Proceedings, 6th IFAC Conference on Bio-Robotics

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Bio-Robotics
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IFAC PapersOnLine 51-17 (2018) 807–810

Estimation of evapotranspiration using Bowen ratio method

Estimation
Estimation
Estimation of
of evapotranspiration
of evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration using
using Bowen
using Bowen
Bowen ratio
ratio method
ratio method
method
* *1 * *
Noman Ali Buttar**. Hu Yongguang*1
*1. Abdul Shabbir**. Imran Ali Lakhiar**
*
Noman Ali Buttar
*
* *. Hu **Yongguang*1
** *1. Abdul*** Shabbir
*** *
*. Imran Ali Lakhiar *****
*
Noman
Ikram
NomanUllah
Noman
Ali
Ali Buttar
Ali
*
Buttar
Buttar
*. Hu
*.Asad*..Ali
**
Hu**
Hu
Yongguang
.Muhammad
Yongguang
**Yongguang *1.. Aleem
*1
.
Abdul
Abdul***
Abdul
Shabbir
*** .Muhammad
Shabbir
Shabbir
*** *.. Imran
*
. Imran
Imran AsimAli
Ali Yasin****
Ali Lakhiar
Lakhiar
Lakhiar
****
****
*
*
Ikram
Ikram Ullah Ullah
Ullah*.Asad*
* .Asad
.Asad Ali Ali .Muhammad
**.Muhammad
** Aleem
Aleem .Muhammad
***.Muhammad
*** Asim
Asim Yasin
Yasin ****
****
****
Ikram
Ikram Ullah Ali .Muhammad Aleem
.Asad Ali .Muhammad Aleem .Muhammad Asim Yasin .Muhammad Asim Yasin
**
*
** Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
Key Laboratory
* Key
Laboratory of University,
of Modern Agricultural
Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
Technology
*
Key
Key Laboratory
Jiangsu
Jiangsu
Laboratory of University,
of Modern Zhenjiang Equipment
Zhenjiang
Modern Agricultural
Agricultural
212013,
212013, China.
Equipment
Equipment
and
China.
and
and Technology
Technology
**
**
**Research Center of Fluid Machinery Jiangsu
Jiangsu University,
University,
Engineering and Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang
Technology, 212013,
212013, China.
China.
Jiangsu University,
** Research Center of Fluid
**Research Center of Fluid
Machinery Jiangsu
Jiangsu Engineering
University,
University, and Technology,
Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang 212013,
212013, Jiangsu
China.
China.University, Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang 212013,
212013, China
China
**Research Center of Fluid
***
*** Machinery
Machinery
***School of Engineering
Engineering
Environmental and
and Technology,
Technology,
Engineering, Hohai Jiangsu
Jiangsu University,
University,
University, Nanjing Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang 212013,
212013, China
China
** Research
Research Center
Center of
of Fluid
Fluid
*** Machinery
Machinery Engineering
Engineering and
and Technology,
Technology, Jiangsu
Jiangsu University,
University, Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang 212013,
212013, China
China
****
****
****Department of *** School
School
***Management of
of Environmental
Environmental
Science, COMSATS Engineering,
Engineering, Hohai
Hohai
University University,
University,
Islamabad, Nanjing
Nanjing
Vehari Campus, Pakistan
**** *** School
School of
of Environmental
Environmental Engineering,
Engineering,
****Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
Hohai
Hohai University,
University, Nanjing
Nanjing
****Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
**** Department of of Management
Management Science, Science, COMSATS University University Islamabad,
Islamabad, Vehari Vehari Campus,
Campus, Pakistan
Pakistan
Abstract: Department Evapotranspiration (ET) or water lossCOMSATS to the atmosphere is one of the most significant parts of
Abstract: Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET)
(ET) or water loss to the atmosphere is one of the most significant parts
ET of
Abstract:
the hydrologic
Abstract:
Abstract: cycle, and its estimation
Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) or
(ET) or water
or water
water
loss
loss to
is subjected
loss to the
to to atmosphere
the
the uncertainties.
atmosphere
atmosphere
is
is
one
one of
one of the
is Therefore,
of the most
the most
most
significant
Calculation
significant
significantof theparts
parts
parts
of
is
of
of
the
the hydrologic
hydrologic cycle,
cycle, and
and its
its estimation
estimation is
is subjected
subjected to
to uncertainties.
uncertainties. Therefore,
Therefore, Calculation
Calculation of
of the
the ET
ET is
an integral
the hydrologic
the part
hydrologic cycle, of agricultural
cycle, and and its water
its estimation
estimation ismanagement
is subjected
subjected to in local, regional
to uncertainties. and
uncertainties. Therefore, global water
Therefore, Calculation balance
Calculation of of the ET is
studies.
the ET In
is
is
an
