuit
d s, one
for But a
the bodily
physi need
cal state
aspect on its
s of own
hunge isn't
r, the enoug
other h,
for which
the shoul
emoti d be
onal. obvio
The us to
physi anyon
cal e
aspect who's
s of ever
hunge know
r, n a
called perso
bodily n with
need anore
states, xia.
are Peopl
things e and
like anima
low ls also
blood need
sugar, the
which emoti
signal on of
that SEEK
an ING,
anima which
l I
needs talked
somet about
hing in the
to eat. last
There' chapt
s a er, to
separ motiv
ate ate
circui them
t in to go
the out
brain and
that hunt
handl or
es gathe
bodily r the
need food
states. their
body g. We
needs. know
Re how
searc impor
hers tant
don't feelin
know g is
exactl from
y ESB
how a studie
bodil s of
y anim
need al
like brain
hung s,
er
hooks
up to
the
emoti
ons
of
hunti
ng;
that's
one
of the
questi
ons
peopl
e are
studyi
ng
now.
But
they
do
believ
e that
virtua
lly
ever
y-
thing
peopl
e and
anima
ls do
is
drive
n by
some
kind
of
feelin
and on-
also maki
from ng
close proce
study sses.
of Thes
huma e
n patie
patie nts
nts can't
who even
have decid
had e
brain what
dama resta
ge. urant
Anto to go
nio to for
Dam dinne
asio, r,
whos even
e thou
book gh
Desc they'r
artes e
3
hung
Erro ry
r has and
been need
extre to
mely eat.
influ Emot
ential ion
, has and
studi hung
ed er are
peopl separ
e ate
whos circui
e ts in
emot the
ions brain,
have and
beco both
me need
disco to be
nnect worki
ed ng.8
from To
their sum
reaso up:
ning fixed
and action
decisi patter
ns are chers
built- talkin
in, g
brain- about
based drive
beha s
viors once
that in a
are while
alway , and
s the that's
same not
in wron
every g if
indivi you'r
dual e
in a only
speci descri
es. bing
Emo- an
tions ani-
are mal's
built- behav
in, ior
brain- from
based the
motiv outsi
ators de.
that It's
vary just
in that
intens the
ity broad
and conce
proba pt of
bly in a
frequ hung
ency er
of drive
expre or a
ssion sex
from drive
indivi doesn
dual 't
to corre
indivi spon
dual. d to
You'l the
l still speci
hear fic
some brain
anim circui
al ts
resear that
are his
turne emoti
d on ons,
when excep
peopl tion
e and the
anim fixed
als actio
seek n
food patter
or n, is
love. learn
More ed. A
than dog
one is
differ born
ent know
circui ing
t in how
the to
brain kill a
is grou
alway ndho
s g, but
invol he
ved. isn't
Th born
at kno
gets wing
us to that a
what grou
is not ndho
biolo g is
gicall food.
y Stran
fixed ge as
in the it
brain. may
Emo- soun
tions d, a
are dog
built has
into to
the learn
brain from
, but other
every dogs
thing that
an grou
anim ndho
al gs
does are
to act good
on to
eat. That'
Pr s
edato why
rs puppi
have es
to need
learn to be
from raise
other d
anim aroun
als d
who toddl
m to ers,
direct or at
their least
hard expos
wired ed to
preda them.
tory Tod-
beha dlers
vior do
again the
st. If same
a kind
pupp of
y sudde
grew n,
up in rapid
a move
house ment
with prey
a pet anim
grou als
ndho do,
g, the so it's
pupp easy
y for
woul them
d to
learn trigge
that a r a
grou dog's
ndho preda
g is tory
not killin
prey g
and beha
woul vior.
d Puppi
proba es
bly have
never to be
attac taugh
k it. t that
toddl y had
ers a
are golde
not n
prey. retrie
It's ver
not who
hard was a
to vicio
teach us cat
a dog killer.
what' Ronni
s e was
prey the
and sweet
what' est
s not; dog
you aroun
just d
have little
to childr
make en. I
sure can
you reme
do it. mber
Whe trying
n I to
was ride
little on
our Ronn
famil ie's
A 1

back instant
when ly
I was chase
about and
four, kill it.
and he Ronni
never e had
even been
protes thorou
ted. ghly
But expose
whene d to
ver he toddle
saw a rs as a
cat he puppy
becam , and
e he
wildly knew
excite toddle
d and rs
would weren'
t for s the
killing flexibi
. But lity to
he adapt.
hadn't If an
been animal
expos had to
ed to rely
cats on
and instinc
had t alone
conclu to feed
ded himsel
that f he
cats would
were starve
for if his
killing usual
. He source
never of
got food
confus sud-
ed denly
about disapp
the eared
catego or
ries, went
either, into
becaus declin
e a e. He
dog is would
emotio n't be
nally able to
wired imi-
to tate
learn other
prey animal
and s,
not either.
prey.
Hav
ing to Is IT
learn FUN
what TO
to eat KILL
and A
what
not to
GRO
eat UND
gives HOG
animal ?
s and
The
human
answer
is yes. are
Firs nothin
t of all, g like
behavi the
orists kind
call of
predat loud,
ory screa
killing ming
the fights
quiet you'll
bite see
becaus two
e animal
predat s from
ory the
killing same
is not specie
done s get
in a into.
state Durin
of g terri-
rage. torial
We fights
know the
from rage
brain circuit
resear s can
ch that be
during turned
a kill on,
the and a
rage rage-
circuit filled
s in attacki
the ng
brain animal
are not makes
acti- a lot
vated, of
and noise.
we But
know when
from a
observ predat
ation or is
that on the
the kill, he
killer just
is bites
always down
quiet. hard
Killin and
g bites then
shakes how.
his When
prey you
to think
death. about
Dav what
e's predat
impres ory
sion killing
that is all
Max about,
enjoye of
d course
killing it
the ought
ground to feel
hog good,
was becaus
right. e
We predat
know ory
this killing
from means
the dinner.
ESB Killing
studies a
I mouse
mentio feels
ned in good
the to a
last cat the
chapte same
r. way
Anima findin
ls like g a
having luscio
their us ripe
predat banana
ory feels
killing good
circuit to a
s primat
turned e.
on, Acc
and ording
will to
turn Jaak
them Panks
on epp,
themse ESB
lves if studie
you s show
show that
them predat
ory last
killing chapte
comes r.9
from When
"essen the
tially SEEK
the ING
same circuit
brain is
areas" turned
as the on,
SEEK- anima
ING ls and
circuit peopl
, e seek
which the
produc things
es the they
pleasu need
rable and
feeling
want,
s of
like
engag
food
ed
and
curiosi
shelte
ty,
r, or a
intens
perfec
e
t
interes
pants
t, and
suit at
eager
a
anticip
depart
ation I
ment
mentio
ned in store
the or an
advan
ced
degre
e in
physic
s.
Peopl
e and
anima
ls love
the
hunt.
But
angry
aggres
sion
feels
bad.
Anim
als ever
and watch
people ed a
do not dog
like kill an
havin animal
g will
their tell
rage you
circuit that
s the
turned dog
on, sure
and looked
will happy
avoid afterw
it if ard.
they But
can. since
Rage most
is a people
painfu aren't
l going
emoti to get
on. the
Inside chanc
the e to
brain, watch
predat a dog
ory kill a
killin groun
g and dhog,
angry if you
aggres really
sion want
are to get
not a good
the look at
same an
thing. animal
Not enjoyi
even ng the
close. hunt,
spend
some
THE time
HAP with a
PY cat.
HUN Cats
are the
TER
super-
Anyon predat
e who ors of
has domes
tic ts a
ani- tiny
mals. red
They dot
can that
get the
especi lectur
ally er can
carried shine
away onto
chasin the
g, part of
batting the
at, and overhe
pounci ad
ng on screen
a red they're
laser referri
"mous ng to.
e." In a
Laser laser
mice mouse
are a the dot
varian is
t on shaped
the like a
batter mouse
y- . The
operat mouse
ed shape
laser is just
pointe a
rs market
lecture ing
rs use tool;
in any
large cat
lecture who
halls will
to chase
point a laser
to an mouse
overhe will
ad also
screen chase
. If a laser
you've dot.
never So
seen me
one, a cats
laser get so
pointe excite
r d
projec chasin
g the ment
dot at a
that dead
they'v run,
e been jump
known them
to up on
break the
their counte
own r,
bones back
or down
disloc on the
ate floor,
joints. up a
One books
time I helf—
was at you
my could
friend shoot
Rosali them
e's where
apart ver
ment you
in wante
New d
York them
and I to go.
was They
amaze were
d at so
the frenzi
way ed I
her had to
two be
cats, carefu
Lili l not
and to
Harley sudde
, nly
chased revers
a laser e the
mouse motio
. You n,
could becau
lead se I
Lili could
and throw
Harle Lili
y into a
aroun back
d the flip,
whole she
apart was so
focuse e that
d on way
that outdoo
dot. rs,
I've chasin
never g live
seen a prey.
domes Lili
tic cat and
chase Harle
any y had
other gone
toy into
that what
way. behavi
I've orists
also call
never hyper
seen a -
cat activa
behav tion of
A 1
the cats
pred can
atory see
chasi the
ng dot
instin but
ct, can't
they catch
were it.
so Even
mindl when
essly a cat
fixate puts
d his
they paws
could on
have the
injure dot
d he
thems can't
elves. feel it
I or
think hold
that it.
happe The
ns laser
with dot
laser proba
point- bly
ers beco
becau mes a
se super
- vior,
stimu they
lus didn't
that calm
keeps down
on at all
stimu but
lating kept
the franti
chase cally
becau battin
se the g and
cat pawi
can't ng at
comp it on
lete the
the floor.
seque They
nce didn't
of look
chase like
and they
catch, were
so the playi
chase ng
instin with
ct the
can't dot,
get the
turne way
d off. a cat
I will
was play
intrig with
ued its
to prey;
find they
that looke
even d like
when they
I held were
the still
dot in
still, chase
whic mode
h I . I
assu suspe
med ct
woul that
d turn the
off reaso
the n Lili
chase and
beha Harle
y gh to
staye keep
d so them
fixate going
d .
over That'
a s
motio how
nless hyper
red -
dot activa
was ted
that they
the were.
slight I'v
tremo e
r of been
my told
hand that
was some
mak- cats
ing don't
the chase
dot laser
vibra point
te ers,
enou whic
gh to h is
keep intere
them sting.
hook I
ed in. wond
I was er
holdi whet
ng her
my those
hand cats
as may
still know
as I more
could about
, but hunti
the ng
tiny and
move catchi
ment ng
s of live
mous prey
e-dot than
on indoo
the r cats
floor like
were Lili
enou and
Harle stalk
y do. their
Lili prey
and and
Harle get
y close
aren't enou
allow gh to
ed catch
outsi it.
de An
and outdo
were or cat
never who's
taugh learn
t to ed all
hunt these
by thing
their s may
moth not
er, be
wher inter-
eas a ested
cat in a
with laser
a mous
norm e for
al a
outdo coupl
or e of
upbri differ
nging ent
learns
reaso
what
ns.
to
Num
chase
ber
and
one, a
when
laser
.
dot is
Outd
not
oor
food
cats
and
also
learn they'v
to e
inhibi made
t the
their conne
chasi ction
ng betwe
instin en
ct so chasi
they ng
can and
eating ng
; and them
numb selve
er s,
two, show
the s you
cat that
know what
s how an
to anim
suppr al
ess chase
his s is
chasi learne
ng d, not
instin instin
ct. He ctual.
isn't a Th
slave e
to cats'
rapid fixati
motio on on
n the the
way dot
Lili remin
and ded
Harle me of
y are. autist
What ic
ever fixati
the ons.
expla It
natio was
n, the totall
fact y
that mindl
some ess;
cats nothi
don't ng
chase else
laser in the
point world
ers, existe
while d.
others Their
chase whol
them e
so
franti
cally
they
risk
injuri
worl ng.
d Som
was a etime
little s I
dot. I woul
was d
like stare
that at
when fallin
I was g
a sand
child. on
I purp
reme ose,
mber just
dribb to
ling shut
sand out
throu over
gh whel
my ming
hand stimu
s and li
the from
rest my
of envir
the onme
worl nt.
d I
disa think
p- I was
peare prob
d. I ably
was tappi
hypn ng
otize into
d by the
the part
tiny of
reflec the
tions same
comi prey
ng chase
off circu
each it Lili
little and
grain Harle
of y had
sand. activ
I ated.
could Like
n't the
stop cats,
looki I was
attrac anoth
ted to er
errati movi
c ng
move objec
ment, t that
beca used
use it to
was fasci
the nate
const me,
ant and I
chan wond
ging er
mov whet
emen her
t of some
the autist
refle ic
ction child
s that ren's
held love
my of
attent rotati
ion. ng
The fans
autist falls
ic into
brain this
, like categ
all ory,
brain too. I
s, didn't
seem care
s to about
be fans
attrac myse
ted to lf,
rapid but
errati the
c move
mov ment
e- of
ment. fan
The blade
differ s
ence didn't
is, look
we errati
get c to
stuck me.
in it. The
Flags autist
are ic
kids A
who N
really I
love M
fans A
are L
usual S
ly
lower M
- A
funct N
ionin A
g, G
and E
their
visua P
l R
proce E
ssing D
may A
be T
more O
piece
R
meal.
Y
May
be to
A
some
G
autist
G
ic
R
child
E
ren
S
the
little S
light I
reflec O
tions N
off of In
fan the
blade wild,
s tigers
does and
look other
errati anim
c, so als
they who
get hunt
hook for
ed. food
can't
act
H like
o Lili
w and
Harle
y or wild
they has
woul to
dn't show
survi some
ve. restr
First aint
of is
all, that
no he
wild can't
anim affor
al d to
has wast
an e
unli calor
mite ies
d on a
food chas
suppl e
y. A that
pred does
ator n't
who end
chas in a
ed meal.
and If he
kille kille
d d
ever anim
ythin als
g he
that wasn
mov 't
ed goin
woul g to
d eat,
quic he'd
kly then
run have
out to
of kill
food. even
An more
other anim
reaso als to
n repla
why ce
an the
anim calor
al ies
livin he
g in used
the up
chasi its
ng intell
down igent
and stalki
killin ng
g beha
prey vior.
for Cats
sport. stalk
La their
st but prey
not to get
least, in the
mind best
less possi
chasi ble
ng positi
like on to
Lili's poun
and ce
Harle and
y's catch
woul it.
d That'
make s the
an whol
anim e
al point.
less A cat
likely want
to s to
catch catch
prey, the
not mous
more e, not
, chase
beca it in
use it circle
short s
- forev
circu er
A 1
4
the have
way to be
Lili able
and to
Harle inhibi
y t the
were impul
doing. se to
So give
predat chase
ors until
they'r
e in vity
the and
best reintr
positi oduce
on to d to
catch the
the wild.
anima The
l televi
they'r sion
e show
after. Livin
Wh g with
at all Tigers
of this had a
means terrifi
is that c
an episod
anima e
l has about
to be two
able cubs
to who
inhibi had
t his been
chase raised
seque by
nce, huma
and ns and
he has then
to return
learn ed to
how the
and wild.
when At
to do first
this they
from chase
other d
anima every-
ls. thing
We they
know saw,
this is wheth
true er
from they
the were
behavi hungr
or of y or
anima not.
ls One
raised night
in they
capti killed
seven teach
antelo them
pes in just to
an kill
orgy what
of they
predat neede
ory d to
killing eat.
. It The
was huma
like ns
Lili also
and had to
Harle teach
y them
chasin what
g the to eat.
laser. When
They the
just young
kept cubs
chasin were
g and prese
kill- nted
biting with a
every dead
anima zebra
l that they
move instan
d, one tly
anima perfor
l after med a
anoth killin
er. g bite
They to the
didn't neck.
eat I'm
them; not
they sure
just why
killed the
them. cubs
The did
huma that
ns since
finally obvio
began usly
holdin the
g zebra
them wasn't
back, movin
trying g, but
to it may
have same
been proble
becau m
se the Dave'
zebra s dog
was had
down with
on the the
groun groun
d. dhog.
Mayb Nobo
e that dy
was ever
the told
trigge him
r. that a
But groun
after dhog
they is
perfor meat.
med The
the huma
killing ns had
bite to
they teach
made the
no cubs
attem that
pt to the
eat anima
the ls they
zebra. were
They chasin
didn't g
know were
the also
zebra good
was for
food; eating
they ,
thoug which
ht they
food did by
was cuttin
somet g
hing open
that the
came dead
in the bodies
back and
of a exposi
truck. ng the
It was entrail
the s.
 The e that
film a
footag norma
e of l
those anima
tiger l
cubs learns
is a from
good his
lesson mothe
on r
what a and/or
fixed his
action peers
patter to kill
n only
looks what
like, he
and on intend
exactl s to
y how eat,
far a thoug
fixed h I
action don't
patter know
n will this
take for a
an fact.
anima We do
l in know,
life. howe
The ver,
tiger that
cubs almos
were t no
born anima
knowi l rou-
ng tinely
how kills
to prey
perfor animal
m a s on
killing an
bite, indiscr
but iminat
that e
was it. basis.
The The
rest onl
they y
wil
had to d
learn. ani
I mal
assum I've
see rule
n is the
wh
coyot
o
will e.
so Most
met of the
ime time a
s coyot
viol
e eats
ate
this the
anima
ls he
kills,
but
occasi
onally
coyot
es
will
go on
a
lamb-
killing
spree,
killing
twent
y and
eating
only
one. I
believ
e it's
possib
le
coyot
es
have
lost
some
of
their
econo
my of
behav
ior by
living
in
close
proxi
mity
to
huma
ns
and
overa the
bunda coyot
nt e
food know
suppli s it.
es. A Wild
coyot coyot
e that es
kills have
twent proba
y bly
Iambs lost
and the
eats knowl
only edge
one that
isn't you
going shoul
to dn't
have waste
to food
trek a or
hundr energ
ed y.
miles
to
find AFF
more ECTI
lambs VE
next AGG
week.
RES
Any
sheep SION
ranch Affect
er ive
will aggre
have ssion
severa is
l compl
hundr etely
ed differ
other ent
lambs from
that predat
will ory
be aggre
just ssion.
as Affect
easy ive
to aggres
catch sion is
later hot
on, aggres
and sion;
it's hisses
aggres , and
sion his
driven hair
by stands
rage. on
Comp end
ared (that's
to called
predat piloer
ory ection
aggre , for
ssion, erecti
in on of
affect the
ive hair
aggre follicl
ssion es).
an His
anima body
l's is
emoti arouse
ons d. His
are heart
differ beats
ent, faster,
his and
behav his
ior is adrena
differ l
ent, syste
and m
his kicks
body in.
is Stim-
differ ulate
ent. the
A same
cat cat's
whose predat
rage ory
circuit circuit
s have s and
been his
electri body
cally stays
stimul calm.
ated Jaak
assum Pansk
es an sepp
aggres says
sive you
postur see
e and "meth
odical nt for
stalki the
ng aggres
and sor.
well Ani
direct mal
ed behav
pounc iorists
ing," 9 usuall
with y
no classif
increa y the
se in differ
stress ent
horm types
ones. of
Huma rage
ns aggre
have ssion
tende by the
d to stimul
mix us
up that
these trigge
two rs the
states, aggre
becau ssion,
se the and
outco differ
me is ent
the expert
same: s have
a come
smalle up
r, with
weake slightl
r y
anima differ
l ends ent
up lists.
dead. Thi
But s is
predat min
ory e:
aggres
sion 1. As
and ser
rage tiv
aggre e
ssion agg
could res
n't be sio
more n.
differe Thi
 s 2. Fea
cat r-
ego dri
ry ven
inc agg
res
lud
sio
es
n.
do Thi
mi s
nan inc
ce lud
agg es
re ma
s ter
sio nal
n agg
and res
terr sio
n
itor
to
ial
pr
agg o
res tect
sio yo
n. un
g.
A 1
n 4
3. Pa by
in- tes
based to
aggre s
ssion. ter
4. Int on
er e
ma lev
le els
ag .
gr 5. Irr
ess ita
io bl
n. e
Int or
er str
ma es
le s-
ag in
gr du
ess ce
io d
n ag
is gr
inf es
lue sio
nc n.
ed Th
is ac
in ks
cl an
ud ot
es he
re r
di cat
re or
ct pe
ed rso
ag n
gr ins
es ide
si the
on ho
, us
su e
ch ins
as tea
wh d.
en 6. Mi
a xe
cat d
get ag
s gr
agi es
tat sio
ed n.
by Fo
the r
sig ins
ht ta
of nc
an e,
ot fe
he ar
r co
cat m
ou bi
tsi ne
de d
bu wi
t th
ca as
n't ser
ge tiv
t e
to ag
it gr
an ess
d io
so n.
att 7. Pa
tholo protec
gical t his
aggre territo
ssion. ry
from
intrud
Ass ers.
ertiv Asser
e tive
Agg aggre
ress ssion
ion is
proba
Asser bly
tive conne
aggre cted
ssion to the
includ neuro
es trans
both mitter
domi seroto
nance nin in
aggre a
ssion fairly
—one straig
ani- htfor
mal ward
attack way;
ing the
anoth lower
er to the
assert seroto
or nin,
maint the
ain more
his aggre
domi ssive
nance the
in the anima
hierar l.
chy— Antid
and epress
territ ants
orial like
aggre Proza
ssion, c that
whic increa
h is se
when seroto
an nin
anim levels
al can
attack reduc
s to e
domi l has
nance the
aggre highe
ssion st
in a levels
pet. of
Un seroto
fortu nin
natel and
y, the the
conne lowes
ction t
betwe levels
en of
serot overal
onin, l
assert aggre
ive ssion.
10
aggre The
ssion, lowes
and t-
actual ranki
social ng
domi anima
nance ls
or show
alpha the
ranki most
ng rando
withi m,
n the impul
group sive
still aggre
has to ssion,
be while
sorte the
d out. leader
There s are
is calm
stron and
g collec
evide ted
nce and
from get
coloni aggre
es of ssive
vervet only
monk when
eys they
that have
the to
domi defen
nant d the
anima group
. remai
We ning
know males
this in the
from colon
Mich y, and
ael a
Ralei medic
gh's ation
famo that
us lower
study ed
of seroto
twelv nin
e levels
verve to the
t other.
monk That
ey gave
colon them
ies. twelv
He e
and subor
his dinate
team males
remo in
ved twelv
the e
domi differ
nant ent
monk troops
ey, who
alway now
s a had
male, highe
from r
all levels
twelv of
e seroto
coloni nin
es, than
then they
gave did
a befor
medic e, and
ation twelv
that e
raised subor
seroto dinate
nin males
levels who
to one now
of the had
two lower
levels Ev
. ery
singl
e one
of
the
subor
dinat
e
monk
eys
whos
e
serot
onin
level
s had
been
raise
d
beca
me
the
domi
nant
monk
ey of
the
pair.
Then,
when
they
rever
sed
the
medi
catio
ns,
raisin
g the
serot
onin
levels
of the
monk
eys
who
had
previ
ously
had
their
levels
artific
ially g
lower about
ed, the
those same
monk thing
eys Mich
beca ael
me Ralei
domi gh
nant. was
Th study
e ing in
reaso verve
n this t
whol monk
e eys.
area So
is so for
confu the
sing time
is being
that we
we're have
talkin to
g make
about do
two with
comp the
letely stan-
differ dard
ent defini
fields tion
of of
resea assert
rch. ive
We aggre
don't ssion
know I'm
whet using
her here.
the
peopl
e Fea
who r-
study Driv
domi en
nanc Agg
e ress
aggre
ion
ssion
in Fear-
dogs drive
are n
talkin aggre
ssion er is
cause simpl
s so e.
much Rage
viole is
nce about
and survi
destr val,
uctio at the
n in most
the basic
anim brute
al level.
and Rage
huma is the
n emoti
worl on
ds that
that drive
I've s the
often lion
asked being
myse gored
lf, to
What death
is by
rage the
for? buffal
Wh o to
y fight
do back;
we rage
hav drives
e a
rag zebra
e being
cir caugh
cui t by a
ts lion
at to
all make
? one
Wh last-
en ditch
you effort
look to
at escap
anima e. I
ls once
living saw a
in the video
wild, tape
the of a
answ dome
stic anim
beef als,
cow fear
kicki cuts
ng two
the ways.
living Fear
dayli can
ghts inhibi
out of t an
an anim
attack al or
ing a
lion. perso
It was n
some from
of the attack
harde ing,
st and
kicki very
ng I often
have does.
ever Amo
seen. ng
Rage huma
is the ns,
ultim the
ate most
defen vicio
se all us
anima murd
ls erers
draw are
upon peopl
when e
their who
lives have
are in abnor
morta mally
l low
dange fear.
r. Fear
W prote
hen it cts
come you
s to when
huma you'r
n e
safet under
y in attack
the , and
prese keeps
nce you
of from
beco wher
ming e we
an get
attac the
ker sayin
your- g
self. about
Bu not
t fear getti
can ng
also some
caus one's
e a "back
terrifi up
ed again
anim st a
al to wall."
attac An
k, anim
wher al
e a with
less- his
fearf back
ul up
anim again
al st a
woul wall
dn't. is in
A fear
corne for
red its
anim life
al and
can will
be feel
extre he
mely has
aggre no
s- choic
sive; e but
that's to
attac
146 k.
Animals the most
in hotheaded,
Translati nervous
on
cow in the
On herd is the
average, one who is
prey most
species protective
animals of her calf.
like Any
horses mother,
and cattle nervous or
calm, This
will fight brings me to
to the
protect fundamenta
her baby. l question
That's you have to
why on ask yourself
farms the any time
human you're
parents trying to
always solve a
warn problem
their with
children aggression:
to stay is the
away aggression
from coming
mama from fear
animals. or
But the dominance
fact that ? That's
it's important,
always because
the most punishment
nervous, will make a
fearful fearful
mother animal
who worse,
shows whereas
the most punishment
maternal may be
aggres- necessary to
sion curb
makes assertive
me think aggression.
that
maternal
aggressio Pain-
n is Based
driven by Aggressi
fear, even on
when the This one is
animal is simple and
calm by is something
nature. all humans
When have
mother experienced
animals themselves.
think Pain makes
their you mad. A
babies person in
are in pain will
danger, become irri-
they feel table and
start Animal 147
snapping Aggression
at the
people Intermal
around e
him, but Aggressi
an animal on
can Intermale
easily aggression
become is linked to
aggressiv
testosterone
e. Vets
levels,
have to
which is
watch out
why
for pain-
castrating a
based
male dog
aggressio
can stop his
n with
fighting
any
other male
animal
dogs. How-
who is
suffering. ever,
A dog castration
who has doesn't fix
been hit dominance
by a car aggression
may lash in a dog,
out and which leads
bite its Dr.
owner Panksepp to
due to believe that
pain. An intermale
animal aggression
who has may
arthritis actually be
or some a third form
other of primary
painful aggression
condition separate
may and distinct
become from either
aggressiv predatory
e when aggression
the or affective
painful aggression.
limb or Time will
joint is tell.
manipula
ted.
Irritable
or
Stress-
Induced
Aggressi
on more than
Animals one
who live motivator
in highly for
stressful aggression
condition pretty often.
s are In
more particular,
prone to we know
aggressio that fear-
n than based
animals aggression
living in and
reasonabl assertive
y calm aggression
condition often co-
s. I heard occur in
about an dogs. Dr.
awful Panksepp
case of thinks this
stress- probably
induced happens
aggressio with
n where a maternal
Border aggression
collie ate in some
all her cases, where
puppies. the mother
Borders attacks out
are a of fear and
nervous, out of
high- territorial
strung aggression.
breed, He also
and this thinks that
particula if intermale
r collie aggression
ate her does prove
puppies to be a
after she distinct form
had been of
taken on aggression,
a long separate
car trip from the
and rage circuits
brought in the brain,
to a new it probably
house. doesn't
Her occur in its
stress "pure" form
levels very often.
were Two males
already may go into
very high a fight
eagerly,
like two
boxers
ready for
the
champio
nship
match,
but rage
probably
kicks in
as one or
1 A 1
4 4
both epile
male psy
s or
start head
to injur
feel y can
frigh prod
tened uce
, path
frustr o-
ated, logic
or in al
pain. aggr
Then essio
you n in
have an
inter anim
male al.
aggr This
essio is
n
true
ming
in
led
peop
with
le,
pote
too.
ntiall
For
y
insta
three
nce,
diffe
we
rent
kno
kinds
w
of
that
affec
a lot
tive
of
aggre
ssion priso
. ners
who
have
Pat com
hol mitte
ogi d
cal vio-
Ag lent
crim
gre
es
ssi have
on had
Medi head
cal injuri
cond es at
ition some
s like point
in have
their kille
lives. d or
injur
ed
GE groo
NET ms,
IC and
TE cattle
breed
ND
ers
EN have
CIE obser
S ved
TO that
certai
AG n
GR genet
ESS ic
ION lines
of
Som
bulls
e
are
anim
more
als
aggre
are
ssive
genet
than
ically
other
dispo
s.
sed
I've
to
alrea
highe
dy
r
ment
level
ione
s of
d the
aggre
beha
ssion
viora
than
l
other
probl
s no
ems
matt
that
er
crop
what
up
the
with
circu
singl
msta
e-
nces.
trait
Ther
bree
e are
ding.
bloo
The
dline
rapis
s of
t
rare
roost
horse
ers
s that
are espec
the ially
most thorn
dram y
atic issue
case, with
but dogs.
many Most
pigs peop
have le
beco don't
me want
more to
innat belie
ely ve
aggre that
ssive, there
too. are
A some
study bree
at ds,
Purd like
ue pit
Univ bulls
ersit and
y Rott
show weil
ed ers,
that that
pigs are
bred more
to be aggr
lean essiv
got e by
into natur
more e.
fight (Pit
s bulls
than aren'
pigs t an
from estab
a lishe
fatter d
genet AKC
ic bree
line. d.)
Th Usua
e lly
genet these
ics of folks
aggr have
essio kno
n is wn
an or
owne true
d that
indiv stati
idual stics
Rotti on
es or dog
pits bites
who aren'
were t
swee hard
t and and
good fast.
- Th
natur ere
ed, are
so lots
they of
concl probl
ude ems
that with
when dog
a bite
Rott repor
weile ts.
r or a For
pit one
bull thing
show ,
s there
aggr are a
essio few
n the diffe
probl rent
em is kinds
the of
owne dogs
r not that
the are
dog. calle
But d pit
the bulls
sta- ,
tistic inclu
s ding
don't some
supp pure
ort breds
this like
inter the
preta Ame
tion, rican
altho Staff
ugh ords
it's hire
terrie ter
r and their
some dogs
mixe with
d- the
bree AKC
d , so
dogs it's
. impo
Anot ssibl
her e to
prob kno
lem: w
large exac
dogs tly
do how
more man
dama y
ge pure
when bred
they Rott
bite weil
peop ers
le, so there
they' are
re in
prob the
ably coun
overr try
ep- and
resen com-
ted pare
in that
the figur
statis e to
tics. the
Also, num
lots ber
of of
pure repo
bred rted
owne dog
rs bites
fail com
to mitte
regis d by
- Rott
weil
ers.
Be
caus
e dog
popu
latio
n . On
data aver
is age
impr Rott
ecise weil
, no ers
one and
can pit
nail bulls
dow are
n ex- so
actly muc
what h
each more
bree aggr
d's essiv
"agg e
ressi than
on other
quoti bree
ent" ds
is that
com it's
pare extre
d to mely
other unlik
bree ely
ds. bad
Still, owne
you rs
can alone
get coul
an d
over acco
all unt
pictu for
re of the
whic high
h er
bree rate
ds of
are bitin
most g.
dang And
erou if
s by you'r
looki e
ng at looki
medi ng
cal only
repor at
ts of anec
dog dotal
bites evi-
denc oked,
e, will
there bite
are hard
plent and
y of hang
cases on,
of maki
nice, ng
comp them
etent as
owne pote
rs ntiall
with y
vicio dang
us erou
Rott s as
weile a
rs or hand
pit gun
bulls. with
Aggr out a
essio safet
n y
isn't lock.
alwa ...
ys they
the can
owne beco
r's me
fault. quite
Writ- civili
ing zed,
abou devel
t pit opin
bulls, g
Nick into
Dod loyal
man and
says, enter
"Ori taini
ginal ng
ly com
bred pani
for ons.
aggr But
essio the
n and pote
tenac ntial
ity, for
pit troub
bulls, le is
if alwa
prov ys
lurki d of
ng dog
som has
e- its
wher freak
e, as bloo
a dline
resul s
t of that
their prod
gene uce
s and dogs
bree who
ding. are
"11 muc
T h
he more
Mon likel
ks of y to
New be
Sket aggr
e, essiv
the e.12
famo Som
us e
train peop
ers le
of have
Ger alwa
man ys
she bred
p- dogs
herd with
s in enha
upst nced
ate aggr
New essiv
York e
who beha
wrot vior
e to
The serv
Art e as
of guar
Rais d or
ing polic
a e
Pup dogs
py, ;
say there
that are
ever also
y drug
bree deale
rs ioned
and earlie
other r,
unsa Rott
vory weile
types rs
who and
have pit
delib bulls
erate are
ly the
bred worst
very offen
aggr ders
essiv now.1
3
e But
dogs befor
eithe e
r for Rott
pro- weile
tecti rs
on or and
beca pit
use bulls
they' got
re so
part popu
of lar
the the
illeg most
al dang
dog erous
fight bree
scen d
e. was
Thes the
e Ger
dogs man
are shep
like herd,
a and
gun Cho
with w
a Cho
hair ws
trigg show
er up in
and dog
no bite
safet studi
y. es as
As havin
I g a
ment much
high male
er s are
rate 2.6
of time
bitin s
g per more
dog likel
than y to
other bite
bree peop
ds. le
T than
he neut
same ered
stud male
y s.
also Fi
foun nal
d ly,
that the
male re
dogs are
are so
6.2 me
time ani
s ma
more ls,
likel inc
y to lu
bite di
peop ng
le so
than me
are do
fema gs,
le wh
dogs o
, and are
intac jus
t t
A 1
plain ers.
trou It's
ble. them
It's .
not They
their 're
bree born
d that
and way,
it's and
not they
their are
own bad,
 dang you'r
erous e
dogs. choo
If sing
you'r a pet.
e Serio
tryin us
g to dog
buy bites
or are
adopt so
a dog rare
with that
the from
absol 1979
ute to
least 1994
genet only
ic .3
procl perce
ivity nt of
to the
aggre U.S.
ssion, popu
your lation
best got
bet is bitten
proba badly
bly a enou
femal gh to
e, seek
mixe medi
d- cal
breed care.
adult. Whe
How n you
ever, consi
it's der
really the
not fact
neces that
sary just
to be about
hyper every
- one
vigila in
nt Amer
about ica
the who
genet isn't
ics of liv-
dog ing
bites in a
when priso
n or a anim
nursi als
ng often
home think
has of
fairly anim
regul als
ar as
expo bein
sure g
to aggr
dogs, essiv
that's e but
a not
very viole
small nt.
numb Only
er. hum
You'r ans,
e they'
better ll tell
off you,
thinki com
ng mit
about rape
how s,
a par- mur-
ticula ders,
r or
breed wage
of wars.
dog, B
or a ut
mixe that
d- turns
breed out
dog, not
will to be
fit true.
into Som
your e
life. chim
panz
ees
ANI actua
MAL lly
VIO fight
LEN what
Jaak
CE
Pank
Peop sepp
le calls
who mini-
love wars
. This all
is has
organ talke
ized, d
viole abou
nt t
beha how
vior. upset
Two she
grou was
ps of to
male find
s out
from that
rival her
troop belo
s will ved
meet chim
at the ps
bord coul
er d do
betw some
een thing
their so
territ awfu
ories l.
and War
fight. is not
So uniq
many ue to
chim huma
panz n
ees anim
die in als.
these I'v
mini- e
wars heard
that man
in a y
lot of storie
place s of
s the viole
ratio nt
of beha
adult vior
femal in
es to farm
male anim
s is als.
two A
to wom
one. an I
Jane met
Good told
me and
abou she
t an put
expe him
nsive out
ram with
she her
boug twen
ht ty
from ewes
a . The
small ewes
hobb had
y alrea
farm dy
(that' been
s a bred
farm and
whos were
e in
owne the
r early
raise stage
s s of
farm preg
anim nanc
als as y so
a they
pasti didn'
me, t
not a com
full- e
time into
busin estru
ess). s.
The The
ram ram
was smas
perfe hed
ctly their
tame sides
and in
gentl and
e kille
arou d
nd them
peop all.
le, so M
she any
thou anim
ght als
he can
was be
fine, horri
ficall insta
y nce,
viole aren't
nt for the
no benig
reaso n,
n, it perpe
seem tuall
s, y
other smili
than ng
the sea
sheer creat
desir ures
e to they
kill look
and like
may to us.
be Inste
even ad,
to dolph
tortu ins
re. It are
took big-
man brain
y, ed
man anim
y als
year who
s for com-
peop mit
le to gang
final rape,
ly bruta
reali l
ze killin
that gs of
dolp dolp
hins, hin
for "chil
dren,
" and
the
mass
murd
er of
porp
oises.
In
her
book
To
Touc
h a
Wild in
Dolp gang
hin, s and
Rach huma
el n
Smol gang
ker s
write creep
s that y.
male Th
dolph ere
ins was
stick evide
toget nce
her in that
gang dolph
s and ins
will were
chase killin
a g
femal babie
e s and
down por-
and poise
forci s for
bly years,
mate but
her. resear
Fema chers
le just
dolph didn't
ins see it.
don't They
form kept
grou thinki
ps ng
the that
way the
male porpo
dolph ises
ins must
do.14 have
Read been
ing killed
the by
book boats
I or
foun fishin
d the g
simil nets.
arity Finall
betw y
een some
dolph one
pulle ized
d a it was
porpo the
ise dolph
who ins
had who
just were
been doing
killed the
out of killin
the g, his
sea reacti
and on
found was,
tooth "Oh
mark my
s on God,
its the
side anim
that als
perfe I've
ctly been
matc study
hed ing
the for
teeth the
of a last
dolph ten
in. years
Ben are
Wilso killin
n, a g
dolph these
in porpo
exper ises."1
5
t at
the An
Univ imal
ersity exper
of ts
Aber alway
deen s
in mana
Scotl ge to
and, make
told infant
the icide
New seem
York not so
Time bad.
s that The
when stand
he ard
real- expla
natio is for
n is an
that adult
adult male
males to kill
have a
evolv baby
ed to of his
kill own
babie speci
s in es or
order even
to his
bring own
the group
moth . Is
er anim
into al
estrus infant
so icide
she really
can what
have natur
their e
babie inten
s. ded?
That Or is
could it, at
be least
true, some
but of the
when time,
you an
put aberr
infant ation
icide of
toget what
her natur
with e
other inten
anima ded?
l A
viole video
nce tape
you about
may the
start preda
to tory
wond beha
er just vior
how of
evolu killer
tiona whal
ry it es
made had
me even
see figur
anim ed
al out
aggre how
ssion to kill
differ peng
ently. uins,
The bite a
differ hole
ent in
pods one
had end
each of the
devel bird,
oped and
a then
differ squee
ent ze on
killin the
g other
speci end
alty. until
Some the
pods insid
killed es
tunas came
they out of
stole the
from feath
fishin er
g "wra
lines; pper"
some so
killed they
seals; could
some eat
didn't them.
do a It
lot of was
active like
killin squee
g. zing
They tooth
just paste
swall out
owed of a
the tooth
fish paste
whol tube.
e. B
One ut
pod one
pod separ
had ating
beco a
me baby
killer whal
s for e calf
sport. of
The anot
came her
rama whal
n e
filme speci
d the es
pod from
A 1
its the
moth baby.
ers Then
and they
killin ate
g it. the
They tongu
crash e and
ed nothi
their ng
bodie else.
s on It
top was
of it horri
over ble.
and Th
over e
again repor
, t
pushi didn't
ng it say
unde whet
rwate her
r the
repea adult
tedly s
until were
finall males
y it , but
drow I
ned. expec
It t they
took were.
them We
six or do
seven know
hours that
to most
kill of
the grou
viole ps.
nce That
seen make
in s me
killer think
whal that
es is the
done kind
by of
adole killin
scent g
males those
, just whal
as it es
is in were
huma doing
ns. isn't
Socio evolu
lo- tionar
gists y.
have Mayb
found e it's
that a
boys negat
and ive
youn side
g effect
men of
betw imma
een ture
the brain
ages devel
of opme
fif- nt.
teen Wi
and th
twent dolph
y- ins,
four resea
are rcher
most s
likely have
to be prett
enga y
ged much
in reach
viole ed
nce the
comp concl
ared usion
to that
other much
age of
the they
killin don't.
g Porp
they oises
do eat
serve differ
s no ent
evolu food
tiona than
ry dolph
pur- ins
pose. do.
Dolp Killi
hins ng a
will porpo
slaug ise
hter doesn
hund 't
reds incre
of ase a
porp dolph
oises in's
at a chanc
time. es of
The survi
only ving
imagi and
nable repr
evolu o-
tiona ducin
ry g in
reaso any
n for way.
this The
woul only
d be concl
if usion
porp is
oises that
comp dolph
ete ins
with kill
dolph por-
ins poise
for s
the beca
same use
scarc they
e want
resou to.
rces, I
like don't
food. know
But why
anim pay a
al price
viole for
nce havin
happ g a
ens, comp
but lex
when brain.
I For
read one
throu thing,
gh in a
the comp
resea lex
rch brain
litera there
ture may
I'm be
struc more
k by oppor
the tuniti
fact es for
that wirin
the g
anim mista
als kes
with that
the will
most lead
comp to
lex vicio
brain us
s are beha
also vior.
the Anot
ones her
who possi
enga bility
ge in is
some that
of the since
nastie a
st more
beha comp
vior. lex
I brain
suspe provi
ct des
peopl great
e and er
anim flexib
als ility
proba of
bly beha
vior, WH
anim
Y
als
with
DOG
comp S
lex DON
brain 'T
s BITE
beco
me
PEO
free PLE
to All
devel anim
op als
new have
beha ways
viors of
that mana
will ging
be their
good, aggre
bad, ssion.
or in This
betw is
een. one
Hum place
an wher
being e
s are evol
capab ution
le of has
great to
love come
and in: it
sacrif migh
ice, t be
but good
they for
are an
also indiv
capab idual
le of
profo
und
cruelt
y.
Mayb
e
anim
als
are,
too.
anim n
al to guar
murd d
er his again
rival, st
but it exces
woul sive
dn't killin
be g
good calle
for d
bite
the
inhib
speci
ition.
es if
A
it
typic
was
al
norm
dog
al for
learn
anim s bite
als to inhib
fight ition
each throu
other gh
to pupp
the y
death play.
. Few Dr.
adult Mich
anim ael
als Fox
apart of
from the
huma Hum
ns ane
ever Soci
attac ety
k of
each the
other Unit
so ed
viole State
s has
ntly
foun
that
d
one
that
of
prey
them
killin
dies.
g and
Do
head-
gs
shaki
have
ng
an
move
inbor
ment
s bite
first down
occur , and
in shak
four- e his
to- head
five- viole
week ntly,
-old just
pupp like
ies he'd
durin do in
g a
play, killin
and g
if bite.
you But
watc the
h minu
two te
pupp the
ies other
playi pupp
ng y
it's gives
incre the
dibly tinies
viole t
nt. sque
They ak
'll the
snap bitin
and g
snarl pupp
and y lets
lung go.
e at That'
each s
other how
's they
throa train
ts— each
I've other
seen that
one it's
pupp okay
y to
grab bite
anot "this
her hard
pupp but
y's no
throa hard
t, er."
Ther ble
e are level
prob of
ably aggre
mech ssion
anis .
ms to Whe
inhib n one
it pupp
bitin y is
g in gettin
all g too
preda roug
tors, h, the
beca other
use pupp
ani- y
mals will
who sudd
are enly
arme stop
d dead
with in its
teeth track
need s and
to be stand
able stock
to -still
stop facin
bitin g the
g roug
befor h
e one.
they That
rip alwa
each ys
other stops
apart the
. other
D pupp
ogs y,
have too.
anot It's
her like a
meth time-
od of out.
teach You'l
ing l see
each it a
other lot if
what' you
s an watc
ac- h a
cepta youn
ger, to
much each
small other
er 's
pupp relati
y ve
roug size
hhou and
sing age.
with The
an small
older er
, pupp
bigg y
er will
pupp get
y. lots
They roug
're her,
both and
pup- the
pies, large
and r
they' pupp
re y
both will
youn get
g, gentl
but er.
one O
pupp wner
y is s
getti who
ng play
the roug
wors h
t of it with
thank their
s to dogs
size are
and relyi
age. ng on
It's their
amaz dog's
ing bite
how inhib
fast ition
the to
two keep
pupp from
ies getti
will ng
ad- maul
just ed.
Train enly
ers bite
say each
that's other
not a for
smart real.
thing Still,
to do, even
beca thou
use gh
happ all
y train
play ers
can tell
escal owne
ate to rs
angry not
play to
if play
they roug
get h
too with
arous their
ed. dogs,
That' owne
s one rs
of almo
the st
probl never
ems listen
with , and
havi I
ng a have
multi n't
ple- read
dog about
hous peopl
ehold e
; the getti
fun ng
can maul
turn ed by
viole their
nt pets
and in the
two midd
playi le of
ng roug
dogs hhou
can se
sudd play.
A 1
Ro ouse
ughh play
is and it
norm made
al her
betw yelp.
een He
dog was
frien grabb
ds, ing
and her
it's loose
prob skin
ably too
norm hard,
al and
betw she
een finall
peopl y
e and grow
their led at
dogs, him.
too. I That'
have s
seen wron
peopl g.
e I
play want
too to lay
roug to rest
hly one
with stand
their ard
dogs, piece
thou of
gh. I dog
saw traine
an r
owne advic
r one e.
time Playi
play ng
so tug-
roug of-
hly war is
with proba
his bly
dog not as
that bad
it as
stopp peopl
ed e
being think.
play Most
to the traine
dog, rs
will be
tell more
you subm
that issive
playi .
ng Ho
tug- wever
of- , a
war study
with of
your fourte
dog en
enco golde
urage n
s him retrie
to vers
think in
he's Great
your Britai
equal n a
, coupl
whic e of
h is years
bad. ago
Other found
traine that
rs neith
take a er of
slight these
ly thing
differ s was
ent true;
view, at
which least
is that neithe
if you r was
let true
your with
dog the
win a fourte
game en
of golde
tug- n
of- retrie
war vers
he'll the
be exper
less i-
obedi mente
ent, rs
but if tested
you . The
win resear
he'll chers
had of-
peopl war
e with
either huma
win ns!
or And
lose a none
series of the
of dogs
tug- sud-
of- denly
war got
game more
s with domi
the nant.
retrie The
vers, winne
and r dogs
then didn't
watch displa
ed y any
how domi-
the nance
dogs behav
beha iors
ved. like
The raisin
losers g
were their
more tails
obedi up
ent high
after or
playi trying
ng to
the stand
game over
—but the
so perso
were n
the they'd
winn beate
ers. n.16
All One
the study
dogs doesn
were 't
more prove
obedi anyth
ent ing,
after but I
playi think
ng it's
tug- proba
bly all the
both time
safe any
and more
fun to than a
play perso
tug- n
of- does.
war
with
your THE
dog, BOA
and it R
might POLI
even
CE
be
good Pigs
for have
him. a
Just mech
reme anis
mber m for
one mana
thing: ging
the their
study own
aggre
also
ssion
found
that I
that
call
the
the
dogs
boar
who
polic
lost
e.
every
Pigs
time
can
were be
a lot really
less vicio
intere us.
sted Any
in child
playi raised
ng on a
any farm
more gets
tug- warn
of- ed
war. repea
Appa tedly
rently to
a dog stay
doesn away
't like from
losing the
mam ually
a pigs they'l
espec l
ially. work
That' up to
s chew
good ing
advic hard
e, er
becau and
se hard
pigs
er
don't
until
have
I say
a bite
"Ouc
inhibi
tion h!"
mech They
a- don't
nism take
that I a
can socia
see, l cue
possi like
bly that,
becau eithe
se r. If
pigs the
are che
more wing
chew starts
ers to
than hurt
biters I
. have
Whe to
n I reall
visit a y get
pen
on
of
them
pigs
to
they'l
mak
l start
e
nibbli
ng on them
my stop.
boots W
; then hen
grad- pigs
do
bite,
it's
bad.
Fortu
natel
y, ogist
the in
prese Sout
nce h
of a Afric
matu a,
re has
domi obser
nant ved
male aggre
in ssive
the beha
grou vior
p in
will youn
inhib g but
it fully
fighti matu
ng, re
some bull
thing eleph
that's ants
prob bein
ably g
true kept
of unde
man r
y contr
other ol by
speci older
es, dom
too, inant
altho male
ugh s.17
it I
isn't did
well an
resea expe
rche rime
d. nt at
We a pig
do farm
kno in
w it's Colo
true rado
of to
eleph deter
ants. mine
Mari whet
an her
Gara placi
i, a ng
zool- matu
re knew
boars this
in a from
grou earlie
p of r
juven resea
ile rch
pigs by
woul John
d McG
reduc lone
e at
fighti Texa
ng. s
Pigs Tech
can Univ
be ersity
nasty .18 He
fighte foun
rs d that
and just
when spray
stran ing
ge the
pigs scent
are of a
mixe matu
d in re
toget boar
her reduc
they ed
will fighti
often ng,
injur so I
e want
each ed to
other see
as what
they woul
fight d
to happ
deter en if
mine you
the actua
new lly
domi put a
nanc live
e boar
hiera in
rchy. there
I with
alrea them.
dy H
avin over
g the towa
matu rd
re them
boar .
prese That'
nt in s all
the he
pen did,
work just
ed walk
even ed
bette towa
r at rd
contr them
ollin . The
g the only
fight inter
s venti
than on
just was
the his
scent com
. man
With ding
the prese
boar nce
there and
, his
both atten
his tion.
scent W
and hen
his the
beha youn
vior ger
inhib pigs
ited saw
the him
youn comi
ger ng
pigs. they
Whe stopp
n ed
two fighti
pigs ng. It
starte was
d a exact
fight ly
the like a
boar bunc
woul h of
d youn
walk g
hood didn'
lums t
who start
see fighti
the ng,
polic but if
e and he
insta was
ntly over
stop in
what the
they' other
re end
doin of
g. the
The pen
youn they
ger were
pigs more
acted likel
so y to
muc attac
h k.
like
youn
g SO
hum CIA
an LIZI
male NG
s
ANI
they
woul MA
d LS
even TO
look OT
arou HE
nd to
see R
wher ANI
e the MA
boar LS
polic
Any
eman
one
was
who
befor
inter
e
acts
starti
with
ng a
anim
fight.
als
If he
has
was
to
near
kno
by
w
they
how
to Two
man actio
age ns
an are
anim esse
al's ntial:
aggr mak
essiv e
e sure
natur the
e.
A 1
anim most
al is of
prop what
erly anim
socia als
lized do in
to
life
othe
they
r
learn
anim
from
als,
and other
mak ani-
e mals.
sure Adul
the ts
ani- teach
mal their
is youn
prop g
erly wher
socia e to
lized eat,
to what
peop
to
le.
eat,
Y who
ou m to
have socia
to lize
make with,
sure and
anim who
als m to
are have
socia sex
lized with.
to The
other adult
anim s
als, teac
beca h the
use youn
 g Man
ones y
socia peopl
l e
rules mista
and kenly
respe belie
ct for ve
their that
own stalli
kind. ons
If an are
anim aggre
al ssive
does nutca
not ses
learn you
these can't
rules handl
when e, but
he's that's
youn true
g, only
there beca
may use
be we
man make
y them
probl that
em way.
beha I
viors reme
when mber
he being
grow amaz
s up. ed
O when
ne of I
the walk
worst ed
thing into a
s you holdi
can ng
do to pen
any at a
dome Bure
stic au of
anim Land
al is Mana
to geme
rear nt
it in adopt
isolat ion
ion. cente
r, e
whic who
h visit
conta the
ined BLM
fifty pens
wild find
stalli it
ons. hard
The to
stalli belie
ons ve
were that
comp fifty
letely stalli
peace ons
ful can
and actua
quiet lly
with get
almo along
st no with
fighti one
ng. anoth
Ever er.
y But
year that's
the the
BLM way
gathe well-
rs socia
surpl lized
us anim
wild als of
horse any
s and speci
puts es
them usual
up ly
for be-
adopt have.
ion In
so the
that wild,
the const
horse ant
s fighti
don't ng is
over- not
graze norm
the al.
range O
s, and n the
peopl plain
s, track
subo s
rdina peac
te efull
stalli y
ons alon
live g
toget with
her the
in hare
bach m
elor grou
grou p
ps. until
Ther the
e's day
one whe
domi n the
nant domi
stalli nant
on stalli
who on
has has
all grow
the n
mare weak
s to due
him- to
self, age
like a or
hare illnes
m; s,
the and
rest is
of ready
the to be
stalli repla
ons ced
all by a
band youn
toget ger,
her stron
and ger
live stalli
in on.
anot Only
her then
grou does
p. the
The youn
bach ger
elor stalli
grou on
p chal-
lenge to
him, live
not on
befor their
e. own
St they'
allio d be
ns kille
woul d in
d their
have sleep
to .
get I
alon ment
g ione
with d
one this
anot in
her the
to last
stay chap
alive ter,
. and
Prey I'll
anim say
als it
live agai
in n
grou here:
ps; the
that's mod
how ern
they fanc
survi y
ve. stabl
Wild e is a
hors supe
es in r-
herd max
s priso
take n for
turns stalli
sleep ons.
ing Whe
and n a
keep stal-
ing lion
watc is
h for raise
pred d in
ators solit
. If ary
they confi
had nem
ent W
he hile
neve they'
r re
learn grow
s ing
norm up,
al youn
socia g
l colts
beha learn
vior, that
and there
that's is a
what give-
mak and-
es take
him to
dang socia
erou l
s to inter
other actio
male ns.
s. They
also
learn
exact
ly
how
horse
s
estab
lish
and
main
tain a
domi
nanc
e
hiera
rchy.
All
anim
als
who
live
in
grou
ps—
and
that
inclu
des
most
mam one
mals ever
— know
form s for
domi sure
nanc why
e one
hier- thing
archi evolv
es. ed
It's and
unive anoth
rsal. er
Rese didn't
arche , but
rs in the
assu wild
me domi
that nance
domi hiera
nanc rchie
e s are
hiera usual
r- ly
chies stabl
evolv e
ed to once
keep they'
the ve
peace been
, estab
beca lishe
use d.
when Fight
each ing
anim level
al s
know drop
s his and
place remai
and n low
sticks until
to it a
you new
have anim
less al is
fighti intro
ng duce
over d or
food an
and old
mate domi
s. nant
No anim
al n,
who but
has it's
beco not
me the
weak norm
is .
dethr Dom
oned i-
by a nance
youn hiera
ger, rchie
stron s
ger seem
anim to
al. If mini
the mize
ani- fighti
mals ng.
in a Do
domi mesti
nance c
hierar anim
chy als
are are
too the
evenl same.
y Grow
matc ing
hed up
you with
might other
see a horse
situat s, a
ion youn
wher g colt
e no learns
clear that
winn once
er is a
able stalli
to on
emer has
ge, so achie
the ved a
anim certai
als n
keep positi
fighti on in
ng. the
That' hierar
s not chy
unco he no
mmo longe
r has teams
to go
keep head-
kicki to-
ng or head
biting for
the the
other life
horse of the
s. He athlet
also e or
learns the
that team.
no Subo
one rdinat
challe e
nges horse
the s
domi don't
nant keep
stallio on
n un- chall
less engin
he g the
has a lead
good stalli
chanc on
e of day
winni in
ng. and
Domi day
nance out
hierar until
chies some
amon body
g gets
horse lucky
s are and
not wins.
like They
comp wait
etitiv until
e the
sport lead
s in stalli
huma on is
ns, ready
wher to be
e depos
indivi ed.
dual That'
comp s the
etitor rule.
s or Bu
t a es the
horse fact
isn't that
born isolat
know ion-
ing reare
the d
rules; anim
he als
has have
to be n't
taugh learn
t the ed
rules prope
by r
other socia
horse l
s. A etiqu
stalli ette.
on Hors
locke es
d up are
in socia
solita l
ry anim
confi als,
neme and
nt in it's
a possi
fancy ble
show that a
barn super
is not -max
norm stalli
al. on
He's beco
espec mes a
ially psyc
likely ho
to fight
show er
abnor from
mal emoti
aggre onal
ssion. dama
There ge
may due
be to
anoth too
er much
reaso time
n for spent
this, alone
besid . He
might that
have no
more stalli
easily on
activ can
ated get
rage along
and with
fear anoth
circui er
ts in male
the seem
brain. ed
W true,
hen I beca
was use
in when
high my
scho high
ol scho
the ol
myth
A 1
5
broug horse
ht a s
fine were
big in a
stallio large
n field
name wher
d e
Rusty there
to the was
stable plent
, all
y of
hell
room
broke
to
loose.
move
Up to
that away
point from
they'd each
had other,
only but
mares Rusty
and woul
geldi d
ngs, charg
who e
all wildl
got y and
along bite
. and
Th kick
ese at the
other mally
horse aggre
s. ssive.
Soon Ra
it ising
beca youn
me g
obvio stud
us colts
that in a
Rusty pastu
could re
not full
get of
along older
with geldi
the ngs
others will
, so teach
he them
was some
banis mann
hed ers
to and
solita creat
ry e a
confi good
neme stalli
nt in on
a pen that
betwe you
en the can
horse ride
barn like a
and norm
the al
dairy horse.
barn. Peopl
Rusty e
had with
not fancy
been horse
raised s are
in a actual
social ly
group abus-
when ing
he them
was a with
colt, too
and much
he care.
was Youn
abnor g
horse assis-
s tant,
need Mark
to get , lives
out on
and the
have place
a and
chanc graze
e to s his
be horse
horse s
s. there.
It's After
not the
just sale
stallio close
ns d, I
who disco
can vered
beco that
me the
aggre big
ssive fat
if black
they'r geldi
e ng
raised that
alone. was
A few being
years board
ago, I ed at
boug my
ht a place
piece had
of lived
prope alone
rty on in my
the pastur
west e for
side his
of entire
Fort life.
Colli Black
ns ie
that was
has a seven
thirty- or
acre eight
horse years
pastur old,
e. fully
Toda matur
y my e, and
very a
gentle horse
with into a
peopl corne
e. He r and
really kick
liked it
to be repeat
pette edly
d, with
and I both
want back
ed to feet. I
keep think
Black that
ie as a since
board Black
er. ie had
Bu never
t learn
there ed
was any
one social
major skills
probl he
em. had
Black never
ie learn
was ed
antiso that
cial once
and he
he had
tried achie
to kill ved
every domi
horse nance
that he no
was longe
put in r had
with to
him, keep
male fighti
or ng.
femal Af
e. On ter
the Mark
thirty move
-acre d
pastu into
re he the
woul farm
d hous
back e and
brou ed
ght rearin
his g. At
own the
horse Color
s with ado
him, I State
learne Univ
d that ersity
Black Veter
ie inary
was Hosp
now ital
attack there
ing have
Mark' been
s sever
horse al
s. "cat
There explo
was sions
no "
way wher
we e the
could staff
conti was
nue to sever
board ely
him, bit-
so
Mark
called
the
owne
r to
come
and
take
Black
ie
away.
Ev
en
cats
are
devel
oping
probl
ems I
think
are
due
to
isolat
ten. who
I've does
actual my
ly Web
seen page,
that got a
writte severe
n on ly
the infect
charts ed
: hand
"Assis from
tant one of
was these
car- "fear
rying kitties
cat ." She
down had
hall adopt
when ed a
cat friend
explo ly shy
ded." cat
This and
may one
be day
due to when
the it saw
cat a dog
leadin it
g a instan
too tly
shelte turned
red into
life so super-
kitty fuzz-
is ball
seeing Hallo
her ween
first cat
dog and
there bit
at the her
veteri wrist
nary to the
clinic bone.
and That
she cat
goes neede
ballist d to
ic. see
Juli some
e, the dogs
lady at an
early take
age so him to
she the
could vet?
get Pet
used own-
to ers
them. need
But to
today social
fewer ize
and new
fewer kitten
house s and
cats new
are puppi
learni es to
ng other
about anima
dogs. ls not
Some long
anima after
l they
shelte bring
rs them
even home.
make If
adopti they
ve reach
owner adulth
s ood
promi with-
se out
never being
to let expos
their ed to
cats other
out of anima
the ls, it's
house. proba
That bly
might too
keep late.
the cat I
from think
gettin dogs
g run may
over, be
but startin
what g to
happe have
ns aggre
when ssion
you proble
ms se
due to stray
overly dogs
isolate runni
d ng
rearin loose
g, too. can be
All of dange
the rous,
leash especi
laws ally if
towns a
have group
passe of
d may stray
be dogs
havin starts
g thinki
some ng of
advers itself
e as a
effect pack.
s on Sever
dog al
sociali dogs
zation togeth
, er are
becau more
se dange
unless rous
the than
owner one
makes dog
an on its
effort, own,
many becau
dogs se
do not pack
get menta
prope lity
rly can
social set in.
ized But
to leash
other laws
dogs, have
or to proba
other bly
peopl had a
e. We cost.
need Wh
these en I
laws, was a
becau child
all the y
dogs rolled
ran over
loose in
in the submi
neigh ssion.
borho I
od never
and saw
there Light
were ning
very bite
few him.
dog All
fights the
(and neigh
almos borho
t no od
dog dogs
bites were
to social
huma ized
ns) as to one
a anoth
result. er,
Our and
golde they
n knew
retriev their
er place
Lanni in the
e was hierar
subor chy.
dinate Th
to e
Light breed
ning, s
who were
lived Labra
next dor,
door. golde
Lanni n
e retrie
knew ver,
his Germ
place, an
and sheph
when erd,
Light and
ning mong
came rel.
near No
he pit
calml bulls
or get
Rottw enoug
eilers. h
The exerci
scarie se
st dog and
in the he
neigh was
borho absol
od utely
was a hyper
Weim from
araner being
, who locke
went d up
stir- all
crazy day
in his alone
owner in the
's house
house .
. Anyti
Butch me
did you
not
A 1
6
rang Butc
the h and
door the
bell polic
Butc e
h depar
flung tmen
hims t's
elf at Ger
the man
wind shep
ow herd
besid polic
e the e dog
front were
door. being
Bu walk
tch ed in
turne the
d out park
to be by
a their
killer owne
of rs.
other Butc
dogs. h
One broke
day away
and social
killed ized
the to
polic other
eman dogs.
's One
dog. of my
This friend
is an s
unfor owns
tunat a
e highl
exam y
ple domi
of nant
what seven
can ty-
happ poun
en d
when male
a dog mutt,
is not and
socia her
lized next-
to door
other neigh
dogs bor
when owns
he is an
youn eight
g. y-
I'm poun
a d
little male
conce golde
rned n re-
that trieve
leash r who
laws is
may also
enco highl
urage y
dog- domi
on- nant.
dog The
aggre two
ssion dogs
even playe
in d
dogs toget
who her
have throu
been ghout
well pupp
yhoo to
d, stitch
and them
were back
close up.
frien Even
ds. wors
But e, the
as owne
soon rs
as had
their to
testos break
teron up
e both
kicke fights
d in at
they high
bega risk
n to to
fight, them
and selve
they s,
conti becau
nued se
to neith
fight er
even dog
after yield
both ed.
dogs Thes
had e are
been two
neute well-
red. social
They' ized,
ve well-
had cared
two -for,
battle norm
s al,
now, healt
both hy
result dogs
ing in who
injuri playe
es d to-
bad gethe
enou r as
gh puppi
that a es
veteri living
naria next
n had door
to versu
each s
other. pure
And breds
now ,
they'r beca
e try- use
ing to the
kill selec
each tion
other. press
That ures
never on
happ mutts
ened shoul
in my d
neigh make
borho them
od bette
when r
I was socia
growi lized
ng to
up. hum
I ans,
shoul not
d to
prob other
ably dogs.
add This
that parti
the cular
fact mutt
that is
the perfe
mutt ctly
is beha
just ved
as with
aggre his
ssive hum
as an
the famil
golde y and
n their
retrie frien
ver ds
does and
n't relati
say ves.
anyth It's
ing other
about dogs
mutts he
has a e,
probl wher
em e
with. anim
Th als
e are
reaso free
n I to
think come
leash and
laws go,
may anim
be als
part almo
of st
the never
probl serio
em is usly
that injur
both e
dogs other
are anim
kept als
insid who
e are
their famil
respe iar to
ctive them
yards . But
at all I've
times foun
. I'm d
guess that
ing dogs
that livin
leash g
laws side
may by
be side
short- in
circui fence
ting d
some yards
core often
princi do
ple of hurt
anim each
al other
beha if
vior they
in the can,
wild. even
In when
natur they'
ve social
know izatio
n n
each won't
other help.
for The
years. dogs
This have
may been
be a prope
case rly
wher social
e ized,
prope but
r their
envir
onme
nt—a
fence
d-in
yard
—is
"impr
oper."

