Chapter 1

The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western Imperialism.

England

● Emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power

● People asserted that “Britannia Rules the Waves”

● Won in the First Opium war (1840-1842) against Chinese Empire under the Manchu dynasty,

● Acquired the island of Hong Kong

● Won again in the Second Opium War (1856-1860)

● Forced the Manchu Dynasty to cede Kowloon Peninsula.

Note: In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor, rejecting proposals to legalize the tax opium, appointed viceroy
Lin Zexu to go to Canton to stop the opium trade completely.[8] Lin wrote an open letter to Queen
Victoria, which she never saw, appealing to her moral responsibility to stop the opium trade.[9] Lin then
resorted to using force in the western merchants' enclave. He confiscated all supplies and ordered a
blockade of foreign ships on the Pearl River. The British government responded by dispatching a military
force to China and in the ensuing conflict, the Royal Navy used its naval and gunnery power to inflict a
series of decisive defeats on the Chinese Empire,[11] a tactic later referred to as gunboat diplomacy. In
1842, the Qing dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking—the first of what the Chinese later
called the unequal treaties—which granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to British subjects in
China, opened five treaty ports to British merchants, and ceded Hong Kong Island to the British Empire.

The second Opium War was a combination of strong countries against one country. Britain demanded the
Qing authorities renegotiate the Treaty of Nanjing (signed in 1842), Their demands included opening all
of China to British merchant companies, legalizing the opium trade.

Spain

● Spain who was once upon a time the “Mistress of the World”, was stagnating as a world power.
● Lost her rich colonies in Latin America (Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador.
● Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and
Uruguay
● Colonies that remained under her rule was Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Note: Many different factors, including the decentralized political nature of Spain, inefficient taxation, a
succession of weak kings, power struggles in the Spanish court and a tendency to focus on the American
colonies instead of Spain's domestic economy, all contributed to the decline of the Habsburg rule of
Spain.

The Napoleonic Wars were more influential in the liberation of the Southern continent of the Americas
and Mexico. When the Spanish were distracted by Napoleon. So the Napoleonic Wars were part of the
ideological and military reason for the liberation of Latin America. The purpose of the American why they
supported Latin countries to gain independence from Spain is to prevent European powers from
interfering with its political affairs.

Evils of Spain in the Philippines

● Racial Discrimination
● Haciendas owned by the friars
● Guardia civil
● Frailocracy
● Maladministration of justice
● No equality
● Human rights denied to Filipinos
● No Phil. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
● Corrupt Officialdom
● Instability of administration

Note: On August 13, 1898, during the Battle of Manila (1898), Americans took control of the city. In
December 1898, the Treaty of Paris (1898) was signed, ending the Spanish–American War and selling the
Philippines to the United States for $20 million. With this treaty, Spanish rule in the Philippines formally
ended.

10 Results on Spanish Colonialization in the Philippines:

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Philippines were the first country in Asia to be liberated from
colonial power.

Note: In the 16th and 17th centuries after the arrival of Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish. Later French
and British marine spice traders

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries conquests focused on ports along the maritime routes,
that provided a secure passage of maritime trade and taxes.

The second phase of European colonization of Southeast Asia is related to the Industrial
Revolution and the rise of powerful nation states in Europe. As the primary motivation for the
first phase was the mere accumulation of wealth, and the long term control of resources.

1. Colonialism in the Philippines began in the sixteenth century, as in Latin America – 300 years
earlier than most Asian countries.
Note: The process of formal decolonization was not complete until the aftermath of World War II,
like in Hong Kong - At midnight on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to Chinese control after a
century and a half of British colonial rule. The handover was meant to establish a “one country,
two systems” relationship between China and Hong Kong that would last until 2047, with Hong
Kong existing as a special administrative region.
 2. Magellan was not the first to “discover” the territory. Barangay communities were already in
contact with Chinese, Indian, and Arab merchants.
3. In the south, Islamization of the archipelago was well underway and the sultanates were
established.
Note: The reason why Magellan was given a named because he was the one who named our
country and introduced us to the other world (Spain)

4. For two centuries Spain did not attempt to “develop” the archipelago, remaining content to use the
“galleon trade.”

5.The Spanish hoped to use the Philippines as a rear base in the conquest of China

6.The friars (church) became central politically, and the church was a source of economic power.