an
this integral
integral
study Bowen part
part of
of agricultural
agricultural
ratio methodwaterwater
is used management
management
for measuring, in
in local,
local, regional
regional
deriving, andand and global
global
estimating water
water balance
input balance
parameters studies.
studies. In
In
for the
an
an integral
integral part
part of
of agricultural
agricultural water
water management
management in
in local,
local, regional
regional and
and global
global water
water balance
balance studies.
studies. In
In
this study
this study Bowen Bowen ratio
ratio method is used
used for for measuring, deriving,one andmonth estimating input parameters for the
the
estimation
estimation
this
this study
study Bowen
of
of ET
BowenET forfor ratio
ratiothemethod
the whole
method
method
is
whole cropping
cropping
is
is used
used for
measuring,
season
season
for
for
for tea
measuring,
measuring,
deriving,
tea canopy,
canopy,
deriving,one
deriving, and
and
and-1
estimating
month data
data is
estimating
estimating isinput
presented
presented
input parameters
here.
parameters for
here. Results
Results
for
for the
estimation
estimation
depicted theofmaximum
of ET for
ET for theand
the whole
whole cropping
cropping
minimum season
season
estimated for
for
ET tea
tea
as canopy,
canopy,
7.44 one
one
mmday -1month
-1month
and data
0.12 isinput
datammday
is presented
presented
parameters
-1
-1 here. Results
here.
-1 respectively.
the
Results
The
depicted
estimationthe
estimation ofmaximum
of ET
ET forfor the theand whole
whole minimum
cropping
cropping estimated
season
season for ET tea
for as 7.44
tea canopy,
canopy, mmday
one
one -1 and 0.12
month
month data
data mmday
is
is presented
presented
-1 respectively.
here.
here. The
Results
Results
depicted
depicted the
the maximum
maximum and minimum estimated ET as 7.44 mmday -1
-1 -1 and
and 0.12
0.12 mmday
mmday -1 respectively.
respectively. The
The
overall
overall estimated
depicted
depicted estimated
the
the maximum
maximum
ET
ET for forand
and
andtheminimum
the whole
whole month
minimum
minimum
estimated
month
estimated
estimated
was ET
was 3.423633
ET
ET as
as 7.44
3.423633
as 7.44
mmday
mmday
7.44mmday
mmday
mmday
-1.-1
-1 .-1The
The estimated
and estimated
and 0.12
0.12 mmday
mmday
ET
ET-1 -1will
will be
be compared
compared
respectively.
respectively. The
The
overall
overall
and estimated
estimated
calibrated againstET
ET for
for
directthe
the whole
whole
ET month
month
estimation was
was
method3.423633
3.423633
(i.e. mmday
mmday
eddy
-1. The
-1. The estimated
covariance)
-1 estimated
for the ET
ET
whole will
will be
be
cropping compared
compared
season
overall estimated
overall estimated ET ET for for thethe whole
whole monthmonth was was 3.423633
3.423633 mmday mmday .. The The estimated
estimated ET ET willwill bebe compared
compared
and calibrated
calibrated against
against direct ET estimation method (i.e. eddy covariance) for the whole cropping season
and
and further
calibrated
calibrated against direct
predictions
against will beET
direct
direct ET
ET
estimation
provided
estimation
estimation about method
method
method
(i.e.
(i.e. eddy
the implementation
(i.e. eddy covariance)
eddy of this method
covariance)
covariance)
for
for the
for thefor
the
whole
othercropping
whole
whole crops as season
cropping
cropping well.
season
season
and
and further
further predictions
predictions will
will be
be provided
provided about
about the
the implementation
implementation of
of this
this method
method for
for other
other crops
crops as
as well.
and
©
and further
2018,
further
Keywords: IFAC predictions
(International
predictions
Evapotranspiration, will be
will be provided
Federation
provided
Bowen of about
about
ratio, the implementation
Automatic
the
Tea. implementation
Control) Hosting of by
of thisElsevier
this methodLtd.
method for All
for other
other crops
rights
crops as well.
well.
reserved.
as well.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Bowen ratio, Tea.
Keywords:
Keywords: Evapotranspiration,
Evapotranspiration, Bowen Bowen ratio, Tea.
ratio, Tea.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration,
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Bowen Bowen ratio,ratio, Tea.
Tea.
1. INTRODUCTION observed potential evapotranspiration only after application
1. INTRODUCTION observed
observed
of potential
potential
a correction forevapotranspiration
evapotranspiration
a time lag and the only
only after
after
wind application
application
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION observed
observed potential