OR
PHA
NS
AND
OT
HER
S
Anim
al
rescu
e
progr
ams
also
have
had
terrib
le
probl
ems
with
aggre
s-
sion,
beca
use
the they
youn grow
g up
anim witho
als ut an
they older
save exper
are ience
usual d
ly male
orpha to
ns. guide
There them,
've their
been beha
horri viors
ble beco
probl me
ems vicio
with us
orpha and
ned bizarr
eleph e.
ants Turni
who ng
did youn
not g
have orpha
the n
oppo male
rtunit eleph
y to ants
grow back
up into
with the
their wild
own has
kind been
and a
learn disast
prope er.
r They
eleph will
ant some
social times
ways. seek
The out
male rhino
s are s and
the either
worst kill
. them
Whe or try
n to
mate , the
with hand-
them. raise
Their d pet
beha bull
vior often
is beco
comp mes
letely the
off- most
the- dang
wall. erous
An . The
anim prob-
al lem
who there
hasn't is
been mista
prope ken
rly identi
social ty. A
ized hand-
to his raise
peers d bull
isn't calf
dang think
erous s he's
only a
to perso
other n
anim instea
als. d of a
He calf.
can Th
be at's
dang fine
erous until
to he
huma beco
ns, mes
too. sexu
In ally
social matu
grazi re at
ng age
anim two,
als and
such inste
as ad of
horse going
s, out
deer, and
and fighti
cattle ng
anoth that
er bull
bull calve
to s not
estab get
lish conf
his used
dom about
i- their
nanc identi
e, he ty.
attac They
ks are
the cattle
perso , not
n peopl
who e.
raise Ra
d ncher
him. s can
Bulls preve
establ nt
ish their
dom cattle
i- from
nanc identi
e by fying
butti with
ng huma
each ns by
other reari
with ng
their calve
heads s
, and with
no their
huma moth
n can ers
survi insid
ve e a
being herd
head- of
butte cattle
d by . A
a study
thous done
and- by Ed
poun Price
d at the
anim Univ
al. ersity
It's of
esse Calif
ntial ornia
indic they
ated grew
that up.19
Here- W
ford hen I
bull visite
calve d
s Austr
raised alia I
by heard
their a
moth tragi
ers c
almos story
t about
never a
attack perso
ed n
peopl who
e, but hand
calve -
s raise
raised d a
alone deer
in fawn
small to
pens adult
often hood
attack . One
ed day
peopl when
e the
when
A 1
owne head-
r bowi
knelt ng
down beha
to vior
photo of
graph anoth
him, er
the bull
deer chall
interp engin
reted g
the him.
man's He
kneel charg
ing ed
down and
postu gored
re as the
the owne
 r to as a
death surpri
with se,
his but
antler huge
s. It's social
so anim
impor als
tant like
to cattle
raise are
calve actua
s with lly
their more
moth dang
ers. erous
When to
a handl
youn e
g bull than
calf big
or solita
buck ry
deer pred
fawn ators
is like
raised tigers
with . A
his bull
own can
speci attac
es k a
he'll perso
direct n to
domi achie
nance ve
attack domi
s nanc
towar e, but
d his a
own tiger
speci won't
es ,
instea beca
d of use a
towar tiger
d does
peopl n't
e. care
Th about
is will domi
proba nanc
bly e;
come con-
stant it's
jostli my
ng opini
inside on
a that
social the
hierar best
chy way
just to
isn't preve
part nt
of a dang
tiger's erous
life. attac
You ks on
have peopl
to be e is
extre to
mely raise
caref highl
ul not y
to social
trigge grazi
r ng
preda anim
tory als
aggre like
ssion cows
in and
any horse
big s
cat, strictl
obvio y
usly, with
but their
that's own
all. kind.
Ever They
y shoul
year d
sever look
al up to
ranch peopl
ers e as a
and bene
dairy volen
men t
are highe
killed r
by powe
cattle r.
chall You
enger don't
s, and want
a will
cow learn
direct that
ing he is
any a
cow bull,
aggre not a
ssion perso
at n. It
huma is
ns. also
To impo
help rtant
preve that
nt the
attac youn
ks g bull
from be
orpha castr
ned ated
male at an
grazi early
ng age.
anim By
als, early,
the I
anim mean
al the
shoul anim
d al
either shoul
be d be
foster castra
ed ted
onto befor
a e he
new has
moth matu
er or red
penn physi
ed cally.
toget (Dog
her s are
with usu-
other ally
youn castra
g ted
male after
s. In they'
both ve
cases reach
the ed
youn physi
g bull cal
matur They
ity.) aren't
Castr raisin
ation g
will bulls.
greatl
y
reduc SOC
e IALIZ
aggre ING
ssion ANI
in
MAL
grazi
ng S TO
anim PEO
als. If PLE:
a bull DOG
calf is
S
castra
ted at Dom
a estic
youn anim
g age als
he have
can to be
be socia
safel lized
to
y
peopl
raise
e,
d in
too.
your
We
back
call
yard.
dogs
That'
man'
s why
s
kids
best
in 4- frien
H d,
and but
FFA one
(Futu and a
re half
Farm milli
ers of on
Amer dogs
ica) get
show put
thous to
ands sleep
of ever
steers y
safely year
every beca
year. use
of A lot
beha of
vior those
probl probl
ems ems
the are
owne dog
rs bites.
can't If you
live are
with. going
to get
a dog,
you
can't
plan
on
preve
nting
dog
bites
by
keepi
ng
your
dog
safely
locke
d up
in
your
house
or
yard,
either,
becau
se
dogs
almos
t
alway
s bite
peopl
e they
know,
usuall
y
peopl
e they
know
well.
Arou
nd
four
and a e less
half fearfu
millio l than
n prey
peopl anima
e get ls.
bitten That
every make
year, s
and them
the poten
Cente tially
rs for dange
Disea rous
se to
Contr peopl
ol e for
report two
that reaso
over ns: a
75 perso
perce n can
nt of accide
the ntally
dogs trigge
in r a
these predat
incide or's
nts killin
belon g bite
g instin
either cts
to the throu
famil gh
y of sudde
the n
perso move
n who ment,
got and a
bitten, preda
or to a tor
friend. anima
20
l is
Pre less
dator afraid
anima of
ls are expre
built ssing
to angry
hunt aggre
and ssion.
kill, Left
and to
they'r their
own es
device shoul
s, d not
dogs own
can them.
beco Only
me a
dange profe
rous ssion
to al can
other live
dogs, safely
to with a
cats, traine
and to d
huma guard
ns, or
and police
you dog.
can Th
easily at fact
train a alone
dog to tells
be you a
hideo lot
usly about
feroci the
ous if differ
that's ence
what betwe
you en
want. pred
Dogs ator
are so anima
aggre ls and
ssive prey
by anima
nature ls.
that You
the could
Monk n't
s of train
New a
Skete horse
say a to be
traine an
d "attac
guard k
dog is horse
like a "
loade even
d gun, if you
and tried,
famili althou
gh a social
horse ize
who dogs
feels to
threa childr
tened en.
can be Most
very of the
dange fatal
rous. dog
You bites
can invol
create ve
an young
"attac childr
k en,
anima becau
l" se
only they'r
out of e low
a to the
predat groun
or d and
anima they
l like run
a dog. aroun
So if d a
you're lot.
going The
to dog
own a mista
dog, kes
you the
need small
to run-
teach ning
him child
that it for
is prey,
unacc and
eptabl attack
e for s. All
a dog predat
to ory
threat anima
en or ls
bite a have
perso to
n. learn
It's which
especi anima
ally ls are
impor prey
tant to and
which year-
are olds
not. A are
dog also
does not
not prey.
know That's
that easy;
your you
two- just
year- have
old is to
not make
prey sure
unless your
you puppy
specifi gets
cally expos
teach ed to
him toddle
this rs
while who
he's don't
still a live
puppy with
. you.
Yo Since
u also a lot
have of
to be toddl
carefu ers
l to love
teach to run
your up to
puppy stran
that ge
other puppi
peopl es
e's and
two- hug
A 1
n 6
them s in
, you park
can s
acco wher
mplis e
h this pare
by nts
takin bring
g their
your child
pupp ren
y for to
walk play,
or in a
neig dog,
hbor- your
hood two-
s year-
with old
lots and
of the
famil neig
ies. hbor'
After s
your two-
pupp year-
y has old
met a are
few two
little diffe
kids rent
on cate
outin gorie
gs, s;
he'll they'
kno re
w appl
that es
small and
child oran
ren ges.
are A
not pupp
prey. y
I does
want n't
to auto
stress mati
that cally
it's gene
essen raliz
tial e
to don't
intro -
duce attac
your k-
dog John
to ny to
other don't
child -
ren attac
in k-
other Joey.
famil
ies,
beca KE
use to EPI
NG anim
THE al,
too.
PE Dogs
ACE have
This an
bring alpha
s up male
the who
quest is
ion domi
of nant
domi over
nanc the
e. All other
anim s, as
als well
who as a
live beta
in male
grou who
ps— is
and seco
that nd in
is line
most to
mam the
mals alpha
— .
form D
domi og
nanc owne
e rs
hiera must
rchie estab
s. lish
Ani them
mals selve
are s as
not the
demo alpha
cratic ,
and perio
there d.
is This
alwa is the
ys an one
alpha rule
anim you
al, must
and not
often igno
a re. A
beta dog
who place
think .
s he's He'll
the bite
alpha famil
in the y
hous mem
e is bers
dang who
erous come
, too
beca near
use his
dogs dog
will dish
fight or sit
any dow
lowe n too
r- close
ranke to
d him
pack on
mate the
who sofa
chall when
enges he's
them. takin
If the g a
famil nap.
y dog He's
beco defin
mes itely
the not
alpha goin
he's g to
goin coop
g to erate
be with
espe any
cially trips
dang to
erous the
arou vet,
nd eithe
impo r.
rtant Th
resou is
rces happ
like ens
food more
and often
his than
restin you'd
g think
. unne
There utere
are d
plent male
y of s, but
house you
holds can
wher defini
e the tely
dog have
is the domi
alpha nance
. You aggre
can't ssion
neces in
sarily neute
avoid red
the males
probl , and
em in
by femal
gettin es,
g a too,
femal whet
e her
dog, they'r
either e
. neute
Acco red
rding or
to the not.
Ame Actu
rican ally,
Veter when
inary it
Medi come
cal s to
Asso femal
ciatio es,
n, 80 Nick
perce Dod
nt of man
dogs says
broug that
ht in an
to see aggre
vets ssive
becau femal
se of e can
domi actua
nance lly
aggre get
ssion wors
are e
after Ev
she's en
been thoug
spaye h
d, unne
becau utere
se d
she males
doesn are
't the
have bigge
as st
much biters
proge ,
stero neute
ne in ring a
her dog
syste once
m to he's
calm starte
her d to
down bite
. proba
bly
won't
solve
the
probl
em.
With
anima
ls,
there'
s a
huge
differ
ence
betwe
en
preve
nting
aggre
ssion
in the
first
place
and
trying
to
stop
it
once
it's
devel
oped. proba
Dr. bly
Dod decre
man ases
says dog-
that in on-
his dog
experi aggre
ence ssion
neuter only
ing a becau
male se the
doesn' neute
t red
make dog
him stops
any smelli
less ng
dom- like a
inant, male
or to
any other
less males
likely , so
to other
bite a males
huma don't
n. challe
Neute nge
ring him
an as
aggre much
ssive . It's
dog not
mainl that
y the
keeps neute
him red
from dog
biting is any
other less
dogs domi
—but nant
not after
becau he's
se he been
sud- altere
denly d; it's
beco that
mes other
submi male
ssive. dogs
Neute are
ring nicer
to and
him.21 the
On dog.
e of Then,
the when
most the
upsett boys
ing were
situat still
ions little,
with the
an famil
aggre y
ssive broke
dog up.
I've The
seen mom
over took
the the
years boys
happ and
ened the
to a dog
famil and
y I move
knew d to
with anoth
two er
very state
youn to
g start
boys gradu
and a ate
father schoo
who l.
wasn' No
t very t long
nice after
to the that
mom. the
The dog
dad went
was crazy
alwa . He
ys bega
sayin n
g threat
mean ening
thing to
s to bite
her in the
front mom
of the if she
boys tried
to usly
pull at her
him face
some each
place time
by she
the tried
collar to
, and take
he hold
const of his
antly collar
tried to
to pull
keep him
her out.
from He
leavin ende
g the d up
house sittin
. One g
regist inside
ration her
day car
as she the
was whol
gettin e
g into day,
her until
car to he
go decid
sign ed it
up for was
cours time
es, to get
the out.
dog Thin
jump gs
ed in got
the so
back bad
seat that
and the
woul only
dn't way
get the
out. mom
He could
growl mana
ed ge
and the
snapp dog
ed at all
vicio was
to took
trick them
him to see
by said
throw that
ing a the
piece dad
of had
steak treate
where d her
ver so
she disres
wante pect-
d him fully
to go, her
then sons
slam didn't
ming trust
the her to
door take
behin care
d him of
when them.
he They
ran didn't
after think
it. she
Her could
frien do it,
ds and
were they
all were
fright scare
ened d.
of the Th
dog, is
and was
so proba
was bly a
she. case
He of
r disres
boys pectf
were ul
n't beha
doing vior
well, inside
either the
, and famil
the y
child affect
psych ing
ologi the
st she dog
as husba
well nd
as the was
childr proba
en. bly
The the
1 A 1
6 n
absolu dange
te rous
alpha situati
in the on.
dog's I
eyes. lost
The track
dog of the
may famil
even y not
have long
conclu after
ded the
that he registr
was ation
the day
beta inci-
animal dent,
, so I
becaus don't
e the know
wife wheth
was so er the
downt mom
rodde was
n. So ever
when able
the to get
husba the
nd dog
disapp under
eared contro
the l or
dog not.
imme Thing
diatel s had
y reach
challe ed the
nged point
the where
wife she
for neede
alpha d to
status. hire a
That is traine
alway r, but
s a I
knew is still
she used
could by
n't some
afford police
it. I depart
hope ments
thinks to
worke train
d out police
for dogs.
them, In
but it alpha
didn't rolling
look a
good. person
Est throws
ablishi a dog
ng over
domin on his
ance back
over a and
dog is holds
easy. him
Many down.
people Rollin
think g over
that and
exertin exposi
g ng the
domin belly
ance is a
means hardwi
beatin red
g an instinc
animal tual
into behavi
submi or in
ssion, dogs,
but and a
that's well-
not sociali
true at zed
all. I adult
am dog
totally usuall
agains y rolls
t over
rough on his
alpha back
rollin to be
g of petted.
dogs, That's
which why
you dog
want doesn'
your t
puppy shove
to him
spend over.
some When
time a dog
on his is
back forced
lookin into
g up at this
you; positi
just on by
being a
in that huma
positio n the
n hardw
reinfor ired
ces the submi
fact ssion
that he behav
is ior
subord does
inate get
to you. turned
But on,
you but
shoul when
dn't the
force dog
him stands
onto back
his up he
back. does
When not
two forget
dogs havin
from g
the been
same forced
pack down.
meet, Some
the day,
subor when
dinate your
dog back
will is
volunt turned
arily , he
roll will
over; bite
the you in
other the
butt. I
A also
much want
better to say
way somet
to hing
train about
the the
dog is overal
to l issue
make of
rollin punis
g over hment
a fun in
game anima
for l
him trainin
throu g. I
gh am
ticklin totally
g or agains
stroki t
ng his using
chest punis
or hment
belly to
and teach
offeri an
ng anima
food l new
treats skills.
when In
he almost
rolls all
over. cases
This anima
makes ls can
the be
dog traine
get d to
into do
the tricks
positi or
on of develo
submi p
ssion skills
witho using
ut positi
anythi ve
ng metho
aversi ds.
ve The
being one
done. except
ion is dog
stoppi from
ng chasin
dange g
rous people
prey- and
drive- cars, it
motiv is
ated import
chasin ant
g of that
jogger the
s, dog
bicycli never
sts, figure
and s out
cars. that
In this it's the
situati collar
on a that
shock gave
collar him
may the
be shock,
neede so you
d. If should
you leave
do the
have collar
to use on for
a a few
shock days
collar before
to using
stop it.
your When
your
dog
receiv
es a
correc
tion
for
chasin
g a
jogger
, you
want
him to
think
that
the
dog
god
did it. food
The dish
best while
ways he's
to eating
establi , and
sh playfu
domin lly
ance coaxin
are g and
obedie rolling
nce him
trainin over
g and on his
makin back
g the {not
dog throwi
sit ng
quietl him
y over).
before Some
he is trainer
fed. s even
The recom
dog mend
shoul growli
d ng at
learn your
that he puppy
eats like a
on his mama
owner' dog
s and
terms. nip-
You ping
can him
also on the
do muzzl
things e
like when
going you're
inside giving
the him a
door correc
first tion. I
before know
letting that
your sound
puppy s
enter, dange
puttin rous,
g your but
hand with a
in his puppy
it's circles
not. ; it
Yo doesn'
u also t
have matter
to do . The
at impor
least tant
some thing
obedie is that
nce the
trainin dog
g. learns
Obedi to
ence obey
trainin comm
g just ands
means from
teachi his
ng master
your .
dog to Yo
obey a u have
few to do
comm obedie
ands. nce
The trainin
comm g no
ands matter
can be what
anythi your
ng life is
you like.
like. Even
You if you
could live
get on a
fancy great
and big
train ranch
your where
dog to your
herd dogs
sheep, can
bring run
your free
slippe they
rs, or still
wear a have
tutu to be
and obedi
spin ence-
aroun traine
d in d,
becau is to
se domin
your ate a
dog dog.
has to When
know I was
you're in col-
the lege I
boss went
or you to
are visit a
creatin friend'
g a s
potent house
ially and
danger they
ous had a
sit- hound
uation who
. had
That's beco
the me
whole totally
point domin
of ant. If
obedi Berni
ence e
trainin wante
g— d the
obedi softest
ence. chair,
Not that
teachi was
ng the
your chair
dog he
how was
to do given.
tricks. He
Obedi was
ence numb
trainin er one.
g He
estab- also
lishes had
the the
owner disgus
as the ting
alpha. habit
It's of
amazi lifting
ng his
how leg
easy it and
urinati my
ng on chair.
every Mayb
guest. e it
Bernie was
was my
the postur
king. e and
But attitud
there e,
was becau
one se I
guest never
he did
never anythi
peed ng
on bad to
and that
that dog. It
was shows
me. how
He tuned
also in to
never people
growl dogs
ed at are.
me, or That
asked dog
for just
knew,
A 1

prob vior.
ably
from
watc PA
hing CK
me, ME
that I NTA
woul LITY
d not
Even
toler
when
ate
you
bein
establ
g
ish
peed
yours
on,
elf as
grow
the
led
alpha
at, or
, you
any
can
other
still
obno
have
xious
probl
beha
ems dogs
with in
other one
dogs, hous
either e can
with be a
dogs big
in the probl
neigh em if
borho the
od or dogs
other are
dogs too
in the evenl
house y
hold. matc
Dogs hed
need in
frien size,
ds, age,
and if and
you'r stren
e gth.
going With
to be closel
away y
at matc
work hed
all ani-
day I mals
reco the
mme domi
nd nance
owni hierar
ng chy
two may
dogs, not
prefe stabil
rably ize,
a becau
male se no
and a leade
femal r is
e. able
But to
I'd emer
stop ge
at and
two, the
becau dogs
se conti
more nue
than to
two chall
enge ality
each is
other. real.
If I
you'r menti
e oned
going the
to collie
have who
more prete
than nds
one she
dog does
the n't
best notic
plan e the
is to two
stop barki
at ng
two, Germ
and an
to shep
have herds
one when
dog ever
of her
each owne
sex. r
An takes
other her
reaso for a
n to walk.
stop One
at day
two my
is frien
that d
dogs took
in a the
pack colli
are e and
much her
bolde other
r and dog,
more the
aggre golde
ssive n
than retrie
one ver,
dog out
on its for a
own. walk
Pack along
ment with
the , the
neigh colli
bor e
and went
her nuts.
two She
dogs. was
The slam
four ming
dogs herse
knew lf
each into
other the
well, fence
and ,
proba barki
bly ng,
felt and
like a racin
pack. g
Th back
is and
time forth
the from
colli one
e end
was of
a the
comp fence
letel to
y the
diffe other
rent chasi
dog. ng
Whe those
n dogs.
they She
got was
to reall
the y
Ger cussi
man ng
shep them
herds out,
' and it
yard was
and all
the beca
two use
shep she
herds was
rushe in
d the her
fence pack.
 Sh time.
e Her
refus owne
ed to r
leave finall
, too. y had
Her to
three drag
frien her
ds away
got .
totall A
y dog
bore pack
d can
taunt be
ing incre
those dibly
poor dange
fence rous
d-in to
dogs, huma
and ns. A
kept coupl
tryin e of
g to years
get ago a
the ten-
col- year-
lie's old
attent girl in
ion Wisc
so onsin
they was
could killed
go on by a
with pack
their of six
walk, Rott
but weile
the rs
collie while
woul she
dn't was
budg playi
e. It ng at
was her
like frien
she d's
was house
maki down
ng up the
for
lost
street jealo
. us
Ther and
e bit
were the
two girl.
adult That
dogs set
and off
four the
puppi pack
es in and
the they
hous attac
e ked.
(whic Op
h was inion
a varies
violat on
ion how
of a to
city keep
ordin the
ance peace
limiti if you
ng do
the have
numb more
er of than
dogs two
per dogs.
house Most
hold peopl
to e,
three) thoug
and h not
appar all,
ently say
the you
little shoul
girl d
bega alway
n to s
pet handl
one e and
of the pet
puppi the
es, domi
and nant
one dog
of the first.
adult The
dogs king
got must
be y and
treate never
d like gave
the them
king, any
altho obedi
ugh ence
the traini
ultim ng.
ate She
leader lived
is alone
you. , and
If you the
don't dogs
respe were
ct the her
dogs' surro
nat- gate
ural famil
hierar y. Of
chy cours
you e, in a
can real
put famil
the y
under childr
dog en
in don't
dange just
r. Dr. natura
Dod lly sit
man aroun
has a d
horrib behav
le ing
story thems
about elves
a nicely
pack and
of sayin
Chesa g
peake "pleas
Bay e"
retrie and
vers "than
living k
with you."
a lady Child
who ren
indul have
ged to be
them obedi
totall ence-
traine attent
d, ion
too. on
Th the
e two
pack under
in dogs
this when
lady's ever
house she
had came
form home
ed a .
natur Al
al l that
hiera attent
rchy, ion
with was
two prov
domi okin
nant g the
dogs top
on dogs
top, into
two launc
or hing
three vicio
midd us
le- attac
ranki ks on
ng the
dogs, botto
and m
two dogs.
unde Dr.
rdogs Dod
. But man
the told
lady the
refus lady
ed to she
respe need
ct the ed to
ranki greet
ng, and
and feed
alwa the
ys domi
lavis nant
hed dogs
lots first
of when
time she
and came
home the
, but one
she remai
woul ning
dn't under
listen dog
, and was
kept horri
on bly
show injure
ing d by
favor the
itism. two
The top
whol dogs
e and
thing the
ende lady
d in had
disast the
er. two
First top
one dogs
of the put
under down
dogs . All
was three
badly dogs
injure died
d and just
the becau
lady se
decid this
ed lady
the woul
only dn't
way listen
to to
deal good
with advic
the e.22
situat
ion
was W
O
to
R
have
K
the
I
little
N
under
G
dog
put W
down I
. T
Then H
 L
T S
H
A
E
huma
n
A owne
N
r has
I
the
M
respo
A
nsibil
L
ity to
'
under
S
stand
and
N
A respe
T ct his
U pet's
R nature
E .
: Dogs
and
F cats
A are
R preda
M tor
anim
A als.
N Dogs
I are
M hyper
A -
social
A 1
preda the
tors low-
who ranki
live ng
in dog
domi or
nanc dogs
e kille
hiera d by
rchie their
s. If own
you pack
interf mate
ere s.
with You
the have
hiera to
rchy work
you with
can an
get anim
al's d this
emoti lesso
onal n
make when
up, I was
not raisin
again g
st it. piglet
Do s as
mesti part
c of my
anim Ph.D.
als work
such in
as anim
pigs, al
cattle, behav
and ior.
horse My
s are piglet
less s
con- lived
trolle in a
d by Disne
purel yland
y of
social straw
stimu with
li lots
than of
dogs, differ
so ent
with objec
these ts to
anim root
als it's and
espec tear
ially up. I
impo woul
rtant d sit
to with
exert my
domi piglet
nance s for
the hours
way and
anoth watch
er their
anim behav
al ior.
woul Th
d do e one
it. I I
learne name
d Her
Mell col-
ow oratio
Pig n was
woul what
d an
insta Illinoi
ntly s
roll farme
over r calls
when a blue
her butt;
belly she
was had
scratc white
hed fore-
and quart
woul ers
d and a
active grayi
ly sh
solicit blue-
peopl gray
e to rear. I
rub name
her d her
belly. Big
But Gilt.
the W
large hen
st pig Big
in the Gilt
pen reach
did ed a
not hund
like red
being poun
pette ds,
d at she
all, starte
and d
she bitin
was g me
the whe
domi neve
nant r I
boss enter
hog. ed
She the
thoug pen.
ht she The
owne other
d the pigs
place. soug
ht ing
petti her
ng big
and blue
strok butt.
ing That
but did
Big no
Gilt good
disda ,
ined eithe
it. r.
She Final
just ly I
want figur
ed to ed
be out
boss. that I
The had
bigge to
r she act
got like
the a
wors pig. I
e the need
bitin ed to
g got asser
and I t my
had supe
to rior
stop domi
it. nanc
I e by
tried bitin
wavi g
ng and
my push
arms ing
at her again
and st the
shout side
ing, of
but it her
didn't neck
help. the
In same
despe way
ratio anoth
n er,
once bigge
I r pig
even woul
tried d.
slapp So
, to es
simul the
ate loser
anoth away
er , or
pig up
bitin again
g and st a
shovi wall.
ng I
again shov
st ed
Big the
Gilt's end
neck of
I the
used boar
a d
short repea
piece tedly
of a again
one- st her
by- thick
four- neck
inch and I
boar made
d, it
about very
eigh clear
teen that I
inche was
s stron
long, ger,
to whic
poke h I
and was.
shov A
e her full-
again grow
st the n
fence huma
. n can
That' still
s push
what arou
the nd a
winn hund
er red-
pig poun
does: d
the hog.
winn I
er didn'
push t hurt
her, meth
but I od is
did that
domi it has
nate to be
her. done
It when
work the
ed anim
like al is
magi youn
c. g
Big enou
Gilt gh so
stopp
you
ed
can
bitin
still
g me
easily
and I
push
was
the
now
pig
Boss
away
Hog.
.
Usin
Agai
g the
hard n, I
wire want
d to
insti emph
nctua asize
l that I
beha did
vior not
patte beat
rn her
was up.
much She
more was
effec overp
tive ower
than ed by
slapp a
ing stron
her. ger
The being
only who
probl appli
em ed
with press
this ure
to the
right
spot.
Pushi
ng d to
the rub
board Big
again Gilt
st her on the
neck belly,
turne too.
d on Since
a I was
hard now
wired the
instin boss
ctual she
subm didn't
issive run
beha away,
vior. but
Aft she
er that clearl
Big y
Gilt didn't
was like
now it.
polite The
when stran
I gest
entere thing
d the happe
pen ned.
and Hard
she wired
never instin
bit me ct
again, collid
but ed
she with
still clear
did consc
not ious
like will.
pettin Rubbi
g. ng
One her
day belly
while trig-
I was gered
stroki the
ng instin
Mello ctual
w Pig rollin
on the g
belly I over
starte behav
ior, end
but of
only Big
the Gilt
rear did
end not
of want
Big to
Gilt give
rolled in.
over. She
Her did
front not
end dare
remai bite
ned me
standi and
ng she
when did
her not
hind try to
end run
collap away,
sed. but
The she
whole surely
time I did
was not
stroki like it.
ng her
a
horrid PRE
growl VEN
ing T
sound AG
came GRE
out of
SSI
her
throat ON
. I had IN
turne THE
d on FIR
the ST
pleas
ure
PLA
respo CE
nse to If I'd
a know
belly n
rub, more
but about
the anim
other als I
woul going
d to be
have easier
starte to
d deal
establ with
ishin in
g prey
myse anim
lf as als
Boss than
Hog in
a lot preda
soone tors.
r, A
since good
as I exam
menti ple is
oned my
earlie frien
r it's d
better Mark
to 's
preve horse
nt ,
aggre Sarah
ssive ,
beha who's
vior nasty
in the aroun
first d the
place feed
than troug
to try h.
to Sarah
chan was
ge it not
once reare
it's d
devel alone
oped. , so
On she
ce an doesn
anim 't
al have
has the
devel kinds
oped of
aggre probl
ssive ems
behav Black
ior, in ie
most did.
cases She's
it's just
got a gets
bad her
attitu food,
de if she
when still
it tries
come to
s to run
food, the
and other
she'll horse
chase s off
away he
all chase
the s her
other off
horse instea
s so d. It
she work
can s like
have a
the char
food m for
to about
hersel two
f. I've week
seen s.
a lot Sarah
of has
horse perfe
s do ct
that. mann
All ers at
Mark the
has to feed
do to troug
deal h.
with Then
Sarah she
's starts
nippi gettin
ness g
is nasty
feed again
her , and
last. Mark
Then, repea
after ts the
she proce
dure.
A 1
I a vet
talke stude
d to nt
who all at
has the
the same
same time.
probl If
em anyo
with ne
a has
hors their
e she ears
owns pinn
, and ed
she back
uses —
a any
sligh of
tly the
diffe hors
rent es,
versi not
on of just
the the
same probl
tech- em
niqu hors
e. e—
She no
does food.
n't It's
feed not
any hard
of to
the get
hors the
es grou
until p of
they' hors
re all es to
stand turn
ing their
nicel ears
y at forw
the ard,
troug beca
h, use
with that'
their s
ears what
forw hors
ard. es do
Then natur
she ally
feeds whe
them n
they' does
re get
payi fed
ng last.
atten She
tion said
to her
you. syste
She m
just work
waits s
them reall
out, y
until well.
all of Th
them e
are point
focu is,
sed you
on have
her to do
inste a lot
ad of of
on emot
each ional
other dama
. She ge to'
uses a
Mark prey
's anim
appr al to
oach turn
only it
if her into a
horse killer
tries . As
to we'v
chas e
e the seen,
other if
s you
awa lock
y a
after stalli
the on up
feed alone
has in a
been stall
put for
out. his
Then whol
that e life,
hors with
e no
socia recen
lizati tly I
on at read
all, a
he repor
could t
beco about
me a
aggre stalli
ssive. on in
He Pola
migh nd
t rear who
up beca
and me
strike arous
at ed by
peopl a
e. nearb
That' y
s mare
dang and
erous then
, but attac
only ked
beca and
use killed
the his
stalli owne
on is r,
so who
big. was
He tryin
isn't g to
activ calm
ely him
tryin dow
g to n.
kill The
the repor
perso t said
n he's that
kicki the
ng. horse
Ther bit
e are his
alwa owne
ys r's
exce jugul
ption ar
s, of vein
cours and
e. also
Just dama
ged whe
his n
spine they
, so do
this they'
was re
obvio almo
usly st
a neve
vicio r
us tryin
attac g to
k. kill;
Still, they'
a re
horse chall
attac engi
king ng
and the
killin pers
g his on
owne for
r is domi
so nanc
unhe e.
ard Bull
of s
that don't
even kill
thou each
gh it other
happ whe
ened n
in they'
Pola re
nd fight
we ing
read for
about domi
it nanc
here. e,
B but
ulls beca
do use a
kill bull
peop is so
le big,
with and
som beca
e use
freq bulls
uenc use
y, head
but butti
ng to anim
win als,
domi it's
nanc alwa
e ys
cont bette
ests, r to
the keep
hum aggr
an essiv
gets e
crus beha
hed vior
agai from
nst a deve
fenc lopi
e. ng
The in
bull the
does first
n't plac
unde e.
With
rstan
prey
d
anim
how
als
muc
that
h
mea
bigg
ns
er
good
and
train
stron ing
ger and
he is. socia
E lizati
ven on,
thou but
gh not
you dom
can inan
hand ce
le train
aggr ing
essiv per
e se. I
beha thin
vior k in
in the
most old
, days
thou a lot
gh of
not anim
all, al
prey hand
lers diffe
didn' rence
t .
unde They
rstan thou
d the ght
any
kind
of
traini
ng
was
also
domi
nanc
e
traini
ng
beca
use
the
train
er
was
in
char
ge.
That'
s
prob
ably
wher
e the
idea
of
brea
king
a
horse
's
spirit
came
from.
You
shoul
dn't
brea
k
any
anim
al's
spirit
,
horse
or also
dog, need
but a s
nerv domi
ous natin
prey g. A
anim dog
al need
like a s an
horse alpha
or a , or
cow else
does he'll
n't be
need the
to alpha
learn hims
obed elf.
ience With
as a prey
separ anim
ate als
conc even
ept an
the aggr
way essiv
a dog e,
does. nipp
A y
cow kind
or a of
horse horse
who' usua
s lly
bein isn't
g muc
train h of
ed a
just probl
need em
s to
traini man
ng, age.
not It'
domi s
natin neve
g; a r
dog easy
need to
s man
traini age
ng, an
but aggr
he essiv
e alist
dog. at
The Texa
only s
perso A&
n M,
equi says
pped that a
to typic
deal al
with case
an of
adult dom
dog i-
who nanc
bites e
is a over
profe hum
ssion ans
al gets
who wors
speci e,
alize and
s in Dr.
aggre Dod
ssion man,
, and who
even treats
then dom
your i-
chan nanc
ces e
of aggr
turni essio
ng n,
the repor
dog ts
arou that
nd only
are two
not out
good of
. Dr. three
Bonn of
ie dogs
Beav with
er, a domi
veter nanc
inary e
anim aggr
al essio
beha n
vior end
speci up
getti most
ng a dogs
lot to
bette beco
r, me
even biters
with if
a they'
for- re
mal allo
retra wed
ining to
prog hold
ram. alpha
The statu
other s
third over
still their
have owne
prob r.
lems We
, don't
altho kno
ugh w
most exact
of ly
them why
are it's
safer so
to be easy
arou to
nd teach
than a
they dog
were not
. But to
man bite
y in
dogs the
do first
not place
impr , but
ove so
at all. hard
Thes to
e are teach
dang a
erous dog
anim to
als. stop
It's bitin
also g
easy once
for he's
start at
ed. retrai
Why ning
can't a
you domi
turn nant
back aggre
the ssive
devel dog
opme as
ntal "ratio
clock nal"
and owne
retrai rs
n an who
aggre can
ssive stick
dog to a
the retrai
way ning
you progr
train am.
a May
pupp be
y? peopl
Dr e
. who
Dod were
man too
has "kind
done -
resea heart
rch ed"
show to be
ing firm
that train
in ers
some and
cases disci
the plina
probl rians
em is in the
the first
owne place
r.23 can't
"Em sudd
otion enly
al" turn
owne them
rs selve
aren't s into
as good
succe train
ssful ers
just they
beca woul
use d not
an have
anim a
al bitin
beha g
viori dog.
st has This
told is
them true
that for
they all
have nor
to do mal
it. If dogs.
they Ther
had e are
esta some
b- dogs
lishe who
d are
them genet
selve ically
s as bad,
the dang
alpha erous
early dogs,
in the
their same
dog's way
life,
A 1

the norm
rapist al
roost dog,
ers you
were can
genet pre-
ically vent
bad, aggre
dange ssion
rous by
birds. doing
Such enou
dogs gh
have obedi
to be ence
eutha traini
nized ng to
. But establ
if you ish
own yours
a elf as
the that
alpha. it's
I impo
think ssible
the for a
main dog
reaso to
n you domi
can't nate
train a
a dog huma
back n. It's
out of not
aggre just a
ssion bad
as thing,
easily it's an
as impo
you ssible
can thing.
train Once
a dog a dog
into has
aggre disco
ssion vered
is that that
the he
genie can
has domi
been nate
let peopl
out of e
the there'
bottle s no
. All turnin
dogs g
have back.
a You
natur can't
al un-
drive teach
to be this
the know
alpha ledge
. ; you
Own can
ers only
have try to
to teach
teach a
their biting
dogs dog
to to
think inhibi
t his lived,
impul altho
se to ugh
com- he'd
pete never
with been
his socia
owne lized
r for to
domi child
nance ren.
. Then
Th one
is is day
what some
happ one
ens brou
with ght a
the little
big girl
cats. to
In visit,
Out and
of Padd
Afric y
a accid
Isak entall
Dines y
en knoc
tells ked
a her
story down
about . He
a didn't
youn hurt
g pet the
lion little
name girl,
d and
Padd he
y. didn't
Padd do it
y was on
tame, purpo
and se.
was Bu
nice t that
to very
every night
one at Padd
the y
ranch went
wher out
e they into
the girl,
pastu was
re enou
and gh to
killed wake
a up
bunc his
h of real
livest natur
ock, e.
and Tri
from ggeri
then ng a
on he preda
had tor
to anim
live al's
in a aggre
cage. ssive
He natur
had e is
learn so
ed dang
that erous
he that
was big
a cat
lion, handl
not a ers
big can
hous use a
e cat. traine
That d
one lion
mom or
ent of tiger
exper only
ienci a few
ng times
his in
powe TV
r show
over s and
anoth movi
er es if
creat the
ure, scene
when s
he invol
knoc ve
ked knoc
down king
the down
little a
huma ed
n poun
being ds.
. You
Even can
when arrest
a an
train anim
ed al's
lion emo-
or tiona
tiger l
gentl devel
y opm
bum ent
ps by
again not
st a givin
huma g it a
n chan
being ce to
on figur
com e out
mand its
it will stren
soon gth
beco and
me powe
too r, but
dang you
erous can't
to make
work him
with. un-
Th kaxn
e his
mora stren
l for gth
lion and
tamer aggre
s is, ssion
Don't once
let he
this know
kitty s it.
ever
find
out
that
he
weig
hs
seven
hundr
HAN biters
DLIN are
some
G
what
FEA less
R dange
AGG rous
RES than
domi
SIO
nant
N biters.
Not They
all are
dogs dange
who rous
bite mainl
are y
domi when
nant. the
Shy owner
biters is
bite aroun
peopl d to
e give
becau them
se coura
they'r ge. If
e a shy
afraid biter
, not sees a
becau strang
se er or
they a
are neigh
domi bor
nant. he's
Germ afraid
an of
sheph when
erds he's
who alone,
bite he'll
are usuall
usuall y just
y shy try to
biters. get
They away.
are If he
nervo can't
us get
anim away,
als. he
Sh will
y bite
the or the
strang thigh
er than
from in the
behin face.
d All in
becau all,
se shy
that's dogs
less are
fright- proba
ening bly
than not as
havin dange
g to rous
meet as
the they
perso seem.
n's A
eyes. domi
Shy nant
dogs scare
will d dog
avoid is
eye differ
conta ent.
ct Dogs
with who
every are
one both
but domi
their nant
owne and
rs at fearfu
all l can
costs. bite
That's any
just time
as and
well, place.
since They
if will
you're bite
going with
to get their
bitten own-
by a ers
dog prese
it's nt, or
better with
to get their
bitten owne
on the rs
ankle long
gone. becau
And se he
when has
they two
bite, differ
they ent
can reaso
go ns,
straig fear
ht for and
the dom
face. i-
Beca nance
use , to
they bite
are peopl
domi e,
nant whic
by h
natur raises
e, the
run- odds
ning that
away he
isn't will?
an Is it
optio becau
n. se
They when
have you
to mix
attack fear
. I and
don't domi
think nance
anyo toget
ne her
know the
s dog's
exactl emoti
y ons
why a are
shy heigh
domi tened
nant and
dog is his
as abilit
poten y to
tially contr
dange ol
rous himse
as he lf is
is. Is impai
it just red?
 I attac
do k any
know dog
one he
neute sees
red on
male walks
dog with
who's his
highl owne
y rs,
domi and
nant he
and can
fearfu never
l. be let
He's off a
not a leash
shy in
biter, publi
becau c or
se his taken
owne to a
rs dog
realiz park.
ed This
how is a
domi- dog
nant who
he was
was well
early social
on ized
and to
did other
every dogs
thing as a
right, pupp
so he y,
know and
s he's yet
not was
the so
alpha. domi
Bu nant
t he's by
a big natur
probl e that
em he
with still
other mana
dogs. ged
He'll to get
try to into
two d
fights one,
with and
the has
neig been
h- actin
bor's g
dog. more
He and
won more
the terrifi
first ed of
fight other
but dogs
lost ever
the since.
secon
1 A 1
7
If natur
he e, the
were insta
a nt he
subm feels
issive threa
dog tened
by by
natur anoth
e, er
that dog
might he
not attac
matte ks—
r, and
beca he
use feels
he threat
woul ened
d just all
avoid the
looki time.
ng at Just
the the
dog sight
who of
was anoth
scari er
ng dog
him. mindi
But ng its
since own
he's busin
domi ess
nant seem
by s to
threat l or
en home
him. life.)
This Both
dog's grou
beha ps of
vior child
remin ren
ds me inter
of a pret
well- ambi
know guou
n s
study situat
of ions
anxio as
us being
childr more
en threat
versu ening
s than
oppo typic
sition al
al kids
childr do,
en. but
(Chil wher
dren e an
with anxio
oppo us
sition child
al copes
defia by
nt avoid
disor ing
der, the
or threat
ODD, the
are oppos
kids itiona
who l
are so child
angry will
and beco
disob me
edien aggre
t that ssive.
24
their I
beha don't
vior think
disru a
pts domi
their nant
schoo dog
is the tick,
same once
thing any
as an dog
oppo has
sition begu
al n to
child, bite
but out
the of
fearfu fear,
l you
domi have
nant an
dog I anim
know al
seem who
s is
both never
to going
exag to be
gerat comp
e letely
threat safe
s and again
to ,
react beca
aggre use
ssivel no
y to anim
threat al
s can
once be
he's comp
blow letely
n traine
them d out
up of
out of fear.
all
propo
rtion If
in his you'v
mind. e
Re never
gardl lived
ess of with
what a
make dog,
s a by
shy now
domi you
nant may
biter be
think peopl
ing e
the need
best anim
idea als in
for their
anyo lives.
ne Until
who's recen
espec tly
ially most
safet exper
y- ts
mind belie
ed is ved
to that
just huma
stay ns
away and
from dogs
any paire
anim d up
al toget
larger her
than 14,00
a 0
small years
cat. ago,
Bu but
t that more
woul recen
d be t
the resea
wron rch
g on
concl dog
usion DNA
. The show
huma s that
n huma
relati ns
onshi and
p dogs
with may
dome have
stic been
anim keepi
als ng
goes com-
back pany
a for
long over
way, 100,0
and 00
years. 00
Dogs years
really of
are evolu
man's tion
best dogs
frien have
d. devel
Th oped
e a lot
reaso of
n abilit
dogs y to
don't inhibi
kill t
huma aggre
ns ssion
more again
often st
than huma
they ns,
do and
isn't huma
that ns
owne have
rs are
brilli
ant
traine
rs. A
lot of
owne
rs
don't
know
the
first
thing
about
obedi
ence
traini
ng.
The
reaso
n
dogs
don't
kill
huma
ns is
that
in
100,0
devel mine
oped told
a lot me
of an
abilit intere
y to sting
mana story
ge about
dog this.
aggre She
ssion, adopt
whet ed a
her pupp
they'v y
e from
ever an
read anim
a al
book shelte
on r who
obedi quick
ence ly
traini bega
ng or n
not. I show
think ing
huma signs
ns that
have he
proba was
bly desti
evolv ned
ed to be
some a
innat highl
e y
abilit domi
y to nant
read dog.
dog Whe
langu n the
age, pupp
or at y was
least only
to a few
learn mont
to hs
read old it
it starte
quick d to
ly. grow
A l at
frien her
d of seven
- son,
year- "Wh
old y did
son. Budd
A y
coupl growl
e of at
week you?
s "
later He
the r son,
pupp who
y had
bared never
his lived
teeth with
and a dog
growl in his
ed at life,
a six- said
foot- matte
four r-of-
plum factly
ber ,
who "Bec
came ause
to the I was
house on
to fix his
the chair.
toilet. "
Th He
e first was
time right.
the Budd
pupp y had
y growl
growl ed
ed at becau
her se he
son was
my lying
frien comf
d was ort-
sittin ably
g in on
anoth his
er favor
room ite
and chair,
she whic
calle h
d out natur
to her ally
was boy
the under
bigge stood
st, . He
softes knew
t exact
chair ly
in the why
house his
, famil
seein y's
g as new
how dog
he had
was grow
such led at
an him
alpha witho
kind ut
of havin
guy g to
— be
and taugh
then t—
the witho
boy ut
came even
in havin
and g to
sat think
down about
on it it. He
with got
him! the
Budd mess
y age.
didn't Th
like rough
that, all
and the
he years
told dogs
the have
boy been
he living
didn't with
like it huma
in no ns
uncer they'
tain ve
terms devel
. oped
An a lot
d the of
abilit any
y to norm
read al
peopl dog
e, to does.
know A
what huma
peopl n-
e are reare
thinki d
ng wolf
and mostl
what y
they'r doesn
e 't
likely look
to do. at his
We maste
know r's
this face,
from even
resear when
ch he's
comp in a
aring situati
dogs on
to wher
wolv e he
es. could
Even use
a his
wolf maste
who r's
has help.
been Dogs
hand- alwa
reare ys
d by look
huma at
n their
being owne
s r's
never faces
acqui for
res infor-
the matio
abilit n,
y to espec
read ially
peopl if
e's they
faces need
the help.2
5
way
 I
think
that
as
dogs
were
learni
ng
how
to
read
us,
we
were
learn-
ing
how
to
read
them.
The
reaso
n
dogs
don't
hurt
peopl
e
more
often
is
that
dogs
and
peopl
e
belon
g
toget
her.
PAIN AND SUFFERING