7.The Spanish empire was built in the name of “two majesties” – God (or rather the pope) and the king.

Note:

- Remember that our country was not only Christianized through colonization.

- The friars, who received salaries from the king of Spain, maintained a direct relationship with the
crown as well as serving as the representatives of Rome.

- The clergy was the first beneficiary of the privatization of land, becoming the Philippines’ largest
landowner. It invested in international and local trade and controlled banks and insurance
companies by means of foundations.

- Friars incarnated spiritual and temporal powers, but when the regime entered a crisis, as well as
principal channels of colonial exploitation and appropriation.

8.The Katipunan fought for separation from Spain and not for a deeper assimilation.

9.The Katipunan focuses its attention on eight Tagalog provinces of Luzon where the urban influence on
the countryside was the strongest.

Note: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Pampanga,

10.Independence from Spain gave way to a new colonial order. It was defeat within victory.

Rizal’s Parents
CHAPTERII: CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA

Laguna de Bay is bordered by the province of Laguna in the east, west and southwest, the province of
Rizal in the north to northeast, and Metropolitan Manila in the northwest.

Laguna de Bay An island lake of songs and emerald waters beneath of azure skies

Note: Lake water can be salty or fresh. The difference between a lake and a sea is that a sea is
open to the ocean and at “sea level”. Lakes don't have a direct outlet to the sea and so can be above or
below sea level:
1. Is a type of stilt house indigenous to the cultures of built by his father. These structures were
temporary, made from plant materials like bamboos. The accessibility of the materials made it easier to
rebuild nipa huts when damaged from a storm or earthquake. They are still used today, especially in rural
areas.

The nipa hut in the garden where he learned to sleep and sculpt; the kitchen where he learned the
alphabet; the bedroom where he learned to pray;
2. They prayed daily at home, particularly the Angelus at sunset. Before retiring to bed at night, they
would pray the Holy Rosary in Spanish together and then all 11 children would go and kiss the hands of
their parents, Francisco and Teodora.
3. Rizal’s yaya will bring him out of the street to walk, to gaze how beautiful the moon with its brightness
covering the whole street. He will do stargazing.
First Sorrowful Experience.. He was very fond of her and cried bitterly of losing her.
1. He was a religious boy, from the Catholic can and atmosphere.

2. He loves to go to church and prays and to take part in Novenas

3. And join the Parada or religious procession.

4. He respected the town priest named Father Lopez

5. He was laughingly called Manong Jose by the Hermanas/Hermanos because of his devout
inspiration.
CHAPTERIII: EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN

Chapter 3 – Rizal’s Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

Teaching was characterized by four R’s:

u Reading u Writing

u Arithmetic u Religion

- Instruction was rigid and strict.

- Knowledge was forced into the minds of pupil.

- By means of tedius memory method aided by teachers whips.

Note:

- Rizal was born with physical weakling, rose to become an intellectual giant not because of, but
rather the outmoded and backward system of the Spanish colonization.
 - Education was mostly religion oriented and controlled by the Church because all universities,
colleges, public schools were created by them.

Education in Spanish Era:

● Primary level to the tertiary level of education

● Schools focused on the Christian Doctrines
● Separate school for boys and girls
● Wealthy Filipino or the ilustrados were accommodated in the schools

Note: Even by the late 19th century, the Spanish language was still unknown to the Filipinos. Only
the Spanish autocracies tried to distinguish themselves from the Filipinos.