potential evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration only
only aftervelocity.
after application
applicationNo
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION of
of a
method correction
aa correction
based on for
for a time
aa time
monthly lag
lag
temperature and
and the
the wind
wind
alone can velocity.
velocity.
be expectedNo
No
Evapotranspiration (ET) is
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a process by which water ofa process by which water of correction
a correction for
for time lag
a timetemperature and
lag and the the wind
wind velocity.
velocity. No
No
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a process by which water method
method
to give based on
based
reliable onresults
monthly
monthly for temperature
different alone
alone
regions. can
can be expected
be
Penman expected
(1948)
Evapotranspiration
undergoes a phase
undergoes a phase change (ET)
change is
from
isfrom a process
liquid to by
vapour which with water
little to give
method reliable
based on results
monthly for different
temperature regions.
alone Penman
can be (1948)
expected
Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
undergoes a phase
(ET) is
(ET)
change from aa liquid
processto by
process
liquid to
vapour
by
vapour
which
which withwater
with
little method
water
little to
to give based onresults
reliable monthly temperature
forsound
different alone can
regions. be expected
Penman (1948)
undergoes
temperatureaaa change
temperature
undergoes
undergoes
phase
phase change
change
phase
and
and the
change
change thefrom
from
from
removal
removal liquid
liquid
liquid of to
of thevapour
the
to
to vapourwith
vapour
vapour
vapour fromlittle
from
with
with
the
the has
little
little to give
has
has
to give
give
reliable
evolved
evolved
reliable
reliable
results
aa formula
formula
resultsby
results
byfor different
forsound
for different
different
regions.
physical
physical Penman
reasoning.
reasoning.
regions.
regions. Penman
Penman
(1948)
Recently
Recently
(1948)
(1948)
temperature change and the removal of the vapour from the has
Makkinkevolved
evolved a
a
(1957) formula
formula by
by
published sound
sound a physical
physical reasoning.
reasoning.
correlation formula Recently
Recently
with
temperature
surface
surface
temperatureto
to air. change
air. It and
includes
It includes
change and thethe removal
transpiration
the transpiration
removal of of the
of thethatvapour
represents
thatvapour
the represents
vapour from the
from the
the Makkink Makkink
has evolved (1957)
has evolved(1957) a formula
a formula published
by sound a
by sounda physical correlation
physical formula
reasoning.
reasoning. with
Recently
Recently
temperature
surface to change
air. It and
includes removal
transpiration that represents from the Makkink
incoming (1957)
radiation published
published
and air a
temperature. correlation
correlation formula
formula with
with
surface
surface to
primary
primary useair.
touse of It
air.of includes
Itirrigation
includes and
irrigation andtranspiration
rainfall
rainfall water
transpiration that
that represents
water by plants the
by plants
represents in Makkink (1957)
in Makkink
the (1957) published
published aa correlation correlation formula
formula with with
surface
primary touse air.
of It includes
irrigation andtranspiration
rainfall that
water represents
by plants the
in incoming
incoming radiation
radiation and
and air
air temperature.
temperature.
primary
agricultural
agricultural
primary use
use of
areas
areas
of irrigation
and
and
irrigation and
evaporation
evaporation
and rainfall
from
from
rainfall water
the
the
water soil.
soil.by
by ET
ETplants
occurs
occurs
plants in
in incoming
incoming radiation
radiation and
and air
air temperature.
temperature.
primary
agricultural useareas
of irrigation
and and rainfall
evaporation from water
the soil.by ET plants
occurs in
agricultural
under
under the
agricultural areas
the influence
influence
areas and
and of evaporation
of many
many climatic
evaporation climatic from
fromandthe
and the soil.
biological
biological
soil. ET
ET occurs
factors,
factors,
occurs
agricultural
under the areas
the influence
influence and of evaporation
many climatic from the soil.
and biological
biological ET occurs
factors,
under
representing
representing
under 60% of
60% of many
of total climatic
total and
precipitation
precipitation reachingfactors,
reaching land
land
under the
the influence
representing influence
60%
of
of
of
many
many
total
climatic
climatic and
and biological
precipitation biological
reaching
factors,
factors,
land
representing
surfaces.
surfaces.
representing 60%
Likewise,