P eople who love their pets

usually feel like they have a
pretty good idea what an animal
needs to have a good life. The
basic necessities of life for pets are
the same as they are for us: food,
safety, companionship.
That's a good start, but if that's
all you know about animals you
can still get into trouble. Just to
give you the first example that
pops into my head: anyone who's
gone out and bought himself a
Border collie—or who's thinking
about going out and buying
himself a Border collie—is
missing one big item from the
Border collie list, and that is a
job. Border collies aren't built for
a life of leisure, and they can get
nutty if that's what you give them.
Unfortunately, a lot of people
don't find this out until after
they've got the dog. Then they
have to spend the next ten years
trying to give their pet something
useful to do.
It's doubly hard for ranchers,
feedlot managers, and sometimes
even veterinarians to know
exactly what they should do to
treat the animals in their care
responsibly. What does a cow
headed to slaughter need in order
to have a happy life?
If I had my druthers humans
would have evolved to be plant
eaters, so we wouldn't have to kill
other animals for food. But we
didn't, and I don't see the human
race converting to vegetarianism
anytime soon. I've tried to eat
vegetarian myself, and I haven't
been able to manage it physically. I
get the same feeling you get with
hypoglycemia; I get dizzy and light-
headed, and I can't think straight.
My mother is exactly the same
way, and a lot of people with
processing problems have told me
they have this reaction, too, so I've
always wondered if there's a con-
nection. If there's something
different about your sensory
processing, is there something
different about your metabolism,
too?
A 1
n 8
There of
could be. physical
It's problems,
possible too,
that a usually
brain involving
differenc the gut,
e could and
also mainstrea
involve a m
metabolic researche
difference rs haven't
, because paid a lot
the same of
genes can attention
do differ- to this.
ent So
things in until
different someone
parts of proves
the body. otherwise
A gene I'm
that operating
contribut from the
ed to hypoth-
autism esis that
might at least
contribut some
e to a people are
metabolic geneticall
differenc y built so
e, or any that they
other have to
kind of have
differenc meat to
e. Parents function.
have Even if
always that's not
said that so, the
their fact that
autistic humans
children evolved
have lots as both
plant and shouldn't
meat suffer.
eaters He
means should
that the feel as
vast little pain
majority as pos-
of human sible, and
beings are he should
going to die as
continue quickly
to eat as
both. possible.
Humans But
are although
animals, the
too, and principle
we do is
what our obvious,
animal putting it
natures into
tell us to operation
do. isn't,
That because
means it's hard
we're to know
going to how
continue much
to have pain an
feedlots animal
and feels. It's
slaugh- hard to
terhouses know
, so the how
question much
is: what pain a
should a person
humane feels
feedlot when
and you get
slaughter right
house be down to
like? it, but at
Everyo least a
ne person
concerne can tell
d with you in
animal plain
welfare language
has the that he
basic feels
answer to horrible.
that: the An
animal animal
can't do heads off
that. when
The they get
problem hurt, and
isn't just dogs
that scream
animals bloody
don't murder if
talk. you
Animals happen
also hide to step
their on their
pain. In paws.
the wild That's
any probably
animal because
who's cats and
injured is dogs
likely to don't
be fin- have to
ished off worry
by a about
predator, getting
so killed
probably and
animals eaten, so
evolved a they can
natural make all
tendency the noise
to act as they
if want.
nothing's Prey
wrong. animals
Small, can be
vulnerabl incredibly
e prey uncompla
animals ining. A
like few years
sheep, ago my
goats, student
and Jennifer
antelope and I saw
are a bunch
especially of bulls
stoic, being
whereas castrated.
predator The vet
animals was
can be using a
big rubber
band
babies.
procedur
Cats can
e,
yowl
wrapping
their
a tight
band the bull's
around testicles
and
leaving it
there for
several
days.
That
sounds
horrible,
but vets
use it
because
it's less
traumatic
than
surgery,
although
there are
individua
l
differenc
es in how
cattle
react to
it. Some
bulls act
perfectly
normal,
while
others
repeatedl
y stamp
their feet.
I
interpret
foot
stamping
as a sign
of
discomfo
rt but not
over-
whelming
pain.
A few
bulls,
though,
act as if
they're in
agony.
They lie
down on
the
ground in thought
strange, they
contorted were
positions alone—I
and they was
moan— watching
but they them
do this from
only inside the
when scale
they're house so
alone. they
When we couldn't
were at see me—
the lot, they
one of didn't act
the bulls any
was different.
having a Sheep
bad pain are the
reaction, ultimate
and when stoics. I
Jennifer once
walked observed
up to his a sheep
pen he who'd
jumped just had
to his excruciat
feet and ing bone
greeted surgery. I
her as if would
nothing have had
was no way
wrong. of know-
The other ing how
bulls, much
who pain that
didn't animal
seem to was in
be based on
especiall the way
y she was
bothered acting,
by the and a
procedur hungry
e, didn't wolf
change would
their have had
behavior no reason
one way to pick
or her out of
another. a flock.
When An
they injured
animal in Predato
terrible r animals
pain will like dogs
actually are less
eat food likely to
— mask
somethin their pain,
g all our but even
theories they do it
of stress to some
tell us degree.
shouldn't Pain
happen. masking
Physio- may be
logically, why a lot
bad of vets
injuries will
and pain neuter a
are severe female
forms of dog and
stress, send her
and home
severe without
stress any
normally painkiller
diverts . Any
bodily human
resources who's
away ever had
from abdomina
eating l surgery
and will tell
repro- you it's
duction. I agonizing
warn vets ly painful,
about this but vets
all the say that
time: dogs sure
there's no don't act
way to like
know they're
how feeling
much anywhere
pain an near as
animal is bad as a
in when human
you're does. We
right don't
there in know
the room whether
with him. they're
Animals masking
mask their pain
pain. or
whether some pain
they just to keep
don't feel them
as much quiet so
pain as they can
we do in recover.
the first If dogs
place. do mask
Either surgical
way it's a pain it's
problem, especiall
because y
animals dangerou
need s,
A 1
because a this out
dog won't the hard
spend way. She
any time had a
alone if young
she can female
help it. A Lab who
lot of was used
vets will to
tell you playing
they don't with
like to three
give pain other
medicatio young
n because dogs.
they You put
want four
your dog very
to have young
enough dogs
pain to together,
slow it and
down for
you've
a while.
got some
That's
wild and
not a
woolly
concern
play,
you'll
which is
ever hear
what
from a
went on
doctor
every
who
operates day in
on my
humans. friend's
backyard
A
. The
friend of
Labrador
mine
had her
found
surgery
in the tranquili
afternoo zers for a
n, then couple of
went days to
home the keep her
same quiet, but
night. she still
She was played so
groggy vigor-
and out ously
of it, but with the
the first other
thing she dogs that
did she
when didn't
she got heal
home properly.
was Instead
jump up of
on the developi
sofa at ng a thin
the end red scar
of her where
owners' the
bed and incision
from had been
there up made,
onto the the
bed. No surgical
human wound
being kept
five getting
hours out wider,
of turning
abdomin into a
al concave
surgery area of
will shiny,
jump moist
onto a tissue.
couch, Unfor
ever. tunately,
That's my
somethin friend
g you didn't
just don't know
see. what the
So my wound
friend was sup-
and her posed to
husband look like
gave the and
Lab didn't
doggie realize
until friend
almost that if
too late she
that it hadn't
wasn't come in
healing that day
right. her dog's
She was intestine
inspectin s would
g the have
wound been
every "lying
day to on the
see if it floor" by
looked nighttim
infected, e. There
and was no
while it infection
didn't , but the
look skin
good to tissue
her, the was
incision complete
didn't ly
look broken
infected, down,
either. and there
She was was only
getting a thin
more veneer
and of it left
more holding
worried, the
but she viscera
thought inside.
she was My
just friend
being an was
anxious horrified.
owner. You can
Finall see why
y she got vets
so worry
worried about
she took too little
her dog pain
back to instead
the vet. of too
He took much.
one look That Lab
at the could
dog's have
belly and died
told my from a
routine
spaying Do
procedur ANIMAL
e all S
because HURT?
she
wasn't The short
showing answer is
any pain, yes.
so she Animals
didn't feel pain.
slow So do
down her birds, and
social we now
life with have
the other pretty
dogs for good
even one evidence
day. that fish
feel pain,
too.
We
know
animals
feel pain
thanks
both to
behaviora
l
observati
on and to
some
excellent
research
on
animals'
use of
painkiller
s. Start-
ing with
behavior,
dogs,
cats, rats,
and
horses all
limp after
they've
hurt their
legs, and
they'll
avoid
putting
weight on
the
injured don't feel
limb. pain, by
That's the way,
called because
pain an insect
guarding. will
They continue
limit their to walk
use of the on a
injured damaged
body part limb.
to guard it Up
from until
further recently
injury. nobody
Chickens knew
who've whether
just had fish felt
their pain or
beaks not, but
trimmed two
peck researcher
much less, s in
another Scotland
obvious have
form of shown
pain that they
guarding. almost
(Ranchers certainly
trim do. The
chickens' study
beaks used
because electrical
chickens measure
get in ments of
horrible the brain
fights and backed up
will peck by
each other behaviora
to death. l
The vet observati
trims off on. First
the sharp they
point so anesthetiz
the ed some
chicken fish and
can't use applied
it as a painful
knife stimuli
blade.) like heat
We and
think mechanic
insects al
probably pressure
to their "
bodies compone
while nt, which
running a I'll get to
brain in a
scan. moment.
They In the
found second
neurons in part of the
the fish's study, the
brains researcher
that fired s used
in a behaviora
pattern l
very close observati
to pain on to
firing in a figure out
human what the
brain. fish were
Assuming probably
this study feeling.
can be They
replicated, injected
it shows either bee
that fish venom or
have at vinegar
least the into the
sensory fishes'
compone lips,
nt of pain, which
though it would be
doesn't painful
tell us for
whether humans
the fish and other
were mammals
actually , and then
feeling it watched
consciousl to see
y. what the
Humans fish did.
with The fish
certain acted
kinds of exactly
brain the same
damage way
can have mammals
the act when
sensory they're in
componen pain. It
t of pain took the
without fish an
the hour and
"suffering a half
longer to saline
begin water
eating injections
again , a classic
than it did sign of
fish pain
who'd guarding.
had Their lips
painless
A 1
hurt, so conscio
they usly
didn't experie
want to ncing
eat. pain,
They althoug
also h the
showed fish
other brain is
signs of so
pain. differen
They t from
rocked the
their mamma
bodies, lian
somethi brain
ng you that we
see zoo can't
animals say for
do when sure.
they Fish
hurt, don't
and they
have
kept
any
rubbing
neocort
their lips
ex at
against
all, and
the side
most
and
neurosc
bottom
ientists
of the
think
tank.
you
Thes
have to
e
have a
obvious
neocort
behavio
ex to be
ral
conscio
changes
us. Still,
are
the fact
strong
that a
evidenc
fish
e that
doesn't
the fish
have a
were
neocort
 ex produce
doesn't a
have to tempora
mean ry bout
that a of
fish arthritis
isn't we
con- know is
scious painful
of pain, in
because humans
different , then
species gave
can use them a
different choice
brain betwee
struc- n a bad-
tures tasting
and liquid
systems analgesi
to c and a
handle sweet,
the sugary-
same tasting
function liquid
s. rats
We normall
have y like.
more The rats
evidenc chose
e that the bad-
animals tasting
feel painkill
pain er over
from the the
experi- sugar
ments solution
Francis , a
C. pretty
Colpaert good
did on sign
animals they
and pain were
medicati choosin
on in g it for
the its
early painkilli
1980s. ng
He properti
injected es.
rats They
with definitel
bacteria y
that weren't
choosin they
g it for didn't.
its When
taste.1 their
Once joints
their were
arthritis inflame
cleared d they
up they chose a
switche yucky-
d to the tasting
sugar painkill
drink, er;
another when
sign their
they joints
were returne
using d to
the normal
painkill they
er to stopped
treat choos-
pain. If ing the
they'd yucky-
been tasting
choosin painkill
g the er.
painkill Som
er just ebody
because needs
they to do
liked it Colpaer
— t's
maybe experi
the ment
same with
way fish.
humans That
can use would
painkill tell us a
ers as a lot.
recreati
onal
drug— How
they MUCH
would DOES
have PAIN
kept on
HURT
using it
after ?
their I think
arthritis the real
cleared question
up. But isn't
whether with the
or not same
animals injury
(and as a
birds and person
fish) feel feel as
pain. It's bad as a
pretty person
obvious does?
they do. We
The should
real be
questi talking
on is about
how degrees.
much I
does think
pain the
hurt? answer
Does to
an whether
animal
the
same
injury in
an
animal
feels as
bad as it
does to
a person
is often
no, for a
couple
of
reasons.
For one,
even
when
they're
alone
animals
usually
—not
always,
but
usually
—act as
if an
injury or
disease
hurts
them
less than
the exact
same sensatio
injury or n I'd just
disease naturally
would thought
hurt a of it as a
person. primitive
That's reaction
importa all
nt. creatures
Beyon have to
d that, a have to
lot of protect
what we themselv
know es from
about the injury.
brain To me,
leads me pain
to think seemed
animals like an
may ancient,
have a lower-
different down
experien brain
ce of function.
pain than Since the
people frontal
do. I lobes are
remembe as high
r being up as
struck a you can
year or get, I
so ago wasn't
when I expectin
came g to read
across a that pain
study is
saying associate
that d with
chronic high
pain is frontal
associate lobe
d with activity.
widely That
spread study
pre- made me
frontal wonder
hyperacti whether
vity.2 an
That animal's
surprised consciou
me. Pain s pain
seems may be
like such less
a basic intense
than a le
person's, chronic
because pain by
an surgi-
animal's cally
frontal disconne
lobes are cting the
smaller patient's
and less frontal
develope lobes
d. from the
When rest of
I started his
looking brain.
into the The
literatur operatio
e on n they
frontal did was
lobes called a
and pain leucoto
I found my, and
out that basically
psychiatr it was a
ists have less-
known invasive
about lobotom
this y. Where
connecti a
on for lobotom
years. y
The idea removed
that the
active frontal
frontal lobes
lobes complet
mean ely, a
active leucoto
pain was my left
so well the
establish frontal
ed that lobes in
in the place but
1940s cut the
and connecti
1950s a ons
few between
psychiat the
rists frontal
began lobes
treating and the
cases of rest of
severe the
and brain.
intractab Both
operatio they
ns had a used to
lot of do. The
horrible "recover
side ies"
effects, were so
but the dramatic
positive that
effect on Antonio
a pain Egas
patient's Moniz,
suffering who
was invented
almost the
miraculo operatio
us. A n, won
couple the
of days Nobel
after the Prize for
operatio his work
n in 1949.3
patients I put
who'd "reco
been very"
complet in
ely quotat
disabled ion
by pain marks
would becau
be up se
and leucot
about, omy
doing patien
the ts
things
A 1
didn't pain was
exactly still
recover. there.
They What
acted was
like different
they'd after
recovere surgery
d, but wasn't
when- the pain;
ever it was
people their
asked feelings
how they about the
felt, pain.
they'd They
always didn't
say the care
about it Dr.
anymore. Damasio
Antonio asked
Damasio the
has a patient
descripti how he
on of was
one of doing
these his
patients answer
in his was,
book "Oh, the
Descarte pains are
s' Error* the
The first same,
time Dr. but I feel
Damasio fine
saw him, now,
the thank
patient you."
was in You can
such bad read
shape he story
was after
"crouche story
d in exactly
profound like that
suffering one in
, almost the liter-
immobil ature on
e, afraid leucoto
of my and
triggerin pain.
g further After
pain." their
Two operatio
days ns,
after the leucoto
operatio my
n the patients
man was stopped
sitting in caring
a chair, about
playing their
cards pain. Dr.
with Damasio
another says they
patient. kept
He their
looked pain but
complete lost their
ly suffering
relaxed. .
When It's
impossib vision: if
le to your
imagine vision is
what it working
would right you
feel like can't
to have separate
severe what
pain but your
not be right eye
bothered is seeing
by it, from
because what
for the your left
rest of us eye is
severe seeing
pain without
means closing
severe one eye.
suffering, Even
period. though
They we can't
aren't feel what
two the
different leucotom
things. y
I'm sure patients
that's were
because feeling, it
our seems
frontal like they
lobes were still
integrate feeling
sensory somethin
pain g like
pathways what we
so totally would
with call pain,
frontal, because
emotiona they still
l asked for
pathways painkille
of rs. On
suffering the other
that we hand,
can't after the
perceive operatio
any n they
separatio stopped
n at all. asking
It's a little for really
like strong
stereosco painkille
pic rs like
morphin evidence
e. All the
they leucotom
needed y pain
was patients
aspirin. were still
It's feeling
possible "real"
they pain, at
were least to
feeling some
somethin degree,
g similar is that if
to what you
the rest suddenly
of us feel poked
when we one of
have these
pain patients
mild with a
enough pin they
to would
ignore. shriek in
Mild pain.
pain is
still
pain, but
it doesn't
ruin your
life,
whereas
severe
pain
hijacks
your
attention
system.
That's
almost
the
definitio
n of
severe
pain, that
it
comman
ds all of
a
person's
attention
.
Anoth
er piece
of
They probably
would somewh
actually ere in
shriek between
louder a leu-
than a cotomy
normal patient
person and a
with normal
normal human
pain being.
percepti They do
on. feel pain,
Most some-
research times
ers intense
chalk pain,
this up because
not to their
greater frontal
pain but lobes
to lower haven't
impulse been
control. surgicall
The y
frontal separate
lobes d from
censor the rest
and of their
control brains.
outbursts But they
of any probably
kind, aren't as
includin upset
g about
screams pain as a
of pain. human
Since being
these would
patients be in the
had lost same
their situation,
mental because
brakes, their
they frontal
screame lobes
d at a aren't as
mild big or
poke. all-
I think powerful
injured as a
animals human's.
are That's
why mention
they ed more
don't than
slow once,
down wheneve
after r I come
surgery across a
the way differ-
we do. ence
They between
don't animals
feel bad and
enough normal
to slow people
down. I that
think it's involves
possible the
that ani- frontal
mals lobes,
may I've
have as usually
found
much
the same
pain as
differenc
people
e in
do, but
autistic
less
people.
suffering
We have
.
a lot in
common
AUTIS with
animals.
M AND
So I'm
PAIN expectin
A lot of g to find
autistic the same
people thing
are the with
same pain
way, percepti
which is on.
another Just
reason I like
tend to animals,
think quite a
animal few
pain is autistic
less people
severe —not
than all, but
human many—
pain on act like
average. they feel
As I've less pain
than autistic
nonautist children
ic burning
people. their
This hands on
happens hot
so often stoves
that and not
insensiti reacting,
vity to although
pain is fortunate
listed on ly that's
most extremel
symp- y rare.
tom Autistic
checklist children
s for don't
autism. have
It's such low
especiall pain
y sensitivit
shocking y that
with they're
little in
kids who danger
are self- of injur-
injurious ing
. Some themselv
of them es
can slap without
their knowing
heads it.
hard Anoth
with er
their interesti
hands ng
and not thing: a
seem to lot of
feel any parents
pain at tell me
all (other their
autistic autistic
children children
slap don't
their have
heads normal
and then sensitivit
cry). y to
There've cold,
even either.
been They
reports can
of spend
A 1
hours in have no
the deep way of
end of a knowing
freezing how
cold cold
swimmin percepti
g pool on
while all compare
the other s
kids just between
splash animals
around and
for a few people
minutes with
and then autism.
go warm Also, I
up on the want to
deck. I make
don't sure I'm
know not
whether implying
animals to
have parents
lower or
cold teachers
sensitivit or
y on the anybody
whole. else that
Animals autistic
in people
northern are
climates impervio
do better us to
in winter everythin
cold than g that
people comes
do, but their
they way. The
have nice autistic
fur coats sensory
to keep system is
them abnorma
warm l for a
and person,
people while an
don't. A animal's
wolf's sensory
coat is so system
thick is
snow normal
doesn't for an
melt on animal,
its body. so I
So I don't
know though
where we don't
the know
similariti that. A
es begin few
and end. years
I do ago I
know talked to
that a
while woman
some involved
things in
are less autism
painful research
for who said
autistic she was
people concerne
than for d that
typical some
people, autistic
other people
things, might be
espe- more
cially suscepti
certain ble to
types of heat
sounds, stroke.
are more I'd never
painful. heard
I that
rememb before,
er one and she
autistic based
woman her
saying commen
she t on just
found a couple
the of
sound of families,
the so I don't
ocean want
excrucia parents
ting. to start
(There worrying
might about it.
even be I bring it
stimuli up
that are because
more I don't
dangerou want to
s for minimiz
people e the
with discom-
autism, fort an
 autistic surgical
person human
could be being.
feeling.) The
I nurses
don't said I
rememb didn't
er how I use
reacted anywhe
to pain re near
as a the
child, amount
but as an of IV
adult painkill
I've er other
been patients
told that did.
I'm a lot Then
less when I
sensitive went
to pain home, I
than took
nonautis one
tic prescrip
people. tion
When I pain pill
was and that
"spayed was it. I
" (I had didn't
a full need
hysterec any
tomy, more.
medicall In
y the the
exact hospital
same I ran a
procedu little
re as experim
spaying ent on
a dog, myself.
that left When I
an was
eight- sure the
inch nurses
scar weren't
across around,
my I got
stomach out of
) I acted bed and
more got
like my down
friend's on all
Lab than fours
a post- like a
dog. was
The standing
staff up or
would sitting
have down.
had a fit Crawlin
if they'd g felt
seen terrible,
me. I but not
found as bad as
out that walking
as long did. Still,
as I held even on
still my all fours
pain I didn't
was a feel like
lot less jumping
than it up on a
sofa, so
obviousl
y I'm not
as
impervi
ous to
pain as a
Labrador
retriever.
Then
again, no
dqg is as
impervio
us to
pain as a
Labrador
retriever,
either.
Labs are
notoriou
s for
their
high
pain
threshold
, which
is one of
the
reasons
they
make
such
good
pets for
children.
A little
kid can racing
jump all through
over bramble
them and and
maul brush to
them retrieve
half to game, or
death jumping
and they into
feel freezing
nothing. cold
(Not that water to
I'd retrieve
recomm fish.
end any Nothing
child fazes
being them.
allowed Back
to do to my
that. It's experim
bad ent, it's
manners, possible
and with there's
other somethi
breeds it ng about
could be being a
dangero four-
us.) Try legged
stepping creature
on any instead
normal of a
dog's two-
paw and legged
you get creature
an ear- that
splitting makes
yelp so the pain
loud that of
for a physical
moment injuries
you less
think intense.
you've But even
killed if that
your pet. turns out
Step on to be
a Lab's true, I
paw and expect
he it's
doesn't going to
even be only
blink. part of
Labs are the
built for explanat
ion for to do to
why eliminat
animals e
act as if suffering
they was to
have less make
pain than sure the
we do animal
for the died
same instantly
injury. , today
Eventual almost
ly we'll all of
find out our
that the slaughte
real rhouses
explanati would
on for have to
the dif- be
ference consider
in ed
behavior humane.
is a But
differenc eliminati
e inside ng pain
the brain. isn't
enough.
We have
FEAR to think
IS about
WORS animals'
E emotion
al lives,
THAN
not just
PAIN their
A lot of physical
effort lives.
has been We're
put into responsi
creating ble for
humane slaughter
slaughter house
systems animals;
so the they
animal wouldn't
doesn't even
suffer. exist if it
That part weren't
was for us.
easy, So we
relatively have to
speaking do more
. If all than just
you had take
away so bad
physical for
pain. animals I
The think it's
single worse
worst than
thing pain. I
you can always
do to an get
animal surprised
emotiona looks
lly is to when I
make it say this.
feel If you
afraid. gave
Fear is most
A 1
people a reason:
choice different
between levels of
intense frontal
pain and
intense lobe
fear, functioni
they'd ng. This
probably idea first
pick fear. popped
I out at
think me when
that's I read
because two
humans studies
have a back-to-
lot more back on
power to the
control frontal
fear than lobes in
animals pain and
do. My in fear.5
guess is What
that struck
animals me was
and that
normal while an
humans active
are prefronta
opposite l cortex
s when it was
comes to associate
fear and d with
pain, and increase
for d pain, it
roughly was also
the same associate
d with
reduced lower
fear pain,
(though higher
not with fear, and
reduced lower
anxiety). frontal
Pain and lobe
fear, at control
least in of the
these rest of
studies, our brain
were than
opposites nonautist
.6 ic
The people.
story Those
isn't that three
simple, things go
of together.
course, (I'm not
but it's saying
close that
enough autistic
that, people
until we have no
learn pain at
more, I all and
believe don't
animals need
have painkille
lower rs. I
pain and don't
higher want to
fear than give that
people impressi
do. My on.)
other You
reason almost
for have to
believing work
this at with
least animals
provi- to see
sionally what a
is that terrible
it's the emotion
same fear is
with for
autistic them.
people. From
As a the
general outside,
rule, we fear
have seems
much an easier
more state for
pun- animals
ishing to get
than into than
pain. it is for
Even an normal
animal human
who's beings
complete —a lot
ly alone easier.
and Animals
giving feel
full intense
expressi fear
on to when
severe they're
pain acts threaten
less ed in
incapacit any
ated than way,
an regardle
animal ss of
who's whether
scared they're
half out predator
of his s or
wits. prey.
Animals While
in all
terrible animals
pain can can be
still overwhe
function; lmed by
they can terror,
function prey
so well animals
they can like
act as if cows,
nothing deer,
in the horses,
world is and
wrong. rabbits
An spend a
animal lot more
in a state time
of panic being
can't scared
function than
at all. predator
I also s do.
think You've
intense heard
fear is the
expressi running
on "like before
a deer the lion
caught does,
in the that
headligh means it
ts"—that has to be
pretty hyper-
much alert all
sums up the time,
the prey keeping
animal's a watch
psyche. out for
They are danger.
very You
nervous have to
animals, be gentle
because when
the only you're
way a working
prey ani- with
mal can prey
survive animals.
in the I've seen
wild is so many
to run. animals
Since a ruined
prey by
animal owners
has to who
start traumati
zed them
through
rough or
ignorant
handling
. The
whole
idea of
breaking
a horse
is a
perfect
example.
If you
break a
horse,
he's
broken.
He's
traumati
zed for
life and
usually
no use to neither
anyone can
after animals.
that, I'm
includ- sure
ing that's
himself a why I
lot of relate to
times. prey
Just like animals
the like
horses at cattle as
my strongly
school. as I do:
That's because
another my
thing emotiona
autistic l makeup
people is
have in similar.
common Fear is a
with ani- horrible
mals: we problem
have for
long people
memorie with
s, autism—
especiall fear and
y for anxiety.
fear. Fear is
Clara usually
Barton defined
had a as a
famous response
saying: to
"I external
distinctly threats,
remembe while
r anxiety
forgettin is a
g that." response
No to
autistic internal
person threats.
would If you
have step on a
come up snake
with that. you feel
We can't fear; if
forget you
bad stuff think
on about
purpose, stepping
and on a
snake is
you feel respon-
anxiety. sible for
It's not an
clear anxious
whether tempera
the brain ment.
system When
underlyin the
g fear amygdal
and a is
anxiety damaged
is the the
same. I anxious
think tempera
most ment
research doesn't
ers have go away.
assumed Based
that it is, on my
but own
recent observati
research on of
by Ned animals
Kalin, a and of
psychiatr myself, I
ist at the think
Universit nature
y of Wis- created
consin, at least
Madison two
, has different
found a emotion
differenc al
e systems
between to handle
our threats:
"initial fight-or-
response flight
s to fear and
fearful the
stimuli" orienting
and an response
"anxious I talked
tempera about in
ment."7 Chapter
The 2. The
amygdal fight-or-
a handles flight
fearful correspo
stimuli, nds to
but the fear, and
prefronta I wonder
l cortex whether
the animal I
orienting don't
response want to
might give him
correspo only a
nd to fight-or-
anxiety flight
or to the system. I
anxious want to
tempera give him
ment. vigilance
I say as well,
that because
because I want
if I'm him to
God and keep a
I'm lookout.
designin I need
g an two
A 1
9
different trouble.
systems I
because don't
if he just know
chronica what the
lly flees research
every will
potential show,
threat, but I do
he's know
going to that
use up antidepr
his essants
energy have
reserves separate
. The d my
reason I orienting
think
response
vigilanc
from my
e may
fear
be
response
linked
. One
to
reason I
anxiety
say this
is that
is that I
anxious
take
people
antidepr
are
essants,
always
and
on
they've
guard,
always gotten
watchin rid of
g for my fear
but not sleep
my and I
orienting hear a
response back-up
, which beep I
makes can't not
me think orient to
the two it; I have
response to pay
s are attention
based in . There's
separate no way I
systems can fall
in my asleep.
brain. If It's as if
you take the
somethin medicati
g like on split
the high- my
pitched system
back-up apart
alarm on chemical
a ly.
garbage Intense
truck, fear got
before I turned
took off;
medicati orienting
on I and
would hyper-
almost vigilance
have a stayed
panic on.
attack Autist
hearing ic people
that have so
sound. much
On natural
medicati fear and
on I anxiety
don't —I'm
panic, almost
but the comforta
beeping ble
turns on saying
my it's
orienting universa
response l—that
and I when
can't they're
turn it young
off. If they can
I'm be like
trying to little
wild — not
animals. all, but
For quite a
years lot—
people appear
thought to
autistic normal
children people
were who've
unteacha never
ble dealt
because with
they them
were so before.
uncontro Autist
llable, ic
and a lot children
of seem
people "wild"
think for a lot
that the of
feral different
children reasons,
we've not all
heard of
about which
over the relate to
years— animals.
children A huge
said to problem
have for
been autistic
raised by children
wolves , though
—were not for
actually animals,
autistic. is
No one scrambl
would ed
call an sensory
autistic processi
child ng. The
feral world
today, isn't
but the coming
word is in right.
a pretty So
accurate young
descripti autistic
on of the children
way a end up
lot of looking
these wild for
children the
same But
reason one of
Helen the
Keller biggest
looked reasons
wild: autistic
parents children
and (and
teachers more
can't get than a
through few
to them. autistic
In some adults)
ways it's seem so
almost "untama
like they ble" is
have to that
raise they're
themsel terrified
ves. A of so
lot of
many
them do
things.
a good
It can
job of it,
take
because
years
over the
for an
years
autistic
they
child to
seem to
lose his
start
fear of
piecing
the most
things
ordinary
together
events,
. One
like
mother
told me getting
she felt a
as if her haircut
son had or going
to "learn to the
to see," dentist,
and I if he
bet ever
there's a does.
lot of There
trudi to are
that. plenty
of
autistic
adults
who
have to
be
given
general exactly
anesthe the way
sia to you feel
have when
their you're
teeth about to
worked defend
on. your
They've dis-
never sertation
gotten , only I
over felt that
their way all
terror. day
This long,
is what every
we have single
in day. I
common was in a
with constant
animals. , daily
Our fear state of
system emergen
is cy. It
"turned was
on" in a horrible.
way a If I
normal hadn't
person's gone on
is not. medicati
It's fear on I
gone couldn't
wild. In have
my own had a
case, life at
overwhe all. I
lming certainl
anxiety y
hit at wouldn't
puberty. have
From been
age able to
eleven have a
to age career.
thirty-
three,
when I FREE
discover DOM
ed FROM
antidepr FEAR
essant It seems
medicati likely
on, I felt that
animals fear,
and than
autistic animals
people or
both (most)
have autistic
hyper- people.
fear The
systems frontal
in large lobes
part fight
because fear in
their two
frontal ways.
lobes First,
are less the
powerfu frontal
l lobes
compar are the
ed to brakes.
the The
frontal frontal
lobes in lobes
typical tamp
folks. down
The the
prefront amygdal
al a, a
cortex tiny,
gives evolu-
humans tionaril
some y
freedom ancient
of structur
action in e in the
life, middle
includin of the
g some brain
freedom that
from produce
fear. As s fear.
a rule, The
normal amygda
people la tells
have the
more pituitar
power y to
to pump
suppres out
s fear, stress
and to hormon
make es such
decision as
s in the cortisol;
face of the
prefront discover
al that
cortex different
tells the species
pituitary have
to slow different
down. I levels of
don't frontal
know control
for a over
fact that fear,
an too.
animal's Even
or if we
autistic find out
person's animal
frontal frontal
lobe lobes do
braking just as
system good a
is job of
weaker suppres
than a sing
nonautis stress
tic hormon
person's, es as the
but my human
guess is brain,
that it is. the
We frontal
could lobes
certainly
A 1
9
have a tic
second people
means of use
combatin language
g fear to talk
that we themselv
know es out of
almost to fear.
a There'
certainty s
is probably
different more to
in it than
animals that. I
and in
have
typical
come to
humans,
believe,
and that
from my
is
own
language
experien
.
Nonautis ce and
from the same
published experien
research, ces
that without
mental developi
images ng
are far PTSD.
more The main
closely differenc
connecte e she
d to fear found
and panic between
than the two
words. groups
Ruth was that
Lanius, one
an group
assistant remembe
professor red their
psychiatr trauma
y at the visually
Universit and the
y of other
Western remembe
Ontario, red it
did a verbally,
brain as a
scan of verbal
people narrative
suffering . Their
from scans
post- backed
traumatic this up.
stress When
disorder, people
or PTSD.8 with
She PTSD
scanned remembe
the brains red the
of eleven trauma,
people visual
with areas of
PTSD as their
a result brains lit
of sexual up (along
abuse, with
assault, other
or car areas),
crashes and when
and people
thirteen without
people PTSD
who had remembe
suffered red their
traumas, words
verbal are less
areas lit frighteni
up. ng, or
Some how this
how works in
words the
are brain.
associate But I
d with think
lower that
fear. when it
This is comes to
one of managin
the g their
meaning fear,
s of the animals
saying and
"A autistic
picture people
is worth are at a
a big
thousand disadvan
words." tage
A because
picture they
of a have to
scary rely on
thing is pictures.
a lot
more
frighteni I don't
ng than a know
verbal whether
descripti it's
on of a easier to
scary traumati
thing. By ze an
the same animal
token, a than a
visual human
memory being
of a overall.
scary I think it
thing is probably
more is. I do
frighteni know
ng than that
a verbal once an
memory. animal
No one has
knows become
why or traumati
how zed it's
impossi Apparent
ble to ly the
un- dog had
traumati gotten
ze him. really
Animals sick
never when she
unlearn a was a
bad fear. puppy,
There' and my
s no friend's
reasonin parents
g with put her
an in the
animal basement
who's so she
been wouldn't
scared mess up
half out the
of his house.
wits.
Afterwar
Here's a
d the dog
classic
associate
example.
d the
When
basement
she was
with
little, a
being
friend of
horribly
mine
sick.
had a
That
collie
dog
who
never got
became
over her
deathly
fear of
afraid of
the
the
basement
basemen
, and she
t.
never set
foot
downstai
rs again
for as
long as
she lived.
It was
sad,
because
the dad
had his
office in
the
basement
, and the
dog
wouldn't could
spend put a big
any time thick
with him juicy
at all. My piece of
friend raw
remembe steak
rs her halfway
dad down the
standing stairs—
at the nothing
bottom of doing.
the stairs, She
calling wouldn't
"Lassie, budge.
Lassie. And if
Here, someone
Lassie," tried to
in his pick
softest Lassie up
voice. and carry
(They her down
named the stairs
the dog she'd get
after the violent.
Lassie in This was
the TV a collie.
show.) This dog
Lassie was so
would terrified
stand at of the
the top of basement
the stairs, she was
staring at fighting
the dad, for her
wagging life.
her tail People
franticall with
y, even severe
whimperi cases of
ng and PTSD
crying don't get
because over it,
she either,
wanted but
to go people
down to with
him so milder
badly. traumas
But she have a
would lot of
not leeway
move. in
You dealing
with to drive
their anywher
fears. My e, and
friend sometim
with the es even
collie when she
develope wasn't
d a mild anywher
case of e near a
PTSD car. Her
herself memorie
after a s were
car crash all
about six visual,
years just like
ago. She the
was people in
having Dr.
semi- Lanius's
flashback experime
s while nt.
she was It took
driving, her a
and she good two
felt a or three
huge years,
amount but today
of ten- she's
sion and basically
fear over it.
wheneve Getting
r she had into a car
to drive doesn't
on the automatic
freeway. ally
I say trigger
semiflash memories
backs of the
because accident
she didn't the way
feel as if it used
she was to, and
reliving most of
the acci- the time
dent; it she takes
was more driving
that she for
kept granted
vividly the way
remembe she did
ring the before
accident the
anytime accident.
she had An
animal situation
can't do once he's
this. No been
animal scared
goes back half out
to acting of his
nonchala wits. It
nt about a just
person, doesn't
place, or happen.
A 1

FEAR "enough
fear"
LESS
because
GUPP fear has
IES a
I don't purpose,
know and an
where animal
autistic or a
people person
fall on without
the fear has
trauma a
spectru disabilit
m, y. The
althoug purpose
h I of fear
believe is to
animal keep us
fear is alive. It
more does an
adaptive excellen
than t job of
autistic this,
fear, on judging
the by what
whole. happens
Autistic when
people you're
have low-
way too fear.
much Randol
fear, ph M.
while in Nesse
most and
circums George
tances C.
animals Willia
have ms
just describe
enough. a
I say terrific
study on guppy
fear and and
survival you're
in their not
book afraid
Why We to swim
Get out in
Sick? the
Some open
research and
er put a stare
bunch straight
of at a
guppies piranha,
in with you're
a not
piranha going
in a fish to live
tank. long.
Some of Next to
the go were
guppies the
were medium
highly -fear
fearful, guppies
some , who
were didn't
moderat stare
ely straight
fearful, at the
and piranha
some but
were didn't
practical do
ly every-
fearless. thing in
The their
fearless power
guppies to get
were the away,
ones either.
who They
would got
stare eaten
straight next.
at the The
piranha. fearful
The guppies
fearless lived
guppies the
got longest.
eaten They
first. If got
you're a eaten,
too, but whose
not until genes
everyon have
e else been
was manipul
eaten ated to
up. Fear eliminat
kept e, or
them knock
alive out, just
longer. one of
It's them.
pretty You can
obvious eliminat
how e both
fear copies
would of the
help gene, or
keep just one
you copy.
alive Once
when the gene
you're a is
guppy knocked
swimmi out the
ng with research
a er
piranha. studies
But fear the
is also a mouse
survival to see
mechani what's
sm differen
when t about
you're a it, if
piranha anythin
swimmi g.
ng with The
another link
piranha. between
Researc fear and
hers survival
found popped
this out out in
doing the
genetic middle
knockou of a
t work knocko
with ut study
mice. A on
knockou learning
t mouse . Six
is a months
mouse into the
study unusual
there for
were mice.
some Mice
strange, normall
things y either
going avoid
on in fights,
the or end a
mouse fight
colony. before
The either
research mouse
ers dies.10
would The
come to researc
the lab hers
first discove
thing in red that
the they
morning hadn't
and find just
dead knocke
mice in d out
the some
cages. aspect
Their of
backs learning
were ; they'd
broken also
and knocked
there out fear.
was A
blood normal
every- mouse,
where. with a
They normal
had amount
obviou of fear,
sly does
fought not
to the fight to
death, the
which death.
is very He
fights
until
he's
beaten,
or sees
he's
going to
lose,
and
then he defensiv
yields. e
Fear aggressi
keeps on,
him because
alive. the
The resident
knockou mouse is
t mice fighting
were to
almost defend
fearless, his
and they home. A
fought normal
to the mouse
death. who's
The forced
research to
ers become
discover an
ed some intruder
other —a
interesti mouse
ng who
things suddenl
about y gets
their put
mice. A inside
normal another
mouse mouse's
will cage—
fight an won't
intruder fight. It
on his will
territory either
. Lab run
experim away or
ents on stand up
this are in a
clear: if defensiv
you put e
a position
strange to
mouse protect
inside itself.
another Mice
mouse's with
cage, the just one
resident copy of
mouse the
will knockou
attack. t gene
That's were
called differen
t. (Mice territory
with . But
both they
copies also
of the fought
gene when
knocked they
out were were the
messed intruder
up in so . They'd
many get
ways dropped
that I'm into a
not strange
going to cage
talk already
about "owned
them " by a
here. strange
They mouse,
had and
huge instead
problem of
s in lots trying
of to run,
realms, they'd
which fight.
makes it Not
harder only did
to say they
anything attack
specific the
about resident
fear.) mouse,
These but after
mice an ini-
showed tial
normal skirmish
defensiv they'd
e approac
aggressi h the
on if a resident
stranger mouse
mouse again
was put and start
into a whole
their new
cage. fight.
They This is
fought somethi
to ng
protect you'd
their never
home see in a
normal in all
mouse. kinds of
A situation
normal s. One
mouse example
finding : the
himself knockou
on t mice
another didn't
mouse's freeze
territory up as
would much as
be too normal
frighten mice do
ed to when
fight. put in a
The cage
experim where
enters they'd
knew been
the shocked
problem . The
was experim
reduced enters
fear also ran
because experim
they ran ents
a bunch showin
of other g that
tests the
showing mice
that remem
these bered
mice the fact
were that
less they'd
fearful been
A 1
shocked box,
just fine. which is
To test a cage
whether with a
or not partition
mice in the
remembe middle
r the that the
place mouse
where can
they've jump
been over.
shocked, The
experime mouse
nters use only gets
a shuttle shocked
on one been
side of living in
the the wild
partition they
but not would
the other. have had
All mice very
quickly short
learn lives.
which
side is
the bad STAYI
side, and NG
they stay ALIVE
on the That's
good the point
side. of
They emotion
rememb s:
er which survival.
side is Normal
good and emotion
which s are
side is essential
bad. to
The staying
knockou alive and
t mice well.
rememb Emotion
ered the is so
shocks importan
and they t that if
remem- you had
bered to
that the choose
shocks between
hurt. having
They an intact
just emotion
didn't system
care. in the
And brain
they and
didn't having
care an intact
because cognitiv
they e
didn't system,
have the the right
right choice
amount would
of fear. be emo-
If these tion.
mice had Emotion
s are so In the
importan brain
t that, as logic
Jaak and
Panksep reason
p says, are
"there never
are good separate
reasons from
to emotion.
&elieve Even
that the nonsense
cognitive syllables
apparatu have an
s would emotiona
collapse l charge,
if our either
underlyi positive
ng or nega-
emotiona tive.
l value Nothing
systems is
were neutral.
destroye That's
d."11 what
To you have
most to
people, rememb
this er.
doesn't I want
make to stick
sense. with this
We idea for a
humans little bit
tend to longer,
think of because
emotion it's
s as importan
dangero t to
us forces understa
that need nding
to be what fear
strictly means to
con- an
trolled animal.
by The rea-
reason son most
and people
logic. think
But logic is
that's not more
how the importan
brain t than
works. feeling is
that we an issue
aren't or a
usually person,
aware of you
the make
connecti bad
on decisions
between and you
the two. blame
A lot of
people's
emotiona
l life is
unconsci
ous a lot
of the
time,
especiall
y when
you're
calmly
thinking
somethin
g
through.
Yon feel
like
you're
just using
logic, but
you're
actually
using
logic
guided
by
emotion.
You just
aren't
aware of
the
emotion.
Not only
that, but
sometim
es when
you are
aware of
your
emotions
, because
you're
passionat
e about
the time
emotion. making
And, of any
course, decision
most of at all,
us and
definitel when
y think they do
other make a
people's decision
emotion it's
al usually
decision bad. The
s are problem
dumb! isn't the
We're emotion;
half the
right problem
about all is that
of this. the
A lot of emotion
obviousl s they're
y using
emotion are
al dumb.
decisions I
probably recomme
are nd
dumb a Descarte
lot of the s'Error
time. But to
the anyone
problem who's
isn't the intereste
fact that d in
emotion emo-
was tions,
involved intuition,
. and
Everyon decision
e uses making.
emotion Dr.
to make Damasio
decisions has done
. People a huge
with amount
brain of work
damage with
to their frontal
emotion lobe
al patients
systems who lost
have a the
horrible ability to
have paper, it
what we seems
call a gut like they
feeling. ought to
Even be able
though to
these manage
patients their
still had lives just
complete fine.
ly They
normal pass
IQs and most or
logical even all
reasonin of the
g standard
abilities, neuropsy
they chologic
couldn't al tests.
function Elliot,
as Dr.
normal Damasio
adults. 's
They patient,
needed had a
other high IQ
adults to and
take care tested
of them, well on
and after "percept
Dr. ual
Damasio ability,
testified past
for one memory,
of them short-
in court term
he memory,
qualified new
for learning,
permane languag
nt e, and
disability the
payments ability
. to do
The arithmet
really ic."12
interestin His
g thing is attention
why was
these good,
people and so
can't was his
function. working
On memory.
 Worki words,
ng working
memory, memory
by the is in
way, is charge
the part both of
of your finding
memory things in
that long-
performs term
work. memory
When and of
you hold holding
a phone those
number items in
in mind consciou
while s
you dial memory
you're so you
using can use
working them
memory. once
Or, if they're
you're a found. If
researche you've
r or a got
writer, working
working memory
memory deficits
holds —which
two I do—it's
different a
ideas in problem.
mind Elliot'
while s
you're working
trying to memory
figure was fine.
out how All of
they're his
related. cognitiv
Working e
memory abilities
also tested
searches out fine,
your too; on
brain for paper
any other there
ideas that wasn't
might be anything
related to wrong
the first with
two. In him.
other It took
 Dr. figure
Dama out
sio a what
long it was
time Elliot
to
2 A 2
0
couldn't the rest
do, and of his
what he life] he
found tended
relates not to
directly display
to anger,
animals and on
and their the rare
emotion occasion
s. What s when
Elliot he did,
couldn't the
do was outburst
have a was
proper swift; in
emotion no time
al he
response would
to life. be his
Dr. usual
Damasio new
writes, self,
"I never calm
saw a and
tinge of without
emotion grudges.
in my "13
many Elliot
hours of hadn't
conversa just lost
tion the big
with emotion
him: no s like
sadness, fear and
no anger,
impatien either.
ce, no He'd
frustrati lost his
on with visceral
my emotion
incessan s, the
t and kind of
repetitio thing
us ques- you feel
tioning. when
. . . [In you
look at a so he
photogr couldn't
aph of a decide
terrible what to
accident do about
or a the
wounde future.
d animal He'd get
— or, stuck in
on the endless
positive deliberat
side, a ions
happy instead.
child or One
a sunset. time
He was when
mostly Dr.
an Damasio
emotion asked
al blank. him
Why what
was that day he
such a wanted
huge to come
problem to the
? office
Because next
people week,
and Elliot
animals pulled
use their out his
emotions date
to book
predict and
the spent a
future full
and half-
make hour
decisions going
about through
what to all the
do. pros and
That's cons of
what each
Elliot one of
couldn't the two
do after days Dr.
his brain Damasio
damage: had
he suggeste
couldn't d. He
predict went on
the and on
future, and on,
spelling the
out all future.
the If he
possible did
consequ manage
ences of to take
either an
choice action,
and it was
never almost
reaching always
a the
conclusi wrong
on. one. His
Finally judgme
Dr. nt was
Damasio shot.
just But
picked he sure
one of did
the days. great on
Without all those
visceral tests.
emotion, Eventua
Elliot lly one
couldn't of Dr.
automati Damasio
cally 's
predict graduate
which students
day develop
would ed a test
be better that
and picked
which up the
day dif-
would ference
be between
worse; Elliot
he also and
couldn't people
tell whose
whether brains
the two were
days normal.
would They
be called it
equally the
good or Gamblin
equally g Test.
bad. He In the
couldn't test, the
decide subject,
about who is
called require
the him to
Player, pay a
starts "fine" to
out with the
$2,000 experim
in play enters,
money so he
and four takes a
decks of loss on
cards to those
draw draws.
from. The
All he goal is
knows to try
about not to
the lose any
game is of the
that loaned
every money
card he and to
turns win as
over much
will win extra
him money
money, as
but a possible.
few of What
the the
cards player
will doesn't
also know is
that
decks A
and B
give you
really
high
wins but
also
really
high
losses.
Decks C
and D
give you
lower
wins and
lower
losses. If
you
could sit
down
and do
the math s do.
you'd Emotion
find out s let you
that in develop
the end hunches
you . They
come give you
out a feeling
ahead —and it
drawing really is
from a feeling
Decks C —for
and D. what's
But going to
that's happen
not in the
allowed, future
because so you
the can
Gamblin make
g Test is the right
suppose decision
d to be about
like life: what to
it's do.
uncertai Elliot
n. You flunked
don't the test.
know He
what's started
going to out like
happen, everyone
so you else,
don't picking
know, cards
for sure, from
what to Decks A
do. You and B
have to because
rely on the
intuition payoff
; you was so
have to high.
develop But he
a feeling didn't
for change
which to Decks
decks C and D
are the when he
good noticed
ones. his
That's money
what dwin-
emotion dling
down to and B,
nothing. so he
People never
with switched
normal to C and
brains, D. He
and even just kept
people on
with picking
other cards
kinds of from A
brain and B
damage and
(includin going
g deeper
language into
disorder debt.
s!) start
to get a
bad USING
feeling EMOTI
about ONS
Decks A TO
and B
PREDI
pretty
quickly. CT
Once THE
they FUTU
have that RE
bad
A
feeling
healthy
they
animal is
switch to
the exact
Decks C
opposite
and D.
of an
But
emotion
Elliot
al blank,
never
and he
switched
makes
.
sound,
Althoug
emotion
h he -based
understo decision
od s all the
perfectly time. He
well that has to;
he was oth-
losing erwise
his shirt, he'd be
he never dead.
got a The
bad single
feeling most
about A importa
nt thing now.
emotion Anim
s do for al
an behavior
animal is ists have
to allow learned
him to that
predict emotion
the s work a
future. lot like
We hunger.
didn't It's easy
always to see
know that the
that, but whole
thanks point of
to hunger is
research to keep
we do you
A 2