LATIN ALPHABET

Note:

- “Abecedario” It totally wiped-out our “alibata” and “Baybayin”

- Pre-colonial to early colonial period: Baybayin - Indonesia and Malaysia came to the islands –
Luzon and Visayas
 - Spanish period: Abecedario - "LL" stood for an “elye” CH, LL, and RR - Chavacano language -
Spanish-based creole (mixed Spanish/Native) Zamboanga

The Hero’s First Teacher

● The first teacher of Rizal was her mother

● A remarkable woman of good character and fine culture
● Rizal at the age of 3, learns the alphabets and prayers.
● Doña Teodora discovered Jose’s talent for poetry and encourage him to write

Private tutors of Rizal

● Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor.

● Maestro Lucas Padua was second private tutor
● Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. he was the classmate of
Don Francisco

Note:

- Maestro Celestino & Padua giving Rizal lessons at home, while Monroy an old man, did not
live long (died 5 months later)
- If teacher Monroy did not die he could have been stayed in Calamba, never Biñan.

Uncle Jose Alberto – gave wise direction in the studies of Jose

Uncle Gregorio – instilled into the mind of Jose the love for education.

Note: Uncle Gregorio was a lover of books. • He instilled into the mind of his nephew a great
love for books. • He taught him to work hard, to think for himself, and to observe life keenly.

Uncle Jose, who had been educated at Calcutta, India, was the youngest brother of Dona Teodora. • He
encouraged his nephew to paint, sketch, and sculpture.

27. • Uncle Manuel was a big, strong, and husky man. • He looked after the physical training of his sickly
and weak nephew. • He encourage Rizal to learn swimming, fencing, wrestling, and other sports, so that
in later years Rizal’s frail body acquired agility, endurance, and strength.

Tio Manuel Alberto- seeing Jose was frail in nature concerned himself with the physical development of
his nephew. He also taught Jose to love for open air and admiration for the beauty of nature.

Jose Goes to Biñan

 ● June 1869 – Jose goes to Biñan with Paciano
● Carromata – transportation
● Lodged at her aunt’s house

Note: Why Pepe need to go to Biñan? To study gradeschool.

Carromata

First day in Biñan School

● School of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – formal teacher

● Rizal Described his Maestro as tallthin, long necked, sharp-nosed, with a body slightly bent
forward.
● The school was, in maestro’s house

Note: The school was in the house of Maestrohe believed in “not sparing the rod”. Rizal complained
that rare was the day when he did not suffer five or six “palmetazos” (slapping) on his hands or his
behind even though he surpassed all of his classmates in Spanish, Latin and other subjects. His
bitterness against these barbarous methods of instruction never left him.

First school Brawl

● Pedro (teachers son) (bully) – wrestling

● Andres Saladan- arm wrestling
● Jose never run away from a fight

Note:

- Pedro was the teacher’s son (a bully)

- Jose learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel

Painting lessons in Biñan

● Near the school was the house of an old painter Old Juancho, Father inlaw of the school teacher
● Freely gave Jose painting lessons
● Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra become apprentices of old Jauncho.

Note: Lured by his love of painting, he spent many leisure hours at the painter’s studios. Old Juancho
was impressed of Pepe’s artistic talent with this he became the favorite painter of the class

Daily life in Biñan

Jose’s Daily Routine:

u Hears mass at 4 a.m or studies lesson before going to mass

u Goes to orchard to look for a mabolo to eat

u Breakfast u Goes to class at 10a.m

u Lunch break u Goes back to school at 2p.m

u Goes home at 5p.m u Prays again

u Studies lesson and draws a little u Has supper

u Plays in the street if moon is bright u Sleeps

Note:

- Pepe led a methodical life in Biñan almost like a “Spartan” in simplicity and even recorded in his
memoirs. And it credited him ang strengthened his body and soul.
- Breakfast always a 2 small dried fish and dish of rice
- Lunch break if there was a specials dish, Leandro and him will take some from the dish and will
eat later.
- Supper always with rice and “ayungin” Ayungin is usually cooked with vinegar, paksiw, but today
I instead of using vinegar I cooked it with green tamarind fruits.

Best Student in School

● Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin and other subjects

● His older classmates were jealous and squealed to the teacher whenever he had fights
● Jose usually receives five to six blows.