Likewise,
60% of total
different
different
of total precipitation
micrometeorological
micrometeorological
precipitation reaching
reaching land
methods
methods
land
representing
surfaces. 60% of
Likewise, total micrometeorological
different precipitation reaching land
methods
surfaces.
have
have been Likewise,
used
beenLikewise,
surfaces. for different
used for different
Likewise, the estimation
the estimation
different micrometeorological
of ET, such
of ET, such as
micrometeorological methods
as Eddy
Eddy
methods
surfaces.
have been used for the estimation micrometeorological
of ET, such methods
as Eddy
have been
been used
Covariance
Covariance
have (EC), for
(EC),
used the
the estimation
Optical
Optical
for Scintillation
Scintillation
estimation of ET,
ET, such
(OS),
of (OS), as
as Eddy
and weighing
and
such weighing
Eddy
have been
Covariance used
(EC), for the
Optical estimation
Scintillation of ET,
(OS), such
and as Eddy
weighing
Covariance
lysimeter
lysimeter
Covariancemethods.(EC),
methods.
(EC), OpticalOptical
These Scintillation
methods
These Scintillation
Optical methods are (OS),
Scintillation are (OS), and
expensive,
expensive,
(OS), weighing
and the
and
and weighing
weighingthe
Covariance
lysimeter (EC),
methods. These methods are and
expensive, and the
lysimeter
sensors
sensors used
usedmethods.
lysimeter methods. are
are
methods. These These
sensitive
sensitive methods
These methods and
and
methods are are
vulnerable
vulnerable expensive,
to
to
are expensive, damage
damage
expensive, and and
and the
and
and
the
lysimeter
sensors used are sensitive and vulnerable to damage the
and
sensors
require
require
sensors used
extensive
extensive
used are
are sensitive
fetch and
fetch
sensitive andand andsitevulnerable
site homogeneity
homogeneity
vulnerable to
to damage
(Hu et
(Hu
damage et and
al.,
al.,
and
sensors used are
require Evapotranspiration
extensive fetch sensitive
fetch and and and vulnerable
sitearehomogeneity
homogeneity to damage
(Hu et and
etasal.,
al.,a
require
2018).
2018). extensive
Evapotranspiration data
data site are usually
usually (Hu
presented
presented as
require extensive
require Evapotranspiration
2018). extensive fetch and fetch and
data
site homogeneity
sitearehomogeneity
usually
(Hu
(Hu etasal.,
presented
et al.,aa
2018).
depth
depth Evapotranspiration
of
of water
water loss
loss over
over data
a
a are
particular
particular usually
period
period presented
like
like as
that
that ofaa
2018).
depth
Evapotranspiration
2018). ofEvapotranspiration
water loss over
data
data are
aa particular
usually
are usually period
presented
presented
like as of
as
that ofa
depth of
precipitation.
precipitation.water loss
Evaporation
Evaporation over and particular
transpiration period both like that
processes of
depth
depth of of water
precipitation.water loss
loss over
Evaporation over andand
transpiration
aa particular
particular
transpiration
period
period both
both likeprocesses
like that
that of
processes of
precipitation.
depend
depend on
on solar
precipitation. Evaporation
solar radiation,
radiation, air
Evaporation and transpiration
andtemperature,
air transpirationrelative
temperature, both
both processes
relative humidity
humidity
processes
precipitation.
depend on Evaporation
solar radiation, and
air transpiration
temperature, both
relative processes
humidity
depend
(i.e.,
(i.e.,
depend on
vapour
vapour solar
on solar radiation,
pressure
pressure
solar radiation, deficit)
deficit)air
air temperature,
and
and wind
wind
temperature, speed.
speed. relative
Standard
Standard
relative humidity
units
units Fig.
humidity Fig. 1.1. Process
Process of of evapotranspiration.
evapotranspiration.
depend
(i.e., on
vapour radiation,
pressure -1 deficit) and
-1 air temperature,
-1 wind speed. Standard
-1 relative humidity
units Fig. 1. Process of evapotranspiration.
(i.e.,
for
for ET vapour
(i.e.,ET are pressure
inchday
are inchday
vapour pressure
-1 or deficit)
mmday
deficit) and and
-1
and . wind speed.
wind speed. Standard
speed. Standard
Standard units units
units Fig. Fig. 1. Process of evapotranspiration.
(i.e.,
for ET vapour pressure
are inchday -1 deficit)
-1 or mmday -1 wind
-1 . Fig. 1.1. Process
Process of of evapotranspiration.
evapotranspiration.
for
for ET
ET are
are inchday
inchday-1 -1 or
or mmday
mmday-1 -1.. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
for ET are inchday or mmday
Furthermore, all ET methods present different structural. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Furthermore, all ET methods present different structural 2. MATERIALS
2. MATERIALS AND AND METHODS METHODS