alive and r of
functioni action,
ng. it's also a
Hunger predicto
makes r of the
you get future.
up off Your
your body
comfy doesn't
seat on wait
the sofa, until the
or up off last
your possible
comfy moment
seat on a to get
rock hungry.
inside Instead
your you get
cave, hungry
and go long
find before
somethi you're in
ng to danger
eat. But of run-
what ning out
most of the
people energy
don't you
know is need to
that keep on
hunger finding
isn't just and
a consumi
motivato ng food.
Hunger they deal
is an with
early problem
warning s. Do
system. they deal
Natur with a
e is filled problem
with when it
systems shows
just like up, or
the when it
hunger blows
system, up?14
and that The
includes right
our answer
emotion is "when
al it shows
system. up."
Emotion Compan
s don't ies that
just give wait
you until the
moti- last
vation; minute
they to
give you handle a
informa problem
tion— end up
informat handling
ion a much
about bigger
the problem
future than
and they
what would
you have if
need to they'd
do about jumped
it. on it as
The soon as
way our they
bodies knew
work about it.
reminds It's
me of a the same
question way
producti with
vity nature,
consulta only
nts ask nature
compani goes
es about manage
when ment
con- (the
sultants main
one olfactory
further: system,
Mother or
Nature MOS).
tries to The
keep us close-up
out of system
trouble is
in the extremel
first y close-
place. up; an
This animal
isn't almost
speculat has to be
ion. We touching
know an
that object to
emotion smell it
s work using
by the
letting AOS.
animals Altho
predict ugh it's
the not a
future mammal
thanks , the
to snake is
research a good
into fear example
and the of the
sense of AOS.
smell in Snakes
rats.15 smell the
All air by
mammal flicking
s have their
two tongues
systems in and
for out.
smell: a When
close-up they do
system that they
(called are
the actually
accessor catching
y air
olfactory molecul
system, es on
or AOS) their
and a tongues
distant and
system moving
them to vulnerab
the roofs le to
of their being
mouths, attacked
where and
the AOS eaten—
is would
located.16 use their
When distant
it comes smell
to system
picking to stay
up a out of
predator' danger.
s scent, It just
the stood to
close-up reason
system that if
lets a rat you're a
smell a rat and
cat that's you
sitting don't
no more react to
than a a cat
foot or until
two you're
away. face-to-
The face with
distant it, it's too
system late.
lets rats
You're
smell a
lunch.
cat way
But it
off in the
turns out
distance.
that's
So
not the
natura
way
lly
things
every
work at
one
assum all. The
ed distant
that system
rats— isn't
and connect
any ed to
anima fear
l centers
who's in the
rat's
brain,
and the
smell of
a
predator
in the ng rats
distance whose
does not close-up
motivate system
a rat to has been
flee. The disconne
distant cted
smell from the
system rest of
doesn't the brain
affect a to rats
rat whose
emotion long-
ally or distance
behav- system
iorally at has been
all. disconne
It's the cted.
close-up (This is
system done by
that's snipping
connecte the
d to the fibers
fear connecti
centers ng the
in the two
rat's inside
brain, the
and it's brain.)
the Only rats
close-up who
system have an
that intact
activates close-up
survival smell
behav- system
iors like act
freezing scared
in place when
or they
fleeing. smell a
It's the predator.
close-up The
system instant
that they
keeps smell cat
rats they
alive. freeze
We and start
know dropping
this from more
experim pellets
ents of poop,
compari classic
signs of nature
fear. The did.
rats What
whose nature
brains did by
are linking
getting close-up
input smell to
only fear was
from to give
long- the rat
distance the
smell ability to
don't predict
react at the
all. They future.
feel Here's
nothing how it
emotion works.
ally. In the
Resea wild, rats
rchers get
were scared
stunned when
to get they
this wander
result. It into a
was place
complete where a
ly predator
counteri has been
ntuitive, in the
because past.
why There's
would no cat
nature there
want a now (or
rat to let's
wait to hope
get not), but
scared there's
until he's plenty
standing of cat
face-to- smell,
face with and the
a cat? rat is
The right on
answer top of it
is nature when his
wouldn't close-
want smell
that, and system
that's picks up
not what the
scent. any cats
Since in the
most area are
predator going to
s are be and
territoria then get
l, where out of
a cat has the way
been in before
the past they get
is an there. It's
excellent an early
indicatio warning
n of system.
where Animal
it's going emo-
to be in tions
the help
future. animals
So the stay out
rat's of
close-up trouble
"scary in the
smell" first
system place,
lets it which is
predict a
where
A 2
n
very want to
good stay
idea if away
you're a from
rat. It's spots the
probably victor
a good dog is
idea if going to
you're a be
dog or a visiting
cat, too. soon.
Cats It
might seems
want to like
stay Mother
away Nature
from thinks
major an ounce
dog of
spots, preventi
and dogs on is
who've worth a
lost pound of
fights cure.
might And
emotions Shouldn'
are t a rat
essential who
to knows
preventio there's a
n. A cat in the
healthy detectabl
fear e
system distance
keeps be
animals, motivate
and d to put
people, even
alive by more
allowing distance
them to between
predict itself and
the death-
future. by-cat?
When I don't
you think so.
think Fear is
about such an
emotions overwhel
as a ming
predictio emotion
n for an
system, animal
it stands that
to reason evolution
that probably
close-up selected
smell for brain
would be systems
wired to that keep
fear. But it under
it's still control.
not Propagat
obvious ing a
why species
nature takes
would more
wire up a than just
rat's not get-
brain so ting
that it eaten.
doesn't All
feel fear creatures
when it need to
smells a eat,
real live sleep,
cat off in mate,
the have
distance. babies,
and feed didn't,
and and it's a
protect mistake
the to
young assume
until that
they're everythi
big ng we
enough see in
to fend nature
for serves a
themselv purpose.
es. To do Evolutio
all that, a n can be
rat has to random,
have and
some some
time off things
from are
fear. If probably
rats froze just the
in place side
every effects
time they of other
smelled character
a cat in istics
the that did
distance' give
they animals
could be an edge
frozen when it
around came to
the survival.
clock, But I
dependin think
g on the wiring
neighbo close-up
rhood smell to
where fear
they live. probably
My did
explanat confer
ion is ad an
hoc, of evolution
course. ary
You advantag
can't e. Until
know someone
why one else
thing comes
evolved up with a
and better
another idea, it
thing makes
sense to the
me. ground
The for a full
same half
basic hour.
principle The
(close-up
= fear;
distant =
calm)
probably
applies
to other
senses as
well.
Take
vision,
for
instance.
People
are
always
struck by
how
nonchala
nt prey
animals
are when
they see
a
predator
who
can't get
to them
—not
just
nonchala
nt but
sometim
es
downrig
ht
provocat
ive. A
friend of
mine
once
watched
a
squirrel
in a tree
tease a
cat way
down on
squirrel friend it
would sure
creep looked
down the like the
trunk, squirrel
getting was
closer deliberat
and ely
closer to taunting
the cat, the cat.
looking He
it definitel
straight y wasn't
in the frighten
eye, until ed,
finally because a
the cat frightene
sprang. d
Then the squirrel,
squirrel just like
would a
scamper frightene
back up d rat,
to safety displays
and the very
cat specific
would behavior
have to s like
drop freezing
back in place.
down to This was
the not a
ground, frightene
because d
the trunk squirrel.
was too He
long for was
the cat definitel
to make y using
it all the his
way up vision
to where (he was
the probably
branches smelling
began. the cat,
There's too),
no way because
for me to he was
know staring at
what was the cat
in that intently.
squirrel's So
brain, obviousl
but to my y the
sight of on a
a leash.
predator Another
out of friend of
the range mine
of lives
danger with a
does not young
activate male dog
a named
squirrel's Jazzie
fear who's
system. I part
suspect Rottweil
that if er. Jazzie
you is an
surgicall extremel
y y
removed dominant
his close- dog, so
up smell he's
system always
and put trying to
him get in
eyeball- fights.
to- My
eyeball friend's
with a husband
cat, he'd says
panic. Jazzie
Distant takes
predators offense
don't fire at any
up fear; dog
close who's
predators not
—or "minding
close his own
signs of busi-
predators ness,"
, like which
smell— means a
do. dog
You foolish
see the enough
same to look
thing Jazzie in
with the eye.
dogs. Accordin
Dogs g to
know Jazzie, a
when dog who
other happens
dogs are to enter
his body Jazzie as
space is the
supposed leader.
to bow Wheneve
his head r Max
and avert got
his eyes. within a
Maybe a certain
cat can distance
look at a of Jazzie
king, as he would
the avert his
saying eyes and
goes, but then, if
a dog the
definitely distance
cannot between
look at them got
Jazzie. even
He's smaller,
going to drop to
get the
chomped ground.
if he Both
does. dogs
Jazzie seemed
lives to know
next how
door to close it
an was okay
unneuter for the
ed two of
golden them to
retriever be
named without
Max Max
whom having
he's to look
tangled away or
with a drop to
couple the
of times. ground.
For a But if
while Jazzie
after that happe
everythin ned to
g was be on
fine a
because leash,
Max forget
acknowle it.
dged Max
would
A 2
drop all place.
his It's the
submissi same
ve story
behavior with
s and deer,
carry on who are
like some of
Jazzie the most
was no timid
more animals
threat on the
than a planet.
flea. Jazzie's
Max house
would has an
also act invisible
outrageo fence
us and the
wheneve deer
r Jazzie know
was exactly
behind where
the the
sliding electroni
glass c
doors perimete
looking r is.
at him. They'll
My calmly
friend stand
said it outside
was the
hilarious boundar
watching y
the two munchin
of them. g grass.
Max Every
would once in a
look while
straight they'll
at Jazzie give
—just Jazzie a
like that direct
squirrel stare, a
—then challeng
wander ing
nonchala behavior
ntly no prey
around animal
the deck, would
peeing ever do
all over to a dog
the close
enough whether
to strike. or not a
Those predator
deer is
know stalking
Jazzie them.
can't get They
to them, know
so they what
aren't stalking
afraid. behavior
Distant- looks
sense like, and
sensory if they
systems don't see
do not stalking
activate behavior
fear. they
The don't
total worry.
disconne So we
ct have a lot
between of
distance evidence
sensing that
and fear animals
is really are put
striking together
in the in such a
wild. A fashion
herd of that they
antelope have a
won't good
show the chance of
tiniest not
concern getting
about a frightene
pride of d any
lions more
sunning often
themselv than they
es not have to.
too far Nature
away. seems to
When have
you tried to
observe wire
these animals
animals and
you see people to
that prey have
animals useful
are very emotions,
aware of useful
meaning people.
emotions The
that keep visual
us alive cliff
long experim
enough to ents I
reproduce describe
. d in
Emotions Chapter
keep us 2,
alive by showing
letting us very
make young
good children
prediction and
s about animals
the future, refusing
and to crawl
good" or walk
predictio over
ns let us what
make looks to
them
good
like a
decisions
cliff, are
about
an
what
example
comes
of an
next.
innate,
inborn
How fear. No
one has
Do to teach
ANIMA young
LS humans
KNOW or
WHAT' animals
to fear
S
heights.
SCARY They
? already
There's a know.
fair
amount
of
research
showing
that
certain
basic
fears are
built
into
animals
and
 More ent. They
recently, seemed
Jaak to sense
Panksepp that
found somethin
that g was
laborator seriously
y-reared amiss."17
rats This
who've experienc
never e got Dr.
seen or Panksepp
smelled a to
cat stop thinking
playing about
the how
instant many
you put a research
tuft of laborator
cat hair ies might
in their be
play messing
space. up their
Since results
frightene due to
d researche
animals rs'
don't coming
play, to work
that's a smelling
good like their
indicatio pet cats.
n that The Pet
those rats Food
are Institute
afraid. says
"The there
animals were 75
moved million
furtively, pet cats
" Dr. living in
Panksepp the
says in United
Affective States in
Neurosci 2002.
ence, That's a
"cau- lot of
tiously cats.
sniffing Since a
the fur huge
and other amount
parts of of what
their we know
environm about the
psycholo find out
gy of whether
learning his own
and research
behavior was
comes being
from lab affected
rats, you by the
have to fact that
wonder he was
how coming
much of to work
that every
knowled day
ge came smelling
from like
terrified elkhound
rats. This . So he
is an covered
extremel his rats'
y play
important space
question, with a
because massive
learning amount
done in a of
state of Ginny's
fear is hair, and
different —
from nothing
learning happene
done in a d. The
state of rats kept
calm. I'll right on
get to frolickin
how it's g and
different playing.
shortly. Dr.
Dr. Panksepp
Panksepp thinks
didn't this is
have a evidence
pet cat, that
but he ancient
did have rats
a dog, a weren't
Nor- hunted
wegian too much
elkhound by
named ancient
Ginny. dogs.18
He
realized
he had to UNIVE
RSAL fears are
FEARS innate.
Every
We child has
know them at
what the same
most of age, then
the every
almost child
certainly loses
innate them at
fears are. the same
All chil- age.
dren Older
under the children
age of and
two are adults
afraid of also have
sudden a set of
sounds, universal
pain, fears that
strange may or
new may not
objects, be innate:
and sudden
losing sounds, a
physical stranger
support.19 walking
After age toward
two, you with
children an angry
lose look on
these his face,
fears. snakes,
That's spiders,
decent dark
evidence places,
that these and
A 2
0
high are
places. frightene
Animals d by
have sudden
whole sounds.
sets of Animals
similar don't like
fears. anything
Most sudden
mammals at all.
don't like Other
snakes, animal
and all fears are
animals more
specific prey
to each animals
species. are
Mice happiest
and rats, in small,
for dark
instance, places
don't like where
well-lit larger
open predator
spaces. If s can't
you plop get to
a lab rat them.
down in Big
the prey
middle animals
of an like cows
open and
room in horses,
broad on the
daylight other
he'll hand, are
freeze fine with
and wide-
defecate. open
That spaces.
makes They'd
sense for have to
a small be or
prey they
animal couldn't
like a rat get
whose enough
best bet food to
for not eat. If
getting you're a
killed is thousand
to stay -pound
out of animal
reach trying to
and out live on
of sight. grass,
All those you need
old Tom a lot of
and Jerry grazing
cartoons space.
are To stay
ethologic safe,
ally cor- herd ani-
rect: mals like
mice like horses
mice and cows
holes. create
Small their own
"small where
space" other
by predator
cluster- s can't
ing get at
together them. In
in short, all
groups. animals,
You'll predator
always or prey,
find the have
dominant natural-
animals seeming
standing fears of
in the the
middle natural
of the dangers
herd their
where worlds
it's present.
safest,
too. That
way I
they've T
got a lot '
of animal S
shields
standing E
between A
them and S
whatever I
predator E
comes R
along.
Predat T
or O
animals
like L
wolves E
seem to A
be R
perfectly N
happy
out in the S
open, O
but even M
they like E
to nap
and F
sleep E
together A
inside a R
small S
den,
T have
H them.
A Some
N people
with
O snake
T phobias
H may
E never
R even
have
S
seen a
But the snake
story outside a
doesn't photo-
end graph.
there, And yet
because they're
animals terrified
(and by the
people) very
also have thought
a of a
number snake.
of fears That
that fall wouldn't
somewh necessari
ere ly seem
between like
innate evidence
and that
learned. snake
These are phobias
fears that
are
extremel
y easy to
pick up,
like
snake
phobias
in
people.
Snake
phobias
are
common
, and no
snake
has ever
bitten
most of
the
people
who
are ph of a
semi- car, as
innate if people
it with
weren't snake
for the phobias
fact that do
people looking
don't at a
easily picture
develop of a
phobias snake.
to all They're
kinds of terrified
things of riding
that are in a car,
much but the
more fear
dangerou doesn't
s spread
nowaday any
s, like further.
automobi Anima
les or ls show
electrical the same
outlets. bias
I'm not toward
even certain
sure a fears and
person against
can others.
develop Psycholo
a car gist
phobia Susan
per se. Mineka's
People experim
who've ents with
been in monkeys
bad and
accident snakes at
s can Northwe
and do stern
develop Universi
post- ty are
traumati probably
c stress the most
syndrom importan
e, but t
they evidence
don't feel we have
fear just of this.
looking She
at a started
photogra with the
fact that But
monkeys show
living in the same
the wild snake to
are a
terrified monkey
of who
snakes, grew up
while in the
monkeys lab and
raised in nothing
labs are happens.
not.20 He's not
Show a worried.
live So
snake to obviousl
a bunch y
of wild- monkey
reared s don't
monkeys come
and they into the
explode. world
They already
make knowing
faces, snakes
flap their are bad.
ears, grip Some-
the bars body has
of their to teach
cages, them.
and their What
hair Dr.
stands Mineka
on end showed
(piloerec is that
tion). it's
Wild- super-
reared easy to
monkeys teach a
refuse to lab
even monkey
look at to be just
the as
snakes; terrified
that's of snakes
how as any
aversive monkey
the pres- living
ence of a out in the
snake is wild.
to a When
wild- Dr.
reared Mineka
monkey. exposed
her ator
fearless monkey
monkeys was
to wild- scared
reared but not
monkeys panicked
acting , the
afraid of observer
snakes, monkey
the lab learned
monkeys to be
instantly scared
got but not
scared panicked
themselv , too. If
es, and the
they demonst
stayed rator
scared. monkey
All they was
had to do terrified,
was the
watch observer
one monkey
snake- learned
scared to be
monkey, terrified.
and they And,
were after
snake- learning
scared snake
for life fear
themselv through
es. It observati
took only on, the
a few lab-
minutes. reared
Moreove monkey
r, the was just
lab- as good
reared a fear
monkeys model
learned for other
the same lab-
level of reared
fear the monkeys
demonstr as the
ator wild-
monkeys reared
showed. monkey
If the had been
demonstr for him.
A 2
Dr. Mineka a lso showed
that it's f
impossible to D
teach a
monkey to be L
afraid of a
E
flower using
the same A
technique. She R
showed her N
lab monkeys I
videotapes of
N
a flower
G
followed by a
shot of a
monkey B
acting ter- Y
rified, making
it look like the W
monkey on A
the tape was T
terrified of the C
flower. That
H
tape had no
effect. I
Watching a N
video of a G
monkey T
acting afraid D
of a snake
scared the lab
monkeys to
death;
watching a
video of a
monkey
acting afraid
of a flower
didn't faze
them.
Most
researchers
have
concluded
that the fear
of snakes is
semi-innate.
Monkeys
aren't born
fearing
snakes, but
they are born
ready to fear
snakes at the
it doesn't b from
correspond to watching
reality, other animals
because lots is another
of phobic example of
people can't evolution
remember giving
any initial animals and
bad people an
experience. ability to
Probably ward off
most people trouble
with fear of before it
flying, just to happens. If
give a you're
common Mother
example, Nature and
have never you decide to
come close to set things up
crashing. so everybody
So a lot of learns what to
therapists had be afraid of
suspected that through
phobias are direct, hands-
contagious, on personal
that people experience,
can "catch" a you're going
phobia by to lose a lot
hanging of animals.
around The only
people who monkeys
already have you'd have
it. Dr. around to
Mineka's propagate the
research species would
showed that be monkeys
not only is it who'd had the
possible to good luck
learn a phobia never to meet
by being up with a
exposed to snake in the
someone else first place, or
who has that monkeys
phobia, it's who did meet
incredibly up with a
natural and snake and
easy to lived to tell
acquire a the tale. The
phobia this odds of
way. Fear is keeping
contagious. monkeys on
The fact the planet are
that animals going to be a
learn what to lot higher if
you set things t supposed to
up so W be afraid of.
monkeys Evolution
learn about solved that
snakes from problem by
other making fear
monkeys. learning
permanent.
All intensely
AN emotional
ELEPHANT learning is
NEVER permanent.
FORGETS That's why
you can
Of course, it's
forget
not going to
everything
be much use
you ever
learning
learned in
about snakes
trigonometry,
in the safety
but no one
of your
born before
monkey
1958 is ever
community if
going to
you don't
forget where
remember
they were
what you
when
know the next
Kennedy
time you run
was shot,
into one.
and no one
What happens
born before
if your
1996 is ever
monkey elders
going to
even if
212
you tried
Animals to.
in The
Translat story is a
ion little
different
forget
with
where
lesser
they
traumas
were on
and
Septemb
fears.
er 11.
Animals
You
and
couldn't
people
forget
certainly
where
act as if
you were
they can
even if
forget a
you
milder
wanted
fear, and
to, and
in the
past quickly
behavior an
ists did animal
quite a would
bit of start
research reacting
on this. fearfully
Typicall to the
y light or
researche the tone,
rs would at which
teach an point the
animal to experi-
be afraid menters
of stopped
somethin pairing
g neutral, the light
such as a or tone
light or a with
tone; anything
then bad.
teach the Sure
animals enough,
to stop after a
being while the
afraid of animals
the light stopped
or tone. reacting
They did badly to
this by the light
pairing or the
the tone.
conditio Behavior
ned ists
stimulus, called
which this
was the phenome
light or non
the tone, extinctio
with n,
somethin because
g they had
aversive, extinguis
like a hed the
shock to response.
the foot The
or a puff animals
of air to seemed
the eye. to have
Under forgotten
those that
conditio lights or
ns, tones
pretty were
scary. again is
Research to pair
ers the tone
found with the
the same air puff
thing in again
humans. just once
Howe and the
ver, it animal is
turns out right
that back
extinctio where he
n doesn't started.
actually He
wipe out knows
the fear that tone
from means
your air puff.
brain. He
It's still hasn't
there. If forgotten
you .
teach an Both
animal animals
to fear a and
tone that people
precedes can "get
an air over" a
puff to learned
the eye, fear. But
and then today we
teach understa
him not nd that
to fear getting
the tone over a
because fear isn't
there's the same
no more thing as
air puff, forget-
he hasn't ting a
for- fear.
gotten. Extincti
He stops on isn't
blinking forgettin
reflexive g; it's
ly every new
time he learning
hears the that
tone, but contra-
all you dicts
have to old
do to get learnin
him g. Both
blinking lessons
—tone
Pain 213
is
neutral and
and Sufferin
g
tone is
bad— Cows
stay in don't like
emotiona snakes,
l and
memory. neither
do you.
You and
FAST any cow
FEAR, you meet
SLOW see eye-
FEAR to-eye on
When that one.
you But
spend a beyond
lot of that, it's
time hard for
with people
animals to
it's easy empathi
to see ze with
that ani- an ani-
mal fears mal's
are fears. A
worse lot of
than times it's
human hard
fears a even to
lot of the know
time. It's what an
also easy animal's
to see fears
that you, are. I
as a get a lot
human, of calls
share from
certain people
core who
fears can't
with figure
animals. out
what's
getting
their
animals
so upset.
I'll go
out to a
plant
that's
having Universit
problem y. In his
s and book
find the The
manager Emotion
standing al Brain,
there in Dr.
the LeDoux
middle explains
of what that fear
looks happens
like a in the
perfectly amygdal
normal, a.22
perfectly What's
safe really
feedlot interestin
to him, g for
and he's nonscien
got a tists is
couple that he's
hundred found
head of there are
cattle two
having kinds of
connipti fear in
ons. He the brain:
has no fast fear
idea and slow
why. fear,
To which he
understa calls the
nd low road
animal and the
fears it high
pays to road.
know The
somethin high road
g about gives
the you slow
brain. fear for a
One of simple
the most reason:
importa its
nt physical
research path
ers in through
the the brain
neurolog is longer
y of fear than the
is Joseph low
LeDoux road. On
of New the high
York road, a
scary you're
stimulus, looking
such as at is a
the sight snake,
of a then
snake in sends
your this
path, informat
comes in ion—it's
through a snake!
the — back
senses down to
and goes the
to the amygdal
thalamus a, and
, located you feel
deep afraid.
inside The
the whole
brain. process
The takes
thalamus twenty-
directs it four
up to the milliseco
cortex, nds.
at the The
top of low road
the brain, takes
for half the
analysis. time.
That's Using
why Dr. the fast
LeDoux fear
calls system,
slow fear you see a
the high snake in
road. your
The path, the
informat sensory
ion has data
to travel goes to
all the your
way up thalamus
to the , and
top of from
the there it
brain. goes
When it directly
gets over to
there the your
cortex amygdal
decides a, which
that is also
what located
deep travel up
inside to the
the top of
brain, in the
the brain.
temporal The
lobes at cortex is
the side out of
of your the loop.
head. Both
The systems
whole operate
process at the
takes same
twelve time,
milliseco with the
nds. Dr. same
LeDoux sensory
calls fast inputs.
fear the This
low road means
because that the
the thalamus
sensory receives
informat potential
ion ly
doesn't frighteni
have to ng
A 2
sensory millisec-
data and onds
sends it later, you
two get a
places: second
both to jolt of
the fear from
cortex the exact
and to same
the informa-
amygdala tion
. If you're finally
looking at arriving
a snake, at the
the fast amygdal
fear a after
system having
has you been
jumping routed
out of the through
way in the cortex
twelve for closer
milliseco analysis.
nds; then, Dr.
twelve LeDoux
thinks the like very
reason much
our time, but
brains are it makes
set up to all the
work this differenc
way is e in the
that world to
evolution whether
couldn't you get
put both bitten by
speed and that
accuracy snake or
into the not,
same assuming
system. it is a
The fast snake and
road, he not a
says, is stick. The
quick and reason
dirty. fast fear
You're can be so
walking fast is that
down a accuracy
path, you is
see sacrificed
somethin for speed.
g long, Fast fear
thin, and gives you
dark in a rough
the path, draft of
and your reality.
amygdala It's the
screams, cortex
"It's a that does
snake!" the
Twelve precision
milliseco rendering
nds later of the
your world, so
cortex it's the
has the cortex
second that can
opinion: tell a
either, snake
"It's from a
definitely stick. But
a snake!1' that takes
or, "It's time, and
just a time is
stick." exactly
That what you
doesn't don't have
sound when
you're conscious
looking at ly aware
a snake. of what's
Dr. scaring
LeDoux you. I'm
thinks scared of
nature that
evolved snake
this sitting
system there in
because the
it's better middle of
to be safe the road.
than That's
sorry: it's conscious
better to , high
mistake a road fear.
stick for a With low
snake road fear
than to you react
keep unconsci
walking ously, or
toward a mindlessl
snake bite y. You're
while running
your away
cortex is before
still you know
forming what
an you're
opinion. running
The away
other from.
thing to
know is
that high WEIRD
road fear FEAR
is One of
conscious the really
, while interestin
low road g things
fear is about
not. High memory
road fear is that
is consciou
conscious s memory
because is much
it's been more
through fragile
the than
cortex, unconsci
which ous
makes memory.
you The
termi- scious
nology memory.
for Some
different fields talk
kinds of about
memory declarativ
gets e versus
confusing procedur
, partly al; other
because fields talk
different about
fields use explicit
totally memory
different versus
terms for implicit
consciou
memory.
s and
I'll mostly
uncon-
stick to
conscious
and
unconsci
ous, but
when it
makes,
sense to
use other
terms, I
will.
Consci
ous
memory
handles
the kinds
of things
we call
"school
learning,"
facts,
figures,
dates,
names,
and so on.
If you
think
about
how
much of
what you
learned in
school
you've
forgotten
you'll get
a good
idea of By
how now
fragile it you're
is. probably
Unconsci thinking
ous Freud
learning is was right.
much If so,
more sta- you're
ble and not far
long- off. A
lasting. number
The old of
saying Freud's
about ideas are
how you turning
never out to be
forget pretty
how to good
ride a descriptio
bicycle is ns of how
a perfect the brain
example. works.
It's true: I'm no
you don't expert on
ever Freud, so
forget I should
how to add that I
ride a have no
bicycle idea
once whether
you've Freud's
learned.23 idea of
You can repres-
have sion will
significant be
brain supported
damage by brain
from a research.
stroke, What is
and supported
you're is the
still likely idea that
to we have a
remember huge
how to amount
ride a of
bicycle. unconsci
It's very ous
tough to informati
wipe out on stored
unconscio up in our
us brains.
memory. I don't
know thinking
whether about it
unconsci conscious
ous, or ly.
procedura I don't
l, know
learning whether
like procedura
bicycle l learning
riding is is always
always permanen
permanen t, but it
t. The looks like
easy way fear
to learning
remember is.
what Learned
procedura fears are
l memory the exact
is, is to opposite
think of of learned
things like facts,
bicycle dates, and
riding as names,
pro- which
cedures. you're
When constantl
you learn y forget-
somethin ting. You
g like never
riding a forget a
bicycle, fear. In
or how to fact, fear
button learning
and in
unbutton animals
your and
shirt, people is
you're so
using powerful
unconsci it can get
ous, stronger
proce- over time,
dural even
memory. when you
Your do
fingers nothing
know further to
how to "practice"
unbutton your fear
your through
shirt; you repeat
can do it exposure.
without Say you
see a more
snake in frightened
the road of snakes
just once as time
in your goes on.
life, and it Accord
scares ing to
you half Dr.
to death; LeDou
you could x, the
never see relative
a live weakne
snake ss of
again yet conscio
still get us fear
more and
A 2
1
memory memory
compare is as
d to strong
unconsc as ever.
ious Dr.
fear LeDoux
memori gives a
es may nice
explain example
why of a
fears person
can in a bad
spread car
so far crash
beyond where
their the horn
original gets
content.
stuck
What
on. For
may
a period
happen
of time
is that
after
as time
the
passes
crash,
you lose
the
your
person
conscio
feels
us
frighten
memory
ed all
of the
over
thing
that again
frighten every
ed you, time he
but your hears a
unconsc horn.
ious But
 then, er he
over hears a
time, honking
he horn,
gradual his body
ly tenses
forgets up and
about he feels
the car scared,
horn, but he
because doesn't
the know
details why. So
of the his
car conscio
crash us mind
are associat
fading es his
out of bodily
his fear
conscio reaction
us s with
memory whateve
. He r
doesn't perfectl
conscio y
usly innocent
rememb things
er he's are
afraid of going
car on
horns. around
But him,
as far as like
his walking
unconsc down a
ious busy
emotion street,
al or
memory trying to
is find the
concern elevator
ed, the s inside
crash a
and the crowded
stuck mail
horn parking
could lot. It
have could be
happene any-
d thing at
yesterda all.
y. Now, Having
whenev forgotte
n what n. The
he was new
originall fears are
y scared like
of, he's stand-
developi ins, or
ng all substitut
kinds of es, for
brand- the old
new, one.
totally This
irrationa may
l fears sound
that strange,
aren't but it
based in happens
anything a lot,
real. especiall
In Dr. y to
LeDoux' people
s view, with
this is phobias.
one As Dr.
reason LeDoux
why says,
therapist "phobics
s see so can
many sometim
fears es lose
without track of
any what
obvious they are
cause in afraid
their of."24
patients. Anot
What her
they're thing
seeing that
are could
secondar happen,
y once the
downstr conscio
eam us
fears details
that of the
develope original
d after frighteni
the ng
consciou experien
s content ce have
of the faded, is
original that a
fear was person
forgotte can start
having amygdal
conscio a hasn't,
us and he
feelings could
of fear end up
that thinking
aren't of
attached himself
to any- as an
thing he anxious
can person.
pinpoint
. They
just
seem to
come
out of
nowhere
. Say he
hears a
honking
horn
somewh
ere in
the
distance
. He
doesn't
pay any
attentio
n to it
and then
starts to
feel
anxious
without
realizin
g it's the
horn
that
caused
the
emotion
. His
conscio
us
memory
has
forgotte
n all
about
the
horn,
but his
 Dr. a doesn't
LeDoux make the
thinks distincti
the on, and
differenc every-
es thing
between about
the fast the
fear and scene of
slow the
fear accident
systems can
probably become
lead to contami
lots of nated
the with
different fear. All
anxiety kinds of
disorders irrationa
psy- l fears
chiatrists probably
treat. As develop
he points because
out, the the
slow amyg-
fear dala
system reacts so
is fast
probably based on
the such
reason a crude
person analyses
develops of a
a fear of situation
a .
harmless This
car horn process
in the happens
first to
place. animals
The all the
stuck time. I
horn got a
didn't call to
cause work
the car with a
crash; horse
the car who was
crash terrified
caused of
the stuck garage
horn. doors.
But the When I
amygdal talked to
the of
owners I garage
found doors
out that was that
the first he'd
time been
they looking
tried to at a
collect garage
semen door
from the when he
horse, fell. The
he'd garage
fallen on door
his butt. had
To nothing
collect to do
semen with the
you fall, but
have the his
horse amygdal
mount a a made
dummy, the
and crude
someho associati
w this on:
horse garage
had door-
fallen traumati
back- c fall.
ward. It The
was a next
freak time
accident they
, and the tried to
people breed
working the
with him horse
got they
crazy kept
and hit him out
him with in the
the whip open
and away
yelled at from
him, so any
now he building
was s and he
traumati was
zed. fine.
The But a
reason horse
he was who's
terrified going to
go human
berserk fears
anytime end up
he sees a being
garage different
door is a .
danger- The
ous single
horse to most
ride or importa
handle nt thing
anywher to
e rememb
outside er is that
his animals
home are
corral. afraid of
tiny
details
ANIMA in their
L environ
FEAR ments. I
like to
S ARE
use the
DIFFE term
RENT hyper-
Althoug specific
h the to
basic describe
fear animal
mechani fears. It
sms in comes
an from
animal's autism
brain research,
are the because
same as autistic
in a people
person's are
brain, extremel
the y hyper-
differen specific.
ce in It's one
frontal of the
lobe size main
and things
complex that
ity separate
means them
that from
animal typical
fears people.
and I'll be
talking
A 2
more that.
about My
hyper- favorite
specificit example
y in of a
autistic hyper-
people specific
and in fear is
animals the
when black
we get hat
to horse. I
animal met the
genius, black
so for hat
now all I horse
need to when
say is his
that owner
being came to
hyper- me for a
specific consult
means ation.
you see She said
the her
differenc horse
was
es
terrified
between
of
things a
people
lot better
wearing
than you
black
see the
hats.
similariti
That
es. You
was all,
see the
just
trees black
better hats.
than the
Now
forest. A
that is
lot of
an
times
extremel
you
y
might
specific
not see
fear. It
the
was so
forest at
specific
all. Just
I was
trees,
amazed
trees,
a
and
normal
more
human
trees.
being
Animals
had
are like
manage
d to on some
figure it things
out. It and not
might others.
seem That's
easy to what
notice inattenti
that a onal
horse is blindnes
bolting s is all
every about,
time he filtering
sees a out the
black stuff you
hat, but don't
it's not. care
If you about.
think Norm
about it ally, a
logically typical
, there's human
almost nervous
an system
infinite is not set
amount to focus
of data on black
coming hats or
into our any
senses other
every extraneo
second us
of the detail.
day. The It's just
only not. But
reason an ani-
the mals
world nervous
isn't a system
total blur is set to
is that focus on
your detail,
nervous because
system his
automati frontal
cally lobes
filters are so
out a much
huge less
amount develop
of stuff, ed than
and a typical
automat human's
ically frontal
focuses lobes.
That's eyes,
why an and the
animal ability
can to do
become that is
terrified rare.
of black She
hats: (a) and I
because worked
he with the
notices horse
them in together
the first . We
place, wanted
and (b) to know
because two
he has things:
less what
frontal were the
lobe exact
power paramet
available ers of
to his fear,
analyze and
and could
suppress we train
a fear of him out
black of it?
hats We
once the found
fear gets out
going. pretty
I was quick
impresse that he
d that was
the really
horse's focused
owner on that
had black
manage hat. We
d to tested
figure him on
out that all the
black hats we
hats had
were the between
problem us: a red
. She baseball
had cap, a
manage light
d to see blue
through baseball
her cap, and
horse's a white
cowboy He
hat. The was so
only scared
thing of the
that black
bothered hat that I
him was didn't
a black even
cowboy have to
hat, and be
it had to wearing
be it to set
black. him off.
If I
stood
perfectl
y still in
front of
him just
holding
a black
hat
quietly
at my
waist, he
would
start to
rear. He
was
looking
straight
at me,
but the
only
thing he
was
taking in
was the
hat.
That
made
me bad.
He was
sensitive
to the
position
of the
hat, too.
The
closer I
held it
to my
head,
the more up
trouble graduall
he had. y to
So the larger
problem and
was the larger
black doses.
hat, and Counter-
only the phobic
black training
hat. means
After pairing
that we the thing
tried to an
desensiti animal
ze the or
horse. person
When it fears
comes to with
fear, somethi
there are ng he
only two likes,
techniqu such as
es that food.
work You're
with trying to
animals build in
at all, some
and good
neither associati
works ons to
very counter
well: the bad
desensitiz associati
ation and ons.
counter- We
phobic did a
training. long
Desensi- session
tization is of
exactly desensiti
what it zation
sounds with the
like. You black hat
expose a horse,
person or and we
an ani- made
mal to some
tiny progress
doses of . By the
the thing end I
he fears, was able
building to have
the a black
owner hat,
put the although
black he
hat on wasn't
the exactly
ground, keen on
and I the sight
could of a
lead the black hat
horse up lying on
to it. We the
even got ground,
him to either.
touch it You
with his see this
nose. all the
But that time
was as with
far as we animals.
could go. I met a
That is ferret
a classic once
example who was
of the afraid of
kind of the
hyper- sound of
specific a nylon
fear ski
animals jacket.
develop Someon
all the e
time. wearing
The one had
horse's probably
category abused
for bad him, and
and what he
scary focused
was on was
black the
hats on sound of
people. the
Not person's
white jacket.
hats, not So that's
red hats, what set
not blue him off,
hats. the
Just sound of
people nylon
wearing swishing
or against
holding nylon.
Another were
time I captured
went to a , and if
zoo you put
where a piece
the of burlap
keepers in their
told me cage
their they'd
chimpan immedia
zees tely bury
were it under
terrified the
of straw,
burlap out of
cloth. sight so
They'd they
been tied couldn't
up inside see it.
burlap Then
bags they all
after felt a lot
they better.
A 2
2
BEING s
A
HYPER- S
SPECIFIC A
It's extremely
important to
understand
how hyper-
specific
animals are,
because you
won't
socialize your
animals
properly if
you don't.
I've watched
animals at
meatpacking
plants go
berserk when
they saw a
man on foot
for the first
time in their
lives. Up to
that point the
only men
they'd ever
ral for e ttle who pan-
normal E icked when
humans to F they saw a
I man walking
think that
A
way, but you on two feet.
have to "If I were
f
actively sitting in my
r
teach an living room
i
animal to reading a
e
group all book," she
n
women told me, "and
d
inside the I looked up
category and saw a
o
"women." stranger
f
(Animals do walking
form down the
m
categories, sidewalk and
i
which is a up to my
n
kind of front door on
e
his hands,
generalizatio
acting as if
n. We'll get c
there was
to that in the a
nothing out
next m
of the normal
chapter.) e
going on, I'd
I find that
probably be
even people u
scared half to
who work p
death." She
with animals
said it gave
professionall w
her the
y don't tend i
creeps just
to pick up on t
thinking
this aspect of h
about it.
animal
That
minds. It's a
would
just too n
probably
foreign to scare
their own a
anybody.
way of n
When you
processing a
see
the universe. l
something
Even when a o
you've never
trainer or g
seen before,
handler gets y
something
pretty good you never
at analyzing t
expected to
what's o
see, you're
scaring an going to feel
animal it's t
some fear.
still hard for h
That's
a normal e
because we're
person to get wired for sur-
c
a sense of vival, so
a
animal when we
confront the s ming at us,
unknown our c "What is it!?
survival brain r What is it!?"
gets activated e And, ah it
and starts a AangerousV."
2 A 2
2
FEAR there
AND whenev
er it sees
CURI some-
OSITY thing
I talked strange
about and
cows different
being that it
curiousl doesn't
y afraid understa
in nd.
Chapter But
3. that's not
What' what
s happens.
interesti The
ng about more
animals fearful
being the
curiousl animal,
y afraid the more
is that likely he
it's the is to
most investiga
fearful te.
animals Indians
who are used this
also the principle
most to hunt
curious. antelope.
You'd They'd
think it lie down
would on the
be the ground
exact holding
opposite. a flag,
A fearful and
prey when the
animal antelope
like a came up
deer or a to
cow investiga
ought to te they'd
just get kill it.
the hell I've
out of never
heard of because
Indians he's not
lying as fearful
down on as an
the antelope
ground is. He's a
holding great big
a flag to strong
catch buffalo;
buffalo, what
and my does he
bet is have to
that's worry
because about?
they But a
never did delicate
it. little
Buffalo antelope
are big- has a lot
boned to worry
animals, about,
and we and that's
know for why he's
a fact always
big- looking
boned into
animals things.
are less You
fearful see the
than same
animals differen
with ce in
small horses,
bones. too.
I'm Arab
guessing horses
, but I are fine-
don't boned
think a and
buffalo is flighty,
going to while
be as Clydesd
compelle ales are
d to calm. If
investiga you put
te a flag Arab
flying in horses
the together
middle with a
of the bunch
prairie as of
an Clydesd
antelope ales, and
is, hang a
flag on placid
the animals,
fence, the
it's the differ-
Arab ence
horses may be
who'll due to
walk up the fact
to the that
flag nervous
first. animals
The investig
Clydesd ate their
ales will environ
always ments
be the more,
last. learn
Curiosit more,
y and and get
fear go smarter
together. in the
Fear process.
seems to
correlate
with THE
intellige NEW
nce, too, NEW
although THING
no one
I think
can say
what all
that for
of this
sure. I
means is
mention that
this animals
because probably
any spend a
horse lot more
trainer time
will tell being
you suddenly
Arab exposed
horses to
are the somethin
smartest. g brand-
If we new
were to they've
find out
that
high-
strung
animals
are more
intellige
nt than
never animals'
seen hyper-
before specificit
than y also
humans means
do. First they're
of all, con-
animals stantly
have coming
more face-to-
limited face
lives with
than new
people things
do, if they
only haven't
because seen,
they heard,
don't touched,
read smelled,
books or tasted
and before.
watch If you're
TV. hyper-
They specific
haven't and
had the you've
huge seen a
amount few big
of dogs in
vicarious your life,
expe- but
rience you've
we have. never
Most of seen a
us have dachshu
never nd, then
seen a a
pyramid dachshu
in Egypt, nd
but we doesn't
wouldn't automati
be cally
shocked seem
if we like a
did, dog the
because first time
we've you do
seen the see one.
pyramid We don't
s in know
pictures. how
But hyper-
second, specific
animals specific.
are, but To me,
we do that
know dachshu
they're a nd was
lot more brand-
hyper- new,
specific whereas
than to a
nonautist nonautist
ic ic person
humans it would
are. I have
think been just
that another
probably dog.
has to
mean
that ani- How
mals AN
encounte ANIMA
r more L'S
new
FEAR
things
than S
people GROW
do, if Animal
only fears
because spread
people like
automati crazy.
cally Peopl
assign e's fears
most spread,
new too, as I
things to mention
old ed, but
categorie animal
s. fears
That's spread in
why a hyper-
seeing a specific
dachshu way.
nd for Here's
the first my best
time example
when I . Mark's
was little dog, Red
complete Dog, is
ly threw deathly
me off— afraid of
because hot air
I'm balloons.
hyper- She
starts d of the
going balloons
crazy , exactly
when a the way
hot air Dr.
balloon LeDoux
is just a describe
tiny s. Her
speck fear has
miles gotten
away in stronger,
the sky. not
We weaker,
have a and it's
lot of hot spread
air out to all
balloons other hot
in air
Colorado balloons,
, and no
originall matter
y Red how far
Dog got away.
spooked Peopl
when e's fears
one of can
them grow
revved that
its way,
burner too. But
right now
over her Red
house. Dog is
Since branchi
that one ng out
bad in a way
experien I don't
ce she's think
gotten people
more do. Just
and lately
more she's
frightene
A 2
2
gotten on
terrified power
by the lines so
sight of airplane
those s won't
red hit
aerial them.
marker She
balls goes
they put nuts
 when of them
she sees are
one of round,
those red
things. objects
Then seen
the against
other the blue
day all sky. The
of a tankers
sudden are
she round
went and
crazy painted
when red on
she saw the
the rear back,
end of a and Red
gasoline Dog
tanker. sees
I them
hadn't when
given she's
much riding
thought with
to Red Mark in
Dog's his
choice truck.
of From
objects her
to be angle,
terrified she's
of until I probabl
reread y seeing
Dr. them
LeDoux' sur-
s book. rounded
Halfway by sky.
through When
I human
suddenly fears
realized spread
that the from the
things original
Red Dog scary
is afraid thing to
of are other
just objects
different or
versions situation
of the s that
same should
thing: be
all three neutral
Dr. what the
LeDoux Vietnam
calls it vet is
over- doing
generali when he
zing. jumps at
The fear the
generaliz sound of
es too a car
far. A backfiri
Vietnam ng. But
vet who animals
jumps do it all
out of the
his skin time. I
when he don't
hears a think
car any
backfire human
is over- would
generaliz go from
ing from being
the scared
sound of of red
gunfire hot air
to the balloons
sound of to being
cars scared
backfirin of the
g. red ends
That's of
what tanker
Red trucks.
Dog Anim
was als seem
doing, to over-
but she generali
was ze
over- within
generali the
zing in a sensory
hyper- channel
specific that first
way. frighten
Peopl ed them.
e can That's
make why
hyper- Red
specific Dog
over- keeps
generali generali
zations, zing out
too. to
That's things
she can just as
see. surely
People as a
probabl plane
y do crash
this, would,
too, but but no
my aerial
impressi marker
on is is going
that to rev
people's up its
over- burner
generali over
zed your
fears are house
often and
more starde
logical you half
and to death.
more An
concept airplane
ual than and an
an elevator
animal's. are
For linked
instance, concept
I've ually; a
heard of red hot
people air
going balloon
from and a
fear of red
flying to aerial
fear of marker
elevators are
. That's linked
different only
from a perceptu
hot air ally.
balloon
fear
spreadin
g to
aerial
markers
. If an
elevator
crashed
with you
inside,
that
would
kill you
 Some generali
of the ze their
differenc fears out
e to things
between that are
animal in the
fears and same
human sensory
fears is category
probably , not the
due to same
the fact concept
that ual
animals category
know . The
less black hat
about horse
the generali
world zed to
than we other
do, black
seeing cowboy
as how hats, not
we built to hats
it and in gen-
they eral. (I
didn't. wish to
Red heck I'd
Dog thought
doesn't to test
know him
the with a
purpose big
of hot black
air purse,
balloons, too. I'd
aerial love to
marker know
balls, or whether
liquid anything
nitrogen with the
tankers. general
But shape of
even if a black
that's cowboy
true, you hat
always would
need to have
keep in frightene
mind d him.)
that ani- Animal
mals are fears are
going to hyper-
specific, , you're
and they going to
spread be doing
hyper- that
specifica program
lly, too. for the
rest of
die
KEEPI animal's
NG life. It's
FEAR a lot of
hard
OUT
work,
OF without
ANIMA a lot of
LS' gain.
LIVES Every
day
With
fears are
animals,
different
just like
. Unless
with
an
people,
animal
there's a
is
differenc
anxious
e
by
between
nature,
traumatic
an
fears and
everyda
plain old
y run-
everyday
of-the-
fears.
mill fear
Traumati
won't
c fears in
wreck
animals
his life
are
or
always
yours,
bad
either.
news;
The
they last
problem
forever,
is that
and they
it's hard
can
to
spread.
predict
Even if
which
you do
experi-
manage
ences
to put
will
together
traumati
a fairly
ze an
effective
animal
counter-
and
phobic
which
behavior
experien
program
ces will beep; if
just give he
him ignores
sometiii the beep
ng to and
think keeps
about. going he
Dog gets a
owners shock.25
face this You can
mystery think of
when it it as a
comes to beep-
deciding and-
whether shock
to install fence
an instead
invisible of a wire
fence. fence.
An Most of
invisible the time
fence, invisible
for fences
anyone work
who great. 26
doesn't I'd
know, is recomm
a end that
perimete every
r created dog
by a owner
radio buy one,
signal if I
broadcas weren't
t to a worried
receiver about
the dog people
wears holding
on his me
collar. responsi
When ble
the dog when
gets tfiey
close spend
enough anywher
to the e from a
perimete couple
r he hundred
hears a to
warning fifteen
hundred
226 dollars
Animals in p It was a
Translation T huge
nuisance, — I heard
because there about another
was one dog, a little
family down Jack Russell
the street terrier, who
who was would get
terrified of through the
that dog, fence just
even though because his
he'd never fellow-dog,
done another
anything bad retriever,
to them. could go
Naturally that through it.
was the one The retriever
house he'd would sail
always make through
a beeline for unscathed,
whenever he and the Jack
was done Russell would
with his lower himself
travels. He'd to the ground
plop himself and stare at
down on the place
their where he
doorstep and knew he'd get
just lie there the shock.
waiting for Finally he'd
his owners to bolt. The lady
come get him who told me
and take him about him
home. said, "He'd
Probably he'd decide to take
noticed that the hit." I'm
his owners sure if that
always dog had lived
seemed to alone, or at
show up the least in a
fastest when house whose
he landed at other dog
the scared wasn't a
family's retriever, he
house. That would have
was true, of stayed put.
course, But he wasn't
because the going to let
instant the his pal take
scared family off without
saw the dog him.
they'd start
frantically
calling the
owners every
five seconds
 in college
P about how B. 227

T F. Skinner
T once trained
T
some sheep to
I
stay inside a
fence, then
replaced the
fence with a
symbolic wire
strung
between
posts.
Supposedly
the sheep
never tried to
get past the
wire, even
though they
easily could
have.
I don't
remember
ever seeing
that story in
Dr. Skinner's
work myself,
and I'd be
surprised if
that's what he
found. In my
experience
A 2
some out. The
animals dogs
don't never
test went
fences, near the
but boundar
others ies,
do. That whether
lady they
turned were
out to wearing
have their
fence- collars
testing or not.
dogs. At They
first didn't
everythi act like
ng they
seemed associat
to be ed the
working shocks
 with the reading
collar, the
either, newspa
because per
every when
time she she
took noticed
their the
collars dogs
off to running
take a
them couple
for a of feet
walk up the
she'd hill
have to beside
pull her
them house,
through then
the coming
perimet back
er. They down
were again.
scared They
of seemed
getting to be
a shock doing
whether this
they had repeated
the ly,
collars althoug
on or h she
off. wasn't
So paying
after a close
while enough
she just attentio
stopped n to be
worryin sure.
g about She
getting thought
the col- they
lars on were
first getting
thing in awfully
the close to
morning the
. Big shock
mistake. perimet
One er, but
morning since
she was she
sitting figured
outside they'd
been batteries
perman are
ently working
conditi , they
oned stay
like Dr. home.
Skinner But if
's she
sheep, slips up
she —either
didn't forgets
worry to check
about it. the bat-
The teries
next or
thing slacks
she off on
knew, putting
both the
dogs collars
were on in
gone. the
They mornin
stayed g—it
away doesn't
for take too
hours long for
and the
probabl dogs to
y had a figure
nice out
romp they're
around free.
the I
pond a don't
little know
ways how
from they
her manage
house. it, but it
She's sounds
been like
having they're
problem doing
s with their
them own
ever doggie
since. version
As long of
as she reality
has the testing.
collars The
on and owner
the has
observe she
d that couldn'
every t figure
time out
she was,
forgets how do
the the
collars dogs
for a know
few it's
days okay to
the expand
same the
sequenc perimet
e er?
unfolds. They're
First the still
dogs acting
stay scared
well when
within she
the takes
invisibl them
e fence through
bounda the
ries, perimet
collar er on a
or no walk,
collar. so why
Then do they
they test it
start on their
expandi own?
ng the I
perimet think
er, they are
going a probabl
little bit y
farther picking
than the up
collar signals
would a
let them human
go, but can't
no per-
farther. ceive.
Then, I'm
not too guessin
long g they
after get
that, some
they're kind of
gone. little
What vibratio
n or warning
early buzz
from the
receiver
before
they
reach
the spot
where
the
warning
sound
beeps.
They
get a
warning
before
the
warning
. Once
the dogs
stop
perceivi
ng the
pre-
warning
sound
or
sensatio
n, they
start
testing
the
boundar
ies.
The
reason I
think
this is
that the
dogs
never
set off
the
warning
beeps.
That
has to
mean
that
someho
w they
know
it's safe far as it
to start goes.
pushing "She
out the will
boundar never sit
ies. If down
they on a hot
were lid again
just —and
sporadi that is
cally well;"
testing he said,
from "but
time to also she
time, to will
see never sit
whether down
the on a
perimet cold one
er was anymor
still e."
there, That's
they true
would only of
set off a cat
beeps who got
on days burned
when badly
their enough
collars to be
are on, trau-
which is matized
most by the
days. experie
Howe nce, or
ver of a cat
those who
two didn't
dogs are get
doing burned
what too
they're badly
doing, but
the doesn't
Mark have
Twain any
saying good
about reason
the cat to sit on
on a hot the
stove is stove
true apart
only as from the
fact that Owners
cats like and
to be up trainers
high. If have to
the cat match
isn't flat- their
out ter- approac
rified of h to
the tempera
stove, ment.
just The
leery, wrong
and if kind of
there's a handlin
plate g with
full of large
yummy prey
meat animals
sitting like
up there, cows
I predict and
horses
most
can
cats are
actually
going to
make
be back
them
up on
dangero
that
us. You
stove.
can take
a
FEAR perfectl
MONS y
TERS normal
horse or
Temper cow and
ament turn it
is into a
everythi spin-
ng. An and-
animal kick
with animal
too —an
much animal
fear by who
nature will
—or too spin
little around
fear— and
can be kick a
hard to human
live being
with with
and both
manage. hooves.
When halter
that and lead
happens rope.
you've They
taken a put a
prey real
animal strong
and halter
turned and a
him into six-foot
a killer. lead on
It's the
ridiculo animal,
us. tie him
You up to a
see it pole,
happen and let
when him
owners fight it
use out with
rough the post
training until
to teach he's
a horse exhaust
or cow ed and
to gives
accept a up. The
A 2
3
owner is feeling,
trying to they
teach think
the they
animal have to
to walk break
calmly the
on a animal's
lead, but resistanc
instead e.
of just It's a
putting horrible
on the training
halter method.
and lead But it
and has
letting differen
the t effects
animal dependi
wear ng on an
them animal's
around tempera
the ment,
corral to especiall
get used y his
to the level of
inborn lead, for
timidity. the rest
Calm of its
animals, life.
like But
Holstein it's the
cattle, animals
will with the
habituat medium
e. After tempera
rearing ments,
and in
bucking between
for a calm
while and
they'll fearful,
settle who
down become
and get dangero
used to us.
the When
situation you tie
. It's still them up
a stupid to the
way to post
train they get
them, scared
but they and stay
can take scared,
it. A but they
more don't
sensitive lose
, fearful control.
animal They're
can the ones
become who
scared, learn to
skittish, spin and
and kick. A
unmana naturally
geable calm
when animal
you try like the
to train Holstein
him that doesn't
way. care
That enough
animal about
will being
never be tied up
okay to a post
with the to need
halter to learn
and to spin
and kick, hooves.
because
he
doesn't I call
feel that high-
his fear
survival cattle
is fear
threaten monster
ed. s,
Naturall because
y timid they get
cattle do complet
feel that ely
their overwhe
survival lmed by
is at panic.
stake, I've seen
but they Saler
get too cattle
panicke (Salers
d to do are
anything French
about it. dairy
It's the cattle
in- we use
between as beef
animals cattle)
who get so
have frantic
exactly they'll
the right fall on
amount the
of terror ground
they and
need to start
learn rolling
how to around.
kill a A Saler
human cow
being. who
After gets her
rough leg
training caught
to the between
halter the
and lead loading
they've dock
learned and the
that they truck
have can
two actually
cannons rip her
for back own leg
off just ed in
below the
the knee French
in panic. mountai
I saw ns, and
this they'll
happen go
one
time. It
was
horrible.
An
Arab
horse
can do
the
same
thing.
These
animals
are fear
monster
s. They
get so
terrified
they
destroy
themsel
ves.
A
couple
of good
things
about
Saler
cows,
though:
they're
excel-
lent
foragers
, and
they're
wonderf
ul
mothers
. Saler
cattle
are
dairy
cows
who
were
develop
anywher They've
e to find been
grass. selective
They'll ly bred
climb up to be
into calm
nooks and to
and be huge
crannies milk
a fat old produce
Hereford rs, and
wouldn't we've
think of bred
even their
trying to protecti
get to. ve
And maternal
they'll instincts
fight off right out
anything of them.
that If a
threatens coyote
their really
calf; wants
they'll their
fight off calf, the
a coyote coyote
every can have
time. Of him.
course Nothing
that gets a
means Holstein
they'll excited.
fight you Meanwh
off, too, ile
if you try Holstein
to do bulls can
anything be
to the dangero
baby. So us
you have because
to be they
careful. have no
Holste fear.
in cows,
on the
other Is IT
hand, BAD
are so BEHA
calm VIOR
now
OR IS
they're
terrible IT
mothers. FEAR
? the dog
kept
A big
barking
problem
and
I see
ignoring
with a
her
lot of
owner's
trainers
comman
and
ds to
owners
"hush,"
is that
the
they
owner
don't
would
know
start
when an
getting
animal's
upset
bad
herself
behavior
and
is
would
motivate
eventual
d by
ly start
fear. I
yelling
knew a
at the
dog with
dog.
fear-
That
based
made
aggressi
things
on who,
worse,
when
because
her
the dog
owner
thought
took her
her
out for a
owner
walk,
was
would
scream-
start
ing for
barking
protectio
like
n, so she
crazy
got even
anytime
more
anyone
crazed.
came
In
near.
that case
The dog
the
was
owner
barking
was
because
lucky,
she was
because
scared,
she
but the
figured
owner
out what
didn't
was
understa
going on
nd.
before
When
too especiall
much y hard
damage because
had been not only
done. is a
Once she bicycle
realized somethin
the dog g that's
was being
being ridden
aggressiv by a
e scary
because stranger
she was , it's in
scared, motion,
she and that
started a sets off a
whole dog's
new natural
program. drive to
One of chase
the moving
things objects.)
she did I
was that mention
anytime ed
a bicycle earlier
rode by that I'm
she'd not a big
stop fan of
walking punishm
and have ent as a
the dog teaching
sit down. method
She'd no
stroke matter
her and what an
talk animal's
quietly, tempera
telling ment,
the dog except
everythi in the
ng was case of
okay. prey-
She was drive-
able to motivate
get a lot d
calmer chasing
behavior of
out of joggers
her dog and
that way. bicyclist
(Bicycles s
were
2 A 2
3
and the like. a
But E
punishment is S
worse for
some animals A
than for oth-
ers. There are
calm animals
who can deal
with
punishment
just fine, and
there are
nervous
animals who
totally fall
apart if they
experience a
lot of anger
from their
human
owners.
You have
to match your
handling to
the animal.
High-fear
animals need
super-gentle
handling.
Low-fear
animals don't
need harsh
handling, but
they don't fall
apart if they
get it. I saw
some Paso
Fino horses
down in
Argentina
who could
take just
about
anything their
owners
dished out.
The trainers
really abused
them. They
beat the
horses into
submission,
scare them." a do this when
Since it's just I an animal is
about young and
impossible to you can just
un-scare a have it trail
seriously along after
scared its mom. If
animal, you the mother
should do isn't afraid
whatever you of the new
can to fright- things
proof your you're
animals. showing the
That calf, the calf
means, first of won't be,
all, you have either. (This
to expose any is what Dr.
pet or animal Mineka
you own to found in her
other animals research
and other with lab-
people he's reared
likely to monkeys
come across and snakes.)
— and you The fact
need to do that animals
this when the can be
animal is inoculated
young. I've against fears
already talked by other
about how animals is
important it is something
to socialize your vet
animals to probably
other animals won't think
and other to mention.
people, in There are
order to two sides to
prevent them this coin.
from First, when
developing you get a
aggression. new pet you
But it's also have to be
important to careful
expose them about the
to other other
animals and animals he
other people meets in
to prevent the
them from beginning.
developing I know a
hard-to- situation
manage fears. right now, a
If you own couple with
two t animals are
Pomeranians scared of
they got at men, I find.
different But this dog
times, that's was so
shaping up to neurotic
be really about the
depressing husband
because the that they
first dog is think he
teaching the may have
second dog been abused
all the wrong by the
lessons. teenage son
The first in its
Pomeranian, previous
who was home.
around two They've
years old worked and
when they worked
got him, was with that
scared to dog, trying
death of the to get him
husband from to relax
the minute around the
the wife husband,
brought the but two
dog home. years later
That's not he's still
uncommon; a scared.
lot of animals When he
are scared of has to be
men, I find. alone in the
But this dog house with
was so the husband
neurotic he hides out
about the in his crate.
husband that
they think he
may have
been abused
by the
teenage son
in its
previous
home.
They've
worked and
worked with
that dog,
trying to get
him to relax
around the
husband, but
2 A 2
3 3
Then adjusted
a couple great.
of Then
months almost
ago overnig
their ht his
older attitude
dog changed
died . All of
suddenl a
y, and sudden
they got the new
a dog is
second afraid of
Pomera the
nian to husban
take her d, too.
place. The
This husban
time d hasn't
they done
made anythin
sure the g bad to
dog him,
didn't but the
have new dog
any is
emotion scared.
al So now
problem when
s with the
men or wife's
anyone away
else both
before dogs are
they cowerin
brought g inside
him their
home. crates.
For It's
the first pretty
week or demoral
so izing
everythi being
ng was alone in
fine. your
The new house
dog with
wasn't two
afraid of dogs
the who
husband won't
, and he talk to
you. they
I'm should
sure the have
new dog done
learned was
his fear have the
from the new
first dog and
dog. the hus-
The band
only spend
owner some
he'd had time
to this alone
point togethe
was a r
woman, without
so he the
probabl scared
y hadn't dog
seen around
many to mess
men, things
and he up,
hadn't prefera
learned bly in
that the
men compan
were y of
okay. another
Since dog
animals who
learn wasn't
whom scared
to be of men.
afraid of They
from needed
other to
animals, inoculat
the e the
scared new
Pomera dog
nian against
apparent husband
ly fear
taught before
the new he got
dog that home
the and
husband learned
was it from
someon their
e to fear. other
What dog.
 Usin refused
g to
animal exercise
role hard
models enough
to calm to get in
animal shape.
fears is More
an old laziness
trade . The
secret in trainer
horse had
racing. dealt
In her with it
book on by
Seabisc whippin
uit, g
Laura Seabisc
Hillenbr uit like
and says crazy all
Seabisc through
uit was every
a "train race,
wreck" and
when entering
Charles him in
Howard more
bought races
him; the than
horse horses
was normall
burned- y run.
out and He
mean. figured
His first Seabisc
trainer uit
said spent so
Sea- much
biscuit time
could resting
run but that he
wouldn' was up
t, and to it,
he and
chalked besides,
it up to the
laziness horse
. was so
Seabisc intellige
uit's nt he'd
other "back
problem off if he
was that became
he overwor
ked."27 His
It new
didn't trainer,
work. Tom
Seabisc Smith,
uit was decided
a right
medium away to
-type pair him
horse by up with
temper an
ament, animal
so being friend to
whippe help
d all the "defuse
time " him.
and Laura
raced Hillenbr
too hard and
got him writes
just that all
upset kinds of
enough stray
to make animals
him have
mean as lived
spit. with
racehors
es, from
German
shepher
ds to
chickens
to
monkey
s. Tom
Smith
picked a
nanny
goat for
Seabisc
uit and
put her
in the
horse's
stall.
You can
get a
good
idea of
what a
mistake
it is to
mistreat
a Pumpki
medium n.
-fear Pumpki
horse n was a
from classic
reading low-fear
what animal;
happene Ms.
d next: Hillenbr
"Shortly and says
after he was
dinnerti the kind
me, the of
grooms animal
found horse
Seabiscu people
it called
walking bombpr
in oof.
circles, Pump-
clutchin kin had
g the been a
dis- cow
traught pony in
goat in Montan
his teeth a, and
and "out on
shaking the
her back range
and [he'd]
forth. He experien
heaved ced
her over everythi
his half ng,
door and includin
plopped g a bull
her goring
down in that had
the barn left a
aisle. gouge in
The his
grooms rump.
ran to He was
her a
rescue." veteran,
The meeting
goat every
was out, calamity
so Tom with a
Smith cheerful
brought steadine
in a lead ss. . . .
horse Pumpki
called n was
amiable called Jo
to every Jo living
horse he with
met and him in
became the barn,
a too.
surrogat That
e parent was the
to the beginni
flighty ng of
ones. He Seabisc
worked uit's
a rehabilit
sedative ation,
effect on and it's a
the principle
whole anyone
barn." can use
Tom with a
Smith flighty
used animal.
Pumpki You
n as his don't
general need
"stable any
calmer- special
downer, training,
" and you just
that's need to
what find the
Pumpki right
n was match—
for Sea- and
biscuit, remem-
too. The ber
two never to
horses put a
stayed nanny
together goat in
for the with a
rest of crazed
their thoroug
lives. hbred.
Pretty
soon
Seabiscu FIGHT
it also ING
had a FIRE
dog WITH
named
FIRE
Pocatell
and a If an
spider animal
monkey you own
or because
manage there
does are
develop good
fears books
that on how
interfere to do
with his them,
life or and
yours, because
your books
next may not
step is be
almost enough.
certainly You
going to may
be need to
setting hire a
up a trainer.
desensit There
ization is one
or other
counter- approa
phobia ch you
program may be
. I won't able to
go into try if
those, the
A 2
circumst an
ances abused
are horse
right. nobody
That is could
to fight ride.
fire with The
fire by horse
using an had
animal's been
hyper- abused
specific with a
nature snaffle
to fight bit.
a hyper- Snaffle
specific bits
fear. have a
This is a joint in
neat the
trick I middle
learned that sits
from a on the
rancher animal'
who s
bought tongue,
so the bits are
new bad,"
owner not "all
just put bits are
on a bad."
differen He
t bridle didn't
with a make
single- the
piece connect
bit, and ion
the betwee
horse n
was snaffle
fine! (A bits and
single- the
piece bit single-
doesn't piece
have a bit.
joint; They
it's all in were
one two
piece.) differen
Here t things
was an I
abused wish I'd
animal, known
whose that
fear years
memori ago.
es were When I
permane was in
nt, and college
the my aunt
owner bought
turned me a
him into horse
a named
perfect Sizzler
riding who
horse in was fine
thirty if you
seconds walked
just by him or
changin trotted,
g the but
bit. The would
horse's buck
fear every
category third or
was fourth
hyper- time
specific: you
"snaffle pushed
him to a school,
canter. and a
She'd differen
picked t pad,
him up and put
cheap those
from a on his
dealer, back.
and that Sizzler
was was a
why. Wester
Sizzler n-
was too trained
dangero horse,
us for and
me to he'd
ride, always
and my been
aunt ridden
couldn't with a
use him Wester
on her n
dude saddle.
ranch. I bet if
You I'd
can't brought
have a out that
horse English
who saddle,
throws Sizzler
the would
guests. have
So we been
had to fine. He
sell would
Sizzler have
back to thought
the the
dealer. English
If I'd saddle
known was a
then complet
what I ely
know differen
now, I t object
would on his
have back,
gotten and he
my would
English have
riding been
saddle starting
from fresh.
high The
moral of not too
the hard to
story is: do,
if an althoug
animal h if
in your you're
life has picking
a fear out a
you can baby
solve animal
by there
complet are no
ely guarant
removin ees, the
g the same
thing way
he's there
afraid are no
of, guarant
you're ees
with
in luck.
human
babies.
CHOO
SING
A
STUR
DY
ANIMA
L
Fearful
animals
tend to
be high-
mainten
ance, so
if you
want an
animal
who's
easy to
fit into
your
life you
should
select
for a
calm,
non-
skittish
tempera
ment.
That's
 I've are still
already some
said good
mutts breeds,
are your and
best bet. there
Purebre are
d dogs always
are individu
being al dogs
ruined belongi
by ng to
breeders chancier
, breeds
includin like
g even Rottwei
the lers and
good pit bulls
breeders who are
, good
because sweet
when dogs.
you But
over- don't let
select people
for any tell you
particula that
r trait Rottwei
you ler or
always pit bull
get aggressi
problem on is a
s. And, "myth."
as you It's not.
can see Temper
in the ament
case of and
the appear-
rapist ance
roosters, are
over- connect
selectio ed. We
n for don't
single know
traits much
will about
eventual how
ly lead they're
to con-
neurolo nected,
gical unfortu
problem nately,
s. but we
There know
they To
are. test his
My hypothe
favorite sis, he
example set up a
of the natural
connecti selectio
on n study
between using
appeara silver
nce and foxes.
tempera He
ment is wanted
Dmitry to see if
Belyaev' over
s silver several
fox generati
breedin ons he
g could
experim turn
ent in wild
Russia. foxes
Dr. into a
Belyaev domesti
was a c animal
genetici like a
st who dog. So
believed in each
natural generati
selectio on, he
n allowed
determi only the
ned the most
traits "tamabl
we see e"
in animals
domesti —the
cated foxes
animals. most
Dogs willing
got to to
be the tolerate
way contact
they are with
because humans
dog —to
behavio mate.
rs He
helped started
them this
survive project
and in 1959
reproduc and
e.28 when
he died for
in 1985 human
another attentio
group n,
of whine,
scientist and wag
s picked their
up tails.
where They're
he left turning
off. into
Altoget domesti
her the c
foxes animals,
have just as
gone Dr.
through Belyaev
forty thought
years they
and would.
more What'
than s
thirty interesti
gener- ng is
ations that
of their
selectiv appeara
e nces
breedin have
g for changed
tamenes right
s. Today along
the with
foxes their
are very personal
tame, ities.
though One of
not as the first
tame as things
dogs. to
The change
research was for
ers say color:
that they
when changed
these from
foxes silver to
are black
puppies and
they white,
compete liked a
with Border
each collie.
other They
look The
quite a floppy
lot like ears are
Border neat,
collies because
in Darwin
photos. said
Their there
tails wasn't a
also single
started domesti
to curl cated
up, and animal
some of who
the didn't
foxes have
develop floppy
ed ears in
floppy at least
ears.
A 2
one country
where it was
found. I don't
t
T
E
i
think that's I
true any
longer
because I
can't think of
any breed of
horse in any
country that
has floppy
ears, although
every other
kind of
domesticated
animal does
have at least
one or two
breeds with
floppy ears.
The only wild
animal I know
of with floppy
ears is the
elephant.
Looking at
photographs
of these
animals, I
think their
bones also
 When c observation
you're s are more
choosing a relevant to
mutt, try to dogs like
pick a dog shepherds
who comes and
right up to Rottweilers
you and can who've been
be friendly. A bred to be
lot of mutts guard dogs.
are horribly If you're
distracted choosing a
inside a dog from a
kennel or breed that's
pound, so it naturally
can be hard to nervous or
tell what shy, I think
they'll be like you
once they've definitely
adjusted to a want the
new home, most
but even at outgoing
the pound a puppy in the
dog with a litter.
good With all
temperament puppies, it's
doesn't act a good idea
terrified. to give them
On the a quick
other hand, startle test.
the Monks of Clap your
New Skete hands
give different suddenly, or
advice. They stomp your
say that all feet, and see
litters have what the
loners, puppy does.
aggressors, All puppies
and retreaters. should flinch
They say you when they
shouldn't pick hear a
the first sudden, loud
puppy who sound, but
comes up to you don't
you, because want a dog
that's the who's so
dominant terrified that
puppy, and he runs off
he's going to to the corner
be most prone of his cage
to having or crate and
behavior cowers. Dog
problems. I trainers use a
don't version of
this test to t nervous the
choose W animal, the
puppies who higher the
will be good patch. Mark
service dogs. and I were
They drop a the first to
heavy piece of discover
logging chain this, but
with four or trainers
five links on have said
the floor for a long
about four time that
feet away horses with
from the high whorls
puppy. are more
Puppies who intelligent.
get really What Mark
upset by this and I
aren't the best realized is
candidates to that the real
work as a difference
service dog
for a person
with
disabilities.
Bone size
240 Animals in
Translation

isn't matche
intellige d up
nce, but trainers
fear with the
levels. kind of
High- horse
fear they
animals were
are training
often . Rough
smarter, trainers
and had
that's horses
what with
the big
trainers bones
picked and low
up on. hair
That whorls.
was the I've
other already
thing mentio
Mark ned that
noticed althoug
when h hair
he color
doesn't areas of
matter, fur are
you white.
want to (Zebras
adopt and
or buy skunks
an are
animal close,
whose but
skin they
isn't too probabl
light. I y have
would too
avoid a much
puppy black
that has fur to
too be
many conside
albino red
charact piebald.
eristics, )
such as Belyaev
blue 's foxes
eyes, a started
pink out
nose, mostly
and gray
white and
fur on then, as
most of they
its became
body. domesti
Most cated,
animals some of
in the them
wild are develop
either ed the
all one piebald
color or black-
have an and-
overall white
mottled, coloring
speckle you see
d color. in
Only Border
domesti collies.
c I've
animals been
have keeping
piebald track of
color- animals
ing, with
where white
large patches
of fur, to, and
and I've she was
noticed the first
that to be
animals shot by
with a hunters
white because
patch she
of far didn't
somepl have the
ace on same
their fear of
bodies people
seem to that all
be less black
shy than bears
animals did.29
without. Later
Ben on I
Kilham, saw a
a man photo of
who dancing
lived bears in
with Afghani
wild stan,
bears in and
the every
wildern one of
ess, those
actually bears
named had a
one of white
the fur
bears he patch
knew on its
White chest.
Heart I've
because even
of the started
patch of to see
white this
fur on pattern
her in
chest. wildlife
White photogr
Heart aphy.
was the Derek
friendli Grzelew
est bear, ski,
the one who
he took a
could series
get of
closest photos
of kept
otters, their
mention distance
s that .
some I
otters don't
are know
more whether
"inquisi that
tive" tells us
and less anythin
"wary" g about
than what
others.30 kind of
If you dog a
look at black
his puppy
pictures with a
of his little
two spot of
inquisiti white
ve on his
otters, chest
both of will
them grow up
have to be.
white But I'd
fur at be
their surprise
throats, d if he
and one was as
is nutty as
looking some of
straight the Dal-
at the matians
camera. out
Those there.
are the
only
close-
ups in
the
whole
batch
of
photogr
aphs,
possibl
y
because
the
solid-
colored
otters
 their
Land
Rovers
HOW and
ANIMA Lexuses