END OF BIÑAN SCHOOLING

● Jose left Biñan after one year and a half schooling in that town.
● Jose recieves letter from Saturnina
● Talim- the steamer that Jose rode
Note:
- Pepe had a premonition that he would not return to Biñan anymore, sad, he regretfully
bade farewell to his teacher and classmates despites the attitude and unwelcome he
received from them.
- He rode the streamer or steam boat as he was thrilled cause it was his first time.

The Cavite Mutiny

January 20 1872, The Cavite mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite

Note: The primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an order from Governor-General Rafael
de Izquierdo to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from which
they were previously exempt.

The Mutiny based on the Spanish Perspective

● Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as “revolution” an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.
● Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate
the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.
● He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish government
to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.

Note:

1. Secular priests, priests not under any religious order, began to emerge and were assigned
churches. The regulars, priests from the established orders, naturally protested.

2. Their reasons were mostly racist—they were Filipinos, and they were unfit to serve as priests. But
the underlying motivation was purely economic—more Filipino priests controlling key churches
would shake the established status quo or, worse, they could lead a rebellion

A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident

● the abolition of privileges of the workers like non-payment of tributes and exemption
from force labor were the main reasons
● the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.
● Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native
army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native
clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

Note:

1. who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.

2. Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a
full-blown conspiracy

But What are the REAL reasons and implications?

1. the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the
powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management of
educational institutions.

2. The Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree promoting the fusion of
sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute.

3. The Friars stated the mutiny as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the
object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. (revolution)

Note:

1. This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in
their dire sedire to maintain power in the Philippines.

2. The decree proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring
teaching positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement
was warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization.

3. The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took
advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government

4. Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment
while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by
garrote.

5. The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the
action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for
reforms and eventually independence.

6. And leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine
Revolution of 1896.

Note:

1. Secular priests, priests not under any religious order, began to emerge and were assigned
churches. The regulars, priests from the established orders, naturally protested.

MARTYRDOM OF GOM-BUR-ZA

February 17 1872- On February 17, 1872, three priests—Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora—were killed in Bagumbayan on charges of leading a mutiny of arsenal workers in Cavite with
the aim of overthrowing the colonial government.

Mariano Gomez,

● the Old Veteran

 ● 72 year olds, Ilustrado to the core, liberal priest

Note: In his younger years, he was just as militant, fighting for the rights of the secular clergy and
agrarian reform, which made him a wholly unpopular figure among the Spanish landed elite.

Jacinto Zamora,

● the Victim of False Identity

● He was a gambler
● He was 36 at the time

Note:

1. —he had a habit of playing cards during mass. While the others could be said to have died for
some sort of conviction, Zamora was a gambling priest who had little care in the world.

2. One day in 1872, he received a letter that one of his gambler friends had “bullets and
gunpowder”—code for a lot of cash. That note fell into Spanish authorities and branded him as
the one thing they feared the most: a native priest trying to start a revolution.

Pedro Burgos, the ‘King of the Filipinos’

● Secular priest who really clamored for Filipino rights

● He was 35 when he was sentenced to die

Injustice to Hero’s Mother

● In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on malicious charge that she aided his brother Jose
Alberto in trying to poison his wife
● Jose Alberto’s wife connived with the Spanish lieutenant of guardia civil and filed a case againts
Rizal’s mother

Issues before the Incident:

● A ranking member of the guardia civil, was offended when his request for the grass
(FODDER)was turned down by Francisco Mercado.

● building of a sugar mill on a disputed land

● Paciano, whose close association with the executed priest Father Jose Burgos, put him in the list
of those who were being closely watch by the government.

● Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife because of her infidelity

● Jose Alberto’s wife connived with the Spanish lieutenant of guardia civil and filed a case againts
Rizal’s mother
● then accused Jose Alberto and Teodora of trying to poison Jose Alberto’s wife. Teodora was
named as an accomplice. Jose Alberto, the main suspect.

● Doña Teodora and Jose Alberto was convicted by a Mayor without trial

● Imprison in Sta Cruz, Laguna

● 50 kilometers forced walk to Sta. Rosa