Furthermore,
complexity
Furthermore, and all
alldata ET
ET methods
requirements
methods present
(Kalma
present different
et al.,
different 2008; structural
Kairu,
structural The experiment
The experiment 2. MATERIALS
was conducted
was conductedAND METHODS on Maichun
on Maichun tea tea farm
farm
Furthermore,
complexity all
and datadata ET methods
requirements present
(Kalma different
et most
al., 2008;
2008; structural
Kairu, The The experiment was conducted
conducted on18Maichun
Maichun tea farm
farm
complexity
1991). However,
1991). However, and it isrequirements
difficult
it isrequirements to
difficult to select (Kalma
select theet al.,
theet most Kairu,
appropriate
appropriate experiment
(32°01′33″N,
(32°01′33″N, was
119°40′22″E,
119°40′22″E, altitude
altitude of on
of m,
18Maichunhilly tea
terrain)
m, hilly terrain) in
in
complexity
complexity
1991). However,
and
and datadata isrequirements
itgiven difficult to
(Kalma
(Kalma
select
al.,
al., 2008;
theet most
most 2008; Kairu, The
Kairu,
appropriate The experiment
experiment
(32°01′33″N,
was
was conducted
119°40′22″E, conducted
altitude
on
on18
of Maichun
m,
tea
tea farm
hilly terrain)
terrain)farm
in
1991).
ET However,
method
ET method for a
for a it it is
given difficult
study.
study. to to
This
This select
is the
mostly
is mostly due appropriate
to lack
dueappropriate of (32°01′33″N,
Danyang, Jiangsu
Danyang, Jiangsu
to lack of (32°01′33″N, 119°40′22″E,
Province altitude
from
Province altitude
119°40′22″E, from January of
January
of 18 m,
to hilly
June
to June 2016.
2016. But in
But
1991).
1991).
ET
However,
However,
method for aa for
is
is difficult
itgiven difficult
study. to
This
select
select
is
the
the most
mostly most
due appropriate
to lack of (32°01′33″N,
Danyang, Jiangsu119°40′22″E,
Province altitude
from of 18
January18 m,
m,
to
hilly
hilly terrain)
June terrain)
2016.
in
in
But
ET method
objective
objective
ET method for
criteria
criteria
for a given
for
given study.
method
method
study. This
selection
selection
This is
is mostly
(Singh
(Singh
mostly due
and
and
due to
Xu,
Xu,
to lack
1997).
1997).
lack of
of Danyang,
in this
Danyang, studyJiangsu
the
Jiangsu Province
data from
Province from
only
from firstJanuary
month
January to
was
to June 2016. The
analysed.
June 2016. But
But
ET method
objective for a for
criteria given study.selection
method This is (Singhmostly and due Xu, to lack
1997). of Danyang,
in this studyJiangsu
the Province
data from from
only firstJanuary
month to
wasJune 2016. The
analysed. But
objective
objectivea criteria for
for method
method selection (Singh
(Singh and overXu, 1997). in this study
reference study the
ETthe data from
estimationfrom onlyonly first
first month
month was analysed.data,The
Getting
objective
Getting
better understanding
criteria
aa criteria
better for method
understanding
of ET methods
selection
selection
of ET (Singh
methods
and
and
over
Xu,
Xu, temporal
1997). in
1997).
temporal in this
this study
reference ET the data frommethod
data
estimation only firstis
method is
based was
month
based
on climatic
was
on
analysed.
analysed.data,
climatic
The
The
Getting
and spatial better
Getting aa betterscales understanding
could
scalesunderstanding
better be an
could be an approach
understanding of
approach
of ET ET methods
to solve
to solveover
ET methods
methods over
this temporal
problem.
this problem.
over temporal reference reference
which can ET
ETbe estimation
obtained
estimation method
from
method a is
local
is based on
weather
based on climatic
station.
climatic data,
The
data,
Getting
and spatial scales could be an of
approach toempirical
solve temporal
thiscorrelation
problem. reference
which can ETbe estimation
obtained method
from is
a local based on
weather climatic
station. data,
The
and
Some
Some
and spatial
of
of these
spatial scales
these could
could be
methods
methods
scales arean
are
be anbased
based approach
approach on
on ananto solve
solve this
toempirical problem.
thiscorrelation
problem. which which
equation canuses
can be obtained
be obtained
standard fromfrom aaa local
local weather
climatological weather
records station. The
of solar
station. The
and
Some spatial
of scales
these could
methods be
are anbased approach on an to solve
empirical this problem.
correlation which
equation canuses
be obtained
standard from local weather
climatological records station.
of The
solar
Some
with
Some of of these
monthly
of these methods
air
these methods are
temperature
methods are based
are based
based on on an
(Thornthwaite
on an empirical
an empirical 1948, correlation