LS dribbled
over
THINK with
pigeon
poop.
For
travelers

T
, those
hose birds are
pigeo a major
ns that nuisance
poop on , like
the cars rats with
at the feathers.
Denver They
airport are also
can tell potential
the art
differen connoiss
ce eurs.
between George
Monet Page, in
and his book
Picasso. Inside
At night the
they Animal
roost in Mind,
a man- describe
made s a
concrete famous
rookery experim
located ent in
over the which
most pigeons
expensi were
ve park- taught
ing to
spots at distingui
the sh
airport. between
When painting
wealthy s by
travelers Picasso
get back and
from painting
their s by
trips Monet. 1
they The
find birds
learned students
the do.2
differen Anot
ce her
easily. experim
A ent
pigeon showed
can that
quickly pigeons
learn to who
peck at a had
painting never
by seen a
Picasso, tree in
instead their
of a lives,
painting because
by they'd
Monet, been
and vice born
versa. and
Not raised
only in a lab,
that, but could
when easily
the learn to
experim peck at
enters a
showed picture
the that
birds a contain
painting ed a
by tree.
Manet That
(not might
Monet), not
whose seem so
style is amazing
similar , except
to early for the
Picasso' fact that
s, the they
pigeons could
pecked also
the peck a
Manet, picture
too. The that
birds contain
make ed just
the one tiny
same part of a
mistake tree.
entry- They
level art underst
ood that research
a part of ers are
a tree finally
was still beginni
a tree, ng to
even catch up
though to the
techni- little old
cally a ladies in
solitary tennis
leaf shoes
doesn't who say
look Fifi the
anything poodle
like a can
whole think.
tree.3 But it's
Pigeo still a
ns are battle.
a lot The
smart fights
er are
than always
peopl between
e a big
think. group
Anim of
al experts

always the
242 animal
Animals in
Translation
"debunkers"
who are on
who think the attack. At
animals least, I don't
don't have a remember a
lot of single big
feelings or academic fight
aren't very where
smart and a someone got
much fired or lost
smaller their funding
group of for doing a
researchers study where
who think the animal
there's a lot turned out to
more going be dumber
on inside an than people
animal's thought, and
head than lots of studies
we know. like that have
The really been done.
nasty fights Claiming that
always an animal
can't do tried, either.
something Bird
isn't researchers
considered had spent
blas- hours and
phemous. hours trying to
Fortunat teach birds
ely, it's concepts like
gotten a lot color, and no
more bird had even
respectable come close to
to argue figuring it out.
that ani- Birds couldn't
mals are even learn
smarter than labels for
we realize. familiar
One of the objects,
main something
research everyone
teams we agreed apes
can thank could do.
for that is Even though
Dr. Irene experts were
Pepperberg extremely
and her skeptical of
twenty-five- the language
year-old abilities of
African apes like
gray parrot, Kanzi, who
Alex. Alex was said to
has now have receptive
reached the language
cognitive equivalent to
level of a that of a two-
normal and-a-half-
four-to-six- year-old child,
year-old it was obvious
child* that you could
His teach an ape a
achievemen huge amount.
ts are But birds
nothing seemed like
short of real birdbrains.
revolutionar (Receptive
y, because language
up until means the
Alex came language you
along no can
one had understand, as
ever been opposed to
able to expressive
teach birds language-,
much of which is the
anything at language you
can use to '
speak or
write.)5
So it was
a huge
shock when
Dr.
Pepperberg
succeeded
where
every single
person
before her
had failed.
Not only
could Alex
learn
categories
like color
and shape,
which no
bird had
ever done
before, he
learned
them easily.
Also, once
he'd learned
the
categories,
he could
spontaneous
ly answer
questions
like "What
color?" and
"What
shape?"
about
brand-new
objects he'd
never seen
before.
This
means Alex
was
learning
abstract
categories
like color
and shape,
not just
concrete
categories
 NITION?
How 243
Animals I like the way
Think Marion Stamp
Dawkins, a
is the
researcher at
difference
Oxford who
between
studies animal
classificatio
behavior and
n and thinking,
^classificatio defines
n. We use thinking in
simple animals. She
classification starts by
, like sorting saying what
out dogs and true cognition
cats, to form is not. True
basic, cognition is
concrete not hardwired
categories. instinctual
Concrete behavior, and
categories it is not
are learning a
permanent simple rule of
and stable. thumb.6
A dog is True
never going cognition, Dr.
to be a cat, Dawkins say,
and a cat is happens when
never going an animal
to be a dog. solves a
But problem under
when novel
conditions.

By Blue
that jays are
definitio famous
n, birds food
are star thieves
perform who, in
ers. One nature,
of my know
favorite enough
bird to hide
experim their
ents is food so
the one other
with jays
about won't
the get it.
thieving The
blue research
jays. ers set
up a up their
situation mealwo
where a rms and
jay re-hid
would them in
have to other
hide parts of
some the tray.
food in They
the obviousl
presenc y knew
e of the
other watcher
jays jays
who would
were try to
watchin steal
g him. their
They food,
gave the and
first set they
of blue also
jays knew
some the
mealwor other
ms and a jays
refriger knew
ator ice where
tray they'd
filled hidden
with the
sand. food. So
The jays they hid
all hid the food
their again.
worms That
in the is true
trays, cogniti
while on. The
the other blue
jays jays
watched. were in
Then a novel
the situatio
experim n, and
enters they
took the figured
watcher out a
jays solution
away— .
and the Mark
blue jays saw two
immedia magpies
tely dug using a
similar the first
strategy bird
on Red would
Dog. get its
Red turn to
Dog was eat
eating a some of
marrow the
bone marrow.
that the The
magpies birds
wanted were
for double-
them- teaming
selves. Red
So the Dog.
birds There
teamed 's been
up to get one
Red formal
Dog experim
away ent on
from the ravens
bone. tricking
One each
bird other to
would get
lure food.
Red The
Dog research
into ers
chasing studied
him, two
and the ravens,
other a
would domina
fly nt male
down to and a
the subordin
marrow ate
bone male. At
and start the
eating it. beginnin
Then g of the
when experim
Red ent the
Dog sub-
came ordinate
back to male
the bone found
and most of
chased the food
that bird the
away, experim
enters while
had until the
hidden, domina
and the nt male
domina stopped
nt raven followin
chased g him
him and
away looked
and took for food
the food on his
for own.7
himself. Crow
So the s are
subordin really
ate male smart
started birds,
tricking too.
the The
dominan Betty
t male and
by Abel
heading study
off to shocked
boxes the
he world
already when it
knew appeare
didn't d in
have Science
food. .8 In the
Then study
when the
the
dominan
t male
followed
him and
chased
him off,
the sub-
ordinate
male
had a
head
start to
the
boxes
that did
have
food.
That
worked
for a
research different
ers were times,
testing using
two different
crows, techniqu
Betty es. She
and also
Abel, to made
see improve
whether ments to
they her hook
would after
choose a using it,
hooked changin
wire or a g the
straight angle to
wire to make it
use for just
getting right.
some No
food out one had
of a ever
tube. seen any
During animal
one do
session anything
Abel like this,
snatched ever. It
the wasn't
hooked that long
wire ago
away research
from ers
Betty, believed
leaving man was
Betty the only
with animal
only the to use
straight tools at
wire to all. Then,
use. when
When people
she finally
realized discover
the ed
straight chimpan
wire zees
wouldn't using
work, tools in
she bent the
it into a 1960s
hook. and
She did 1970s,
this nine no one
ever saw properti
them es. In
actually nature
manufac nothing
ture a bends
tool. The and
chimpan holds its
zees shape the
would way wire
just pick does.
up an I
object in heard
the another
environ amazing
ment, crow
like a story
twig or a from a
leaf, and man I
stick it know.
down a He's fed
termite up with a
mound crow
to fish who is
out some damagin
termites g his
to eat. house. I
Betty's can
tool really
creation relate to
is even that.
more There's a
amazing crow in
when my
you neighbor
consider hood
the fact who has
that spent the
Betty last five
didn't years of
know his life
anything dismantl
about ing and
wire or pulling
its out the
propertie rubber
s and weather
didn't stripping
have any in my
reason bathroo
to know m
anything skylight.
about It's taken
wire and him five
its years to
pull out weather
a six- stripping
inch out he's
strip, and going to
he just eat it
keeps at and get
it. He's sick or
so die. This
dedicate is where
d to his blind
project instinct
his override
behavior s
seems cognitio
instinct- n: a bird
driven that's so
and smart
almost some of
obsessiv the time
e- can be
compulsi so stupid
ve. other
I can't times.
get him The
to stop. I man I
throw know
hats at apparent
the ly has a
skylight similar
from situation
inside with a
the crow at
bathroo his
m to house,
scare only he's
him off, opted to
but he use a
always weapon
comes more
back. If dangero
he keeps us than a
doing it soft hat.
the But he's
skylight never
is going been
to leak, able to
but what shoot his
I really invader,
worry because
about is the crow
that if he always
finally knows
gets all when
the he's
thinking his gun.
about The
getting
A 2
4
bird stays in
will be the
there in yard.
the When
man's he goes
yard inside
attackin his
g the house
house with the
while intentio
the man n of
does his getting
yard his gun,
work, the
but the crow
minute takes
the man off.
goes How
inside does
the the bird
house to know
get his it's time
gun the to get
bird is out of
gone. there?
This has Probabl
happene y the
d over crow
and has
over picked
again. up on
The differen
homeo ces in
wner is the
complet man's
ely behavio
mystifie r. I'm
d. When guessin
he goes g that
inside when
his the man
house gets
without irritated
any enough
intentio to go
n of get his
getting gun,
his gun, first he
the does a
crow lot of
 angry to save
staring money
at the on curb
bird. cuts for
The wheelch
crow airs at
knows intersect
that's ions.
dangero Normall
us and y a
takes street
off. corner
No will
one has have
ever eight
seen a curb
dog cuts,
make a one on
tool, but each
dogs side of
can the four
problem corners.
-solve To
in novel econom
situatio ize, the
ns. enginee
Guide rs
dogs for reduced
blind the
people number
have to to four,
be able putting
to each
respond curb cut
appropri at the
ately in point of
new each
situation corner,
s. Some facing
service diagonal
dogs are ly
better across
problem the
-solvers intersect
than ion.
others, That
of was a
course. problem
In one for the
city, service
high- dogs,
way who had
engineer all been
s wanted trained
on street.
eight- That's
cut problem
corners. solving
Some in a
dogs novel
got situation
confuse .
d by the The
new wild
design dogs in
and Mexico
took City go
their our
owners service
clear dogs
across one
the better.
intersec They
tion on cross
a the
diagona street in
l. But packs,
the with
really the
smart light, in
dogs led the
their intersec
owners tion.
down They
the probabl
diagona y
l curb learned
cut and how to
then do this
back by
around watchin
to g how
where people
the curb cross
cuts the
would street.
have Eliza
been beth
located Marshal
in the l
normal Thomas
crosswa , who
lk wrote
design. The
Then Hidden
they Life of
crossed Dogs,
the discove
red that that
her were
dogs coming
had toward
figured them
out on from a
their distance
own , and
that not be
interse surprise
ctions d by a
are car
dangero making
us.9 To a
avoid sudden
getting right or
hit by left turn
turning into
cars, her their
free- path.
roaming In
dogs farming
learned and
to cross ranching
the you see
street in lots of
the situation
middle s where
of a animals
block will
instead learn
of at the somethi
intersec ng
tion. useful
That by
way accident
they , such as
could how to
see all break
the cars through
a fence
or open
a gate.
This is
probably
not true
cognitio
n, but
some of
these
animals
are
pretty
clever,
and in that
the field learned
it's hard to put
to say his head
what's through
true a gate
cognitio and lift
n and it off the
what's hinges.
not. The
Most only
cattle way we
and could
horses get him
will to stop
never was to
touch install a
gate bracket
latches at the
to try to top of
open the
them, fence.
even Once
though one
they've animal
seen figures
people out how
open the to open
latch a a gate,
thousand the
times. other
Howeve animals
r, if an can
animal learn
accident how to
ally open the
learns to gate by
open the observat
gate ion.
he'll Then
never you've
stop. He got a
won't real
unlearn problem
it, and on your
he hands.
generall The
y can't big
be problem
trained is fence
out of it. busting.
My aunt Every
had a year I
horse get
about to hold
twenty cattle in
calls physical
from ly, and
lawyers steel
about fences
cattle are too
getting expensi
loose on ve to
the put up
highway around
and get- grazing
ting hit lands.
by a car. The
The fences
drivers ranchers
always use
want to keep
sue the cattle in
ranchers only
for because
inadequ the
ate cattle
fencing. don't
I have realize
to that
explain they
to the have the
lawyers power
that to break
there is through
no them.
pasture Is
fence fence
on the busting
market true
that can cognitio
keep n?
cattle Someti
inside a mes it is
pasture and
once the sometim
cattle es it
have isn't.
learned Usually
how to cattle
get discover
through how to
it. Only break
a steel through
stockyar a fence
d fence by acci-
is strong dent.
enough Cattle
will an
push on electric
a fence fence
to reach it's
greener going to
grass on hurt for
the only a
other few
side, seconds.
and We
keep know
pushing this
until because
one day pigs
the who
fence have
falls learned
over. to go
Then through
they electric
draw fences
the often
appropr squeal
iate before
conclusi they hit
on: if I the
push on wire.
the They
fence, I know
can get what's
out and coming.
go eat Som
where I e
want. cattle
Animals have
also learn
figure ed to
out, break
throu
probabl
gh a
y by
fence
accident throu
, that if gh
they run simpl
through e
A 2
4
trial and learned
error, by
but accident
others . There
have was one
started bull
to build from the
on what Arizona
they high
country s. In one
who afternoo
was the n he
champi walked
on fence through
buster. four
Bulls brand-
are the new
worst fences. I
fence saw him
busters, after he
and had
once a been
bull has locked
learned in a stall
to break corral
through that was
a fence too
it's strong
difficult for him
to keep to break
him in. out of.
This All of
particul us were
ar bull amazed
was the that the
champi bull
on; he could
took out tear out
fences so many
faster barbed
than the wire
U.S. fences
Forest without
Service getting
could cut. His
build tan-and-
them. white
He hide did
knew not
how to have a
knock single
over a scratch.
high- This is
quality where
four- cognitio
strand n is at
barbed work.
wire He had
fence figured
built to out how
govern to
ment knock
standard over a
 barbed to open.
wire I don't
fence think
without they're
getting really
cut. solving
Nobody a
ever problem
saw him , though;
do it but it's more
he must like a
have happy
figured accident
out that . What
if he starts
pushed out as a
over the pure
posts desire to
with his lick and
head tongue
first, things
and turns
then into the
walked discover
through, y that
he they can
would open
not get gates.
cut. He Still,
was once
careful. they
Holst figure it
ein out
steers they're
are experts.
another They
story. can open
With all just
the about
licking anything
and ,
tongue includin
manipul g every
ating sliding
they do, bolt gate
Holstein latch on
s end up the
opening market.
gate The
latches only
beef kind of
cattle latch
never that can
even try keep a
Holstein else.
cow Researc
inside a hers
pen is a who
chain believe
hooked we
together know
with a for a
dog fact that
leash man is
snap. the
They crown
love to of
get out, creation
too. At when it
one comes
feedlot to IQ
a group are off
of base.
Holstein That's
s what
escaped research
ers
their pen
think,
and
not
walked
what
up to the
they
office to
know.
lick the
I've
window
come to
s and
the
remove conclusi
the paint on that
from the althoug
manager h in
's many
pickup. ways
other
ARE mamma
ls are
ANIMA similar
LS AS to us, in
SMAR other
T AS ways
they
PEOPL may be
E? to-
I can't
answer
that
question
, and
neither
can
anyone
tally the
alien. A moral
lot of of Dr.
our Pepperb
tests erg's
and story.
experi The
ments reason
with she
animals finally
probabl succeed
y aren't ed
telling where
us what everyon
we e else
think had
they're failed
telling was that
us. she was
Dr. the first
Pepper person
berg's to
breakth conside
rough r that
with maybe
Alex it was
ought the
to researc
make hers'
research fault
ers birds
think weren't
twice. learning
It's not anythin
just that g, not
what the
we birds'.
know All of
keeps the
chang- parrot
ing, but studies
that the up to
way we then
go had
about used a
finding classica
out how l
animals operant
think conditi
someti oning
mes format.
changes Operant
, too. conditio
That's ning,
also with a
called piece of
instrum food
ental whenev
conditio er he
ning or happene
stimulus d to
- peck at
respons the blue
e triangle
teachin by
g, is chance.
when an If he
animal happen
learns ed to
to do peck
somethi the red
ng in one he
order to didn't
get get the
what he food.
wants. After a
A rat while
who's he was
learned suppose
to press d to
a lever learn
to get blue,
food because
pellets he had
has had been
operant rewarde
conditio d for
ning. pecking
Using the blue
operant triangle
conditio every
ning the time he
experim heard
enter "touch
would blue."
show That's
the bird classic
a red behavio
triangle rism.
and a The
blue problem
triangle was, no
and say bird
"touch ever
blue," learned
then blue.
reward They
him didn't
learn apes in
red, more
either. naturali
They stic
didn't settings
learn they
anythin were
g, criticize
really. d for
Apes being
weren't unsci-
learning entific
too and
much in perform
those ing
setups, uncontr
either, olled
but no experim
one ents. In
wanted science,
to hear there's
about it, nothing
because worse
everyon than an
e experim
thought ent
it was that's
much uncontr
more olled.10
scientifi Dr.
c to do a Pepper
stimulu berg
s- decide
respons d to
e give up
experim on
ent in operant
the lab conditi
than to oning
watch and try
an a
animal differen
learn t
things branch
naturall of
y in his behavio
normal rism
habitat. called
When a social
few modeli
research ng
ers theory.
began Albert
teaching Bandur
a real
develop world.1
1
ed For
social years
modelin behavi
g theory orists
at had
Stanfor assume
d d that
Univers animals
ity in and
the people
1970s, learn
based every-
on how thing
he they
thought know
real through
people either
and operan
real t or
animals classic
probabl al
y conditi
learned oning.
in the
A 2
5
(Classic But
al Dr.
conditio Bandura
ning pointed
works out that
with the
innate, stimulus
reflexiv -
e respons
respons e
es like learning
eye animals
blinks did in
and labs was
salivati just
on. learning
Pavlov' by trial
s dog and
learning error.
to The
salivate animal
at the does
sound
more of
of a
whateve
tone is
r
classical
behavior
conditio
s he gets
ning.)
 rewarde happens
d for if you
doing, don't
and less mn
of away
whateve from a
r lion,
behavio there
rs he's wouldn'
been t be any
punishe baby
d or antelope
negative left.
ly Pretty
reinforc soon
ed for there
doing. wouldn'
That t be any
sounds lions
like a left,
logical either,
way to since
learn they
until wouldn'
you t have
think baby
what it antelope
would to eat.
mean in In Dr.
the Bandura'
wild. In s view,
the real animals
world, and
trial and people
error had to
learning do a
would huge
get a lot amount
of of
animals observat
killed. If ional
the only learning.
way a He
baby thought
antelope that a
could baby
learn to antelope
run would
away learn to
from a run
lion was away
by from
finding lions by
out what watchin
g other on. She
antelope set up a
run social
away modelin
from g
lions situation
and for Alex.
doing Instead
the of
same teaching
thing. Alex
Today one-on-
we one she
know taught
Dr. him
Bandura two-on-
was one, two
right, people
partly to one
thanks bird.
to Susan And
Mineka' instead
s of
research teaching
on Alex
monkey directly,
s and she
snakes. taught
Dr. the other
Bandura person,
had while
obviousl Alex sat
y hit on on his
somethi perch
ng with and
social watched
modelin . No one
g theory, had ever
but it done
didn't that
occur to before.
anyone She
to try also
using it used
in their items a
research parrot
on really,
animal really
learning. wants,
That was like a
Dr. nice,
Pepperb crunchy
erg's piece of
innovati bark, for
her crunchy
learning piece of
material bark
s. and
Animals painted
and it blue.
people Then
both she'd sit
pay down
more with
attentio Alex
n to and her
things research
that are assistant
importa and ask
nt to the
them, assistant
like , "What
food, color?"
and you If the
have to assistan
pay t got the
attentio answer
n to right,
learn. A he got
parrot to play
in the with the
wild bark.
doesn't
care
about
blue
triangle
s, so
why
should
he care
about
blue
triangle
s in the
lab? He
doesn't.
So if Dr.
Pepperb
erg
wanted
Alex to
learn the
color
blue,
she took
a
nice,
If the assistant
assistant .
got the Usin
answer g
wrong, modelin
he g theory
didn't was the
get to breakth
play rough.
with the Alex
bark. learned
All so
Alex much
got to that he
do was started
watch. asking
Dr. questio
Pepperb ns on
erg his
called own!
her One
tech- day he
nique looked
model/ri at his
val, reflecti
because on in
the the
assistant mirror
was a and
model asked
for Alex
Dr.
to copy
Pepper
and also
berg,
a rival
"What
for
color?"
whateve
After
r item
he'd
Dr.
asked
Pepperb
about
erg was his own
using in color
her six
lesson. differen
She set t times,
up a and
competi heard
tion for answers
scarce like
resource "That's
s gray;
between you're a
Alex gray
and the parrot"
six from
differen making
t times, stateme
he nts,
knew judging
gray as by the
a languag
categor e of
y. From autistic
then on children.
he Autistic
could children
tell his who can
trainer talk
whether rarely
or not ask
any question
object s; some
she of them
showed never
him do. I
was know a
gray. mom
This whose
is sixteen-
nothing year-old
short of has been
miracul talking
ous as since the
far as age of
I'm two, and
concern she says
ed. Alex to this
was day she
never can
taught to count on
ask one
question hand the
s; he just number
did so of
on his question
own, s he has
sponta- asked.
neously. Quest
That's ion
incredib asking
le, is so
because importa
question nt that
asking Bob
seems to and
be a Lynn
separate Koegel,
skill of the
Autism answer
Researc question
h and s all the
Training time.
Center
at the
Universi L
ty of E
Cali- A
fornia, R
Santa N
Barbara I
, made N
major G
breakthr
oughs T
in their H
autism A
clinic T
when '
they S
started
teaching E
autistic A
children S
to ask Y
question
s.12 I F
wonder O
whether R
we
would P
have E
major O
breakthr P
oughs in L
languag E
e ,
compre
hension H
with A
apes R
and D
dolphin
s if we F
taught O
them to R
ask
question A
s, N
instead I
of just M
having A
them L
 S have
Most some
birds limitati
and ons that
animals humans
are don't.
almost (Huma
certainl ns have
y limitati
smarter ons
than we animals
know, don't,
but that too. I'll
doesn't get to
mean that in
they the next
don't chapter.
)
2 A 2
5
I've have
said more
several workin
times g
now memor
that y.
one of Since
the workin
major g
differe memor
nces y is an
betwee import
n ant
people factor
and our in
fellow general
mamm intellig
als is ence, if
that we animal
have s have
larger, less
better- workin
develop g
ed memor
frontal y
lobes. overall,
One of that's
the going
benefits to
of make a
having differ-
bigger ence in
frontal their
lobes is general
that we cogniti
 ve very
abilities small
. micropr
The ocessor
questio . As a
n is, result, I
what have a
differen hard
ces are time
you doing
going to things
see in a that
person involve
or multitas
animal king,
with like
lots of trying
workin to make
g change
memor and talk
y versus at the
a same
person time.
or Anothe
animal r
with a proble
lot less m area
workin for me:
g mental
memor arithme
y? I tic. I
think can't
my own hold
brain is one
a good number
place to in
start, memor
since I y while
have I
terrible manipu
workin late
g another
memor . For
y. If I me to
were a try to
comput add up
er I two
would two-
have a digit
huge number
hard s inside
drive my
memor head
y and a would
 be a domesti
stretch, c
and I animals
couldn't , not
even birds
begin to and sea
add two mamm
three- als like
digit dolphin
number s. Birds
s and
together dolphin
without s have
writing differe
them nt brain
down structur
where I es from
can see ours,
them. and I
Since don't
we know
never enough
ask about
animals their
to sequen
multitas cing
k or add abilities
number to
s in comme
their nt.)
heads, Animal
one of s are
the not
main good at
places sequenc
you can ing. A
see this good
differen exampl
ce is in e is
situa- dogs
tions getting
that tangled
require up in
an leashes
animal or tie-
to be outs.
good at Owners
sequen are
cing. always
(I'm amaze
talking d at
about how
primate helples
s and s a dog
is once moves.
he's A dog
gotten probabl
his tie- y
out doesn't
wrappe have
d enough
around workin
a tree. g
A big memor
part of y to do
the that.
proble He's
m is like a
that he person
can't who
remem gets
ber the mixed
sequenc up
e of driving
events un-
that got familiar
him to streets
where after
he is, so dark. A
he can't normal
retrace person
his with an
steps. excelle
He has nt
the workin
same g
proble memor
m if he y can
just end up
tries to going
start around
fresh in
and circles
figure it in that
out. If situatio
one n,
move because
doesn't
work he
has to
be able
to hold
that
failure
in mind
while
testing
other
he's hit y as
the hard for
limits of a dog to
his learn
working show
memory sequenc
. He es as it
can't was for
hold all me to
of the learn
different the
routes sequenc
he's e of
tried in events
working that
memory take
while he place in
tries a large
new meatpa
ones, so cking
he plant.
keeps When I
going first
over the went
same into a
route all big
over plant
again the
without place
realizin looked
g it until so
he ends complic
up back ated I
where was
he amazed
started. the
Dogs manage
can rs were
learn able to
sequenc keep
es, like track of
the ones all the
working comple
dogs x
perform procedu
at show, res. I
with a didn't
lot of know
direct how
training. anyone
Howeve could
r, I think underst
it's and and
probabl rememb
er downlo
anythin aded
g so more
intricate details
. into my
In the brain.
early At
1970s I first I
visited a tuned in
big to all
meatpac the
king really
plant minute
every details
Tuesday that
afternoo attracte
n for d my
three attentio
years. I n. Bob,
used to the
stand plant
for superint
hours endent,
on a was
catwalk surprise
overloo d that I
king kept
the asking
floor him
where questio
the ns
carcass about
es were small
process details
ed and such as
dressed how
by they
about a attached
hundred a chain
employ to the
ees hide
altogeth during
er. The hide
place remova
was a l.
mass of Appare
visual ntly
details, nonauti
and stic
every people
Tuesda could
y get the
afternoo gist of
n I the
place complet
without e
having videota
to know pe of
every the
little entire
thing place
about it. into my
But I head.
couldn't Twenty
. -four
One Tuesda
disadva y
ntage of afternoo
my type ns.
of Then
thinking one day
that I I was
probabl standin
y share g on the
with catwalk
animals and
is that it suddenl
takes a y it all
long seemed
time to simple.
downlo I didn't
ad have to
enough worry
details about
to learn remem
a bering
comple the
x sequenc
sequenc e
e. To do anymor
it, I e,
have to because
create a I could
comput walk
er video through
in my the
imagina whole
tion. plant in
With my
the mind.
plant, Every
all told, step in
it took the
six sequenc
months e was
to connect
downlo ed to
ad a the next
step, so same
I didn't time. I
have to just had
hold to
hundred remem
s of ber one
differen step at a
t, time,
separate and that
details step
in my brought
workin up the
g next
memor step.
y at the
A 2
5
For 9 plus 6
me, window
trying to and
learn a open a
sequenc new
e or add window
numbers to
in my handle 4
head is plus 5.
like By the
having time the
more
new
than one
window
window
is open I
open on
no
your
desktop. longer
If I'm rememb
trying to er the 4
add 49 and the
to 56, 5. Or, if
first I I do
add 9 manage
and 6 to to
get 15 rememb
and er the 4
carry the and the
1. That's 5 (plus
in the the 1 I
first have to
window. carry), it
But takes so
then it long to
takes a close the
really 4 and 5
long window
time for and
me to reopen
close the the 9
and 6 other
window meat
that I've plants I
forgotte could
n the easily
original pick out
15. I can the
work familiar
inside machine
only one s even
window though
at a the floor
time, layout
and it was
takes me different
forever . A dog
to probabl
switch y has to
to a get any
different sequenc
one. I e he's
wonder learning
if into one
animals window,
are like too. I
that, too. suspect
The that
breakthr once
ough that
with the happens
meat , the dog
plant "gets it"
came the way
when I a person
could "gets it."
put the He
whole understa
plant in nds
one what
window he's
and not doing
have to and can
switch apply it
back and to new
forth. situation
Then I s. That's
could my
understa guess.
nd and
rememb
er it, and THE
after that MAN
when I WITHO
visited UT
WORD right
S question
. It's too
In 1974 absolute
the . I'm
philosop never
her going to
Thomas know
Nagel what it's
wrote an like to
essay be a bat,
called and a
"What Is bat's
It Like never
to Be a going to
Bat?" know
that what it's
research like to
ers have be me.
been Of
arguing course,
about Pro-
ever fessor
since.131 Nagel
think wasn't
most just
research talking
ers, about
thirty empathy
years ; he was
later, talking
would about
say it's the
impossi scientifi
ble to c
know method
what it's and
like to whether
be a bat, you
although could
they ever
disagree fully
with explain
each con-
other sciousn
about ess in
why. terms of
To brain
me, biology.
"What But that
is it like doesn't
to be a change
bat?" my
isn't the point.
The fact Since
that it's almost
impossi all
ble to research
know ers
what it's believe
like to that
be a bat animals
doesn't don't
mean have lan-
it's guage, a
impossi good
ble to place to
know look for
anythin an
g about answer
being a is in the
bat. lives of
people
who
have no
language
. We've
already
seen that
autistic
people
have a
lot in
common
with
animals,
but
another
source
of clues
comes
from
normal
people
with
normal
brains
who
don't
have
language
. How do
language
-less
human
beings
think?
There
are parents
probably with
lots of normal
language incomes
-less who
people in loved
the them.
world. They
Usually weren't
they are poor and
people they
who weren't
were abused.
born deaf The only
into reason
communi they
ties too don't
small to have
have language
anyone is that
who they
spoke were
sign never
language exposed
, and too to
poor to language
have .
schools (Probabl
for the y in
deaf. But many of
there are these
also cases the
some parents
language believed
-less that
people allowing
who their
were children
born into to learn
middle- sign
class would
America prevent
n homes them
but were from
never using
taught whatever
sign. residual
Their hearing
brains they
are had.)
normal, The
and they strange
had thing is
normal that
practicall around
y no one the age
has of
studied twenty
these months
people. and
When I didn't
did a allow
Google her to
search have any
for the human
phrase interacti
"languag on.
e-less When
people" Genie's
only nine mother
entries finally
came up. brought
It's her to a
bizarre. welfare
It's office,
especiall she had
y strange only two
when words,
you "stopit"
consider and
how "nomore.
much ^14 A
attention case like
has been Genie's
paid to is
feral extremel
children y
and to interestin
horribly g, of
abused course,
children but she
like was
Genie, emotiona
the lly
thirteen- abused
year-old and
Californi nutrition-
a girl ally
who deprived
grew up . It's
without hard to
language tell how
because much
her father relevanc
strapped e her
her to a cognitiv
potty e skills
chair have to a
normal has spent
language twenty
-less years
animal or traveling
autistic and
person's researchi
cognitive ng
skills. language
Why -less
aren't people
norma complete
l ly on her
langua own.
ge-less The
people experts
on the she tried
agend to get
a? help
The from
best when
book on she first
a normal started
language out were
-less dismissiv
person is e,
A Man uncooper
Without ative, or
Words hostile.
by Susan She even
Schaller. got
Susan yelled at
Schaller
A 2
by one t ossible for
researcher I her to
who shouted, A imagine
"Who are S Ildefonso's
you?" A T
graduate S
student told u
her, sa
"Nobody's n
interested in w
that subject ri
anymore— te
that was s
popular last th
century."15 at
Susan it
became w
interested in as
language-less i
people when m
she volun- p
w expect she
knows a lot
more about
the world of
language-
less people
now that
she's spent
two decades
searching
them out,
and I'm
looking
forward to
her next
book. She
did perceive
differences
in Ildefonso
that I think
directly
apply to
animals, as
well as to
people with
autism.
The main
difference
between
Ildefonso and
people who
have lan-
guage is that
he was
missing a
layer of
abstract
thinking. For
instance, he
didn't have
the categories
of real and
fake. He just
knew that
some Green
Cards
worked to
keep the
green men
from taking
you back to
Mexico, and
some Green
Cards didn't.
He didn't m tangible stuff
know why. in front of
He also us."
didn't have Although
just and Ildefonso had
unjust as the idea that
abstract there was
categories. something
It's not that greater than
he didn't the material
have morals world, he
or a didn't seem
conscience. to have any
Susan concept of
doesn't say a human
lot about this, justice. He
but she had no idea
writes that whether it
Ildefonso was just or
became upset unjust for the
one day green men to
when she catch him
kept insisting and take him
on paying for back to
his lunch Mexico; he
after he had just knew
signed that he that's what
wanted to the green
pay. men did, so
Ildefonso got he needed to
more and stay away
more angry from the
until finally green men.
he signed, He was
"God. trying to
Friend. understand
Burrito buy the rules,
I." without
"He realizing
connected there were
God and principles
friend and behind the
placed them rules.
above burrito Ildefonso
buying," was an
Susan writes. innocent. He
"His anger didn't see all
was that of a the good and
religious bad that
instructor. I people do,
was properly and he didn't
rebuked for know there
my concern could be
for the good and
bad rules,
either. After
he learned
language, he
was sad to
learn of the
terrible
things people
do. Animals
are
innocents,
too. Even
when
animals are
treated badly
by humans,
or see other
animals
treated badly
by humans,
they don't
seem to
develop the
abstract
categories
2 2
5 A 5
of just situation.
and But
unjust. the
Like importa
Ildefons nt thing
o, to
animals realize
try to is that
learn the Ildefons
rules o's
without innocen
seeming ce was
to not the
realize same
there are thing as
principle being
s behind stupid,
the or
rules. unable
Since to think.
they Ilde-
don't fonso
know wasn't
there are stupid,
principle and he
s function
underlyi ed as a
ng the person
rules of
they normal
don't intelli-
realize gence
that the and
rule reasonin
itself can g ability
be just or even
or above-
unjust, average
or that a intelligen
person ce, given
could be that he
breaking had been
abstract able to
principle immigra
s of te to a
justice. foreign
Animals country,
live find
much work,
closer to and
the plain manage
facts of his life
the while
strugglin ugh
g with a Ildefons
huge o didn't
disability have an
. abstract
This sense of
means just and
that unjust,
when it he did
comes to have an
animals, immedia
we te,
should concrete
not sense of
equate right
innocenc and
e with wrong,
lack of which he
intellige showed
nce. The when he
fact that gave
a dog Susan
never the stern
rejects a lecture
nasty on
owner friendshi
doesn't p. That
make shows
him that you
stupid. It don't
makes have to
him have
innocent language
. Dogs to have a
may well conscien
have ce, which
lower means it's
reasonin at least
g ability possible
and for an
general animal to
intelligen have a
ce than conscien
people ce, too.
do, but a Many
dog's owners
"blind have
devotion seen
" isn't their
evidence dogs act
one way remorsef
or ul after
another. doing
Altho somethin
g wrong, her dogs
but showing
animal remorse
behaviori that I
sts think is
always probably
reject right.
this She has
interpret two
ation. dogs, a
However male and
, no one a slightly
has younger
shown female,
that an and she
innocent had
animal taken
can't feel them for
bad for a walk
doing with one
somethin dog on-
g he leash
knows is and one
wrong, dog off-
the same leash.
way an Unfortu
innocent nately,
child can when
feel bad she got
for doing up the
somethin hill close
g he to her
knows is house a
wrong. neighbor
We saw
shouldn't them
assume and
that we started
know for yelling
a fact at her
animals about
never the loose
experien dog.
ce the
emotion
of guilt,
because
we don't.
A
friend of
mine has
a story
about
one of
 Since rule.
she They
didn't had to
have walk all
another the way
leash home
with her, like that,
she had with the
to thread dominan
the leash t dog
through looking
one more
dog's and
collar more
and irritated
hook it and
to the tense.
other Finally,
dog's when
collar, they got
which back to
meant their
their own
heads drivewa
were y, the
pulled so dominan
close t dog
together snapped.
they He burst
were out in a
touching loud
. The snarl and
dominan bit his
t dog housema
didn't te on the
like that nose,
at all, some-
because thing he
dominan had
t dogs never
guard done
their before.
body The
space younger
closely dog
and need shrieked.
more of My
it. So friend
this was jumped
a over to
violation the dogs
of his and got
dominan them
t-dog unhooke
d, but the felt
dominan remorse,
t dog and I
didn't don't
run off to think
his you can
freedom. rule it
He out. He
stayed was the
right by alpha,
the and he
subordin didn't
ate dog, need to
licking be
and kissing
licking the
her on subordin
the lips. ate dog
My to keep
friend on being
said he the
looked alpha. If
mortified anything
. She'd , it was
never the
seen him subordin
kiss his ate dog
pack who
mate like should
that, and have
it was been
obvious doing
to her, as the
well as grovelin
to her g, not
next- the
door dominan
neighbor, t dog.
who saw But she
the didn't.
whole She
thing, accepted
that he his
was kisses,
sorry for and they
what he'd went
done and back to
was being
trying to friends.
make it Even
up to his though
friend. Ildefons
He acted o was an
like he innocent
, a lot of I think is
the pretty
abstract amazing.
"reality" Altho
people ugh he
express didn't
through know
language anything
was still about
there. the
Religion Christia
is a good n
example. religion
Ildefons his
o had family
gone to practiced
church , he still
when he had a
was religious
little, but sense.
he didn't This is
know obvious
what any to me
of it from the
meant, fact that
although he
he picked
instantly up the
figured word
out that "God"
the baby within
Jesus in three
a creche weeks of
in his first
adult discover
classroo ing
m was language
the same , and
as the understo
grown- od that
up Jesus "God"
he had meant
seen on "unseen
crucifixe greatnes
s, which s."
2 A 2
6
I met
think years
some of later
the other probabl
languag y also
e-less had a
Mexican religious
s Susan sense.
She says protect
that them
Ildefons from
o's the evil
languag green
e-less men,
friends, and
some of their
whom "religio
were n" was
living like the
together, pagan
treated religions
their indigeno
precious us
collectio populati
n of ons
Green have.
Cards The
like they cards
were were
"gold." also
To me it their
sounded savior,
as if the way
they to get
were into the
treating Promise
them d Land
like where
magic, there
not was
gold. more
They food
had a and
special jobs.
place in The
their men
house didn't
where know
they the
kept the differen
cards, ce
like a between
shrine. valid
The Green
cards Cards
were and fake
like a ones,
religious and they
idol or probabl
talisman y didn't
that even
could have the
abstract don't
cate- test
gories God;
for fake you
and don't
real. But stand in
over front of
time a train
they and say
would God
have should
realized save
that you.
some of That's
the how the
Green languag
Cards e-less
had men
more would
magic have felt
than about
others, the
because cards.
if you You
get don't
caught test the
by a cards;
green it's not
man and right. So
you you stay
show away
him one from the
of the green
Green men.
Cards, Relig
sometim ion is
es it probabl
works y
but hardwir
other ed into
times he the
takes it human
away brain,
from so it
you. So doesn't
some surprise
cards are me that
more a
powerfu religiou
l than s
others. feeling
In or sense
religion, manage
you d to
shine o is that
through althoug
in h
Ildefons languag
o even e does
without make
words.16 thought
By the more
same abstract
token, it ,
wouldn't without
surprise languag
me if e you
animals can
have think
religious more
feelings abstract
like thought
Ildefons s than
o's or a probabl
sense of y
some anyone
higher has
reality believe
or d
unseen possible
world . Dr.
they Pepper
can't berg
express. says the
Do real
some questio
animals n about
have languag
religiou e and
s animals
feelings should
and be: at
percep- what
tions? point do
Do concept
animals s get so
believe comple
in x that
magic? you
I don't have to
think have
anyone languag
can rule e to
it out. form
The them?
lesson
from
Ildefons
WORD I
S GET mention
ed in
IN THE
Chapter
WAY 3. For
One example
aspect of , in one
Ildefons study
o's people
mental watched
life that a short
Susan videotap
Schaller e of a
doesn't bank
mention robbery,
is his then
memory spent
for twenty
visual minutes
detail. I doing
wonder somethi
whether ng
his unrelate
visual d.17
memory Then
was one
superior group
to a spent
normal five
person's minutes
visual writing
memory down
before everythi
he ng they
learned could
sign. rememb
Research er about
shows the bank
that robber's
language face,
suppress while
es visual the other
memory. group
This is did an
called unrelate
verbal d task.
overshad Two
owing thirds of
and is a the
well- people
establish who
ed phe- wrote
nomeno nothing
n, which down
and did voices
unre- than
lated people
tasks who
could didn't
identify describe
a the
photogra voice in
ph of the words.
robber, These
while studies
only one have
third of also
the found
people that
who languag
wrote e doesn't
verbal erase
descripti visual
ons memori
could es for
pick him good; it
out. This just
is a well- suppress
establish es them.
ed effect; When
many the
studies research
have ers
found asked
exactly the
the same people
thing, who
and wrote
some descripti
studies ons to
have do
extende somethi
d the ng
effect to nonverb
auditory al for a
memory while,
as well. like
People work a
who puzzle
write or listen
down a to
descripti music,
on of a their
voice are visual
less able memo-
to pick it ries
out from came
other back,
and they details
could consciou
identify sly. But
the bank I see
robber's them,
face as and
well as animals
the do, too.
people The
who details
hadn't never go
written away,
descripti either. If
ons in I think
the first of the
place. word
I "bowl,"
think for I
normal instantly
people see
languag many
e is different
probably bowls in
a kind of my
filter. imaginat
One of ion, such
the as a
biggest ceramic
challeng bowl on
es for an my desk,
animal a soup
or an bowl at
autistic a
person is restaura
dealing nt I ate
with the at last
barrage Sunday,
of my
details aunt's
from the salad
environ bowl
ment. with her
Normal cat
people sleeping
with in it, and
language the
don't Super
have to Bowl
see all football
those game.
2 A 2
6 n
I think happens
that to
probably animals,
too, and I class that
wonder animals
what weren't
Ildefonso' con-
s visual scious
memory because
was like they
while he didn't
was still a have
language- words to
less think in.
person. Since I
didn't
think in
AWAK words
E AND myself, I
AWAR was
E- shocked
ANIMA when he
said that.
LS ON
If an
THE animal
INSIDE isn't
One last consciou
thing s, I
about remembe
Ildefons r saying
o: there's to
no myself,
question then I'm
he was going to
con- have to
scious. assume
Many I'm not
people consciou
over the s, either.
years Obvio
have usly I am
argued consciou
that if s, even
you don't though I
have don't
language think in
you don't words, so
have there's
consciou nothing
sness. I to say an
remembe animal
r in can't be
college consciou
when one s just
of my because
professor an
s told the animal
doesn't they see
think in a picture
words. of water
Ildefonso when
was they're
consciou thirsty?
s, and he Anoth
had no er
language question
at all. I have is:
I think do
animals animals
are have
consciou constant
s, too. mental
My activity
question the way
is: does people
the horse do, or do
who's they
scared to walk
death of around
black with
hats see their
mental minds a
images blank?
of We
whatever know
happened they
to him have
over and constant
over mental
again activity
inside his of some
head the kind,
same because
way a their
person EEGs
with aren't
post- that
traumatic different
stress from
syndrom ours. I
e does? expect
Do the con-
animals tent of
see their
pictures consciou
of food sness is
when mostly
they're pictures
hungry and
the way I probably
do? Do sounds,
too. brains of
Animals
might
even
have
consciou
s
"thought
s" of
smells,
touch, or
taste.
A
report in
January
2001
about
dreaming
mice
gives us
pretty
good
indirect
evidence
that
animals
think in
pictures.18
In that
study,
two
researche
rs,
Matthew
Wilson, a
professor
of brain
and
cognitive
sciences
in the
biology
departme
nt at
MIT, and
Kenway
Louie, a
biology
graduate
student
there,
implante
d
electrode
s in the
mice, asleep
then and had
taught gone
them to into the
run a REM
maze. phase,
When Wilson
they and
recorded Louie
all of the recorded
mice's the exact
neural same
firings firing
they pattern
found the the mice
brain had
wave shown
patterns when
were so they
precise were
they awake
could see and
in the running
recording the
s exactly maze.
what a The
mouse sleep
was firings
doing at were so
any exact the
given research
moment: ers could
making tell
the first where in
turn left, the maze
making each
the first mouse
turn was, at
right, any
running given
down the moment,
first in his
passage dreams.
way or Since
the people
second dream in
passagew pictures
ay, and so during
on. REM
Later sleep,
on, this is
when the pretty
mice good
were evidence
that were
animals open is a
dream in good
images, reason to
too. suspect
There's that
no way mice,
to know like
for sure people,
that see
Wilson pictures
and when
Louie's they
dreaming dream.
mice It's not a
were huge
seeing leap to
images assume
of the they
maze, probably
since the think in
only way pictures
to know when
what pic- they're
tures awake.
anyone is
seeing in
a dream ANIMA
is to L
wake SPECI
him up ALISTS
and ask
Animals
him. Of
are
course
probably
you can't
cognitive
do that
specialis
with a
ts. Some
mouse.
animals,
But the
like the
fact that Holstein
the s, are
dream- manipul
ing mice ation
were specialis
firing the ts. Dogs
exact are
same smell
sequence experts.
their Other
brains animals,
fired like
when pigeons,
their are
eyes visual
specialist over 90
s. percent
Some of them
bird and during
mammal the
species winter.
that have Comp
to ared to
rememb animals
er where and
they've people
hidden with
their autism,
food are normal
memory humans
specialist are
s and Seneralis
have ts.
extra Typical
large people
brain are
areas usually
devoted good at
to visual some
memory. things
The and bad
Clark's at others,
nutcrack but a
er, a type person
of crow, who's
buries as really
many as smart in
thirty one
thousand subject
pine tends to
seeds in be really
the fall smart in
in a two- a lot of
hundred- subjects.
square- There is
mile one
area, exceptio
then n to this,
finds which
A 2

is that scores
gifted than
children children
have with
greater normal
variabilit intellige
y on nce. But
their IQ it's not a
test sub- case of
gifted nce).
children The idea
being of
brilliant general
at some intellige
tasks and nce,
hopeless which is
at others. what
They're classic
still IQ tests
highly meas-
intellige ure, has
nt been
overall, controve
and they rsial.
do People
extremel like the
y well on psychol
all the ogist
different Howard
IQ tests, Gardner
not just emphasi
on one zed
or two multiple
of them. intellige
One nces
importa over one
nt piece single,
of general
evidenc intellige
e that nce, and
may some
support psychol
the idea ogists
that have
people rejected
are the idea
generalis of^ alto-
ts while gether.
animals But
are new
specialis brain
ts is the research
new supports
findings the idea
on g or that g
general exists,
intellige and that
nce it's
(also localize
called d to one
general spot in
fluid, the
intellige brain:
the the
lateral impulse
prefront to pick
al up the
cortex, receiver
an area every
at the time
top of you hear
your the
head phone
and off ring.
to the Jerem
side that y Gray
handles from
working Washin
memory, gton
abstract Universi
thought, ty, one
and of the
respons research
e ers on
inhibitio the g
n, which study,
is found
stopping that the
yourself higher a
from subject's
doing general
somethi intellige
ng nce, the
you're higher
on track the
to do, activity
like level in
answeri his
ng the lateral
phone prefront
when it al
rings. If cortex.
you've Dr.
decided Gray
not to told the
answer New
the Tork
phone Times
while that the
you fix hardest
dinner, IQ tasks
your he used
lateral in the
prefront experim
al cortex ent are
has to like
block "trying
to "regular
rememb "
er a new schoolch
10-digit ildren to
telephon children
e whose
number teachers
while said
listening they
to were
people gifted.20
who are She
having found
an that the
interesti gifted
ng con- kids
versation were
."19 much
This better at
finding doing
fits in multifac
with eted
behavio tasks.
ral She
research tested
showing the
that children
being using
able to tasks
integrat that
e a lot increase
of d in
informat comple
ion is a xity. In
big part the one-
of being compon
"school ent task
smart." a child
Jennifer was
Symon, given
a four
graduate bears
student that
working were
with
Bob and
Lynn
Koegel,
did a
really
interesti
ng study
compari
ng
identical the "big
in every polka
respect dot
except circle,"
color, and a
and four-
asked to compon
choose ent task
the blue asked
bear. To them to
do this pick
the child two
had to objects,
pay such as
attention the big
to only teddy
one bear and
element the little
of the square,
task, that
color. In added
the two- up to
compon four
ent task compon
children ents
chose altogeth
among er.
items Dr.
that Symon
varied found
along that by
two age
dimensio three the
ns, like gifted
bears children
and dogs could do
in differ- four-
ent compone
colors. nt tasks
The —tasks
research where
er would they had
ask them to pay
to pick attention
the to and
green pull
dog. A together
typical four
three- different
compon things in
ent task order to
asked succeed.
the child The
to pick regular
kids for them
couldn't to
do four- become
compone super-
nt tasks specialis
until ts,
they which
were six. I'll talk
No about in
one has the next
tried to chapter.
find g in For now
an I'll just
animal say that
or bird I think
brain the kind
yet, and of
I don't specializ
know ation I
what see in
we'll see animals
when and in
they do. autistic
For people
now, probably
since depends
animals on
— having a
especiall weaker
y prefront
domestic al
animals cortex.
—as a
group
have a THAT'
smaller S MY
and STOR
weaker Y AND
prefront I'M
al STICKI
cortex, NG TO
I'm
IT
assumin
g they There
probably are
have definitel
weaker y times
general when
intellige normal
nce. people's
high
That
level of
probabl
general
y opens
intellige
the door
nce
makes reward
them too when he
smart does
for their what the
own experim
good. enter
My wants
favorite him to
example do.) The
is the rats and
rats who the
beat the humans
humans had to
in a look at a
lever- TV
pressing screen
task. and
Years press the
ago lever
someone anytime
decided a dot
to appeared
compare in the
rats to top half
humans of the
in the screen.
kind of The
standard experim
operant enter
conditio didn't
ning task tell the
experime human
nters subjects
usually that's
do only what
with they
animals. were
(Remem suppose
ber, d to do;
operant they had
conditio to figure
ning it out for
means them-
the ani- selves
mal or the same
person way the
gets a rats did.
A 2
The time the
experim dot was
ent was in the
set up so top of
that 70 the
percent screen.
of the Since
there this out.
wasn't They
any kept
punishm trying to
ent for a come
wrong up with
response a rule,
, the so
smartest someti
strategy mes
was just they'd
to push press
the bar the bar
100 per- and
cent of someti
the time. mes
That they
way wouldn'
you'd t, trying
end up to
getting a figure it
reward out.
70 Some of
percent them
of the thought
time, they
even had
though come up
you with a
didn't rule,
have a which
clue they
what the then
pattern used to
was. tell
That' them
s what when to
the rats press
did. the bar
They and
just when
kept not to
pressing press
the bar the bar.
every But they
time the were
screen deluded.
changed They
. hadn't
But come up
the with the
humans rule at
never all, and
figured the rats
ended their left
up with brain
lots that
more takes all
rewards the
than the random,
humans. contradi
I ctory
believe details
the rats of what-
did ever
better they're
than the doing or
humans rememb
either ering at
because the
of moment,
weaker and
frontal smoothe
lobes or s
because everythi
rats don't ng out
have into one
language coherent
or both. story. If
One there
thing we are
do know details
about that
humans don't fit,
is that a lot of
the left times
brain, they get
which is edited
the out or
consciou revised.
s Some
language left
part of brain
the stories
brain, can be
always so far off
makes from
up a reality
story to that they
explain sound
what's like con-
going fabulatio
on. ns.
Normal The
people interpret
have an er
interpret probabl
er in y got in
the way E
on the L
lever- F
pressing A
experim R
ent. The E
human :
subjects
kept T
trying to A
come up K
with a I
story N
about G
the dots,
and C
when A
they did R
come up E
with a
story O
they F
stuck to
it. Then
A
N
the dot
I
story
M
kept
A
them
L
from
S
realizin
g they T
should H
just E
forget
about W
the dots R
and O
press N
the G
lever
every W
time the A
screen Y
changed
Working
.
in animal
welfare,
A I
N constantl
I y have to
M reason
A with
L normal
humans
W
who are My
too smart most
for their importan
own t
good. contribut
ion to
the field
has been
to take
the idea
behind
Hazard
Analysis
Critical
Control
Point
analysis,
or
HACCP
(pronoun
ced
hassip),
and
apply it
to the
field of
animal
welfare.
The
animal
welfare
audit I
created
for U.S.
Departm
ent of
Agricult
ure is a
HACCP-
type
audit.
My
HACCP
system
works by
analyzin
g the
critical
control
points in
a farm
animal's
well-
being. I
define a animals.
critical Some
control regulator
point as s will try
a single to meas-
measura ure all of
ble these
element things,
that because
covers a they
multitude think a
of sins. good
For audit is a
instance, thorough
when audit.
I'm But
auditing that's not
the my
animals approach
on a . I
farm, measure
one one
thing I thing
want to only:
know is how
whether many
the cattle
animals' are
legs are limping?
sound. That's all
There I need to
are a lot know,
of things just how
that can many
affect a cattle are
cow's limping.
ability to That one
walk: measure
bad ment
genes, covers
poor the
flooring, multitud
too e of sins
much that can
grain in cause
the feed, cattle to
foot rot, go lame.
poor If too
hoof many
care, animals
and are
rough limping,
treatmen the farm
t of the fails the
audit and treatmen
that's it. t at a
The only meatpac
way the king
farm can plant:
pass the
next • Perce
audit is ntage
to fix of
whatever anima
it is that's ls
making stunn
their ed, or
animals killed
lame. If ,
manage correc
ment tly on
knows the
what the first
problem attem
is, they pt
can get (this
busy has to
fixing it. be at
If they least
don't 95
perce
know
nt of
what the
the
problem
anima
is, they
ls).
have to
• Perce
hire
ntage
someone
of
who can
anima
tell them,
ls
and then
who
fix it. remai
For n
my uncon
animal scious
welfare after
audit, I stunni
came up ng
with five {this
key must
measur be
ements 100p
inspector ercen
s need to t).
take to • Perce
ensure ntage
animals of
receive anima
humane ls
 who inclu
vocali des
ze walki
(sque ng
al, throu
bello gh
w, or the
moo, alleys
mean and
ing being
"ouch held
!" or in the
"you'r restra
e ining
scarin devic
g e for
me!") stunn
durin ing
g (no
handl more
ing than
and 3
stunni cattle
ng. out of
Handl 100).
ing
A 2
• Perc of
entag 100,
e of whic
anim h is
als still
who more
fall than
dow woul
n d fall
(ani down
mals under
are good
terrif condi
ied tions,
of since
fallin anim
g als
dow never
n, fall
and down
this if the
shou floor
ld be is
no soun
more d and
than dry).
1 out • Elect
ric prod on
usage purpose.
(no • Losi
more ng
than 25 control
percent and
of the beating
animals an
). animal.

I also This
have is all
a list you
of need to
five know to
acts
rate
of
animal
abuse
that welfare
are an at a
auto meatpac
matic king
failur plant.
e: Just
these
• Drag ten
ging a details.
live You
animal don't
with a need to
chain. know if
• Runn the floor
ing is
cattle slippery,
on top somethi
of each ng
other on regulator
purpose s always
. want to
• Stick measure.
ing For
prods some
and reason
other whenev
objects er you
start
into
talking
sensitiv
about
e parts
auditing
of
the
animals.
plants
• Slam
every-
ming
body
gates on
turns
animals
into an
expert A steer
on either
flooring moos
. I don't during
need to handling
know or he
any- does
thing not.
about Anot
the her
flooring. importa
I just nt
need to feature
know if of my
any of audit:
the people
cattle can
fell rememb
down. If er two
cattle sets of
are five
falling items.
down, That
there's a level of
problem detail is
with the what
floor, normal
and the working
plant memory
fails the is built
audit. to hold
It's that on to.21
simple. But I
The find that
plants people
love it, in
because academi
they can a and
do it. often in
The governm
audit is ent just
totally don't get
based on it. Most
things languag
an e-based
auditor thinkers
can find it
directly difficult
observe to
that believe
have that
objectiv such a
e out- simple
comes. audit
really :
works.
They're
like the
people
in the
lever-
pressing
experim
ents;
they
think
simple
means
wrong.
They
don't see
that
each one
of the
five
critical
control
points
measure
s
anywher
e from
three to
ten
others
that all
result in
the
same
bad
outcome
for the
animals.
When
highly
verbal
people
get
control
of the
audit
process,
they
tend to
make
five
critical
mistakes
• They chec
write klist
verba has
l objec
auditi tive
ng stand
stand ards
ards that
that anyo
are ne
too can
subje see
ctive have
and or
vagu have
e, not
with been
requi met.
reme • For
nts some
like reaso
"mini n,
mal highl
use y
of verba
electr l
ic peopl
prod" e
and have
"non- a
slip tende
floori ncy
ng." to
Indiv meas
idual ure
inspe input
ctors s,
have such
to as
figure maint
out enan
for ce
them sched
selve ules,
s empl
what oyee
"mini traini
mal ng
use" recor
mean ds,
s. A and
good equip
audit ment
 desig licate
n d. A
probl 100-
ems, item
instea chec
d of klist
outp does
uts, n't
whic work
h is nearl
how y as
the well
anim as a
als 10-
are item
actua check
lly list,
doin and I
g. A can
good prove
anim it.
al • Verb
welfa al
re peopl
audit e
has drift
to into
meas pape
ure r
the audit
anim s, in
als, whic
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the they
plant. audit
• Highl a
y plant'
verba s
l recor
peopl ds
e instea
almo d of
st its
alwa anim
ys als. A
want good
to anim
make al
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way audit
too has
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the ated,
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als, auditors
not veer off
the into all
pape the fine
r and detail
not that
the goes
plant. into
making
• Verb
a
al
humane
peopl
slaughte
e tend
rhouse,
to which
lose leads to
sight wanting
of to
what' microm
s anage
impor the
tant plants.
and Instead
end of
up looking
treati at
ng outcom
small es to the
probl animals,
ems they
the want to
same tell the
way plant
they how to
treat build its
big floors.
Then
probl
they
ems.
want to
send
All
auditors
five of
out to
these
inspect
mistake
the
s hurt
constru
the
ction to
animals.
make
When
sure the
you
floors
make
are
the
right.
audit
The
process
animal
more
gets lost of the
in the items as
confusi if
on. I they're
don't major,
care whereas
about maybe
floors. I only 10
care items
about are so
cows. critical
Are that if
they the plant
falling fails any
down? one of
That's those 10
all I it should
need to fail the
know. audit,
The period.
other When a
thing plant
that fails 1
happens critical
is that item out
auditors of 10,
lose it's easy
track of to fail
what's the
importa whole
nt. If plant.
you give But
an when it
auditor a fails that
100- same
item item on
checklis a list of
t, he'll 100, it
tend to doesn't
treat 50 look so
bad.
A 2
7
Even l
worse, an I
auditor I
working with S
W
a long, overly
complicated
checklist can
miss the huge
problems
completely,
even though
they're on the
severe t Unfortunat
problem in I ely, to an
chicken U abstract
welfare. I've verbal
been to farms thinker, a list
where half of with 100
the chickens different
are lame. animal
When I audit a welfare items
chicken farm, sounds more
what I want to caring than a
know is, can list with only
the chickens 5. But I can
on this farm prove beyond
walk? If the question that
chickens are animals in
lame, plants
something is undergoing
wrong, and the 10-question
farm fails the audits are
audit. handled
And I much more
strongly humanely
object to than animals
paper audits, in plants
because undergoing
anyone can 100-question
change his audits. And
paperwork if it's not just
he wants to. that plants
However, a using my
plant can't checklist do
falsify things I well on the
can directly big details.
observe. I They also do
don't want to better on the
see the smaller
maintenance details,
records on the because the
stunner. If the smaller
stunner is details are
well part of the big
maintained, ones.
it's going to Even
work. That's though my
all I need to list contains
know. I've only five
measured critical
broken wings control
on chickens. I points, it is
want to see so strict that
the animals. most plants
The other thought they
dangerous wouldn't be
able to pass.
But then
McDonald's
started
auditing the
plants. In
1999 they
threw a major
plant off the
approved
supplier list
for flunking
the audit, and
they
suspended
some other
plants. After
that the
industry got
religion, and
boy has the
cattle
handling
changed. Let
me tell you,
you go out
there now
and they're
handling the
cattle nice.
All of the
 272 every
Animal plant is
s in passing
Transla
tion
easily.
Now
plants when
being you go
audited into a
using plant it's
my list
like a
treat
magical
their
animals change.
better I think
than of all
plants the
using years up
100- to 1999
item as the
checklis pre-
ts. McDon
Most ald's era
large and the
plants years
are now since
audited then as
by the
restaura post-
nt chains McDon
like ald's
McDon era. Up
ald's, until
Burger 1999
King, the
and plants
Wendy's might
Internati buy the
onal. best
Just four equipme
years nt, but
after they
McDona didn't
ld's manage
began it.
requirin They'd
g its let stuff
supplier break,
s to and they
audit didn't
their spend
plants enough
accordin time
g to my and
standard money
s, almost training
and equipm
supervis ent is
ing their perfectl
staff or y
firing maintai
people ned and
who there's
needed nothing
firing. broken
Then as on it
soon as anywhe
McDon re. For
ald's the first
started twenty-
auditing five
, they years of
were my ca-
hitting reer I
up my was a
Web hardwar
page to e
learn the enginee
stuff r; now
they had finally
to do. I'm
There installin
were g the
light- manag
years of ement
change. softwar
For e.
the Trainin
twenty- g those
five auditors
years up : that's
to 1999 the
I'd been softwar
putting e
equipm installat
ent into ion for
plants. the
Some hardwar
of the e I put
plants into
used it half the
right, plants
but in
others North
just tore Americ
it up a.
and
ruined
it. Now My
my simple
five- E
point A
checklis C
t works H
beautifu
lly. But O
even T
though H
it E
works, R
and
even T
though I H
can E
show
that W
animals A
being Y
audited
by 100- P
point E
checklis O
ts are P
being L
handled E
poorly,
I have D
to fight O
con- ?
stantly Those
to keep are
it in fightin
place. g
words
in the
D
fields
o
of
animal
A and
N
linguist
I
ic
M
researc
A
h. A lot
L
of
S people
are
T emotio
A nally
L investe
K d in the
idea
T that
O languag
e is the
one How 273
thing Animals
that Think
makes Now
human even this
beings final
unique. boundar
Lan- y is
guage being
is challeng
sacrosa ed. Con
nct. It's
Slobod-
the last
chikoff
bounda
at
ry
Norther
standin
n
g
Arizona
betwee
Universi
n man
ty has
and
beast. done
some of
the most
amazing
studies
in
animal
commun
ication
and
cognitio
n.22
Using
sonogra
ms to
analyze
the
distress
calls of
Gunniso
n's
prairie
dog, one
of five
species
of
prairie
dogs
found in
the U.S.
and
Mexico,
he has
found
that
prairie one is
dog coming.
colonies They
have a can tell
commun the other
ication prairie
system dogs
that that the
includes approac
nouns, hing
verbs, coyote is
and the one
adjective who
s. They likes to
can tell walk
one straight
another through
what the
kind of colony
predator and then
is suddenly
approac lunge at
hing— a prairie
man, dog
hawk, who's
coyote, gotten
dog too far
(noun) away
—and from the
they can entrance
tell each to his
other burrow,
how fast or the
it's one who
moving likes to
(verb). lie
They patiently
can say by the
whether side of a
a human hole for
is an hour
carrying and wait
a gun or for his
not. dinner to
They appear.
can also If the
identify prairie
individu dogs are
al signalin
coyotes g the
and tell approac
one h of a
another person,
which they can
tell one a
another distress
somethi call was
ng about reacting
what to when
color he made
clothing it. He
the also
person is watched
wearing, to see
as well how the
as other
somethin prairie
g about dogs
his size respond
and ed. That
shape was an
(adjectiv importa
es). They nt clue,
also because
have a he found
lot of that the
other prairie
calls that dogs
have not reacted
been different
decipher ly to
ed. different
Dr. warning
Slobodc s. If the
hikoff warning
was able was
to about a
interpret hawk
the calls making
by a dive,
videotap all the
ing prairie
everythi dogs
ng, raced to
analyzin their
g the burrows
sound and
spectru vanished
m, and down
then into
watchin holes.
g the But if
video to the
see what hawk
the was
prairie circling
dog overhea
making d, the
prairie also
dogs found
stopped evidenc
foraging, e that
stood up prairie
in an dogs
alert aren't
posture, born
and knowing
waited the calls,
to see the way
what a baby is
happene born
d next. knowing
If the how to
call cry.
warned They
about a have to
human, learn
the them.
prairie He bases
dogs all this on
ran for the fact
their that the
burrows different
no prairie
matter dog
how fast colonies
the around
human Flagstaff
was all have
coming. different
Dr. dialects.
Slobodc Since
hikoff
A 2
n
genetically p generation to
these animals a the next.
are almost s Is this
identical, Dr. s "real"
Slobodchikoff e language? A
argues that d philosopher
genetic of language
differences o might say no,
can't explain n but the case
the against animal
differences in f language is
the calls. That r getting
means the o weaker.
calls have m Different lin-
been created guists have
by the o somewhat
individual n different
colonies and e definitions of
language, but t ack oval, and
everyone h dragged them
agrees that r through the
language has e prairie dog
to have e colony on a
meaning, pulley. The
productivity p prairie dogs
(you can use l gave alarm
the same y calls to all
words to w three objects,
make an o and each
infinite o prairie dog
number of d used the same
new call for the
communica- s same plywood
tions), and i object. These
displacement l calls weren't
(you can use h invented on
language to o the spot,
talk about u either. At
things that e least one of
aren't t the calls—for
present). t the plywood
Prairie e coyote—was a
dogs use their s variant of an
language to , old call Dr,
refer to real Slobodchikoff
dangers in the a had already
real world, so recorded them
it definitely s using. That's
has meaning. k more evidence
Their u the prairie
language n dogs were
probably has k combining
productivity, , their old
too, since "words" to
they can a describe
apply the something
same c new.
adjectives to o Another
different y interesting
animals. Dr. o finding: all
Slobodchikoff t three
has also done e plywood
some , objects were
interesting new to the
experiments to a prairie dogs,
see what calls n but the prairie
prairie dogs d dogs used
would make different calls
to an object a to identify
they'd never each one. Dr.
seen before. b Slobodchikoff
He built l says that
means it's talk about
unlikely the things that
prairie dogs aren't present.
were simply But since
using a rote other animals
call meaning have used
"something language to
new is talk about
coming." He things that
also says that aren't
the prairie present,
dogs seem to there's no
be using reason to
transformatio assume
nal rules to prairie dogs
create their can't do it,
calls. In too. Some of
human the apes
language, a whom
transformatio
researchers
nal rule
have trained
allows you to
in English
turn words
over the years
into sentences
have used
that make
their words to
sense. The
talk about
person
food that was
listening to
in another
you uses the
room and not
same rules to
decode what visible, which
you're saying. is spatial
The prairie displacement,
dogs seem to and at least
have a two of them
transfor- have used
mational rule signs to ask
based on about animal
speed. companions
Depending on who had been
how fast a taken away
predator is from them to
moving, they go to the vet.
speed up their I think it's
calls or slow unlikely that
them down. Dr. Slobod-
We don't chikoff s
know yet prairie dogs
whether the would have
prairie dogs nouns,
ever use adjectives,
their calls verbs,
to semantic-ity,
and
productivity e , red-tailed
without also v hawks,
being able to e ferruginous
use their calls n hawks,
to harriers [a
communicate h kind of hawk],
about e black-footed
something a ferrets,
that is not r domestic
immediately d dogs,
present. domestic
o cats,
f rattlesnakes,
WHY : and gopher
PRAIRIE snakes."23 For
DOGS? " eight hundred
c years Native
From what we o Americans
know now, it y hunted prairie
seems prairie o dogs for food,
dogs' ability to t and today
communicate e humans hunt
may be greater s them for
than that of , target practice
animals with and sport.
more complex f To make
brains, o things worse,
including the x prairie dogs
primates. Why e live in the
would prairie s same burrows
dogs develop , for hundreds
more complex of years. That
calls than the b means every
monkeys? a single
Maybe d predator in the
because they g vicinity
had to. Prairie e knows exactly
dogs are r where to find
super-prey— s them. It also
there's almost , means the
no meat eater prairie dogs
in the vicinity g get to know
of prairie dog o the local
burrows that l predators on
doesn't eat d an individual
them. Dr. e basis. All told,
Slobodchikof n it's likely
Ps list of prairie dogs
prairie dog e are so
predators is so a vulnerable
long it has they had to
g
animals on it develop a
l
most people really good
e
have never system of
s
communicatio
n to survive as
a species. Dr.
Slobodchikoff
speculates that
instead of
looking for
animal
language in
our closest
genetic
relatives, the
primates, we
should look at
animals with
the greatest
need for
language in
order to stay
alive.
If he's right,
that's
probably
another
blow to the
idea that
human
276 Animals in Translation
language is unique. If language naturally evolves to serve the needs of
tiny rodents with tiny rodent brains, then what's unique about
language isn't the brilliant humans who invented it to communicate
high-level abstract thoughts. What's unique about language is that the
creatures who develop it are highly vulnerable to being eaten.
THE MUSIC LANGUAGE
I think it's likely that the language of the prairie dogs is a musical
language. Dr. Slobodchikoff used special computer programs to ana-
lyze the prairie dog calls and found that the calls had different fre -
quency ratios, which he thinks are patterns the prairie dogs created. He
theorizes that frequency ratios may form patterns. To put it in simpler
language, the calls are different pieces of music.
Sophie Yin at the University of California, Davis, found something
similar in analyzing thousands of dog barks. Her analysis shows
that dogs have different barks depending on the circum stances.24
When a dog spots a stranger its barks are rapid and urgent. When a dog
is playing, its barks are slower and richer in harmony. No one knows
what those harmonies mean, but the fact that they vary consistently
depending on the dog's situation tells me they likely have meaning to
another dog. Dogs are also highly sensitive to tone of voice, which is
the musical part of language.
Some scientists such as Steven Pinker, the cognitive psychologist at
MIT who wrote the books The Language Instinct and How the Mind,
Works, think music is just evolutionary baggage with no real purpose,
but so many birds and animals create music that it doesn't make sense
to me that music could simply be so much evolutionary baggage.25 And
if music is just evolutionary baggage, then why does the brain have
different areas to analyze the five different components of music?
Studies of patients with brain damage have shown that the five distinct
brain-processing systems for music are melody, rhythm, meter,
tonality, and timbre. My hypothesis is that music is the language of
many animals.
Brain scan studies are beginning to offer some support for this
idea. A study reported in Nature Neuroscience found that the same
brain area that understands spoken language—Broca's area—also
278
I How Animals Think 277
understands music. That's a big finding, because cognitive scientists
have always believed that Broca's area handles language and nothing
else. So far researchers seem to be interpreting the new findings as
possibly meaning that Broca's area may be specific not to language but
to processing the "implicit rules that organize complex information,
such as music and language" instead. 26
But I think the explanation could be that cognitive scientists were
right in the first place. Maybe Broca's area does handle language
exclusively, and maybe that's why it also handles music, because
music is a language, too—or it could be. It's possible that music, or
something like it, once was the human language, and maybe it still is
the language of birds and animals.
One thing that makes me believe this is high-functioning autistic
people who've told me that when they were children echoing sen-
tences they'd heard on TV, they didn't know that the meaning was in
the words. They thought all the meaning was in the tone. I can relate
to that, because tone of voice is the only social cue I pick up easily. I
also know of at least one parent who could communicate with her
autistic daughter only through singing. If the mom sang, "Set the
table now," her daughter understood. If the mom said, "Set the
table now," her daughter didn't understand. She got the meaning
through the music. I wonder whether this is a case of autistic people
falling back on earlier, animal forms of communication that are closer
to music.
Probably all parents communicate with babies through music.
Sandra Trehub at the University of Toronto points out that lullabies
are found in every culture, and parents speak to babies in singsong
musical baby talk. She thinks music is a special communication channel
between parent child.27
Last but not least, my mother has told me that the reason she
knew I could be worked with was that she realized I was humming
Bach along with her while she was playing it on the piano. I was two
years old and not talking, and I was doing things like ripping the
wallpaper off the wall and eating it. I hadn't been diagnosed, but my
mom knew something was drastically wrong, because I wasn't devel-
oping like the little girl next door who was my same age. But I could
hum Bach.
Animals in Translation
 All of these things make me believe there's a connection between
music and language.
Scientifically speaking, I think we have some indirect support for
this idea. DNA research on African tribes who speak click languages,
languages in which the meaning comes from a change in tone,
shows that tonal languages were probably the first language early
humans spoke. Mandarin Chinese is also a tonal language. Tonal
language isn't considered to be the same thing as music, but
researchers who are studying nonnative speakers' ability to hear tone
changes in Mandarin Chinese have found that music students out-
perform nonmusic students.28
We also have good evidence that music developed in animals long
before humans evolved. That evidence comes from a study of animal
music by a pianist named Patricia Gray of the National Music Arts
program and five biological scientists that was published in the pres-
tigious journal Science. The authors write, "The fact that whale and
human music have so much in common even though our evolutionary
paths have not intersected for 60 million years, suggests that music
may predate humans—that rather than being the inventors of music,
we ate latecomers to the musical scene."29
Animals are the originators of music and the true instructors.
Humans probably learned music from animals, most likely from
birds. More evidence that humans copied music from birds, rather
than reinventing it for themselves: only 11 percent of all primate
species sing songs.
Mozart was definitely influenced by birdsong. He owned a pet
starling, and in his notebooks he recorded a passage from the Piano
Concerto in G Major as he had written it, and as his pet starling had
revised it. The bird had changed the sharps to flats. Mozart wrote,
"That was beautiful" next to the starling's version. When his starling
died, Mozart sang hymns beside its grave and read a poem he had
written for the bird. His next composition, "A Musical Joke," has a
starling style.30 If a musical genius like Mozart admired and learned
from a bird, it seems extremely likely early humans learned from
birds when they were inventing the first human music.
Animal music is another case where human researchers are reluc-
tant to say animals can do the same thing humans can do—animals
280 Animals in Translation
San Diego divides the sounds humans make into three categories:
How Animals Think 279
can create music. Even Patricia Gray uses the phrase "musical
sounds," not "animal music." Still, everyone agrees that individual
elements of animal music are the same as individual elements of
human music. Humpback whale songs contain repeating refrains
the same way human songs do, and some whale songs rhyme.
Whales probably use rhymes for the same reason people do, which is
that rhymes help you remember what comes next in your poem or
song. At Cornell University, Linda Guinee and Katy Payne (Katy
Payne is the person who discovered that elephants use infra-sonic
sound to communicate) have found that long, complicated
whalesongs are much more likely to rhyme than the shorter, easier
songs.
Birds compose songs that use the same variation in rhythms and
pitch relationships as human musicians, and can also transpose their
songs into a different musical key. Birds use accelerandos, crescen-dos,
and diminuendos, as well as many of the same scales composers use all
over the world.
Animals and humans also have similar musical tastes. Rats and
starlings can distinguish between "good" chords that sound conso-
nant and dissonant chords that sound "bad." Luis Baptista, curator
and chairman of the Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy at
the California Academy of Sciences until his death in 2002, has a
tape of a white-breasted wood wren in Mexico singing the exact
opening notes of Beethoven's Fifth. It's unlikely that bird ever heard a
recording of Beethoven's symphony before he sang it himself. The
music that sounds beautiful to us also sounds beautiful to birds, and
the bird composed the same theme.
Researchers also agree that animal song is highly complex, which
makes it a good candidate for being a true animal language. Most
animal communication researchers think animal calls are too simple to
be real language. But nobody thinks animal song is simple. It could
have the complexity to serve as a true animal language. To give just one
example, it's likely that birds invented the sonata. A sonata begins
with an opening theme, then changes that theme over the body of the
piece, and finally ends with a repetition of the opening theme.
Ordinary song sparrows compose and sing sonatas. A music
psychologist named Diana Deutsch at the University of California at
How Animals Think 281
music, speech, and paralinguistic utterances like laughter or groans.
 She thinks animal calls are like our paralinguistic utterances but says,
"When we come to birdsong, with its elaborate hierarchical pattern-
ing, it seems that [human] music provides a better analogy." In
other words, animal music is music?1
Researchers who study animal songs say that animals use their
songs to defend territory and attract mates, but I think animals
probably use tone language to do more than that. We know music is
deeply linked with emotions, because it lights up the emotional centers
in the middle of the brain and even deep down in the cerebellum,
which is the oldest part of the brain. A brain scan study by Carol
Krumhansl of Cornell University found that music with a fast tempo
played in a major key turned on the same physiological changes
that happen when a person feels happy (such as faster breathing),
while music in a minor key and a slow tempo produced the
physiological changes that happen when you feel sad (slower pulse,
higher blood pressure, drop in temperature).32
Maybe animals use tone to convey complex emotions to one
another.
GIVING ANIMALS THE BENEFIT OF THE DOUBT
The fact is, we don't know very much about animal communication
and animal language. If the history of animal research is anything to
go on, we probably don't even know what we think we know, since
every time researchers think they've proved animals can't do some-
thing along comes an animal who can. In animal communication
and language, as in every other field of animal research, animals are
going to turn out to be more capable than we know.
On the subject of animal communication, the debate comes down to
two camps: people who think human language and animal com-
munication are two separate and distinct things, and people who
think human language and animal communication are on the same
spectrum. Researchers who believe animal language is on a spectrum
with human language believe that animal language might turn out to
be simpler than human language, the way a two-year-old's Ian-
282 Animals in Translation
One day their corporate sponsors were visiting Dr. Pepperberg's
lab, and she and her staff wanted to show off what Alex and Griffin
could do. So they put a bunch of colored plastic refrigerator letters
guage is simpler than a grown-up's, but it's still language. The dif-
ference is quantitative, not qualitative.
I vote with the spectrum people. I also believe animal researchers
should change their paradigm. We've seen so many animals do so
many remarkable things that it's time to start from the assumption
that animals probably do have language rather than that they don't.
The questions you ask set limits on the answers you find, and I think
we'll learn more if we give animals the benefit of the doubt.
I'm going to end with a story about Alex. Dr. Pepperberg stays out
of the language wars. She never says Alex has language, and she says
she never will. I think that's probably more because she wants to stay
out of the crossfire than because she thinks the language Alex has
learned isn't "real." I say this because currently she is trying to see if
Alex can disprove Noam Chomsky's latest proposal for what makes
human language unique.
Noam Chomsky, Marc Hauser, and W. Tecumseh Fitch published
an article in Science in 2002 arguing that humans are the only animals
to have a language that is recursive. Loosely defined, recursive means
that humans use rules to combine individual sounds and words into
an infinite number of different sentences with different meanings.33
But Dr. Pepperberg points out that both dolphins and parrots
can understand recursive sentences. Dolphins can handle sentences
like "Touch the surfboard that is gray and to the left" versus
"Swim over the Frisbee that is black and to your right." Apparently
Noam Chomsky and his colleagues think that doesn't count, because
the dolphins aren't creating these sentences; they're just under-
standing them. How any scientist can assume he knows for a fact
that a dolphin doesn't produce recursive sentences in real life is a
mystery to me.
Not very long ago, Dr. Pepperberg began trying to teach Alex
and another gray parrot, Griffin, to sound out phonemes, which are
the sounds that letters and letter combinations represent. English
has forty phonemes altogether. She and her colleagues wanted to see if
the birds understood that words are made out of letters that could be
recombined to make other words, so they started training the birds
with magnetic refrigerator letters.
How Animals Think 283
on a tray and started asking Alex questions.
"Alex, what sound is blue?"
Alex made the sound "Sssss." That was right; the blue letter
 was "S."
Dr. Pepperberg said, "Good birdie," and Alex said, "Want a nut," It's time to start thinking about animals as capable and communica-
because he was supposed to get a nut whenever he gave the right tive beings. It's also time to stop making assumptions. Animal
answer. researchers take a lot for granted: "animals don't have language,"
But Dr. Pepperberg didn't want him sitting there eating a nut "animals don't have psychological self-awareness"—you find blanket
during the limited time she had with their sponsors, so she told Alex to assertions like this sprinkled throughout the research literature. But
wait, and then asked, "What sound is green?" the truth is, we don't know what animals can't do any better than
The green example was the letter combination of "SH" and Alex we know what they can do. It's hard to prove a negative, and proving
said, "Ssshh." He was right again. negatives shouldn't be the focus.
Dr. Pepperberg said, "Good parrot," and Alex said, "Want a nut." If we're interested in animals, then we need to study animals for
But Dr. Pepperberg said, "Alex, wait. What sound is orange?" their own sake, and on their own terms, to the extent that it's possible.
Alex got that one right, too, and he still didn't get his nut. They What are they doing? What are they feeling? What are they thinking?
just kept going on and on, making him sound out letters for his What are they saying?
audience. Alex was obviously getting more frustrated by the minute. Who are they?
Finally Alex lost his patience. And: what do we need to do to treat animals fairly, responsibly,
Here's the way Dr. Pepperberg describes it: Alex "gets very slitty- and with kindness?
eyed and he looks at me and states, 'Want a nut. Nnn, uh, tuh.'" Those are the real questions.
Alex had spelled anut.x Dr. Pepperberg and her team were spending
hours and hours training him on plastic refrigerator letters to see if
Alex could eventually be taught that words are made out of
sounds, and he already knew how to spell. He was miles ahead of
them.
Dr. Pepperberg says, "These kinds of things don't happen in the
lab on a daily basis, but when they do, they make you realize there's a
lot more going on inside these little walnut-sized brains than you
might at first imagine." I would like to add that there is a lot more
going on than humans perceive. Dr. Pepperberg and her team are
probably the world's foremost authorities on parrot cognitive abili-
ties, they've been working with Alex for twenty years, and yet they
had no idea Alex had learned to spell.34
 2) ANIMAL GENIUS:
EXTREME TALENTS

I t's getting to be obvious even to skeptics that animals are smarter

than we think.
The question is, how much smarter?
My answer is that there are some animals who, like some people,
have a form of genius. These animals have talents that are so extraor-
dinary they're way past anything any normal human being could do
even with a lot of hard work and practice.
Who are these animals?
Birds, for one. The more I learn about birds, the more I'm begin-
ning to think we have no idea what the limits to some bird species'
intelligence are. Bird migration is probably the most extraordinary
talent we know about right now. Birds have brains no bigger than a
walnut, but they can learn and remember migratory routes thou-
sands of miles in distance. The Arctic tern has the longest migratory
route we know about: 18,000 miles, round-trip. Some of these birds
travel from the North Pole to the South Pole and back again every
year.

EXTREME MEMORY
What makes this a genius-level ability instead of just some miracu-
lous ability that's built into the species, like having wings and being
able to fly, is the fact that birds have to learn these routes. They
aren't born knowing their species' migratory route; it isn't hard-
wired. Moreover, they learn the routes with almost no effort at all.
2 A A 2
8 8
7

Many migratory birds verge of extinction.

have genius-level Operation Migration,
learning abilities when the charity Bill
it comes to migration. Lishman founded, says
There's a good movie there are only 188
about these birds called whooping cranes left in
Fly Away Home, based the world. They're all in
on the story of Bill one big flock, which
Lishman, the man who, makes them even more
along with his partner, vulnerable to extinction.
Joseph Duff, taught a Up until Bill Lishman
bunch of Canada geese came along people were
to follow him in his trying to save the
ultralight airplane. They species by raising baby
created the project whooping cranes in
because they wanted to captivity. But it wasn't
try to save the whooping working because when
cranes, which are on the
 the babies were brought migration is an extreme
up without any talent.
migrating adults to teach After he knew he
them the routes, there could do it with geese,
was no way to he switched to sandhill
reintroduce them to ±e cranes, which are related
wild. They didn't know to whooping cranes but
how to migrate, so aren't endangered. In
when winter came they 1997 he led seven
would just stay put and sandhill cranes from
die in the cold. southern Ontario down
Bill Lishman had the to
idea of teaching the
whooping cranes to
migrate by leading them
along a migration path
in his ultralight plane, a
small one-person
airplane that can fly as
slowly as 28 to 58 miles
per hour. He started out
working with Canada
geese, because geese
aren't in danger of going
extinct. Any golfer on
the East Coast can tell
you there's no goose
shortage. As a matter of
fact the goose poop
problem has gotten so
out of hand that some
Border collies are
getting a brand-new job
working goose patrol at
golf courses. That's
good, because Border
collies need a job. They
get antsy living a life of
leisure.
Pretty quickly Mr.
Lishman managed to
show that you could
teach geese to follow a
human in an ultralight
airplane, and you could
teach them a four-
hundred-mile one-way
migration route flying it
just once. No human
being could memorize a
four-hundred-mile route
across unmarked open
terrain after traveling it
just one time. Bird
Virginia, a four-hundred-
mile trip one way. The
cranes spent the winter in
Virginia and then, one
day at the end of March,
they went out for their
daily foraging and didn't
come back. Two days
later Mr. Lishman got a
call from a school
principal up in Ontario
who said he had six big
birds in his schoolyard
entertaining the students!
Six of the seven birds
had made it the whole
four hundred miles back
to Canada, after having
flown the route only once
in their lives, and in the
opposite direction. They
ended up thirty miles
away from where they'd
been fledged.
Lots of animals have
extreme memory and
learning abilities in one
realm or another. Gray
squirrels bury hundreds of
nuts every winter, one nut
in each burial spot, and
they remember them all.
They remember where
they hid each nut, what
kind of nut it was, and
even when they hid it.
They're not just marking
the spots some way, or
finding the nuts by smell,
which is what a lot of
people probably assume. I
read a gardening column
the other day where a
woman wrote in asking
whether there was any
way to keep squirrels from
digging up her garden.
The columnist answered
that squirrels forget where
they've buried their nuts,
2 A
8 8
so they dig everything
up. That is not true.
Squirrels remember
exactly where they buried
hundreds and hundreds of
nuts. Dr. Pierre Lavenex
at the University of
California, Berkeley, a
researcher who studies
memory in gray squirrels,
says, "They use
information from the
environment, such as the
relative position of trees
and buildings, and they
triangulate, relying on the
angles and distances
between these distant
landmarks and their
caches."1
No human can do
that. A normal human
can't even remember
where he put the car
keys half the time, let
alone where he buried
five hundred individual
nuts. How long would a
person last if he had to
eat buried nuts for
food? He wouldn't get
through the winter,
that's for sure. "People
can do this [i.e.
triangulate landmarks to
find the precise spot
where they've buried
something] for a few
sites," Dr. Lavenex says,
"maybe six or seven, but
not for nearly as many as
squirrels do."
Most animals have
"superhuman" skills like
this: animals have
animal genius. Birds
are navigation geniuses,
dogs are smell geniuses,
eagles are visual geniuses
—it can be anything.
A 2
9
E make him a genius; it
X just makes him a dog.
T Humans can see things
R dogs can't, but that
E doesn't make us smarter.
M But when you look at
E the jobs some dogs have
invented for themselves
P using their advanced
E perceptual abilities,
R you're moving into the
C realm of true cognition,
E which is solving a
P problem under novel
T conditions. The seizure
I alert dogs are an example
O of an animal using
N advanced perceptual
abilities to solve a
A problem no dog was born
N knowing how to solve.
D Seizure alert dogs are
dogs who, their owners
A say, can predict a seizure
N before it starts. There's
I still controversy over
M whether you can train a
A dog to predict seizures,
L and so far people haven't
had a lot of luck trying.
I But there are a number
N of dogs who have
T figured it out on their
E own. These dogs were
L trained as seizure-
L response dogs, meaning
I they can help a person
G once a seizure has
E begun. The dog might
N be trained to lie on top
C of the person so he
E doesn't hurt himself, or
Many animals also have bring the person his
extreme perception. medicine or the
Forensic dogs are three telephone. Those are all
times as good as any X- standard helpful
ray machine at sniffing behaviors any dog can
out contraband, drugs, or be trained to perform.
explosives, and their But some of these
overall success rate on dogs have gone from
tests is 90 percent. responding to seizures to
The fact that a dog perceiving signs of a
can smell things a seizure ahead of time. No
person can't doesn't one knows how they do
this, because the signs
are invisible to people.
No human being can
look at someone who's
about to have a seizure
and see (or hear, smell,
or feel) what's coming.
Yet one study found that
10 percent of owners
said their seizure
response dogs had
turned into seizure alert
dogs.
The New Tork Times
published a terrific article
about a woman named
Connie Standley, in
Florida, who has two
huge Bouvier des
Flandres dogs who
predict her seizures
about thirty minutes
ahead of time.2 When
they sense Ms. Standley
is heading into a seizure
they'll do things like pull
on her clothes, bark at
her, or drag on her
hand to get her to
someplace safe so she
won't get hurt when the
seizure begins. Ms.
Standley says they
predict about 80 percent
of her seizures. Ms.
Standley's dogs
apparently were trained
as seizure alert dogs
before they came to her,
but there aren't many
dogs in that category.
Most of the seizure alert
dogs were trained to
respond to seizures, not
predict seizures.
The seizure alert dogs
remind me of Clever
Hans. Hans was the
world-famous German
horse in the early 1900s
whose owner, Wilhelm
von Osten, thought he
could count. Herr von
Osten could ask the
horse questions like,
"What's seven and five?"
and Hans would tap out
the number 12 with his
hoof. Hans could even
tap out answers to
questions like, "If the
eighth day of the month
comes on Tuesday, what
is the date for the
following Friday?" He
could answer mathe-
matical questions posed
to him by complete
strangers, too.
Eventually a
psychologist named
Oskar Pfungst managed
to show that Hans wasn't
really counting. Instead,
Hans was observing sub-
tle, unconscious cues the
humans had no idea they
were giving off. He'd
start tapping his foot
when he could see it was
time to start tapping;
then he'd stop tapping
his foot when he saw it condition was missing,
was time to stop tapping. his performance fell
His questioners were apart.
making tiny, unconscious Psychologists often
movements only Hans use the Clever Hans
could see. The story to show that
movements were so humans who believe
tiny the humans making animals are intelligent are
them couldn't even feel deluding themselves. But
them. that's not the obvious
Dr. Pfungst couldn't conclusion as far as I'm
see the movements, concerned. No one has
either, and he was look- ever been able to train a
ing for them. He finally horse to do what Hans
solved the case by did. Hans trained
putting Hans's question- himself. Is the ability to
ers out of view and read a member of a
having them ask Hans different species as well
questions they didn't as Hans was reading
know the answers to human beings really a
themselves. It turned out sign that he was just a
Hans could answer "dumb animal" who'd
questions only when the been classically
person asking the conditioned to stamp his
question was in plain hoof? I think there's
view and already knew more to it than that.
the answer. If either
2 A A 2
9 9
1
What makes Hans superior intelligence the
similar to the seizure same way a human who
alert dogs is that both can do something few
Hans and the dogs other people can do
acquired their skills shows superior intelli-
without human help. As I gence.
mentioned, to my What makes the
knowledge, so far no actions of the seizure
one's figured out how to alert dogs, and probably
take a "raw" dog and of Hans, too, a sign of
teach it how to predict high intelligence—or
seizures. About the best high talent—is the fact
a trainer can do is reward that they didn't have to
the dogs for helping when do what they did. It's one
a person is having a thing for a dog to start
seizure and then leave it recognizing the signs that
up to the dog to start a seizure is coming; you
identifying signs that might chalk that up to
predict the onset of a unique aspects of canine
seizure on his own. That hearing, smell, or vision,
approach hasn't been like the fact that a dog
hugely successful, but can hear a dog whistle
some dogs do it. I think while a human can't. But
those dogs are showing
it's another thing for a dog
to start to recognize the
signs of an impending
seizure and then decide to
do something about it.
That's what intelligence is
in humans; intelligence is
people using their built-in
perceptual and cognitive
skills to achieve useful
and sometimes
remarkable goals.
INVISIBLE TO THE
NAKED EYE
By now you're probably
thinking, if animals are so
smart, why hasn't anyone
noticed?
First of all, we have no
idea what most animals
are doing in the wild.
Even when people like
Jane Goodall have been
able to spend years doing
close observation of a
group of animals in their
native habitat, we still
don't learn what the
animals think they're
doing, or what they're
communicating to one
another about what
they're doing. That's why
it's always a surprise
when a crow like Betty
spontaneously bends a
wire to make a food
hook, or a gray parrot
like Alex suddenly spells
the word "nut." Just the
other day I met a lady at
a conference who told
me about another super-
smart bird living in a
Florida hotel. This bird is
a macaw who invented a
new word—
crackey—to signify either
cookie or cracker. Those
are the two foods his
owner gives him as treats,
so apparently the macaw
decided that cookie-
cracker is a food category
unto itself, requiring its
own word, which he
created by putting
"cookie" and "cracker"
together. He's right about
cookies and crackers; they
are a separate category.
Cookies and crackers are
both treats, not "real"
food. I'm guessing that's
what the bird means when
he asks for a crackey; he's
probably asking for junk
food.
Another gray parrot,
N'Kisi, owned by Aimee
Morgana in New York
City, has a vocabulary of
over five hundred English
words. She uses the
present, past, and future
tenses and once used the
word "flied" to mean
"flew." She called the
aromatherapy oils Aimee
uses "pretty smell
medicine."
The point is, we don't
know what animals can
and can't do. The fact
that we're constantly
being dumbfounded by
brand-new abilities no
one had a clue animals
possessed ought to be a
lesson to us about how
much we don't know.
IF
ANI
MA
LS
AR
E
SO
SM
AR
T,
WH
Y smart, they would have
AR
EN'
T plumbing theory of
TH
EY
IN
CH
AR
GE
? than anyone else. Our
I think the reason
researchers don't take this
lesson more to heart is
that most people just
naturally assume, without
stopping to think about it,
that if animals were as
smart as humans or
smarter, they'd have more
to show for it. Where are
all the animal inventions?
That's the big question.
This is the if-animals-
were-smart-they-
wouldn't-still-be-pooping-
in-the-woods theory of
2 A
classifications for
humans, too. They
thought the Europeans
were the most intelligent,
the Asians were next
most intelligent, and the
Africans were on the
bottom.
The Europeans were
wrong about that,
probably for some of the
same reasons people will
turn out to be wrong
about animals, too. One
big mistake the
Europeans made was to
equate I£)with cu^' tural
evolution. Cumulative
cultural evolution means
that each generation can
build on the knowledge
of the generation before
animal cognition. If
animals were really
invented flush toilets!
What the indoor
animal IQ forgets is the
fact that plenty of
indigenous peoples never
invented indoor
plumbing, either, and
they're no less intelligent
thinking about animals is
a lot like the Europeans'
thinking about primitive
cultures in the nineteenth
century when European
explorers first began to
have a lot of contact
with the people of
Africa. That was a time
when botanists and
zoologists were creating
classifications for every
plant and animal on
earth, so naturally
Europeans created
A 2
9
3
it rather than having to
start all over again from
scratch. For a culture to
evolve, you have to have
cultural ratcheting,
which means that a group
of people or animals has
to have a way to hold
on to the things the
previous generations
have learned so the next
generation can add on
new things.3 Cultural
ratcheting means a
culture can maintain and
pass along an expanding
body of knowledge that
no one generation would
be able to invent for
itself.
Researchers don't
know how and why one
culture evolves faster from in my [signed]
than another, but they do introduction, the spelling
know it's not because of of my English name, my
IQ. You probably have namesign, and
to have things like direct, California's namesign
one-on-one teaching passed from person
along with very
widespread paying
attention and learning so
you don't keep losing
knowledge as fast as you
gain it.
All human cultures,
including indigenous
peoples, have cumulative
cultural evolution to
some degree. But so far
researchers think only
birds and maybe
chimpanzees also have it.
However, there is so
much of animal life we
just can't perceive at this
point, that the time hasn't
come to conclude that
animals do or do not
have cultural evolution.
Take dolphins, for
instance. Dolphins talk
back and forth to each
other for hours on end.
It's completely possible
dolphins could have a
rich "mental" culture
they've developed over
many generations that's
invisible to us. How
would we know one way
or the other?
I thought about
dolphins when I read A
Man Without Words. In
deaf culture people sign
the same information to
each other over and over
again to make sure every
person understands it and
has the same
information. The author,
Susan Schaller, talks
about a picnic she
attended where "even
though everyone saw my
name and where I was
to person until everyone again, back and forth, to
was completely satisfied make sure the person or
that they had all seen the dolphin you're
exact same information." transmitting to has
I wonder whether received an exact copy of
dolphins are doing your message, not an
something like that, approximation.
passing precious cultural
information from dolphin
to dolphin over and over SMART, BUT
again to make sure none DIFFERENT
of it gets lost. Dolphins I think animals are
don't have books or smarter than we know. I
hands, so they can't also think a lot of ani-
record the things they mals probably have a
know in writing or in different kind of
objects they've built. I intelligence than g, the
say this because early general fluid intelligence
humans didn't have normal people have.
written language, either, In the last chapter I
but they made simple said that animals are
tools, clothing, and cognitive specialists.
shelters that could They're smart in some
probably serve both as things, not smart in
objects and as the others. People are gener-
instructions on how to alists, meaning that a
make the object. (When person who's smart in
an object is really one area will be smart in
simple, you can tell a lot others, too. That's what
about how to make it just IQ tests show.
by looking at it.) Autistic people are
But if you have only smart the way animals are
oral communication, and smart. We're specialists.
you've built a complex Autistic people can have
culture, then passing your IQ scores all over the
culture along would be map. Donna Williams,
like playing the game an autistic woman from
Telephone. You'd be Australia who wrote a
constantly in danger of memoir called Nobody
having distortions come Nowhere, has written that
into the transmission her own scores on the dif-
process, ruining the ferent subscales range all
knowledge you're trying the way from mentally
to pass along. The only retarded to genius. I
way to keep this from believe it.4
happening would be to After many years
develop a strict habit of observing animals and
repeating each piece of living with autism, I
knowledge over and over have
2 A A 2
9
9
5
come to the conclusion extreme talents are
that animals with similar to autistic
savants. based on major charac-
If you've never met an teristics; splitters divided
autistic savant, you them up into lots of
might want to watch the smaller categories based
movie Rain Man, which on minor variations.
is about an autistic Lumpers generalize;
savant, Raymond, and splitters "particularize."
his brother. Raymond This is a core
couldn't fix himself a difference between
piece of toast without animals and autistic
setting the kitchen on people on the one hand,
fire, but he could count and normal people on
cards in a game of the other. Animals and
blackjack and win autistic people are
thousands of dollars. That splitters. They see the
kind of disparity is differences between
typical with autistic things more than the
savants. When you get similarities. In practice
outside their specialty this means animals don't
they're almost never as generalize very well.
smart or capable as (Normal people often
normal people. That's over-generalize, of
why they used to be course.) That's why you
called idiot savants. Just have to be so careful
like animals with when you're socializing
extreme talent, autistic an animal to socialize
savants can naturally do him to many different
things no normal human animals and people.
being can even be taught You have to do the
to do, no matter how same thing with
hard he tries to learn or training. Service dogs
how much time he who are being trained to
spends practicing. Yet lead a blind person
they usually have IQs in across the street don't
the mentally retarded generalize from one
range. intersection to another,
so you can't just train
them on a couple of
LUMPERS intersections and expect
AND them to apply what
SPLITTERS: they've learned to a
WHAT MAKES brand-new intersection.
ANIMALS AND You have to train them
AUTISTIC on dozens of different
PEOPLE kinds of intersections:
DIFFERENT corners where there's a
Charles Darwin first used light hanging in the
the terms lumpers and middle of the
splitters to describe the intersection and
two different kinds of crosswalk lines
taxonomists. Lumper
taxonomists grouped lots
of animals or plants into
big, broad categories
painted on the pavement,
corners where there's a
light hanging in the
middle of the intersection
and no crosswalk lines,
corners where the traffic
lights are on poles, and so
on.
This is why dog
trainers always make
people train their own
dogs. You can't send a
puppy away to obedience
school, because he'll only
learn to obey the trainer,
not you. Dogs also need
some training from
every member of the
household, because if
only one person trains
the dog, that's the only
person the dog is going
to obey.
And you have to be
careful not to fall into
pattern training. Pattern
training happens when
you always train the dog
in the same place at the
same time using the same
commands in the same
order. If you pattern-train
a dog, he'll learn the
commands beautifully,
but he won't be able to
perform them anyplace
other than the spot you
trained him in, or in any
sequence other than the
one you used during
training. He's learned the
pattern, and he can't
generalize the individual
commands to other times,
settings, or people.
People who teach
autistic children deal with
exactly the same
challenge. A behaviorist
told me a story about an
autistic boy he'd been
teaching how to butter
2 6
9 n
toast. The behaviorist
and the parents had been
working really hard with
the boy, and finally he
got it. He could butter
toast. Everyone was
thrilled, but the joy didn't
last too long, because
when somebody gave
the boy some peanut
butter to spread on his
toast, he didn't have a
clue! His brand-new
bread-buttering skill
was specific to butter,
and it didn't generalize
to peanut butter. They
had to start all over
again and teach him
how to spread peanut
butter on toast. This
happens all the time
with autistic people, and
with animals, too.
It happens so much,
and it's so extreme, that
it's not right just to call
animals splitters; animals
are super-splitters. That's
what being hyper-specific
is all about.
It's not that animals
and autistic people don't
generalize at all.
Obviously they do. The
black hat horse
generalized his original
traumatic experience to
other people wearing
other black hats, and the
little boy who could
butter toast had
generalized that skill to
other sticks of butter and
other pieces of bread.
With training, a service
dog learns to generalize
what he knows about
other intersections to
new intersections he's
never seen before.
A A
i 2
m
a
l

G
e
n
i
u
s
:

E
x
t
r
e
m
e

T
a
l
e
n
t
s
 What's different is that
the generalizations
animals and autistic
people make are almost
always narrower and more
specific than the
generalizations
nonautistic people make.
Human with black hat or
spread butter on bread:
those are pretty narrow
categories.
THE HIDDEN
FIGURES TALENT
To any normal person,
being hyper-specific
sounds like a serious
mental handicap, and in a
lot of ways it is. Hyper-
specificity is probably the
main reason animals seem
less smart than people.
How intelligent could a
horse be if he thinks the
really scary thing in life
isn't a nasty handler but
the nasty handler's hat?
Probably not too
intelligent when it comes
to school smarts. But
being smart in school isn't
everything, and high
general intelligence
comes at the price of high
hyper-specific intelligence.
You can't have both.5
That means normal
human beings can't have
extreme perception the
way normal animals can,
because hyper-specificity
and extreme perception go
together. I don't know
whether one causes the
other, or whether hyper-
specificity and extreme
perception are just differ-
ent aspects of the same
difference in the brain.
What I do know is that
Clever Hans couldn't do
what people do, and
people can't do what
Hans did. Hans had a
special talent humans
don't have.
Until we know more
about it, I'm calling this
ability the hidden figure
talent, based on some
research findings in
autism. In 1983 Amitta
Shah and her colleague
Uta Frith tested twenty
autistic children, twenty
normal children, and
twenty children with
learning disabilities—all
of them the same mental
age—on the Embedded
Figure Task. In the test,
first you show the child a
shape, like a triangle, and
then you ask him to find
the same shape inside a
picture of an object like a
baby carriage.
The autistic children
did much better at finding
the hidden figure than any
of the other children.
They almost always saw
the figure instantly, and
they scored 21 out of 25
correct answers on
average, compared to an
average of only 15
correct answers for both
the learning disabled and
the normal kids. That's a
huge difference. It's so
huge you could probably
say normal people are
disabled com-
pared to autistic people
when it comes to finding
hidden figures. The
autistic children were so
good they almost
outscored the experi-
menters! These were
developmentally disabled
kids scoring the same as
normal adults.6
I believe it, because a
few years back I happened
to come across a hidden
figure test in Wired
Magazine, and the
hidden figures jumped
out at me. For me, they
weren't really hidden.
To my knowledge no
one's ever tested animals
on hidden figure tests, but
I bet they'd do well.
Probably the easiest way
to do a hidden figure test
with an animal would be
to run a simple
recognition task. Teach
the animal to touch or
peck a certain shape, then
show him a picture with
the shape embedded
inside and see whether
the animal can still find it.
Most people don't
realize how valuable the
hidden figure talent is in
the right situation. In
Maryland there's an
employment agency for
autistic adults that places
its clients in jobs like
quality assurance. They
have one group of autistic
men working in a factory
inspecting logo T-shirts
coming off the line for
flaws in the silk-
screening. Nonautistic
people have a hard time
2 A
9 9
all the other junk that's
packed in people's bags. The
seeing tiny differences
between one silk-screened
logo and another, but
those autistic employees
can pick up practically
microscopic flaws in a
glance. It's the hidden fig-
ure test all over again. To
them the flaws in the silk-
screening aren't hidden.
The agency's clients
also outperform normal
people in bindery work.
When you're assembling
corporate reports you
have to be able to tell the
front cover from the back
cover quickly and accu-
rately. To regular people
the fronts and backs look
alike, but autistic
employees can always tell
the front from the back,
and they do it in a flash.
Extreme perception lets
them see all the tiny
differences normal people
can't see. The agency even
has one autistic woman
working quality assurance
on submarine parts.
I thought about those
employees not too long
after 9/11 when news
reports started coming
out about how hard it is
for people who work as
luggage inspectors to
spot weapons on their
video screens due to
clutter. If you're a normal
human being and your job
is to sit in one place all
day long staring at a
video screen, pretty soon
you'll have trouble
separating out the form of
a weapon from
A 2
9
s reen is too cluttered, and
c everything blurs together.
But that might not be a p reat artists have to be taught
problem for autistic people, e how to draw using
and I think airports ought to r perspective. A four-year-old
try out some autistic people f autistic savant just naturally
in that job. e knows how to do it.
I think we're letting a c Even though autistic
huge amount of talent go to t savantry and animal savantry
waste, both in people who p seem so different on the
aren't "normal" and in e surface, the one thing that
animals who are. That's r did jump out was that a lot
probably because we don't s of these talents involve
really understand what p amazing feats of rote
animals could do if we gave e memory. Autistic people are
them a chance. We're just c known for their ability to
leaving it up to animals like t memorize whole train
the seizure alert dogs to i schedules, the capitals of
invent their own jobs. v every country in the world,
e and so on. Autistic savants
. are the only people who seem
AUTISTIC SAVANTS T like they could give a Clark's
I mentioned at the beginning h nutcracker a run for its
of this book that I think a money when it comes to
animal genius is probably the t' remembering where they
same thing as autistic s hid thirty thousand pine
savantry. I've felt this way for e seeds. But beyond that, I
years, just from being around s didn't know why animal
animals and observing them, p genius felt so familiar to me.
and I mentioned it in e
Thinking in Pictures. But I c
didn't know why autistic i
genius and animal genius a
looked so similar to me, or l
whether autistic genius and l
animal genius might come y
from the same difference in a
the brain. m
It's not that autistic a
savants and animal savants z
do the same things. Animal i
savants show brilliance when n
they learn complicated g
migratory routes after just ,
one flight or discover how to b
perceive seizures before they e
happen. Autistic savants do c
lightning-fast calendar or a
prime number calculations u
inside their heads, or become s
artistic savants who can e
make almost perfect line e
drawings of buildings and v
landscapes from memory, e
often starting from a very n
young age—and using g
 T or the Mind at Australian
h National University,
e published a paper that laid
n out a unified theory of all the
different savant talents. If his
i theory is right, it probably
n explains animal genius, too.7
Dr. Snyder and his co-
1 author, Dr. D. John Mitchell,
9 say that all the different
9 autistic savant abilities come
9 from the fact that autistic
people don't process what
D they see and hear into
r unified wholes, or concepts,
. rapidly the way normal
A people do.
l A normal person looks at
l a building and his brain
a turns all the hundreds and
n thousands of building pieces
coming in through his
S sensory channels into one
n unified thing, a building.
y The brain does this
d automatically; a normal
e person can't not do it. That's
r why a common drawing
, lesson art teachers use is to
a have art students turn a
p picture upside down and
s copy it that way, or else draw
y the negative space
c surrounding an object
h instead of the object itself.
o Turning the object upside
l down or drawing the
o negative space tricks your
g brain into letting the image
i stay in separate pieces more
s easily,8 so you can draw the
t object instead of your unified
a concept of the object. People
t are always amazed at how
t good their upside-down
h drawings are.
e Autistic people are stuck in
C the pieces stage of perception
e to a greater or lesser degree,
n depending on the person.
t Donna Williams, the autistic
r woman who wrote the book
e Nobody Nowhere, says she
f can't really see a whole object
all at once. She sees a kind of
slide show of the object. If
she's looking at a tree, first
she might see a branch on
that tree, then the screen
changes and she sees a bird
sitting on the branch, then the
screen changes again and she
sees some leaves, and so on.
Some autistic people have
this problem a lot worse than
others, and I think it's
possible some autistic people
have such fragmented sensory
systems that they may be
almost blind or deaf. I
wonder whether some
300 Animals in
Translation
That's why autistic
savants can make
perspective drawings
without being taught
how. They're drawing
what they see, which is
all the little changes in
size and texture that tell
you one object is closer
up and another object is
farther away. Normal
people can't see all those
little changes without a
lot of training and
effort, because their
brains process them
unconsciously. So
normal people are
drawing what they "see,"
which is the finished
object, after their brains
have put it all together.
Normal people don't
draw a dog, they draw a
concept of a dog. Autistic
people draw the dog.
It's ironic that we
always say autistic
children are in their own
little worlds, because if
Dr. Snyder is right it's
normal people who are
living inside their heads.
Autistic people are
experiencing the actual
a so deprived of coherent
u sensory input that they are
t like autistic Helen Kellers.
i Snyder and Mitchell say
s that the reason autistic
t people see the pieces of
i things is that they have
c privileged access to lower
p levels of raw information. A
e normal person doesn't
o become conscious of what
p he's looking at until after his
l brain has composed the
e sensory bits and pieces into
a wholes. An autistic savant is
r conscious of the bits and
e pieces.
world much more
directly and accurately
than normal people, with
all their inattentional
blindness and their
change blindness and
their every-other-kind-
of-blindness. (Dr. Snyder
hasn't talked about inat-
tentional or change
blindness that I know
of, but the research on
those concepts supports
his work.)
Math savants use this
same brain difference to
do calendar calculations
and prime number
identification. An
autistic savant who can
tell you on what day you
were born is seeing time
as a sequence of seven
different days repeating
over and over again
going back to the
beginning of time. They
quickly scan back over
the pattern until they
come to your day.
Normal people don't
experience time that
way. To a normal person
a month or a year or a
decade is one unified
time span, not a works with patients who
collection of separate and
distinct days. It's a blur.
(Dr. Snyder's theory is a
little more complicated
than I've been making it
sound. He thinks the
brain has a processor that
divides all incoming data
—time, space, objects,
and so forth—into equal
parts. That's why an
autistic savant can tell
whether a number is
prime or not, because a
prime number can't be
divided.)
Calendar calculation
is the hidden figure
talent all over again. I
believe most or even all
of the savant talents
autistic people have are
variations on the hidden
figure ability.
I also believe that most
or even all of the savant
talents animals have are
variations on the hidden
figure ability, and in just
the past couple of years
Dr. Snyder and Dr. Bruce
Miller, a physician at the
University of
Animal 301
Genius:
Extreme
Talents
California at San
Francisco, have supplied
some hard evidence that I
may be right. Dr. Miller
have a disorder called
frontotempoml dementia
in which the front part of
the brain progressively
loses its functions. In
frontotemporal dementia
the frontal lobes and the
temporal lobes, which
are at the side of your
head, are affected.9
Neither of these areas is
working well in autistic
people either, and as I've
been saying throughout
this book, the biggest area
of difference between the
animal brain and the
human brain is that an
animal's frontal lobes are
smaller and less well
developed than a human's.
Serious frontal lobe
damage is v/orse than
being autistic. If your
frontal lobes are badly
damaged you can have
symptoms of practically
all the psychiatric
disorders—autism,
ADHD, obsessive-
compulsive disorder,
severe mood disorders,
you name it.
You're probably going
to have at least some
autistic symptoms. We
know that Dr. Miller's
patients do, because
some of them start to
develop savant talents. A
few of these people have
become artists in their
fifties and sixties, even
winning awards in art
shows. Others have
developed musical A
abilities; one patient
invented a chemical b
detector and got a i
patent for it. When he r
made his invention he d
could name only one out
of fifteen objects on a i
standardized word test. n
A patient who had lost
all his language ability t
designed sprinklers! h
These patients had e
sudden-onset talents.
I suspect what's h
happening with these a
people is that all of a n
sudden they're able to d
have the same kind of
hyper-specific perception i
s
that underlies an autistic
savant's ability to do a
w
calendar calculation or
o
make a perspective
r
drawing without being
t
taught.
h
Dr. Snyder has now
begun to test the
t
proposition that savant
w
talents come from
o
conscious access to the
raw data of the brain.
i
When he uses magnetic n
stimulation to interfere
with frontal lobe t
functioning in his h
subjects, they start to e
make much more
detailed drawings than t
they could just moments h
before. 10 They also get e
better at proofreading.
Before he turns on the b
magnetic stimulation, Dr. u
Snyder has his subjects s
read this poem out loud: h
3 A A m
0 a
2 l