empirical correlation Blaney
correlation equation equation
radiation
equation uses
(sunshine),
uses standard
standard air climatological
temperature,
climatological records
humidity
records of
and
of solar
wind
solar
Some
with monthly air(1955)
temperature (Thornthwaite 1948, Blaney radiation radiation uses
(sunshine),standard climatological
air temperature,
temperature, records
humiditythe of
and solar
wind
with
1951). monthly
Makkinkair temperature
showed (Thornthwaite
that the curve of1948, Blaney
the monthly speed. To
speed. (sunshine),
To (sunshine),
ensure the
ensure air
the integrity
integrity of humidity
of computations,
computations, and
the wind
weather
weather
with
with
1951).
monthly
monthly
Makkink
air temperature
air(1955)
temperature
showed
(Thornthwaite
(Thornthwaite
that the the curve
1948,
of1948,
curveagrees the withBlaney radiation
Blaney
monthly radiation
speed. To (sunshine),
ensure
air
air temperature,
the integrity temperature,
integrity
humidity
humiditythe
ofat computations,
computations,
and
and wind
wind
weather
1951).
values Makkink
calculated
values Makkink
1951). calculated(1955) (1955)
according
according showed
showed to that
Thornthwaite
to Thornthwaite
that the curve of
agrees
of the
the monthly
with
monthlythe
the speed. speed. To
measurements
measurements
To ensure
ensure the
should
should
the be made
be madeof
integrity of 2m (or
at computations,
2m (or converted the
converted
the weather
to that
to that
weather
1951). Makkink
values calculated (1955)
calculated according showed
according to that
to Thornthwaitethe curve
Thornthwaite agrees of the
agrees with monthly speed. To ensure the integrity
the measurements should be made at 2m (or converted to that
with the measurements should be made ofat computations,
2m (or the
converted weather
to
values that
values
values
1
calculated
calculated accordingaccording to to Thornthwaite
Thornthwaite agrees agrees with the measurements
with the measurements should should be be made
made at at 2m
2m (or (or converted
converted to to that
that
1
1
1 Corresponding author. Email: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
1 Corresponding author.
1 Corresponding author. Email:
Email: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
1
Corresponding
2405-8963 © 2018, IFAC
Corresponding author.
author. Email: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
(International
Email: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
Copyright
Peer review©under
2018 responsibility
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of International Federation of Automatic
Copyright
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© 2018 IFAC
IFAC
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IFAC BIOROBOTICS 2018
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height) above an extensive surface of green grass, shading the Where γ is psychometric constant, ∆T is temperature change,
ground and not short of water. One month weather station and ∆e is vapour pressure change.
data was used for the analysis of ET in that specific period of
time. Step 2: Saturation vapour pressure (es)
Saturation of vapour pressure was computed by using (Eq. 3,
2.1 Measurement Techniques
4, 5).
ET measurement techniques depend on a variety of
eT m ax  eT m in
instruments, and include pan-measurement, use of weighing es  (3)
lysimeters, and Bowen ratio (BR) and eddy covariance 2
techniques (Li et al., 2009).
 17.27  Tm in 
eT m in  0.6108 exp   (4)
2.2 Mathematical Methods  Tm in  237.3 
Where,
Commonly-applied ET mathematical estimation methods can
be categorized as either empirical methods or analytical  17.27  Tm ax 
eT m ax  0.6108 exp   (5)
methods (Verstraeten, 2008). Empirical methods are often
 Tm ax  237.3 
accomplished by employing empirical relationships between
ET measurements and meteorological factors via site-specific Step 3: Net radiation (MJday-1)
parameterization using regression analysis. These methods
may make use of data mainly derived from remote sensing The value of the Net radiation was obtained from the net
observations with minimum ground-based measurements. radiometer installed at 2m height.
Analytical methods involve the establishment of physical
processes at the scale of interest with varying complexity and Step 4: Psychrometric constant
require a variety of direct and indirect measurements from The psychrometric constant can be computed by using (Eq.
sources such as remote sensing technology and ground-based 6).
instruments (Li et al., 2009).
P
In this study, we used Bowen ratio method to calculate the   0.0016286 (6)
ET. 