G
e
n
i
u
s 3
: 0

E
x
t
r
e
m
e

T
a
l
e
n
t
s
Almost all people look at
the poem and say, "A
bird in the hand is worth
two in the bush."
About five minutes
after he turns on the
magnetic stimulation
some of his subjects
suddenly read, "A bird in
the hand is worth two in
the the bush." The
duplicate "the" pops out
at them as their left
frontal-temporal lobes
go down, and they start
turning into hidden
figure specialists,
perceiving detail they
didn't perceive before.
One of them even told
Dr. Snyder that he felt
more "alert" and "con-
scious of detail." He was
so intensely aware of the
details around him that
he said he wished they
had asked him to write an
essay, something he
normally didn't like to
do.
THE DEVIL IS IN
THE DETAILS
I don't know whether
extreme talents in
animals work the same
way Dr. Snyder thinks
they work in people with
autism, but we have a lot
of evidence that animals
at least see the world in
sharper detail than
regular people do. I've
already talked about how
important visual detail is
to animals, but we also
have some fascinating
research on ant
navigation that goes
along with Dr. Snyder's
experiments.
When ants walk
through an obstacle
course they use
landmarks to remember
their route the same way
people do. If they pass a
gray pebble going one
way, they'll look for that
same gray pebble coming
back.
But there's one big
difference. When an ant
reaches a landmark, he
does something normal
people don't do. He
passes the landmark,
stops, turns around, and
looks at the landmark
from the same spot
where he saw it on the trip
out.
He has to do that,
because to an ant a gray
pebble probably looks
different coming and
going. He has to see the
pebble from the same
vantage point where he
saw it first to make sure
it's still the same gray
pebble he saw before.
This says to me ants
probably don't auto-
matically combine
separate pieces of
sensory data into wholes
in the same way or to the
same degree normal
humans do.
For a nonautistic
person, a landmark
looks the same coming
or going. When a normal
person sees a big red
bam on the way to
someone's house, he
automatically sees the
same big red barn on the
way back. It looks the THI
same to him, even NKI
though he's seeing it NG
from a different side. AB
That's because a OU
normal person's nervous T
system gets rid of a lot of W
detail and then fills in the HA
blanks with whatever he T
expects to see. If he were ANI
consciously seeing what's MA
really in front of his eyes, LS
he'd see a slightly CA
different red barn N
coming and going, DO
because the south side ,
of a barn doesn't look NO
exactly like the north T
side of a barn, and the W
east side doesn't look HA
exactly like the west side. T
Even if the builder TH
designed all four sides to EY
be identical, in nature CA
there's always a difference N'T
in light and shadow. I hope we'll start to think
I do the same thing more about what animals
ants do, which is one can do, and less about
more thing that makes what they can't. It's
me think hyper-specificity important, because we've
is a key link between gotten too far away from
animals and autistic the animals who should
people. When I drive be our partners in life,
someplace I've never not just pets or objects of
been before I look for study.
landmarks along the road You always hear that
the same way everyone humans domesticated
else does. But then when animals, that we turned
I'm driving back, the wolves into dogs. But
landmarks I've picked out new research shows that
all look different to me. I wolves probably
have to drive past each domesticated people, too.
landmark until I reach the Humans co-evolved with
spot where I was when I wolves; we changed
first saw it; then I turn them and they changed
around and look at it us.
from the original angle to The story of how
make sure it's the same researchers have begun
thing I saw on my way to piece this together is
out. For animals and for an example of
people with autism, converging lines of
different sides of the evidence, which is what
same object actually look happens when findings
different. from different fields start
to fit together and all
point in the same
direction. For a long
time, the best evidence
3 A
0 0
archaeological
discoveries of dog
remains that had been
carefully buried
underneath humans'
huts. Some
archaeologists found
dogs and people buried
together in the same
grave.
Those first buried
dogs date back about
14,000 years. Humans
had not yet invented
farming at that time, but
they had the same
bodies and brains we do.
So it made sense to
conclude that primitive
humans evolved into
modern humans first,
then began to associate
with wild wolves who
subsequently evolved
into the domestic dog, in
order to serve as
working dogs and pets.
But a study by Robert
K. Wayne and his
colleagues at UCLA of
DNA variability in dogs
found that dogs had to
have diverged from
wolves as a separate
population 135,000 years
ago.11 The reason the
fossil record doesn't
show any dogs with
humans before 14,000
years ago is probably that
before then people were
partnered with wolves, or
with wolves that were
evolving into dogs. Sure
enough, fossil records
do show lots of wolf
bones close to human
researchers had about
when and how wolves
turned into dogs came
from
A 3
5
bones before 100,000
years ago.
If Dr. Wayne is
right, wolves and
people were together at
the point when homo
sapiens had just barely
evolved from homo
erectus. When wolves
and humans first joined
together people only
had a few rough tools to
their name, and they
lived in very small
nomadic bands that
probably weren't any
more socially
complicated than a band
of chimpanzees. Some
researchers think these
early humans may not
even have had language.
This means that when
wolves and people first
started keeping
company they were on a
lot more equal footing
than dogs and people are
today. Basically, two
different species with
complementary skills
teamed up together,
something that had
never happened before
and has really never
happened since.
Going over all the
evidence, a group of
Australian anthropolo-
gists believes that during
all those years when
early humans were
associating with wolves
they learned to act and
think like wolves.12
Wolves hunted in
groups; humans didn't.
Wolves had complex were highly territorial;
social structures; humans humans probably weren't
didn't. Wolves had loyal —again, judging by how
same-sex and nonkin nonterritorial all other
friendships; humans primates are today.
probably didn't, judging By the time these
by the lack of same-sex early people became
and nonkin friendships truly modern, they had
in every other primate learned to do all these
species today. (The wolfie things. When you
main relationship for think about how different
chimpanzees is parent- we are from other
child.) Wolves primates, you see how
doglike we are. A lot of
the things we do that
the other primates don't
are dog things. The
Australian group thinks
it was the dogs who
showed us how.
They take their line of
reasoning even further.
Wolves, and then dogs,
gave early humans a huge
survival advantage, they
say, by serving as
lookouts and guards, and
by making it possible for
humans to hunt big game
in groups instead of
hunting small prey as
individuals. Given
everything wolves did for
early man, dogs were
probably a big reason
why early man survived
and Neanderthals didn't.
Neanderthals didn't have
dogs.
But dogs didn't just
help people stay alive
long enough to repro-
duce. Dogs probably also
made it possible for
humans to pull ahead of
all their primate cousins.
Paul Tacon, principal
research scientist at the
Australian Museum, says
that the development of
human friendship "was a
tremendous survival
advantage because that
speeds up the exchange
of ideas between groups
of people." All cultural
evolution is based on
cooperation, and humans
learned from dogs how
to cooperate with people
they aren't related to. 13
Maybe the most
amazing new finding is
that wolves didn't just
teach us a lot of useful
new behaviors. Wolves
probably also changed the
structure of our brains.
Fossil records show that
whenever a species
becomes domesticated
its brain gets smaller.
The horse's brain shrank
by 16 percent; the pig's
brain shrank as much as
34 percent; and the dog's
brain shrank 10 to 30
percent. This probably
happened because once
humans started to take
3 A
0 0
holds the frontal lobes,
and the corpus callosum,
which is the connecting
tissue between the two
sides of the brain,
shrank. But in humans it
was the midbmin, which
handles emotions and
sensory data, and the
olfactory bulbs, which
handle smell, that got
smaller while the corpus
callosum and the
forebrain stayed pretty
much the same. Dog
brains and human brains
specialized: humans took
over the planning and
organizing tasks, and
dogs took over the
sensory tasks. Dogs and
people coevolved and
became even better
partners, allies, and
friends.
care of these animals,
they no longer needed
various brain functions
in order to survive. I
don't know what
functions they lost, but I
do know all domestic
animals have reduced
fear and anxiety
compared to wild
animals.
Now archaeologists
have discovered that
10,000 years ago, just at
the point when humans
began to give their dogs
formal burials, the
human brain began to
shrink, too. It shrank by
10 percent, just like the
dog's brain. And what's
interesting is what part
of the human brain
shrank. In all of the
domestic animals the
forebrain, which
A 3
7
"DOGS MAKE US
HUMAN"
The Aborigines have a
saying: "Dogs make us
human." Now we know
that's probably literally
true. People wouldn't
have become who we
are today if we hadn't co-
evolved with dogs.
I think it's also true,
though in a different
way, that all animals
make us human. That's
why I hope we'll start to
think more respectfully
about animal intelligence
and talent. That would
be good for people,
because there are a lot
of things we can't do
that animals can. We
could use their help.
But it would be good
for animals, too. Dogs sugar is low, and Max
first started living with had figured that out.14
people because people The lady who owned
needed dogs and dogs him was a severe
needed people. Now diabetic, and if her blood
dogs still need people, sugar levels got low dur-
but people have ing the night Max would
forgotten how much wake up her husband and
they need dogs for bug him until he got up
anything besides love and took care of her.
and companionship. You have to think
That's probably okay for about that story for only
a dog who's been bred to five seconds to realize
be a companion animal, how much dogs have to
but a lot of the bigger offer. Dogs and a lot of
breeds and practically all other animals.
of the mixed breeds were
built for work. Having a
job to do is part of their People always wonder
nature; it's who they are. how I can work in the
The sad thing is, now meatpacking industry
that hardly anyone when I love animals so
makes his living herding much. I've thought about
sheep, most dogs are out this a lot.
of a job. After I developed my
It doesn't have to be center-track restraining
that way. I read a little system, I remember
story on the Web site for looking out over the
the American Veterinary cattle yard at the
Medical Association that hundreds and hundreds
shows the incredible of animals milling
things animals are around in their corrals. I
capable of doing, and was upset that I had just
would do if we gave designed a really
them the chance. It was efficient slaughter plant.
about a dog named Max Cows are the animals I
who had trained himself love best.
to monitor his mistress's Looking at those
blood sugar levels even animals I realized that
while she was asleep. No none of them would
one knows how Max even exist if human
was doing this, but my beings hadn't bred them
guess is people must into being. And ever
smell slightly different since that moment I've
when their blood believed that we brought
these animals here, so
we're responsible for
them. We owe them a
decent life and a decent
death, and their lives
should be as low-stress
as possible. That's my
job.
Now I'm writing this
book because I wish real constructive change
animals could have is often a person who has
more than just a low- both high-level university
stress life and a quick, training and practical
painless death. I wish experience. The hands-on
animals could have a field experience keeps
good life, too, with the person grounded in
something useful to do. I reality, but higher
think we owe them that. education provides the
Another reason I'm knowledge that will
writing this book is that enable the person to
I want to inspire more develop effective
young people to do practical solutions for
what I do. I am worried problems. Good
about who is going to fieldwork sometimes
replace me. There is a requires months or
great need for more weeks of sustained hard
students to get involved work. My work is tiring,
with working hands-on stressful, and dirty, but it
in the field. The most is also highly rewarding
powerful agent of to
308 Animals in
Translation
see progress and to
know that I have helped
improve the quality of
life for many animals.
I don't know if people
B
will ever be able to talk
to animals the way
E
Doctor Doolittle could,
or whether animals will
H
be able to talk back.
Maybe science will have
A
something to say about
that.
V
But I do know people
can learn to "talk" to
I
animals, and to hear
what animals have to say,
O
better than they do now. I
also know that a lot of R
times people who can
talk to animals are
happier than people who
can't. People were A
animals, too, once, and
when we turned into N
human beings we gave
something up. Being D
close to animals brings
some of it back.

T
R I
A D
I E
N
I
N T raining, solving behavior
problems,
understanding why animals
and

G do what they do will be

easier if you know the
motivations for different
behaviors.
Animal behavior is a
T complex mixture of learned
behaviors, biologically
based emotion, and
R hardwired
behavior.
instinctual

O Examples of hardwired
behaviors are bird mating

U dances and a dog chasing

something that moves
rapidly. Ethologists call
B these behaviors, which are
always the same and never
L vary from one member of a
species to another, fixed
action patterns. Fixed
E action patterns are turned
on by sign stimuli. The
S sign stimulus for prey
chasing is rapid movement,

H while a bird's mating

dance is triggered by the
sight of a potential mate as
O well as a surge of
hormones.
O The fixed action pattern
is hardwired but the
particular sign stimulus that
T turns it on is determined by
learning and emotion. A
I basic principle of animal
behavior is that WHO you

N have sex with, WHAT you

eat, WHERE you eat,
WHO you fight with, and
G WHO you socialize with are
learned.. In dogs the killing
bite is instinctual, but the
animal learns what to kill
and what not to kill.
G Chasing things that move
rapidly is instinctual, but a
U dog learns that he can
chase a ball but he cannot
chase children.
 Brain research now
shows that the way the brain
processes various core
motivations, or emotions, is
different. Example: fear
and rage are neuro-
logically very different.
Being scared and being
angry are two different
feelings. Both humans and
mammals have similar
systems in the brain for
processing basic emotions.
Another important
principle in shaping animal
behavior is the fact that
animals are individuals.
One dog may have high
social motivation and
310 Animals in
Translation
A high-fear horse or dog
is more likely to be
traumatized by abuse than a
low-fear animal. An Arab
horse who has been beaten
may become so fearful that
he becomes dangerous to
ride, but a horse with a less
fearful temperament may
habituate to some rough
treatment. Dogs, cats, and
other animals with the high-
fear trait often quiver and
tremble, and are more likely
to panic and startle when
they are exposed to a sudden
novel stimulus such as an
umbrella opening or a piece
of metal falling on the floor.
A horse who is getting
scared will hold his head up
high, switch his tail, and
sweat. A high-fear dog who
has been abused will often
cower and crouch down
when a person approaches.
He may also bite, especially
if he feels cornered.
Anyone training an
animal should rely on
positive emotions and
motivations, such as
praise, stroking, or food
rewards, not negative.
Animals learn new skills
more easily with positive
reinforcement, and learning
new behaviors.should
always be a good
experience for the animal.
Below is a list of the
respond well to praise
alone. Another dog may
be more motivated by
food rewards. The degree
of fearfulness varies gready
between different breeds of
animals, but the range of
fearfulness within the same
breed may also vary
gready. On average, Arab
horses and Border collies
have higher fearfulness
than quarter horses and
Rottweilers, but there will
be some low-fear Arabs
who will have die lower
fear levels of a quarter
horse.
basic behaviors and
behavior motivators'm
animals:
l.Fear
2. Rage and anger
3. Predatory chasing
4. Sociality
5. Pain
6. Novelty seeking and
novelty avoidance
7. Hunger
2. Sex
BEHAVI
ORS
AND
BEHAVI
OR
MOTIVA
TORS
Fear-
Motivate
d
Behavio
rs
Examples
• An animal struggles and
vocalizes during veterinary
procedures.
• A stressed-out dog bites
at a noisy party.
• A horse rears when he
sees a person wearing a
black hat because he
was once abused by
someone wearing a
 black hat.
Behavior and
• A horse is calm when
Training
ridden at home but goes
Troubleshootin
berserk at a show when
g Guide 311
he sees balloons for the
first time. • A dog growls at men
• An abused dog cowers because he was abused by a
and bites when a person man.
raises his hand. • A horse goes berserk
• A horse kicks (spooks) at when ridden with a
blowing paper. type of bit used to
• A dog runs under the abuse
couch during a him. Changing the bit to
thunderstorm. one that feels totally
• A cat goes berserk at a different will sometimes
veterinary clinic when he prevent this fear-
sees a dog for the first motivated behavior.
time. This is an example • A horse bucks when he
of extreme fear and
changes gaits. This often
panic.
occurs when training
• A monkey at a zoo runs
has been done too
and hides when he hears
rapidly. During too
the voice of the per
rapid training, a horse
son who immobilized
can be
him with a tranquilizer
dart. frightened by the new
sensations of the saddle
when he changes from a
walk to a different gait.
Trying a different pad
and saddle that will feel
completely different to
the horse may help.
Once the different pad
and
saddle are in place, allow
the horse to gradually
become accustomed to
how they feel on his
back at different gaits.
• A horse refuses to load
onto a trailer because he
hit his head the first
time he entered one.
• A horse bites for no
apparent reason. This
often occurs in a horse
who
has been abused or
subjected to harsh
training methods.

Principl
es of
Troubl
eshooti
ng
• Never punish fear-
motivated behavior
because the animal will
become
increasingly frightened.
• Fear-motivated especially important
behaviors are more with high-fear flighty
likely to occur in high- animals.
strung
flighty animals. • Frightened animals are
Flightiness and the easier to handle if they
tendency to startle easily are given twenty to
are inher thirty minutes to calm
ited, genetically based down.
traits. On the average, • Animals with high-fear
horses as a species have genetics such as Arab
more fear-motivated horses, Border collies,
behavior than dogs. and many of the small
Some breeds are more dog breeds are more
flighty than others, but likely to be traumatized
there can be great and damaged by harsh
variation. In all species, treatment.
ani • Use calming methods to
mals with fine small soothe the animal such
bones and slender bodies as stroking and talk
are usually more fearful ing in a calm low voice.
than heavier-boned Stroke the animal, do
animals with heavier not pat him. Some ani
bodies. Horses and mals interpret pats as
cattle hits.
with a spiral hair whorl • A frightened animal will
above the eyes are more often calm down and
likely to be flighty relax when he hears the
compared to ones with a calm voice of a familiar
spiral hair whorl located trusted person. It is
below the eyes. advisable to train
• Fear-motivated animals
behaviors often occurs in to trust more than one
abused animals. person.
• Gentle, positive training • Trainers must work to
methods can often prevent fear memories from
prevent fear-motivated forming, especially
behavior. This is
312 Animals in or smells something
Translation that is associated with
a painful or
in nervous flighty frightening
animals. An animal's experience.
first experiences with a • Although fear
new person, place, or memories are
piece of equipment permanent,
should be positive. desensitization
Example: if a horse programs can
falls down the first help. Example: a dog's
time he is loaded into fear of thunderstorms
a trailer he may may be able to be
develop a fear of desen
trailers. sitized by playing a
• Fear memories are sound effect recording
permanent. Since of a thunderstorm with
animals do not have gradually increasing
language, volume.
fear memories are • Some fear-motivated
stored as pictures, behaviors may require
sounds, touch a veterinarian's
sensations, or
prescrip
smells. An animal may
tion for either
become scared if he or
she sees, hears, touches, antidepressant
 medications or anti- • A bull calf hand-reared
anxiety medications. away from other cattle
• Combining medications attacks a person when
with behavioral he becomes mature.
methods such as This occurs because he
desensitiza thinks he is a person
tion is more effective and
than using medication he views the person as
alone. a subordinate who
needs to be
Rage- and Anger- dominated.
Aggression toward
Motivated people can be reduced
Behavior by rearing young bulls
and
Examples stallions in a social
• A stallion colt reared group with their own
alone in a stall is species.
vicious toward other • Animals fight over
horses. access to food.
This is because he
never had the
opportunity to learn
how to interact
with other horses. He
does not know that
once he has become
domi
nant he no longer has to
keep fighting.
• A dominant dog bites its
owner. In some cases
the dog will be dominant
over one family
member and
subordinate to others.
Some examples of
dominant behavior are
growling when told to
get off a couch or refus
ing to obey commands
he has already learned
such as "sit" or "stay."
• A dog guarding its
owner bites the mailman or
a veterinarian.
• A bull charges people in
a pasture.
• A dominant dog bites a
subordinate dog. Dogs
are not democratic: feed
and pet the dominant
dog first to prevent
attacks on subordinate
dogs.
• A dog who has not
been socialized to
small children when
he is a
puppy bites a toddler.
To prevent attacks on
small children, puppies
must be socialized to
many different toddlers.
 Behavior and in adult dogs must be
Training handled by a behavior
Troubleshootin professional.
g Guide • Aggression problems
313 will often get worse if
• A horse or dog bites nothing is done to
for no obvious reason. correct
This is most likely to the behavior.
occur in low-fear • Castration of grazing
animals who have been animals such as bulls
beaten into submission. and stallions at a young
• A dog or horse who age
has been raised without will reduce aggressive
contact with other ani behavior. Castration
mals gets into vicious has less predictable
effects
fights with other
on dogs, although it
animals. does reduce fighting
Princip between strange male
les of cats.
• Dogs with a dominant
Troubl personality need to be
eshooti taught that if they want
ng something they have to
• Rage- and anger- work for it. Example:
motivated behaviors are make the dog sit before
more likely to occur in petting him or giving
confi him a treat.
dent, active, assertive • A dog should be
animals and less likely trained to obey every
to occur in flighty, shy, member of the family
to pre
fearful animals. This
vent him from
applies to all species of
dominating one family
animals.
member and being
• Rage- and anger- subordinate
motivated behaviors are to another.
more likely to occur in
ani
Predatory
mals who have not been
socialized to other
Chasing
animals and people. Examples
• In some cases, • A dog chases cars or
punishment might be joggers.
appropriate especially • A dog chases a cat
with low- when the cat runs.
fear animals. • A cat chases birds.
• Anger and rage are the • A cat chases the red
motivators of a dot of a laser pointer
dominant animal around the house.
fighting a • Monticore, a pet
subordinate animal over tiger, attacked trainer
food or mates. Roy Horn when
• Obedience training and Horn fell
teaching a puppy that down. The tiger's
people control its food prey chase drive was
helps prevent and triggered by sudden
control aggression rapid
toward people. movement.
• Dog biting problems • A dog attacks when a
person tries to run away.
314 Animals in Translation
 Principles of
Troubleshooting
• Predatory aggression is
totally different
compared to other types
of
aggression. The circuits
in the brain are separate.
• Predatory chasing is a
hardwired instinctual
behavior triggered by
rapid movement. Dogs
who chase cars or
joggers are exhibiting
preda
tory chase behavior.
• Stopping predatory
chasing may require the
use of a shock collar. I
do
not like shock collars, but
this is one of the few
situations where a harsh
correction may be
required. The dog should
wear the shock collar for
a "married" for life.
few days before the first
shock is administered so
that he will not associ
ate the shock with either
the collar or his owner,
but with the behavior.
• Young animals can be
taught through
socialization and
learning what
to chase and what not to
chase. Socializing
puppies to young
children
will help prevent
dangerous prey drive
behavior toward
children.
Remember: the chasing
behavior is hardwired,
but the sign stimulus
that triggers it is learned.
Sociality-Motivated
Behavior
Examples
• Cattle prefer to graze
with the cattle they were
raised with.
• Dogs run in packs.
• A dog cries when
separated from people.
• Lambs raised by nanny
goats will attempt to
breed goats when they
mature.
• A high-sociality
Labrador stays off the
furniture when she is
praised
for staying off the
furniture.
• A puppy who is
socialized at an early age
with many different
people
and animals is more
likely to become a
friendly adult dog.
• A dog chews up the
house when he is alone.
Gradually teach the dog
to tolerate longer periods
alone or get another dog
for a companion.
• High-sociality purebred
Brahman cattle will seek
more stroking from
people than low-sociality
Hereford cattle.
• A pair of geese stay
• Cats living in a barn are
feral and stay away from
people because they
were not handled by
people when they were
kittens. Kittens who are
socialized to people early
in life will be friendlier
toward people.
Principl
es of
Trouble
shootin
g
• Animals are motivated to
seek companions.
• Animals prefer the
company of the animals
or people they were
raised
with.
 Behavior and this and instead will
Training remain inside the car and
Troubleshootin look at his owner expec
g Guide 315 tantly. This learning has
occurred naturally, or
• Both genetic factors and
incidentally, over time
early rearing as the owner has
environment will affect sometimes restrained the
intensity dog and on other
of sociality motivation. occasions
• Puppies and kittens allowed the dog to get
form social bonds out of the car.
during a critical period • A mother animal
at the licking and caring for
beginning of their her babies is a sociality-
lives. For puppies the moti
critical period is the vated behavior.
first • Labrador retrievers seek
twelve weeks of life; praise. Rewarding with
for kittens the critical praise is most effective in
period is the first seven high-sociality dogs.
weeks of life. Handle There are individual
puppies and kittens with differences in
extra gentleness during responsiveness to
praise. The praise must
this period. Failure to
be given within one
socialize young kittens
second after.the desired
and puppies often results
be
in a fearful adult. havior occurs so the
• Sociality has a genetic animal will make the
basis. Example: high correct associations.
sociality enables wolves • Praise alone may not
to be a sufficient
cooperate during motivator for training
hunting. Some species a low-
are more motivated by sociality animal. Use a
praise food reward.
and companionship than • In high-sociality
others. You can train a animals use praise and
dog using praise, but avoid punishment.
you must use food to • Species with high-
train a cat. sociality motivation
• Cats are more trainable such as geese are more
than people realize. likely to
Clicker training works
pair-bond and mate year
well with cats. The
after year.
reason people often
• In general, dogs have
believe dogs are
higher sociality
trainable but
motivation than cats.
cats are not is that dogs
Food
are tuned into people
rewards work well for
and want to please, so training cats. Some
they do incidental dogs will respond well
learning. Example: to
young puppies will praise and stroking
bound out alone and other less-
of the car the instant the sociality-motivated
owner opens the door, dogs will
which is dangerous. respond best to praise
But by the time a dog is combined with food
an adult, he will rewards.
probably have stopped
doing
 Pain-Motivated reduces activity.
Behavior Treating the arthritis
will result in a
Examples more active dog.
• An arthritic dog
3 A Behavior
1 and
6 Training
Troublesho
oting Guide
317
• An animal limps after an bite.
injury. • Prey species animals
• A dog hit by a car bites such as cattle, sheep,
a person. and horses cover up
• An animal stands still or pain-
lies hunched up after related behavior when
surgery. people are watching.
They do this in the
• A cat with a urinary tract
wild
problem eliminates
to avoid being eaten be
outside the litter box.
predators.
Med
• Research shows that
ical problems are the painkilling medications
cause of 30 percent of and local anesthetics
cat elimination are
problems. effective in animals and
• A dog stays away from they should be used
the boundary of an
invisible fence to avoid during and after
a surgery.
shock. • Pain-related behaviors
• A dog bites after a child are likely to be most
has repeatedly pulled its evident when an animal
ear. is
watched with a video
Principles of camera with no people
Troubleshooting around.
• Never punish pain-
motivated behavior Novelty-Seeking
caused by a medical Behavior
problem or
an injury. Examples
• Fear or rage motivation • A dog runs excitedly
is sometimes confused from room to room to
with pain motivation. smell all the new smells
Pain-related in
aggression is most a strange house.
likely to occur in direct • A horse approaches a
response to flag on a pasture
manipulation of a sore because he is attracted
body part. to both
• Animals will avoid the flapping movement
places or activities that
are associated with and the contrasting
painful color that is different
stimuli. from
• When an injured dog that of the pasture.
bites a person he is less • A pig roots vigorously
likely to develop a in a fresh bale of straw
biting or excitedly chews up a
problem compared to a paper bag thrown in its
dog motivated by pen.
aggression or fear to • A horse points his ears
toward a novel sound such
as a beeping horn. Novelty Avoidance
• A monkey in a Behavior (Fear-
laboratory presses a Motivated)
button many times
each day to Examples
open a door so he can • A dog panics at a
get a brief look outside fireworks show.
his cage. • Cattle accustomed to
• Cattle in a pasture cowboys on horseback
watch construction crews panic when they first
building a bridge.
see
• Brahman cattle nose a
a person on foot. The
coat hanging on a
fence, while Hereford cattle perceive the
cattle person on foot as a
ignore it. novel
new scary thing.
• A horse rears at a show
when he sees balloons and
flags.
• A cat panics when he
sees a dog for the first
time. His hair will
stand
on end and he will hiss
and scratch.
• Cattle who were calm
and tame at the home
ranch ram fences and
charge people at an
auction.
• A horse who has not
become habituated to
bikes, balloons, and
flags
at home is more likely
to get scared of these
and rear at a horse
show.
• An antelope at the zoo
panics and crashes into
the fence when she sees
roofers on top of her
barn. The roofers are
perceived as novel, but
people
standing around the
exhibit are tolerated
because they are no
longer novel.
Princip
les of
Troubl
eshoot
ing
• New novel things are
most frightening when
they are introduced
sud
denly, such as an
 umbrella opening in an
animal's face.
• New things are
attractive if the animal
can voluntarily
approach them.
Allow a horse to
approach and sniff a
new saddle.
• The paradox of novelty:
new things are both the
most attractive and the
most feared things to
animals with flighty,
nervous, high-strung • High-strung, nervous
genet
ics. An Arab horse is
more likely to spook if a
flag is suddenly waved
in • Horses and cattle are
his face. But he would
be more likely than a
horse with calmer
genetics
to approach a flag
placed in the middle of
a large pasture.
• All animals should be
gradually introduced to
many new things and • Animal memories are
new places to prevent
panic when they travel
to a new place.
• New things must be
introduced more
slowly to
318 Animals in
Translation
Hunger-Motivated • In order for an animal
Behavior
Examples
• An animal is trained to
perform a new behavior to
gain a food reward.
• Animals come in from
the pasture at feeding time. • The advantage of
• Lionesses teach their
cubs how to hunt and what
to eat.
• A cat comes running
when he hears the can
opener opening his food.
• A dolphin learns to
present his tail for
blood sampling
voluntarily in
exchange for a food
reward.
Princip
nervous, high-strung
animals than to calmer
animals to avoid panic
and fear. Some
examples
of new things that
frighten animals are: a
person on a horse's
back, a
trailer, a balloon, flags,
bikes, a garage door
opening quickly, or a
cos
tume for a horse show.
animals are more
aware of new things
in their
environment.
likely to be afraid of
novel things that
have
erratic, rapid
movements such as
flags and balloons.
Dogs are likely to
develop a fear of loud
noise.
specific. A horse
perceives a person on
his back
and a person on the
ground as two
different things.
les of
Troubl
eshoo
ting
to make the association
between a food reward
and a desired behavior
the food must be given
within one second after
the desired behavior
occurs.
either target training
or dicker training is
that it is
much easier to use the
correct timing for the
reward. The animal
asso
ciates the click of a
handheld clicker with
food. When target
training is
used, the animal learns
to associate either
 touching or following a life.
short • Animals who are
stick with a ball on the neutered when mature
end with a food reward. often keep some adult
Many good books are sexual
available that give step-
by-step instructions on
how to clicker-train or
target-train.
• Grazing animals prefer
the forages they ate when
they were young.
• Prey chasing and killing
behavior is not always
food-motivated. Young
animals are taught what
to hunt by their
mothers. Both dogs and
lions
must learn that the
things they kill are
good to eat.

Examples of Sex-
Motivated Behavior
Examples
• Normal mating behavior
such as copulation.
• Intact male dogs
congregate on the
doorstep of the house
where there
is a female dog in
estrus.
• A dog "humps" a
person's leg.
• A male bird performs a
mating display toward a
person and refuses to
mate with his own
species. He will strut
and fan out his tail
feathers.
• A stallion is overly
aggressive during
mating and will
suddenly rush
and mount a mare
without greeting her
first.
Principl
es of
Troubl
eshooti
ng
• Neutering animals
before puberty will
prevent many sexually
moti
vated behaviors later in
 Behavior and c
Training t
Troubleshootin u
g Guide a
319
l
behaviors. For example:
male cats neutered as B
adults continue to spray
chairs and walls.
e
• Abnormal sexual h
behavior can be a
prevented by raising v
young animals i
in social groups with
their own species.
o
• Animals will often r
attempt to breed with the ,
individuals who raised them.
• Single-trait breeding for o
production or
appearance traits such r
as large
muscles can sometimes F
cause abnormal sexual i
behavior such as a roos x
ter who injures hens
during mating because e
the normal courting d
behavior has been bred
out. A
• Keeping young male c
animals in isolation
may result in t
abnormal, i
overly aggressive o
mating behavior. Young n
animals need to learn
social
rules from adult animals P
of their own species. a
t
H t
a e
r r
d n
w s
i
Examples
r
• The following
e behaviors listed in
d previous sections are
hardwired:
I male cat spraying,
normal copulation
n behaviors, prey chase
s drive, and
t bird mating dances.
i • Species-specific
dominance display
n behavior such as a
 broadside threat instinc
from a bull or tual fighting behavior
dominance posture in of the dominant pig.
dogs is a fixed action Slapping the pig on
pattern. her
The dog has an erect hindquarters is not
posture with staring effective because it
eyes, ears forward, does not imitate the
and instinctual
hackles raised on its fighting behavior of a
back. pig. Exerting
• Dogs have a natural dominance does not
instinct to avoid mean beating
messing in their an animal into
sleeping area. submission. Exerting
This is why putting a dominance means
puppy in its crate helps using the ani
to housebreak the mal's natural method of
puppy. communication.
• A chick raised by • Prey drive in dogs is
people performs its triggered by the sign
mating dance to a stimulus of rapid
person. The move
mating dance is ment. This is why dogs
instinctual but the sign chase cars and joggers.
stimulus that turns it • A dog performs the
on is killing bite to a squirrel's
learned. neck.
• A dominant pig who • Nursing and sucking in
bites people becomes infant animals are fixed
submissive after a action patterns. The
human sign stimulus that
shoves a board against triggers nursing is an
the neck area where object placed in the
another dominant pig infant's
would bite. This mouth. Calves will suck
approach is effective on a person's finger.
because it imitates the
320 Animals in and his rear remains
Translation elevated.
• Egg retrieval behavior
• A submissive dog rolls in geese is a fixed
over in front of a action pattern. A
dominant dog to stop mother
him goose will retrieve any
from attacking. The egg-sized object that
submissive dog rolls out of her nest.
voluntarily rolls over She
and is not will retrieve golf balls
pushed down by the or cans along with her
dominant dog. When eggs.
you are establishing
domi Princi
nance over a dog, ples of
teach him to roll over Troubl
on his back using food
eshoo
and
social rewards. Do not ting
throw the dog down. • A fixed action pattern
• A dog's bowing "let's is hardwired into the
play" posture is a fixed brain and runs like a
action pattern. The dog com
lowers his front end puter program.
• The fixed action pattern
is turned on when it is les of
released by a sign stimulus. Troubl
• Hormones will activate
sexual fixed action patterns eshoot
in mature animals. ing
• Other fixed action • In some cases, such as
patterns, such as fear versus novelty
nursing or the play and sex versus fear,
bow in dogs, the
are not influenced by behavior may alternate
hormonal cycles. between two or more
• In some species people conflicting motivators.
can easily imitate In other cases, such as
aspects of the fixed the new mother who
action initially fears her
patterns to exert puppies
dominance over an but nurtures them
animal. Raising a stick once nursing has
over your begun, the initial
head to imitate the motivation is
raised antler display of replaced by the
an elk is an example. competing motivation.

Behavior with
Mixed Motivations
Examples
• Fear versus novelty
seeking: Cattle
approach a paper bag
lying on the
ground and jump back
when the wind moves
it.
• Sex versus fear: A dog
smells a female in estrus
and keeps approaching
the female even when
another dominant dog
chases him off repeat
edly. Sex starts the
approach behavior and
fear of the dominant
dog
makes him retreat when
he gets too close.
• Fear versus
instinctual maternal
behavior: A young
female dog is
scared when she sees
her first puppy but the
fear disappears when
the
puppies begin nursing.
• Fear versus aggression:
A mother defending
her newborn babies
may
alternate between
aggression and fear.

Princip
 Behavior and eshoot
Training ing
Troubleshootin
• It is important to
g Guide
prevent these
321
behaviors from starting
• Mixed motivations are because they
sometimes hard to are difficult to stop
decipher. Making a list after they are
of established. Abnormal
the observed behaviors behaviors are
may help. most likely to occur
in barren cages that
Environmentally contain no materials
to
Caused Abnormal manipulate, or when
Behavior animals are raised in
isolation.
Examples
• In barren
• Young puppies reared environments, high-
in barren kennels are strung nervous animals
more hyper and are more likely
excitable to develop stereotypies
compared to puppies —behaviors that the
raised with more social animal repeats over
interaction with people. and
• A parrot who lacks over again—compared
social companionship pulls to calm, placid
out its feathers. animals. Pacing,
• Cribbing in horses circling, bar
(repetitively biting on a biting, and cribbing are
fence). all examples of
• Bar biting by sows in stereotypies.
stalls where there is no • An animal's
straw or dirt available environmental needs
for depend on the species.
rooting and chewing. Highly social
• Pacing in zoo animals animals such as dogs
kept in a small cage. and horses need the
• Dog licks excessively companionship of other
and causes a sore on its ani
paw. Often due to sepa mals or people.
ration anxiety. Grazing animals such
• Mice kept in barren as horses and cattle
wire cages will pace need hay or
and circle. This most grass. Burrowing
likely to animals such as
occur when nobody is rodents need materials
near them at night, to burrow
because the activity of and hide in. Animals
peo who walk long
ple around them distances such as polar
attracts their bears and
attention. The tigers need room to
abnormal behavior roam.
begins when there is • The nervous system of
little external young animals reared
stimulation from the in barren kennels or
lab
environment.
oratory cages may be
Princip damaged because the
les of growing nervous
system
Troubl needs varied sensory
 input to develop people enter the
normally. animals stop doing
• Some of the most the abnormal
abnormal behaviors behavior. Video
that occur in barren cameras used for
environ security systems are
ments are performed an inexpensive
when the animal is method for
undisturbed by people. detecting abnormal
When behavior.
322 Animals in Troubl
Translation eshoot
ing
Genetically • Genetic defects are
Caused Abnormal most likely to occur
when animals are
Behavior selected and
Examples bred for a single color,
appearance, behavior,
• A dog suddenly bites
or productivity trait,
for no reason due to
such as rapid growth,
psychomotor epilepsy.
blue eyes, a certain
This
body shape, or a
condition first
single
appeared in springer behavior.
spaniels who were
• These problems can be
bred to have
avoided by selecting
hyper-alert posture.
breeding stock that are
The bite will come
free of behavioral or
out of the blue and is
structural defects such
not
as poor leg
related to a particular
conformation
person or place.
that can lead to
• A deaf, blue-eyed dog is
hyper-excitable.
• A hyper-excitable high-
producing egg layer
hen beats her feathers
off
by flapping her wings
against her cage.
• Roosters bred for large
breasts sometimes kill
hens during mating. lameness. Look at the
They have lost their whole animal.
normal hardwired
instinctual courtship T RAINING
behavior M ETHODS
due to single trait
breeding.
• Goats who have epileptic Reward-Motivated
seizures and faint when they Training (No
hear a loud noise. Punishment)
• A hyper Dalmatian is
difficult to train. Examples
• Nervous pointer dogs • A dog fetches a
who get frozen in the newspaper and is rewarded
pointing posture. If with praise and petting.
pushed, they will tip • A dog learns basic, sit,
over. heel, and stay
commands. Reward
Princip with praise,
les of petting, and a few
 treats. Behavior and
• A drug-sniffing or Training
rescue dog learns its task Troubleshootin
by receiving lots of g Guide
praise 323
and petting.
• A dolphin is trained to • A dressage horse is
jump through hoops using taught a complex
food rewards. movement using clicker
• Animals are trained training.
using food rewards to This form of training
cooperate with works well because a
veterinary click sound that has
procedures. Example: a been
dolphin presenting his previously associated
tail to the vet for blood with food can be given
sampling. within one second of
the
horse performing the
desired movement.
• A rat in a laboratory
behavior experiment
learns that when the
light is
flashing he can press a
lever and obtain food.
Principles
• Use no punishment.
This means no stimuli that
cause fear or pain.
• All operant and
classical conditioning
methods that use
rewards are in
this category. There are
many books available
on operant conditioning.
• Clicker or target
training is effective for
teaching new skills,
tricks, or
behaviors, especially in
low-sociality animals
where food is the best
reinforcer.
• Standard rewards:
praise, stroking, food,
or a stimulus such as a
click
that has been associated
with a food reward.
• Timing of the reward
is critical so that the
animal associates the
reward with the desired
behavior. Reward
within one second after
the
desired behavior occurs.
• Ignore behaviors you
wish to eliminate.
• You may also
withdraw positive
 reinforcement to stop Because a
undesirable Person
behavior. Withdrawing a
reward is not the same
Has
thing as punishment. Inadvertent
• For dogs, praise is often ly
the only reward needed. Rewarded
Cats and many other Them and
animals will require
either food rewards or a
How to
stimulus associated with Correct
food such as a click Them
because they have lower
levels of sociality. • A dog begs at the
• Reward-motivated dinner table. Ignore
positive training the begging dog to
methods are the best stop the
methods for behavior.
teaching new skills, • A horse paws the feed
tricks, or behaviors. bucket before feeding.
Trainers have personal Wait until the horse
prefer stops pawing and then
ences on training feed him.
methods, but the • A horse pushes up
important principle is to against you. Instantly
use posi withhold treats or
tive reward-based stroking
methods. until he stops pushing.
• A young puppy
Undesirabl mouths your hand.
Withdraw stroking
e and/or play
Behaviors and move your hands
That Occur out of reach the instant
a tooth is felt.
324 Animals in Translation

Punishment- experiment learns to

Motivated Training avoid a shock by
pressing a
Examples bar when a light
• A dog learns to stay in comes on.
his yard after an
electronic invisible
Principles
fence has • Operant or classical
been installed. The conditioning in
animal learns that which a punishment
when he hears the tone such as a
coming shock is used to stop
from his collar he can an undesirable
avoid a shock by behavior. Example: a
moving away from the dog learns
boundary. that he can avoid a
• Cattle stay away from shock by not chasing a
an electric fence. jogger.
• A shock collar is used • Behaviors with a
to stop a dog who is strong instinctual
chasing cars, joggers, motivation such as
or deer chasing are
deer. This is one of the least likely to respond
few legitimate uses of a
shock collar.
• A rat in a behavior
 to positive methods
and more likely to
respond
to punishment.
• Beating an animal or
other severe
punishment to exert
dominance
over an animal is cruel
and not very effective.
Use obedience training
or imitation of natural
instinctual behavior to
exert dominance.
• Do not use
punishment to teach
new skills or tricks.
Reward-based
methods work better
and are the most
humane.
Misunderstood
Motivation
People working with
animals must always keep
asking themselves: How
does the animal perceive
this situation? Sometimes
a person misunderstands a
dog's motivation. The
most common example of
this is a person walking a
dog who screams at the
dog when he lunges or
barks at another dog. In
some cases, but not all,
the dog may misinterpret
the screaming as: "Help
protect me against this
other bad dog." This
causes the dog to bark
more instead of stopping.
In these cases, the person
should talk quietly to the
dog to let him know that
the other dog is okay.
Another command, such
as sit, might also stop the
barking. The dog knows
what sit means, and when
he sits he will often stop
barking. And remember
that it is important to
avoid screaming the dog's
name at him, because
doing so may cause the
dog to fear his own name.
NOTES
Chapter 1: My Story
1. Burrhus Frederic
Skinner, Beyond
Freedom and Dignity
(New York:
Alfred A. Knopf,
1971).
2. You can see the
cover online at
http://www.goldberg
coins.net/
catalogarchive/20010
331/chap006.htm.
3. John J. Ratey, A User's
Guide to the Brain:
Perception, Attention,
and
the Four Theaters of
the Brain (New York:
Vintage Books, 2002);
John
J. Ratey and Catherine
Johnson, Shadow
Syndromes: The Mild
Forms of
Major Disorders That
Sabotage Us (New
York: Bantam, 1997).
4. O. I. Lovaas,
"Behavioral
Treatment and
Normal Educational
and
Intellectual
Functioning in
Young Autistic
Children," Journal of
Consulting and
Clinical Psychology S5
(1987): 3-9.
5. John Ross and
Barbara McKinney,
Dog Talk: Training
Tour Dog
Through a Canine
Point of View (New
York: St. Martin's
Press,
1995), pp. 71-72.
6. D. J. Simons and C. F.
Chabris, "Gorillas In
Our Midst: Sustained
Inattentional Blindness
for Dynamic Events,"
Perception 28 (1999):
1059-74.
7. Rita Carter's book,
Exploring
Consciousness
(Berkeley, CA:
University
of California Press,
2002) has a photo on
page 17.
Chapter 2:
How Animals
Perceive the
World
1. N. J. Minshew and G.
Goldstein, "Autism as
a Disorder of Complex
N 3
4. A Web site called
"Pawsitive Training for
Better Dogs" has some nice
examples of color
photographs as they would
be seen by a dichro
matic animal versus a
trichromatic person.
Dichromatic animals prob
ably see a similar world, to
what people with color
blindness see, but
with much less saturated
colors.
5. Arien Mack and Irvin
Rock, Inattentional
Blindness: An Overview
(Cambridge: MIT Press,
1998). They did almost all
their research
with vision, but they have
preliminary findings
showing that people
have inattentional blindness
for touch and hearing, too.
6. Minshew and Goldstein,
"Autism as a Disorder."
7. Paul D. MacLean, The
Triune Brain in Evolution:
Role in Paleocere-
bral Functions (New York:
Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1990).
8. Elkhonon Goldberg, The
Information
Processing," Mental
Retardation and
Developmental
Disabilities Research
Reviews 4 (1998):129-
36.
2. C. J. Murphy, K.
Zadnik, and M. J.
Mannis, "Myopia and
Refractive
Error in Dogs,"
Investigative
Ophthalmology and
Visual Science 33
(1992): 2459-63.
3. Oliver W. Sacks, An
Anthropologist on
Mars: Seven
Paradoxical Tales
(New York: Vintage
Books, 1996).
2
E the Civi
x lized Mind (New York:
e Oxford University Press,
c 2002).
u 9. Rupert Sheldrake, Dogs
t That Know When Their
i Owners Are Coming
v Home: And Other
e Unexplained Powers of
Animals (New York:
B Three
r Rivers Press, 2000).
a 10. Katy Payne, Silent
i Thunder: In the Presence
n of Elephants (New York:
: Penguin Books, 1999).
11. National Geographic
F News, July 8, 2002,
r http://news.national
o geographic.com/news/20
n 02/07/0701_020702_elep
t hantvibes.html.
a 12. Jianzhi Zhang and David
l M. Webb, "Evolutionary
Deterioration of
L the Vomeronasal
o Pheromone Transduction
b Pathway in Catarrhine
e Primates," Proceedings of
s the National Academy of
Sciences 100, no.
a 14 (July 8,2003): 8337-
n 41.
d 13. Oliver Sacks, The Man
 Who Mistook His Wife for
a Hat: And Other
Clinical Tales (New York:
Touchstone, 1998).
14. Mack and Rock,
Inattentional Blindness, pp.
176-77.
Chapter 3: Animal Feelings
1. L. Zecca, D. Tampellini, M.
Gerlach, P. Riederer, R. G.
Fariello, and
D. Sulzer, "Substantia Nigra
Neuromelanin: Structure,
Synthesis, and
Molecular Behaviour,"
Journal of Clinical
Pathology: Molecular
Pathology 54 (2001): 414-
18.
2. D. Creel, "Inappropriate
Use of Albino Animals
as Models in
Research," Pharmacol
Biochem Behav 12, no. 6
(1980): 969.
3. Facts about albino
Dobermans:
http://www.geocities.com/
~amazon
doc/albinism/textframe4.ht
ml.
4. Brian Kilcommons and
Michael Capuzzo, Mutts:
America's Dog
(New York: Warner Books,
1996), p. 13.
5. Pennisi, "Genetics:
Genome Resources to
Boost Canines' Role in
Gene Hunts," Science
304 (2004): 1093-95.
6. Carlos Vila, Peter
Savolainen, Jesus E.
Maldonado, Isabel R.
Amorim,
John E. Rice, Rodney L.
Honeycutt, Keith A.
Crandall, Joakim Lun-
deberg, and Robert K.
Wayne, "Multiple and
Ancient Origins of the
Domestic Dog," Science
276, no. 13 (June 1997):
1687-89.
7. D. Goodwin, J. W. S.
Bradshaw, and S. M.
Wickens, "Paedomorpho-
sis Affects Visual Signals
of Domestic Dogs,"
Animal Behaviour 53
(1997): 297-304.
8. Susan Milius, "The Social
Lives of Snakes from
Loner to Attentive
Parent," Science News
(March 27,2004): 201.
9. National Institutes of
Mental Health, "Teenage
Brain: A Work in
Progress,"
http://www.nimh.nih.gov
/publicat/teenbrain.cfm.
10. Robert M. Joseph,
"Neuropsychological
Frameworks for Under
standing Autism,"
International Review of
Psychiatry 11 (July 8,
1999): 309-25.
11. Jaak Panksepp, Affective
Neuroscience: The
Foundations of Human
and Animal Emotions
(New York: Oxford
University Press, 1998),
pp. 27-28.
12. Ibid., p. 144.
13. Ibid., p. 291.
14. Ibid., p. 149.
15. Dr. Panksepp writes
SEEKING in capital letters.
16. R. A. Fox and J. R.
Millam, "Unpredictable
Environments and Neo-
 phobia in Orange-Winged t e of Intensively
Amazon Parrots (Amazona h Farmed Animals
amazonica)." e (NewTork: C.A.B.
Animal Behavior Society P International, 1998).
meeting, July 19-23,2003, r 21. Z. Wang, L. J. Young,
Boise, ID. o G. J. De Vries, and T. R.
17. Panksepp, Affective d Insel, "Voles and
Neuroscience, p. 161. u Vasopressin: A Review of
18. Joanna Burger, The Parrot c Molecular, Cellular, and
Who Owns Me: The Story of ti Behavioral Studies
a Relationship v of Pair Bonding and
(New York: Random it Paternal Behaviors,"
House, 2002). y Prog Brain Res. 119
19. Pat A. Wakefield and Larry a (1998): 483-99.
Carrara, A Moose for n 22. J. T. Winslow and T. R.
Jessica (New York: d Insel, "Neuroendocrine
Puffin, 1992). W Basis of Social
20. Paul H. Hemsworth and G. e Recognition," Curr Opin
J. Coleman, Human lf Neurobiol 14, no. 2 (April
Livestock Interac a 2004): 248-53.
tions: The Stockperson and r
N 3
23. John M. Stribley and Sahley,
C. Sue Carter, "Opioid Blockade
Proceedings of the and Social Comfort
National in Chicks,"
Academy of Science. Pharmacol
1999 October 26; 96 Biochem Behav 13
(22): 12601-604, (1980): 673-83.
"Devel 27. J. A. Byers and C. B.
opmental Biology: Walker, "Refining the
Developmental Motor Training
Exposure to Hypoth
Vasopressin Increases esis for the Evolution
Aggression in Adult of Play," Am Nat 146
Prairie Voles." (1995): 25-iO.
24. J. Panksepp, R. 28. PBS has a nice Web
Meeker, and N. J. site with a simple
Bean, "The three-dimensional
Neurochemical Con "tour of the
trol of Crying," brain" that shows most
Pharmacol Biochem of the areas I mention
Behav 12 (1980): in this book, although
437^3. it
25. J. Panksepp, P. doesn't go into Paul
Lensing, M. Leboyer, MacLean's triune brain
and M. P. Bouvard, theory. But you can
"Naltrex- look
one and Other up areas like the
Potential New hypothalamus or the
Pharmacological cerebellum and get a
Treatments of good pic
Autism," Brain ture of where they are
Dysfunction 4 (1991): in the brain along
281-300. with a short summary
26. J. Panksepp, N. J. of
Bean, P. Bishop, T. what they do.
Vilberg, and T. L. http://www.pbs.org/w
 net/brain/3d/. er 4: Animal
Another excel Aggression 1. Jeffrey J.
lent Web site that does
Sacks et al., "Special
cover the triune brain
theory as well as all the Report: Breeds of Dogs
parts of the brain I've Involved in
mentioned in this book
is run by an Oregon
psy
chiatrist named Jim
Phelps.
http://www.psycheduc
ation.org/emotion/
triune%20brain.htm.
29. Rodolfo R. Llinas, I of
the Vortex: From
Neurons to Self
(Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press,
2002).
30. J. M. Faure and A. D.
Mills, "Improving the
Adaptability of
Animals
by Selection," in
Genetics and the
Behavior of Domestic
Animals, ed.
T. Grandin (San
Diego: Academic
Press, 1998), p. 235.
31. B. Knutson et al.,
"Selective Alteration
of Personality and
Social
Behavior by
Serotonergic
Intervention," Am J
Psychiatry 155 (1998):
373-79.
32. I want to be sure to
add that not everyone
agrees that Springer
rage
is related to epilepsy,
so down the line
researchers may
develop a new
explanation.
33. Susan Milius, "Beast
Buddies: Do Animals
Have Friends?"
Science
News 164, no. 18
(November 1,2003):
282.

Chapt
 Fatal Human Attacks Skete, How to Be Your
in the United States Dog's Best Friend: the
Between 1979 and Clas
1998," JAVMA 217, sic Training Manual
no. 6 (September for Dog Owners
15,2000). (Revised & Updated
2. Ibid. Edition)
3. Credit for this goes to (New York: Little,
John Siegal and his Brown, 2002).
work on cats at the 13. Sacks et al., "Special
Uni Report."
versity of Medicine in 14. Rachel Smolker, To
New Jersey. Touch a Wild Dolphin
4. Jaak Panksepp, (New York: Nan A.
Affective Neuroscience: Talese,
The Foundations of 2001).
Human and 15. William J. Broad,
Animal Emotions (New "Evidence Puts
York: Oxford Dolphins in New
University Press, Light, as Killers,"
1998), p. 194. New York Times, July
5. Ibid., p. 198. 6, 1999,
6. Debra Niehoff, The http://www.fishingnj.
Biology of Violence (New org/artdolph
York: Free Press, 2002). agress.htm.
7. Panksepp, Affective 16. "Pull Fido pull!" New
Neuroscience, p. 168. Scientist 19 (January
8. Antonio R. Damasio, 2002): 24.
Descartes' Error: 17. Michael D.
Emotion, Reason, and Lemonick, "Young,
the Single and Out of
Human Brain (New Control," Time
York: (October 20,1997).
Grosset/Putnam, 18. John McGlone, Pig
1994). Production: Biological
9. Panksepp, Affective Principles and
Neuroscience, p. 194. Applications
10. M. J. Raleigh, M. T. (Clifton Park, NY:
McGuire, G. L. Delmar Learning,
Brammer., D. B. 2002).
Pollack, and A. 19. Ed Price and S. J. R.
Yuwiler, "Serotonergic Wallach, "Physical
Mechanisms Promote Isolation of Herd
Dominance Reared
Acquisition Hereford Bulls
in Adult Male Vervet Increases
Monkeys," Brain Aggressiveness
Research 559 (1991): Towards Humans,"
181-90. Appl
11. Nicholas H. Dodman, Anim Behav Sci 27
If Only They Could (1990): 263-67.
Speak: Stories about 20. L. S. Shore, "The
Pets Question of Dogs,
and Their People Off-Leash Safety, and
(New York: W. W. Recre
Norton, 2003), pp. ation," A Review of the
130-44. Literature on Dog
12. The Monks of New Bites (April 12,2002):
 2.
21. Nicholas Dodman, The and the Psychology of
Dog Who Loved Too Dogs (New York:
Much: Tales, Bantam, 1996), p. 75.
22. Ibid., pp. 71-74.
3 N
3
23. Nicholas H. Dodman
et al., "Comparison of
Personality
Inventories
of Owners of Dogs
With and Without
Behavior Problems,"
The 3.
International Journal
of Applied Research 2,
no. 1.
24. P. M. Barrett, R. M.
Rapee, M. M. Dadds, 4.
arid S. M. Ryan,
"Family
Enhancement of
Cognitive Style in
Anxious and
Aggressive Chil
dren," Journal of 5.
Abnormal Child
Psychology 24 (1996):
187-99.
25. Z. Viryani, J. Topal,
M. Gacsi, A. Miklosi,
and V. Csanyi, "Dogs
Respond
Appropriately to Cues
of Humans'
Attemntional Focus,"
Behav Process 66, no.
2 (may 31,2004): 161-
72.
6.
Chapter 5: Pain and
Suffering
1. F. C. Colpaert et al.,
"Self-Administration of
the Analgesic Suprofen
in Arthritic Rats:
Evidence of
Mycobacterium
butyricum-Induced
Arthritis as an
Experimental Model
of Chronic Pain," Life
Sci 27
(1980): 921-28.
2. A. V. Apkarian et al.,
"Prefrontal Cortical 7.
Hyperactivity in 8.
Patients
Treatments,
3
with Sympathetically
Mediated Chronic
Pain," Journal of
Neuro-
science Letters 311,
no. 3 (October
5,2001): 193-97.
Leucotomies are
starting to come back
again as a treatment for
severe
pain.
Antoinio R. Damasio,
Descartes' Error:
Emotion, Reason, and
the
Human Brain (New
York: Grosset/Putnam,
1994), p. 266.
Apkarian et al.,
"Prefrontal Cortical
Hyperactivity"; M. R.
Milad, I.
Vidal-Gonzalez, and
G. J. Quirk, "Electrical
Stimulation of Medial
Prefrontal Cortex
Reduces Conditioned
Fear in a Temporally
Specific
Manner," Behav
Neurosci 118, no. 2
(April 2004): 389-94.
N. H. Kalin, S. E.
Shelton, R. J.
Davidson, and A. E.
Kelley, "The
Primate Amygdala
Mediates Acute Fear
but Not the Behavioral
and
Physiological
Components of
Anxious
Temperament,"
Journal of
Neuroscience 21, no. 6
(March 15,2001):
2067-74.
Ibid.
Ruth A. Lanius et al.,
"The Nature of
 Traumatic Memories: 12. Damasio,
A 4-T Descartes'Error, p. 41.
fMRI Functional 13. Ibid., p. 44.
Connectivity Analysis," 14. David Allen, Stress
American Journal of Free Productivity (New
Psychi York: Viking, 2001).
atry 161, no. 1 15. Jaak Panksepp has a
(January 2004 ): 36- good description of
44. these studies in
9. Randolph M. Nesse Affective
and George C. Neuroscience, pp. 221—
Williams, T% We Get 22.
Sick: The 16. I'd like to thank Jaak
New Science of Panksepp for this example.
Darwinian Medicine 17. Panksepp, Affective
(New York: Vintage, Neuroscience, p. 221.
1996). 18. Ibid.
10. Chong Chen et al., 19 Ibid., p. 231.
"Abnormal Fear 20. S. Mineka,
Response and "Evolutionary
Aggressive Behav Memories, Emotional
ior in Mutant Mice Processing, and the
Deficient for Emotional Disorders,"
Calcium-Calmodulin The Psychology of
Kinase II," Learning and
Science 266 (October Motivation 28
14,1994): 291-94. (1992): 161-206; Arne
11. Panksepp, Affective Ohman and Susan
Neuroscience, p. 39. Mineka, "The
Malicious
Serpent: Snakes as a
Prototypical Stimulus
for an Evolved Module
of
Fear," Current
Directions in
Psychological Science
12 (2003): 5-9.
21. Dr. de Waal writes,
"The watching of
skilled models firmly
plants
action sequences in
the head that come in
handy, sometimes
much
later, when the same
tasks need to be
carried out." Frans de
Waal,
The Ape and the Sushi
Master: Cultural
Reflections of a
Primatologist
(New York: Basic
Books, 2001), p. 24.
22. Joseph LeDoux, The
Emotional Brain: The
 Mysterious it. A vet told me he had
Underpinnings a lady whose dog was
of Emotional Life (New getting more and more
York: Simon & neurotic, whimpering
Schuster, 1998). and crying, refusing to
23. If you're interested in go outside—the dog
this subject, I was frantic. It turned
recommend Arthur out either the collar or
Reber's the
Implicit Learning and main unit had
Tacit Knowledge. Dr. malfunctioned, and the
Reber is one of the dog was getting
major shocked every
researchers in the field. time it went outdoors.
Arthur S. Reber, I've never heard of
Implicit Learning and that happening to any
Tacit other dog and neither
Knowledge: An Essay had the vet, so I'm
on the Cognitive telling you about it
Unconscious (Oxford only
Psychology because it's good to
Series, No. 19) (New know it's possible. The
York: Oxford vet felt terrible about
University Press, 1996). it,
24. LeDoux, Emotional because he didn't
Brain, pp. 254-55. know the lady had an
25. Invisible fences come invisible fence, and he
in an underground put
buried wire version, the dog through all
and an kinds of medical tests
aboveground wireless thinking something
version. was
26. I've heard only one bad medically wrong
story about an invisible before they finally
fence, but it's impor figured out the
tant so I want to share problem. Now he
3 N 3
3 asks all his dog Cubs in the Wild
owners if they're (New York: Owl
using an invisible Books, 2003).
fence just so he can 30. Derek Grzelewski,
have it in his records.
"Otterly
27. Laura Hillenbrand, Fascinating,"
Seabiscuit: An
Smithsonian
American Legend
(New York: Bal- Magazine
lantine, 2002). (November 2002).
28. Lyudmila N. Trut,
Chapter 6: How
"Early Canid
Animals Think
Domestication: The
Farm Fox 1. George Page, Inside
Experiment," the Animal Mind: A
American Scientist Groundbreaking
87, no. 2 (March- Exploration
April 1999). of Animal Intelligence
29. Benjamin Kilham and (New York: Broadway
Ed Gray, Among the Books, 2001), pp. 77-
Bears: Raising 78.
Orphaned 2. S. Watanabe, J.
 Sakamoto, and M. "Leading a
Wakita, "Pigeons' Conspecific Away
Discrimination from Food in Ravens
of Paintings by (Corvus corax)>"
Monet and Picasso," Animal Cognition
Journal of the Paper 1435-9456, 7,
Experimental no. 2
Analysis of 'Behavior (April 2004): 69-76.
63 (1995): 165-74. 8. Alex A. S. Weir,
3. J. M. Pearce, "The Jackie Chappell, and
Acquisition of Alex Kacelnik,
Concrete and Abstract "Shaping of
Categories in Hooks in New
Pigeons," in Current Caledonian Crows,"
Topics in Animal Science 297, no. 5583
Learning, L. (August 9,
Dachowski and C. 2002): 981.
F. Flaherty, eds. 9. Elizabeth Marshall
(Hillsdale, NJ: Thomas, The Hidden
Lawrence Erlbaum, Life of Dogs (New
1991), pp. 141-64. York:
4. Irene Pepperberg, Pocket Books, 1996).
The Alex Studies: 10. A controlled
Cognitive and experiment means
Communicative you have two
Abilities of Grey groups of subjects,
Parrots (Cambridge, an experimental
MA: Harvard group and a control
University Press, group, who are
2000). equivalent in every
5. Autistic children have
both poor expressive
language and poor
recep
tive language. It's not
just that they can't
talk, or can't talk very
well;
they can't understand
other people when
they talk, either.
6. Marian Stamp
Dawkins, Through
Our Eyes Only? The
Search for Ani
mal Consciousness
(New York: Oxford
University Press,
1998);
Aubrey Manning and
Marian Stamp
Dawkins, An
Introduction to
Animal Behaviour
(New York:
Cambridge University
Press, 1998).
7. Thomas Bugnyar,
 way except for the
variable being tested.
A pharmaceutical
study that gives the
drug being tested to
one group of subjects
and a placebo to
another group of
subjects is a that Genie
controlled
experiment. The gold
standard in
experimental research
is the double-blind
study, where neither
the subjects nor the
experimenters know
which group got
which pill until after
the study is over.
11. A. Bandura, "The Role
of Imitation," in Social
Learning and Person
ality Development, A.
Bandura and R. H.
Walters, eds. (New
York:
Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, 1963); A.
Bandura, Social
Modeling The
ory (Chicago: Aldine-
Atherton, 1963).
12. Lynn Koegel and her 15. Susan Schaller, A
co-author, Claire
Lazebnik, a parent
of an
autistic child, have
written an excellent 16. There are at least three
book called
Overcoming
Autism that I
recommend to all
parents. Lynn Kern
Koegel and
Claire Lazebnik,
Overcoming Autism
(New York: Viking,
2004).
13. Thomas Nagel, "What
Is It Like to Be a
Bat?" Philosophical
Review
83, no. 4 (October
1974): 435-50.
14. A few books have
been written about
Genie, but the
question of how
much language she
acquired after her
mother brought her to
the au
thorities is in dispute.
Up until the early
1990s it was believed
learned words but no
grammar or syntax.
But a critical analysis
of all the
literature on Genie,
done by Peter E. Jones
at Sheffield Hallam
Univer
sity, found that she did
learn grammar and
syntax, and was still
learning at
the point when her
mother refused to let
scientists study her any
longer.
Peter E. Jones,
"Contradictions and
Unanswered Questions
in the Genie
Case,"
http://www.feralchild
ren.com/en/pager.php
?df=jonesl995.
Man Without Words
(Berkeley: University
of Cali
fornia Press, 1995).
different lines of
evidence that religion
is basic
to the human brain:
(1) religion is
universal to all
cultures, (2) identi
cal twins separated
at birth have the
same degree of
religiosity as
adults, and (3) there
is a "God part" of
the brain in the
temporal
lobes that makes you
feel the presence of
God when it's
stimulated. I
 suppose it's commu
possible that the nication.
"God part" gets 18. K. Louie and M. A.
developed only Wilson, "Temporally
through religious Structured Replay of
education, but if we're Awake
born with it, then it Hippocampal
should Ensemble Activity
be there for language- During Rapid Eye
less people, too. Movement
17. Jonathan Schooler at Sleep," Neuron 29,
the University of no. 1 (January 2001):
Pittsburgh, personal 145-56.
N 3
19. Jeremy Gray, ml.
Washington 22. C. N.
University, quoted in Slobodchikoff,
Erica Goode, "Study "Cognition and
Links Problem- Communication in
Solving Skills to Prairie
Brain 'g' Spot," New Dogs," in The
York Times, Cognitive Animal:
February 27,2003. Empirical and
20. Clive Thompson, Theoretical Perspec
"There's a Sucker tives on Animal
Born in Every Medial Cognition, Marc
Prefrontal Bekoff, Colin Allen,
Cortex," New York and Gordon M.
Times htc edition, sec. Burghardt, eds.
6, October 26,2003. (Cambridge, MA:
21. George Miller MIT Press, 2002), pp.
published his famous 257-64.
paper, "The Magical 23. Ibid.
Number 24. Sophie Yin and B.
Seven Plus or Minus McCowan, "Barking
Two," in 1956. The in Domestic Dogs:
brain is built to hold Noise or
on to Communication?"
five to nine separate Animal Behavior
bits of information at Society meeting,
the same time. That's July 13-17,
why 2002, Bloomington,
phone numbers are IN.
seven digits. George 25. Steven Pinker, How
A. Miller, "The the Mind Works (New
Magical York: W. W. Norton,
Number Seven, Plus 1999).
or Minus Two: Some 26. B. Maess et al.,
Limits on Our "Musical Syntax Is
Capacity Processed in Broca's
for Processing Area: An
Information," MEG Study," Nature
Psychological Review Neuroscience 4 (May
63 (1956): 81-97. 2001): 540.
Available online at: 27. Sandra Trehub,
http://www.well.com/ Music and Infants
user/smalin/miller.ht (New York:
 Psychology Press,
2005).
28. T. L. Gottfried, A.
Staby, and D. Riester,
"Relation of Pitch
Glide Per
1.
ception and Mandarin
Tone Identification,"
http://www.lawrence.e
du/
fac/rewgottt/mandmu
sic.html.
29. P. M. Gray et al.,
"The Music of Nature
and the Nature of
Music"
Science 291 (2001):
2.
52-54.
30. Luis Baptista, quoted
in S. Milius, "Music
without Borders,"
Science
News 157, no. 16
3.
(April 15,2000): 252.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Marc D. Hauser,
Noam Chomsky, and
W. Tecumseh Fitch,
"The
Faculty of
Language: What Is
It, Who Has It, and
How Did It
Evolve?" Science 298
(November 22, 2002):
1569-79.
34. Irene Pepperberg,
"That Damn Bird: A
Talk with Irene
Pepperberg,"
http://www.edge.org/
3rd_culture/pepperbe
rg03/pepperberg_inde
x.
html.
4.
5.
Chapter 7:
Animal
Genius:
Extreme
Talents
K. Scalise, "Secret of
the Squirrel Brain:
Memory Tricks
Investigated
in New UC Berkeley
Study." News
release, 10/17/97,
http://
berkeley.edu/news/me
dia/releases/971egacy/
10_17_97a.html.
Dana Canedy,
"Seizure-Alert Dogs
May Get Seeing-Eye
Status in
Florida," New York
Times, March 29,2002.
C. Boesch and M.
Tomasello,
"Chimpanzee and
Human Cultures,"
Current Anthropology
39, no. 5
(December 1998):
591-614,
http://cogweb.ucla.ed
u/Abstracts/Boesch_
Tornasello_98.html.
Boesch and Tomasello
write, "This may be
called cumulative
cultural
evolution or the ratchet
effect (by analogy with
the device that keeps
things in place while
the user prepares to
advance them
further)."
Donna Williams,
Nobody Nowhere: The
Extraordinary
Autobiography
of an Autistic (New
York: Random House,
1992).
Hyper-specificity and
general intelligence
don't go together in
people
or in domestic animals
like horses and dogs.
My guess is they
 proba
bly don't go together in
dolphins and birds,
either, but I don't know.
6. A. Shah and U. Frith,
"An Islet of Ability in
Autistic Children: A
Research Note,"
Journal of Child
Psychology and
Psychiatry 24
(1983): 613-20.
7. A. W. Snyder and D. J.
Mitchell, "Is Integer
Arithmetic
Fundamental
to Mental Processing?:
The Mind's Secret
Arithmetic,"
Proceedings of
the Royal Society,
London, B 266 (1999):
587-92. 9. A. W. Snyder et al.,
8. Betty Edwards's book
Drawing on the Right
Side of the Brain starts
stu
dents off with upside-
down drawings.
Douglas S. Fox, a
writer who
did an article about Dr.
Snyder's work for
Discover magazine,
tried
drawing the negative
space around a pair of
scissors and said, "I felt
I 82; B. L. Miller and
was drawing individual
lines, not an object, and
336
Hou, "Portraits of
Artists: Emergence of
Visual Creativity in
Dementia," Arch
Neurol 61, no. 6
(June 2004): 842^4. 11. R. K. Wayne et al.,
10. You can see the
drawings if you do a
Web search for
"Savant-Like Skills
Exposed in Normal
People by Suppressing
the Left Fronto- 12. Shelly Simonds,
Temporal
Lobe" and click on
my drawing wasn't half
bad, either." He was
drawing the separate
parts of what he was
looking
at, not his unified
concept. Betty
Edwards, The New
Drawing on the
Right Side of the Brain
(New York: Putnam,
1999). Douglas S. Fox,
"The Inner Savant,"
Discover, vol. 23, no.
2 (February 2002),
avail
able online at
http://centreforthemin
d.com/newsmedia/web
archive/
discoverinnersavant.cfm
.
"Savant-like Skills
Exposed in Normal
People by
Suppressing the Left
Frontotemporal Lobe,"
Journal of Integrative
Neuroscience 2, no. 2
(December 2003):149-
58; B. L. Miller et al.,
"Emergence of
Artistic Talent in
Frontotemporal
Dementia," Neu
rology 51, no. 4
(October 1998): 978-
C. E.
Notes
the pdf file,
http://www.centrefort
hemind.com/
whoweare/SavantSkills
Journal .pdf.
"Multiple and Ancient
Origins of the
Domestic
Dog," Science 276,
no. 13 (June 1997):
1687-89.
"Theory Suggests
Greater Role for
 Man'sBest Friend,"
ANUReporter 29, no.
1.
http://info.anu.edu.a
SELEC
u/mac/Newsletters_
and_Journals/ANU_ TED
Reporter/_pdf/vol_29 BIBLIO
_no_01/dogs.html.
GRAPH
13. Simon Benson, "Man
and Canine a Top Y
Team," Daily
Telegraph,
March 25,2002.
14. I'm assuming it's
smell rather than a
subtle behavioral cue
because I Chapter 1: My Story
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indicating . 1998. Handling
that her blood sugar Methods and
is getting Facilities to Reduce
dangerously low Stress on Cat
when she's asleep. tle, Veterinary Clinics
But of course I don't of North America,
know. If diabetics 14:325-41.
do have tiny --------. 2000. Livestock
behavioral Handling and
changes when their Transport. Wallingford,
blood sugar is low, a U.K.:
dog is going to be CABI Publishing.
more --------. 2000. My Mind
likely to spot them on a Web Browser: How
than a person. People with Autism
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(Winter): 13-22.
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Results of Behavioral
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Welfare on the Farm,
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Miller, B. L., J. Cummings,
F. Mishkin, K. Boone,
F. Prince, M. Ponton,
and C. Cotman. 1998.
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Talent in
Frontotemporal
Dementia. Neurology
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Snyder, A. W., and J. D.
Mitchell. 1999. Is
Integer Arithmetic
Fundamental to
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Mind's Secret
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J. L. Taylor, D. J.
Mitchell, P. Sachdew,
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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T his book would not have been possible without the input from
many people who shared their animal experiences with me. I am
especially indebted to Mark Deesing and Jennifer Lanier. Mark has
worked for me for over ten years on many different animal behavior
projects, and Red Dog lives with him. Jennifer was my first Ph.D.
student, and both she and Mark provided me with many insights
during hours of discussions.
I also need to thank all the people in the livestock industry who
helped me start my career. In the early seventies, Ted Gilbert at the
Red River Feedyard in Arizona and Tom Rohrer, manager of the
Swift plant, tolerated my autistic obsessions and recognized my abil-
ity. Other industry people who helped me establish my career were:
Mike Chabot, Gary Oden, Rick Jordan, Frank Brocholi, Wilson
Swilley, Raoul Baxter, Glen Moyer, and Jim Uhl.
Bonnie Buntain with the USDA was instrumental in commission -
ing me to do a USDA study that became the basis for the American
Meat Institute scoring system for measuring animal welfare in
slaughter plants. Janet Riley of AMI and the entire animal welfare
committee have supported my work on the Institute's guidelines,
which are now being used by major restaurant companies to audit
animal welfare. Bob Langert at McDonald's Corporation and Dar-
ren Brown at Wendy's International had the vision to implement the
use of the objective scoring system to greatly improve animal welfare
in slaughter plants.
The Department of Animal Science at Colorado State University
has been my academic home for the last fifteen years, and I am espe -
cially indebted to Bernard Rollin for recommending that I be hired.
Last, I need to thank Catherine Johnson, my co-author. She made
A 3
this book possible. Her unsung virtues of
beautiful prose found people with autism. She
my voice and let me tell is kind, even-tempered,
my story. I also wish to and almost as focused
thank Betsy Lerner, my as Lili and Harley
agent, Susan Moldow, chasing their laser
my publisher at mouse. Temple loves
Scribner, Beth animals and knows
Wareham, my editor, practically everything
and Rica Allannic. there is to know about
—Temple Grandin them, and she is never
"off-task."
In college Temple

P eople ask me what it

was like to write a
book with an autistic
taught herself a skill she
called finding the basic
principle. She had to do
person.
this, because, as she was
The answer is, it was
not a word person, the
great. Temple has all the
only way she could
remember the details of Betsy read the
her coursework was to proposal, called, and
corral them all inside said she knew what the
one big principle. problem was and how
Today she can read to fix it. She did, too.
through vast and Temple and I
conflicting research performed
literatures on the brain,
on memory, on
emotion, on animal
behavior and cognition
—Animals in
Translation draws on at
least nine different
fields—and see the One
Principle that ties all
these works together. As
a result, Animals in
Translation is more
than a book of stories
about Temple's life
with animals. It is also
a book about the nature
of animals and autism
and how they go
together.
Temple, thank you. I
will miss our talks.
Next on the list is
Betsy Lerner.
In the beginning,
Temple and I had a
hard time trying to
write just one book on
two subjects. After
we'd struggled through
the fifth or sixth draft of
a long and ever-
expanding document
and still hadn't produced
a proper proposal, we
were stuck. One
professional told us we
needed to start over
from the beginning;
another advised me just
to drop the whole thing
and move on.
That's when Temple
called Betsy, who had
edited Temple's book
Thinking in Pictures,
and was now working
as an agent.
minor surgery on what
we'd written, and voila.
The proposal was done.
Then Betsy whistled up
an auction and the book
found its home. It was
magic. Betsy, thank you.
It's to my own agent,
Suzanne Gluck, that I
owe thanks for this
book happening at all,
because it was Suzanne
who put Temple and me
together in the first
place. This she did on
the spur of the moment
one day not long after
I'd moved to New York.
I wasn't looking for a
project at the time, but
Suzanne had heard from
a colleague that Temple
wanted to write a book
about animals, and that
was that. "You're the
only one to write that
book!" she said. I
wouldn't have put it
quite that forcefully
myself, but I'm glad
Suzanne did. She got
the ball rolling directly
after lunch, and now
here we are. Thank you!
I haven't seen too many
authors thank their
editor for being a hoot,
so let me be the first:
Beth Wareham, our
editor at Scribner, is a
big, brassy gal from
Texas who gets animals,
gets Temple, and
immediately
understood the book
and what we were
trying to do. She is a
348 Acknowledgments
manuscript. In my case
the disappearing act
lasted months,
years, but it was
not
still
hoot! Like Betsy, she
could see each chapter in
a way Temple and I
sometimes couldn't.
Beth is the "third brain"
on this book (though
this is the place where I
should say that any
errors aren't hers, but
mine and Temple's.)
Thank you, Beth.
I'm grateful to Susan
Moldow, Publisher of
Scribner, not only for
her galvanizing
enthusiasm and
interest, but also for
our book's title. If it
wasn't easy for Temple
and me to put animals
and autism together in
the same book, it was
impossible to get them
both inside a decent
title Susan did it—she
found the basic
principle! Thank you.
And thank you, Rica
Allannic, also of
Scribner, for your
competence, your
efficiency, and your
ability to open
attachments no matter
how many Mac-to-
Word and Word-to-
Mac iterations they've
been through.
I always cringe when
I get to the part of an
author's acknowledg-
ments where he thanks
his wife and children for
cheerfully enduring
outright abandonment
in the years during
which he labored over
his
too l to my
long. husband, Ed
I'm
gratefu INDEX
Berenson, to
 our children's caregiver, father will never
Martine Saidi, and to they again look a
our children, Jimmy, adore, dog or a
Andrew, and are the horse or a
Christopher, for best cow or a
hanging in there. In the thing parrot or
midst of an extremely that's any other
intense work year of his happen bird or
own, Ed took over ed, too. beast in the
virtually all It eye and see
homemaking chores on was the same
evenings and weekends, my being I used
and Martine handled childre to see.
pretty much everything n who I have
else during the week. brough Temple to
The kids soldiered on. t me to thank for
Thank you, everyone, this that,
for surviving. book, Temple and
I want to thank my and all the
friend and neighbor now researchers,
(and fellow dog lover) this trainers,
Laura Read, who is a book wranglers,
clinical psychologist, has handlers,
for talking through with brough and vets
me and clarifying a t me who've
number of the ideas in back spent their
this book. And I'm to my lives listen-
especially grateful to childre ing to
my co-chair on the n. animals.
PTSA after-school Today Thanks to
program, Penny Muise, I see all.
for doing all of the autisti —Ca
heavy lifting. I owe c peo-
you, Penny. ple a
Finally, I'm grateful little
to God or to the differe
universe—to whoever ntly,
is in charge of these and I
things—for the see
blessings life has typical
brought. Two of my folks a
children, Jimmy and little
Andrew, have autism. differe
Their brother, ntly,
Christopher, is what the too.
professionals call As for
typical. Having my chil- our
dren diagnosed with animal
autism was certainly the friends
worst thing that ever and
happened to me; there's acquai
no changing that. But ntance
Jimmy and Andrew and s, I
Christopher, and the know I
abstract categories, 242-43, 29
258, 260 anthropomorph
abstratification, 27,28-31 ism, 14-15
accessory olfactory system anti-backup
(AOS), 202 gates, 39,45
affective aggression, antidiuretic
134,143-44 lighting hormone
aggression, 131-77 and, 22- (ADH), 105
biting of people by 23 anxiety, 114-
dogs and, novelty 15,191
152-54,163-64 and, 44- arginine
dominance among dogs 47 vasopressin
and, 132-33, principl (AVP), 105-07
144 es in, Asperger's
brain and, 133-34,238 309 syndrome, 115
fear and, 127-28,145- Skinner assertive
46,175-76 genetic box and aggression,
tendencies to, 148-50 horse research 143,144-45
breeding programs and, on, 18 attention deficit
105 orphaned animals and, small hyperactivit
161-62 pack mentality and, details y disorder
168-69 pain and, 146 and, 31- (ADHD),
preventing, 171-74 39, 57 67,119, 301
purebred dogs and, 83 socializ audits, 271-72
reaction of researchers to, in ation to autism and
rat studies, 74-75 people autistic
socialization and, 155- and, 32- people, 4, 57
61 vasopressin in 33 animal
males and, 107, stress behavior
108-09 violent and, 21 research and,
behavior and, 150-52 troubles 6-7 attention
albinism, 78-79,83-84 hooting to
alpha animal, 144,164- guide environment
68,173-74 for, by, 51-52
alpha rolling, 166 309-24 defense
amygdala, 53,191,193, visual mechanism
213-14,217 environ and repression
animal behavior autism and ment in,
research on, 6-7 and, 18- 91-92
behaviorist approach to, 9- 23 expressi
10 behavior motivators in, animal on of
310-22 cattle prods and, superstiti feelings
20-21, 31, 32, on, 98- by, 89-
33-34 100 90 face
color and, 42-44, animal recogniti
62 contrast and, training. on and,
38,42-44 See 106-07
training fear and
animal anxiety
welfare in, 192-
progra 93
ms fixation
abstract behavior
thinkin in, 140-
g of 41
humans frontal
in, 28- lobe
31 problem
mistake s in, 56-
s in, 57
266-72 hidden
standar figure
ds in, talent in,
296-97
I 3
autism and (cont.) city of, ence and, 293
autistic hyper- 217-18 language
people specifi intellig learning in,
 251 Dr. i 133-34,152
metabolic Dm n attention to
problems itry, detail and, 52
and, 179-80 237 p autism and
novelty and, -38 i communicati
44—47 bin g on and, 89-
opioid ocu s 90
system lar , behaviorists
levels in, visi and, 11-12
113-14 on, 1 core emotions
orientation 41- 5 in, 124,126-
to detail 42 5 27
and, 33, 52 bird ,
pain s, 1
insensitivity cog 7
and, 187-89 niti 0
reaction to on -
motion in, in, 7
243 1
37,141
-46
reaction to
bite b
sound in,
inhi l
49-50, 63-
biti a
64 reaction
on, c
to touch in,
153 k
117-18 biti
rewards and, ng b
13 beh o
squeezing avi x
pets and, ors ,
115 visual in cats,
environment 158-59 9
and, 24 in ,
autistic d 1
savants, 7-8, o 1
294, 298-302 g
s b
Bandura, Dr. , l
Albert, 249- 1 u
50 Bashaw, 3 e
Meredith, 129 4
behavior. See - e
also animal 3 y
behavior 5 e
associations , s
and, 12-13 1
rewards and 3 i
punishment 8 n
and, 9-10 ,
behaviorism 1 a
animal 4 n
studies and, 8 i
9-12 - m
autistic 4 a
children 9 l
and, 13-14 , s
observation 1 ,
in, 14 5
visual 2 7
environm - 8
ent and, 5
18 4 b
behavior , r
motivator 1 a
s, 310-22 6 i
behavior 3 n
therapy, - aggress
13 6 ion
Belyaev, 4 and,
 curiosity in castratio 96- fear and, 222,
animals n, 97,124- 230-31
and, 94-96 162,180 25 squeeze chutes
difference -81 details (V-
between cats scaring, restrainers)
animal affectiv 19,20,2 and, 4-
behavior e 2-23, 5,12,19,
and human aggress 33-39 20,22-23
behavior and, ion in, visual
52-54 fear 143 environment
and, 213- details and, 18-19
14,238 music scaring cattle guards,
processing in, , 47,48 43,44 cattle
276-77 pain extrem prods, 20-21,
sensation e 31, 32, 33-34
and, 185-86 percept center-track
play in ion of, restraining
animals and, 57-59 system, 12
118-19,121 predato cerebellum,
processing ry 119-20,124
sense data in, behavi chicken
62-67 sex or of, breeding
hormones in, 139-41 programs, 69-
105-09 three- sexual 72,
brain theory behavi 7
of, 53-54 or of, 7
breaking a 101-02 -
horse, 191 socializ 7
breeding ation to 8
programs other ,
artificial animal
insemination s of, 7
in, 102-03 158-59 9
effect of cattle
multiplier aggress c
units on pigs ion in, h
in, 146 i
80-81 artificia c
example of l k
change in insemi s
rooster nation lighting and
behavior in, and, growth of,
69-70, 77 102-03 270-71
humans as center- squeeze
main engine track machines for,
of evolution restrain 116-17
and, 73-77 ing Chomsky,
leanness in system Noam, 281
pigs and, and, classical
100-101,148 1 conditioning,
neotenized 2 13,249-50
behavior of co classification,
dogs and, gn 243 Clever
86-88 iti Hans, 289-
purebred dogs on 90,296
and effects of, an cognition in
81-85 d animals, 243-48
selection fe collies, 81-
pressure in, nc 82,93 color
72-73 single- e albinism in
trait breeding bu animals and
in, 70-72,148 sti breeding for,
skull shape in ng 78-79
collies and, by feed
81-82 Broca's , conversion
area, 276-77 247- and chicken
Byers, Dr. 48 feather
John, 119,121 curiosi color, 77-
ty and, 78,79
 primate animal 97,124 fear and,
s and s, 272- -25 222,230-31
sense 81 coyotes, 143
of phero Creel, Donnell,
smell mones 78 cultural
and, and evolution, and
61- smell intelligence,
62,73 in, 61- 29
processing 62 2
of sensory seismi curios
data and, c, 60- ity,
64,65 61 91,93,
r silent 94-
e thunde 100
a r of brain circuitry
c elepha and, 94-96
t nts confirmation
i and, bias and, 98-
o 59- 100
n 6o cows and, 96-
s comple 97,124-25
t x fear and, 223
o emotion novelty and
, s, 90-91 different
4 conditio levels of, 96-
2 ned 98
- stimulus
A , 212 Damasio, Dr.
4 confirm Antonio,
, ation 186,199-200
6 bias, 98- daschunds,
2 100 1,223
conserv Dawkins, Dr.
C ation, Marion Stamp,
o and 243-44
l brain Deesing,
p structur Mark,
a es, 54 97,171,239
e contrast defense
r , mechanisms,
t reaction 91-93
, s to, defensive
F 38,42- aggression, 197
r 44 core denial, 91,92
a emotion depth
n s, 88- perception, 41
c 90,91,9 desensitization,
i 3-94. 219,235
s See also details,
C curiosity attention to
, ; fear; animal
1 prey observation
8 chase and, 31-33
4 drive; autistic people
rage and, 33, 52
c brain frontal lobe
o and, and, 52, 57
m 124,126 other animals
m -27 and, 47-48
u counter- types of, and
n phobic scaring cattle,
i training, 33-39
c 219,235 visual
a cows. thinkers and,
t See also 26, 33 Deutsch,
i cattle Diana, 279-80
o curiosi Dinesen, Isak,
n ty and, 174 distance
between 96- sensing, and
fear, 204-06 pomor of, 1
Dodman, Dr. d phism choosing,
Nicholas, o and, 236-40
112,116,149, g 14-15 curiosity in,
1 s biting 94,97
6 aggres beha defense
4 sion viors mechanism
, in, of, in, 93
1 127- 134- details that
6 28,1 35,13 scare horses,
5 32- 8, 47-48
, 33,1 148- dominance
1 46, 49,1 among,
6 147, 52- 132-33,
9 148- 54,1 144. 147,
, 49,1 63- 164-
1 59- 64 68,169-
7 61 childho 70,173,
3 anthro od like 175-76,259
I 3
5
dogs (cont.) animals 70,173, e brain
expression of of, 175-76 (ESB),
warring 159- domina 95,137
emotions in, 61 nce electric prods,
124-25 socializ aggressi 20-21, 31, 32,
extreme ation to on, 147 33-34
perception people dopami elephants, 59-
in, 288-90 of, ne, 95 61
fear in, 127- 162-64, dreamin emotions. See
28,194- 176- g, 262- also feelings
95,205-06, 77 63 information
223-24,225- thinkin drives, from, 202-03
26,233- g and, 136 predicting the
34,237-38 253 Duncan, future and,
human training Ian, 70 198-201,
selection young dwarfis 203-04
animals m, 21 endorphins,
pressure and
and, 112,113,117
emotional
makeup of, 233-35, Egas
81-85 295 Moniz,
invisible vi Antonio
fences and, sual , 185
225-29 acui ele
neotenized ty c
behavior of, of, t
86-88 object 40, r
play in, 124 42 i
oxytocin dol c
levels in phi a
female, 107- ns, l
08 pack 59,
mentality 61, s
and, 159,168- 151 t
69 pain and, ,15 i
2,2 m
181-82,188-
81, u
89 play fights
l
among, 91 292-
a
roughhousin 93
t
g in, 122- dominan
i
23,153-54 ce,
o
seizure alert social,
n
by, 287- 132-
88,290 33,144- o
service dogs, 45, f
8, 246 161,1
socialization 64- t
to other 68,169- h
 environment, 12 189-93 techniques to
12,15. See 7- smell combat,
also visual 28, and, 219,235-36
environmen 14 202- temperament
t 3, 04,207 and level of,
environmentall 145- social 229-30,
y caused 46,147, reinstat 23
abnormal 175-76 ement 7
behavior, bad and, univ
321 behavio 126 ersal
ethology, r spread fear
14,15-16 motivat of, s,
evolution ed by, 223-25 107-
albinism in 231-32 surviva 08
animals and, as l and, feed
78-79 fear behavio 196-98 conversion,
r 77,79
processing in
motivat feelings, 69-
the brain and,
or, 310- 130 breeding
214 humans
12, programs and
as main
317- changes in,
engine of, 73-
18 69-70,77-
77 selection
differen 78,86-88
pressure in,
ces core
72-73 single- between emotions in,
trait breeding animals 88-90,91,93-
and, 70-72 and hu- 94 defense
evolutionary mans mechanisms
fears, 210 for, and, 91-93
experiments, 16 217-19 expression of
extinction, 212 distance warring
extrasensory sensing emotions in,
perception and, 124-25
(ESP), and 204-06 humans and
animals, 57- fast and effect of
59 slow selection pres-
extreme systems sure on,
perception of in the 74,76-77
animals, 57 brain for influence of
cat example proces human
of, 57-59 sing, decisions on,
processing 213- 80
sense data in 14,217 -81
the brain hyper- soci
an specifici al
d,62 ty of, emo
-67 220-21, tion
sens 236 s in,
ory invisible 93-
abili fences 94
ties and Fennessy,
and, dogs Julian, 129-30
59- and, feral children,
62 225-29 192
learning fighting, 121-
face and, 22,155
recognition, 196- fight-or-flight
106-07 97,208- fear, 191
failure to thrive, 12 fish, 183-
21 memory 94,196
fan blade and, Fitch, W.
movement, 214-17 Tecumseh, 281
reaction to, over- fixed action
37,43 generali patterns,
Faure, Dr. Jean- zing 102,135-37,
Michel, 126 and, 319-20
fear, 91,93 224-25 flip-over
aggressio pain disease, 71-72
n and, and, forebrain, 305-
06 Gorillas , Marc, 281
Fox, Dr. in Our Hazard
Michael, 153 Midst 2 Analysis
Freud, (video 1 Critical Control
Sigmund, experime Point
91,215 nt), G (HACCP)
friendship, 24,50 r analysis, 267-
129-30 G z 72 hearing, and
Frith, Uta, 296 r e visual
frontal lobe, a l processing, 64,
266 attention y e 65 hidden
to detail and, , w figure talent,
52, 57 autism s 296-97
and problems J k Hillenbrand,
of, 56-57,90 e i Laura, 234-35
effect of r , horses, 2-3, 5
damage to, aggression in,
e
55-56 D 146,171-72
m
memory and, breaking, 191
y e
252 pain and breeding
, r
fear and, programs for,
e
190,193-94 104—05
2 k
choosing,
6 ,
Gardner, 239-40
Howard, 264 4 details
genetics. See 2
scaring, 47
also breeding G 4 dominance
programs; r 0 in, 170 fear
evolution a and,
abnormal y G 217,218-
behavior and, , u 19,220,222,
322 i 23
aggression P n 2,
tendencies a e 234
and, 148-50 t e -35,
giraffes, 129 r , 239
Goldberg, i -40
Elkhonon, 56 c L pan
Goodall, Jane, i i ora
290 a n mic
Goodwin, Dr. , d visi
Deborah, 86- a on
87 ,
2 of,
7 40-
8 2 41
, 7 sad
2 9 dles
7 for,
9 g 3-4
u socialization to
g t other animals
r of, 156-58
o f teenagers and
w e responsibility
t e for, 5-6
h l humans
, i abstract
n thinking of,
a g 28-31
n , attention to
environment
d
1 and oblivi-
ousness of,
s 9
50-52 color
t 9
seen by, 42-
r
44 contrast
e Harlow,
seen by,
s Harry,
38,42-44
s 114
core feelings
Hauser,
 of animals betwee by, 217-19,
compared n 24-26 225
with, 88-91 animal fear in fear in
difference vision animal animals
between and s known by,
animal brain visio differe 212-14
and n of, nt inattentional
brain of, 39^2 from blindness
52-54 failure fear and, 25, 51,
difference to see in, 65-67
I 3
humans (cont.) Kilgour, 1 predatory
smell and Ron, 15 8 killing and,
vision in, 61- Kilham, 9, 135-38 leash
62 Ben, 240 2 laws, 160-61
socialization killer 3 LeDoux,
of animals to, whales, 8 Joseph, 213-
32-33, 151-52 language 14,215-16,
156,162-64 killing animals 2
hunger drive, bite, 134- and, 2
136-37 hunger- 35 274-76, 3
motivated Koegel, 280-81, ,
behavior, 318 Bob and 283 2
hyper- Lynn, people 2
activation of the 251, 264- without, 4
predatory chas- 65 254-60
ing instinct, thinking l
Krumhans
139-40 and, i
l, Carol,
261, g
hyperactivity in 280
266, h
children,
268-69 t
67,119 hyper- lab
verbal i
specificity, 296 experimen
oversha n
autistic ts, 16
dowing, g
people and, Labr
92-93, animal
217-18 ad
261 behavior in
fear in or
Lanius, squeeze
animals and, re
Ruth, chutes, and,
220- tri
194,195 22-23,33,
21,223,236 ev
Lavenex, 38-39,42-
hypothalamus, er
Dr. ^3
95 s,
Pierre, changes in,
48
287 38-39,42
inattentional ,
learning growth of
blindness, 25, 84
fear chicks and,
51,65-67 -
and, 270-71
Insell, Thomas, 85
196-97, reflections
,
106 208-12, from, 33
1
instincts, 136 215-16 Lishman, Bill,
2
intelligence, mate 286-87 lizards,
2-
264, 288- selectio core feelings of,
2
90,292 n and, 88 Llinas, Dr.
3,
intermale 102-04 Rodolfo,
1
aggression, 2 121,123
107,133,144,14 7- locomotor
7 2 play, 119-
invisible fences, 8, 21,123,124
225-29 1 Lovaas, Ivar, 13
irritable 3 love, 105-09
aggression, 144, 2, lust, 94,100-
147 1 101
5
Johnson, 9- McDonald's,
Catherine, 11 6 32,271-72
0, McGlone,
Kalin, Ned, 191 1 John, 155
Keller, Helen, 8 Mack, Arien,
192 2, 50, 65-66
 MacLean, Paul, procedur and, 54 Nesse,
54 al 94,109- Randolph M.,
main olfactory memory, 12 196 neutering,
system (MOS), 215 motivator 101-02,165
202 rote s noise, reactions
mate guard, 107 memory, fixed to, 35-36
maternal 298 action novelty, 233
aggression, social patterns as behavior
143,146 memory, and, motivator,
mate selection, 106 137 316-17
and learning, thinking troubles curiosity and,
102-04 in hooting 96-98
meat-packing animals guide for,
industry, 11-12 and, 309-24
abstract 252- movemen
thinking of 53,261 t
humans unconsci autistic
regarding ous childr
regulation memory, en and
of, 28-31 214-16 reacti
center-track visual on to,
restraining memory, 37,
system in, 12 194, 141
details that 261-63 locomot
scare animals working or
in, 19, 20, memory, play
22-23, 33- 264,268 and
39 Miller, develo
Hazard Dr. Bruce, pment
Analysis 300-301 and,
Critical Mineka, 119-
Control Point Susan, 21
(HACCP) 209- predator
analysis in, 10,210- y
267-72 11,233 fixed
one-way or Minshew, action
anti-backup Nancy, 33 patter
gates in, 39,45 Mitchell, n and,
squeeze chutes Dr. D. 135
(V- John, 299 reactio
restrainers) mixed ns to,
in, 4- aggressio 36-
5,12,19,20, n, 37,45-
22-23 144,147- 46,48,93
visual 48 mixed multiplie
environmen motivatio r units,
t in, 18-19 ns, 320 80-81
memory mixed music,
conscious states, 127 276-80
memory, monkeys,
199,214-16 144- Nagel,
declarative 45,209-10 Thomas,
memory, 215 Monks of 254
emotional New naltrexon
memory, 215- Skete, e, 112-13
16 149,239 negative
explicit monogam associatio
memory, 215 y, ns, 13
extreme, in 106,108- negative
animals, 285- 09 mother reinforce
87 animals ment, 9-
fear and, 214- aggressi 10
17 on in, neocorte
implicit 143,146 x, 52-53,
memory, 215 oxytocin 55,90,11
predicting the and, 107 8-19
future and, separati neomam
199-201 on malian
distress brain, 53,
 reaction 107 sensation in,
to details play G 184-87
and, 44-48 and, 119 e fear and, 189-
novelty sexual o 93,225-26 pain
seeking, 97 behavio r guarding, 183
r and, g paleomammali
obedience 105- e an brain, 53, 54
training, 06,117 , Panksepp,
166,176,295 Jaak, 91,94-
object play, 124 p 2 95,112, 113-
object a 4 14,116-
recognition, 107 c 1 17,134,138,1
observational k 43,
learning, 210 p 147,150,207
O'Connel- m a panoramic
e i vision, 40-41
Rodwell,
n n pathological
Caitlin, 60-61
t , aggression,
olfactory system.
a 144,148 Payne,
See smell one-
l 1 Katy, 60, 279
way (anti-
i 7 people. See
backup) gates,
t 9 humans
39,45 operant
y - Pepperberg,
conditioning, 2 Dr. Irene, 242-
11,13,249-50, ,
4 43,249,
265 0 250-
1
opioid system, aggress 51,281-82
5
112-13 ion perception. See
9
oppositional and, also sensory
,
deficit disorder 144,14 abilities;
1
(ODD), 176 6 visual
6
orienting autism environment
8
response, 49 - and, animals and,
orphaned 6 187-89 31-33, 288-
animals, 161-62 9 as 90
over- behavio details that
generalizing, P r scare cattle
and fear, 224-25 a motivat and, 19,20,
oxytocin g or, 315- 22-23, 33-
maternal e 16 39
behavior and, , degrees humans and,
of pain 30-31
I 3
Pfungst, Dr. reaction ,
Oskar, 289 s to pitbu
pheromones, multipli 1 lls,
61-62 er units 4 132-
phobias, 210- by, 80- 3 33,1
11,219 81 49,2
Piaget, Jean, supersti P 37
120 tion and i play,
piglets, confirm n 94,11
squeeze ation k 8-24
machines for, bias in, e brain circuits
116-17 99- r and, 118-20
pigs 100 , physical
aggression in, p movement
154-55 i S and adult
artificial l t devel-
insemination o e opment
and, 103-04 e v and,120-21
breeding for r e roughho
leanness in, e n using
100-101, c , and,
148 t 94,121
dominance i 2 -23,
among, 170- o 7 153-54
71 n 6 surprise and,
123-24 play R ment, and change in
fights, 91 a and behavior of,
pleasure center, l behavior, 69-70, 77, 148
95 positive e 9-10,16 Ross, John, 14-
associations, 12 i releasers, 15 Rottweilers,
positive g and fixed 132-33,149,
reinforcement, h action 237
and behavior, 9 , patterns, roughhousing,
post-traumatic 135 94,121-
stress disorder M repressio 23,153-54
(PTSD), i n, 91-92
194 c reptilian Sacks,
predatory h brain, 53, Oliver,
aggression, a 54 43-44,
134-43,162 e response 64-65
as behavior l inhibition savants,
motivator, , , 264 7-8,294,
313-14 reward 298-302
hyperactivatio 1 center of Schaller,
n of, 139-40 4 brain, 95 Susan,
killing bite 4 rewards 255-
and, 134-38 animal 58,259-
need to R behavio 60,
manage, 141- a r and, 292-93
43 t 9,12 screwworms,
quiet bite and, e autism 27-28
138-39 y and, secondary
prepared , 13-14 emotions, 90-
stimulus, 210 t 91 SEEKING
prey chase J r system in the
drive, 93 o a brain emotions
primates, smell h i and, 95-96,98
and vision in, n n predatory
61-62,73 , i behavior and,
punishment n 136,138-39
behavior and, 1 g seismic
9,13,18,231- 1 communication,
32 a 60-61 seizure
training and, r n alert dogs, 287-
324 a d 88,290
t , selection
quiet bite, 138 s pressure
breedin 3 accidental
rage, 93, 312- g for 2 effects of, 77-
13 albinis 2 79, 87-88
rage m in, - breeding
aggression, 78-79 2 programs and,
143-44,145 curiosit 3 72-73, 87-88
y and, curiosity in
96-98 r animals and, 97
pain i emotional
experi d makeup of dogs
ments i and, 81-85,87-
on, 184 n 88
smell g
and fear ,
and, 202-
03 5
redirected -
aggressio 6
n, 144 Rock,
Reeve, Irvin, 50,
Christoph 65-66
er, 64 role
reflection reversal,
s, 122
reactions roosters,
to, 33-34 breeding
reinforce programs
 humans as R e molke
main engine of i l r,
evolution c l Rache
and, 73-77 h fea l, 151
selective a r snake
breeding. See r an s, 88,
also breeding d d, 209-
programs , 20 10,
fear and social 2- 213
reinstatement 2 04,
and, 2 20
126-28 0 7
self- pro
handicappi s ces
ng, 122 h sin
self- u g
stimulation t of
, 95-96 t sen
sensory l sor
abilities e y
differences dat
between b a
animals o an
and x d,
humans for, , 6
59-62 extreme 4
perception of 1 -
animals and, 9 6
57-59 8 5
processing silent ,
sense data in thunder
the brain of 7
and, 62-67 elephants, 3
separation 59-61
distress, Simons, v
94,109-12 Daninel, i
sequencing, 24 single- s
252-53 trait i
serotonin, breeding, o
144,145 70- n
service dogs, 72,148
8,246 sex- Skinner, a
motivated B. F, n
behavior, 318- 9,10- d
19 sexual 11,12- ,
attraction and 13,14,
lust, 94,100- 16,99, 6
114 accidental 227 1
effect of pig Skinner -
breeding for box, 18 6
leannes skull 2
s and, shape,
100- and S
101,148 breeding m
learning programs i
and mate for t
selection collies, h
and, 81-82 ,
102-04 Slobodch
neut ikoff, Dr. T
ering Con, o
and, 273,274- m
101- 75, ,
02 2
Shah, 7 2
Amitt 6 3
a, 296 5
Shrak s
e, m S
Snyder, Dr. 121-23 60- erie
Allan, 299, 300, social 61 nce
301-02 reinstate Spinka, with
social ment, and Dr. , 4-5
attachment, fear, 126 Marek, squeeze
94,129-30 sonar, 61 123 machines, 114-
social song, squeeze 17
dominance, animal, chutes Standley,
132-33,144- 279-80 center- Connie, 288-89
45, sound track stress,
161,164- autistic restraini 21,144,147
68,169- people ng subcortical
70,173, and, 49- system brain
175-76,259 50, 63- and, 12 structures, 53
social emotions, 64 details superstition,
93-94,100. reaction that animal, 98-100
See also s to, scare surprise, and
separation 35- animals play, 123-24
distress; 36,49- in, survival
sexual 50 19,20, emo
attraction and seismic 2 tion
lust; social commu 2 s
attachment; nication - and,
play using, 2 198
social 60-61 3 -
intelligence, 115 silent , 201
socialization, thunder fear
32-33 to other of 3 and,
animals, 155- elephant 3 196
62 to people, s and, - -97
156,162- 5 3 Symon,
64,176-77 9- 9 Jennifer, 264-
socially 60 65
motivated son e
behavior, 314- ar a task analysis, 13
15 use r territorial
social memory, in l aggression,
106 ani y 133-34,147
social modeling ma testosterone,
theory, 249-51 ls e 105,122
social play, and and x thalamus, 213-
roughhousing, , p 14
358 Index
thinking 322-24 10 ershadowing, 92-93, 261
animals and, task analysis 5- violent behavior, 150-52
241-83 and, 13 09 visual acuity, 40,42
pictures and young va visual environment, 16-23
images in, 16- animals and, so attention to detail and, 31-33, 57
18 233-35, 295 to behaviorists and, 18
specializing trauma, ci binocular vision in, 41-42
in, 263-65 memory of, n, color and, 42-44, 62
Thomas, 194 Trehub, 10 consciousness and awareness of,
Elizabeth Sandra, 277 5- 66-67
Marshall, 246- triune brain 06
47 three-brain theory, 54 ve
theory, 53-54 ge
tone language, unconscious, tar
280 touch 92, 215-16 ia
reaction to, United States ni
117-18 Department of s
Agriculture m,
squeeze
(USDA), 27- 17
machine and,
29 universal 9-
114-15,118
fears, 107-08 80
training
unknown, fear ve
anthropomorp
of, 221 rb
hism and, 14
al
—15 ov
methods for, vasopressin,
 contrast and, Williams,
38, 42-44 Donna,
details that
scare cattle
293, 299
Williams, ABOUT
and, 19,20,
22-23, 33-
George C,
196
THE
39 difference Wilson, AUTHO
between
animal vision
Ben, 151
Wilson, RS
and Matthew,
human 262-63
vision and, wolves,
39-42 fear and DNA
and, 204-06 of dogs,
hearing and 86
processing of TEMPLE GRANDIN has
data from, yellow,
64 reactions redefined society's
human to, 44— perception of what is pos-
orientation to, 45,47 Yin, sible for people with autism.
24-26 Sophie, Her world-famous "hug
inattentional 276
blindness and, machine," a pressure device
25, 51, Zhang, Jianzhi she invented to alleviate her
65-67 George, 62 own anxiety, led to the
language and,
261-62 invention of pressure
panoramic therapies for autistic people
vision in, 40- worldwide. She has been
41 pictures instrumental in explaining
and images in
thinking and, sensory sensitivity as well as
16-18 how autistic people think.
smell Grandin is perhaps best
and,
known, however, for being a
61-62
traum passionate and effective
a animal advocate and for
mem explaining to humans how
ory
animals think. She
and,
194 revolutionized animal
visual movement systems and
streak spearheaded reform of the
, 42
quality of life and humane-
visual
think ness of death for farm
ers animals. In fact, half the
detail-oriented cattle in the United States
approach of, 26,
and Canada are handled in
33 human
experience and, systems she designed.
24-26 V- An associate professor at
restrainers, 12. Colorado State University,
See also squeeze
chutes
Grandin holds a Ph.D. in
animal science from the
Walker, University of Illinois. She is
Dr. Curt, the author of four books:
119,121
Wayne, Thinking in Pictures: And
Dr. Robert Other Reports from My Life
K, 86, 304 with Autism, Emergence:
white
Labeled Autistic, Genetics and
animals,
78-79 the Behavior of Domestic
Widowski, Animals, and Livestock
Tina, 69- Handling and Transport.
70,131
Through her Grandin on
company, Animals in
Grandin Translation.
Livestock She is the
Systems, she mother of
works with three boys,
the country's two of
fast food whom have
purveyors, autism, and
including lives with
McDonald's, her husband
Wendy's, and and children
Burger King, in Irvington,
to monitor New York.
the
conditions of
animal
facilities
worldwide.
She lectures
widely on
both animal
science and
autism and
serves as a
role model
for hundreds
of thousands
of families
and people
with autism.

C ATHERINE
J OHNSON ,
Ph.D., is a
writer
specializing
in the brain
and
neuropsychia
try. For
seven years
she served as
a trustee of
the National
Alliance for
Autism
Research,
returning to
civilian life
just in time
to begin
work with
Temple
 THINKING IN PICTURES
A N D O T H E R R E P O R T S F R O M MY
L I F E W I T H A U T I S M

BYTEMPLE GRANDIN
With a foreword by Oliver Sacks

Expanded edition including the most recent research,

therapy, and resources

H
I hardly know what to say about this remarkable book. . . . It
provides a way to understand the many kinds of sentience,
human and animal, that adorn the earth."
— Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, author of The Hidden Life of Dogs

T emple Grandin, Ph.D., is a

gifted animal scientist who has
designed one third of all the
livestock-handling facilities in the
United States. She also lectures
widely on autism because she is
autistic, a woman who thinks, feels,
and experiences the world in ways
that are incomprehensible to the rest
of us. In this unprecedented book,
Temple Grandin writes from the dual
perspectives of a scientist and an
T H I N K I N G IN PICTURES
autistic person, gracefully bridging
the gulf between her condition and
: ;
our own while shedding light on our
:f / f O S v . >Y 0 : ; 5 f 0 U V i '■< ^
common identity.

0307-27565-5 BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHIATRY

AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK FROM VINTAGE BOOKS

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