Where P is atmospheric pressure (kpa), λ is latent heat of

2.3 Bowen Ratio vaporization.

Bowen ratio instrumentation in the everglades measures Step 5: Atmospheric pressure

temperature and humidity at two heights. Also, these all Atmospheric pressure can be computed by using (Eq. 7).
parameters are available on the Bowen ratio Instrument wind
speed and direction, stilling well for water level 5.26
 293  0.0065( z ) 
measurement, pyrometer, rain gauge, air temperature and P  101.3   (7)
humidity sensors at two heights, net radiometers, data logger  293 
and phone, and solar panel.
Where,
The Bowen ratio is the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat z is elevation
flux.
Rn  G Step 6: Latent heat of vaporization
E  (1)
1    Latent heat of vaporization can be computed by using (Eq. 8)
Where λE is Potential evapotranspiration (mmday-1), Rn is
  2.501  (0.002361* Ts ) (8)
Net radiation (MJday-1), G is Soil heat flux (MJday-1), and β
is Bowen ratio.
2.5 Calculation Arrangement
2.4 Calculation of ET with Bowen Ratio
For the present study, each hour's data was divided into 24-
According to Bowen ratio method, the value of ET can be hour interval to calculate the total ET for the day,
derived by using (Eq. 1): respectively, for whole data of the month. After, that average
ET was calculated for the month by adding 30 days data and
Step 1: Bowen ratio calculation (β) divided with 30.
Bowen ratio was computed by using following (Eq. 2): 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T All the experimental results are shown and disused as below.
  (2)
e

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3.1 Calculated ET for days 1 to 7

The available data was used for the estimation of ET using

Bowen ratio method. The ET values for days 1 and 3 were
noted maximum estimated as 4.96 mmday-1 and 4.9 mmday-1
respectively; remaining days had less ET values. It was
concluded that when the value of net radiation increases the
ET value also increased. The results are shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 4. Calculated ET value for days 15 to 21.

3.4 Calculated ET for days 22 to 28

ET values for days 23 and 26 were maximum estimated as

7.24 mmday-1 and 6.72 mmday-1 respectively; remaining days
had less ET values. It was concluded that when the value of
Fig. 2. Calculated ET values for days 1 to 7. solar radiation increases the ET value also increased. The
results are shown in Figure 5.

3.2 Calculated ET for days 8 to 14

The ET values of days 11 and 14 were noted maximum

estimated as 4.94 mmday-1 and 5.472 mmday-1 respectively;
remaining days had less ET values. It was concluded that
when the value of solar radiation increases the ET value also
increased. The results are shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 5. Calculated ET values for days 22 to 28.

3.5 Calculated ET for days 29 and 30

The ET value for day 30 was maximum estimated as 4.71

Fig. 3. Calculated ET values for days 8 to 14.
mmday-1 and minimum for day 29 estimated as 2.89 mmday-
1
. It was concluded that when the value of solar radiation
increases the ET values also increased. The results are shown
in Figure 6.

3.3 Calculated ET for days 15 to 21

The ET value for day 21 was noted maximum estimated as

7.44 mmday-1; remaining days had less ET values. It was
concluded that when the value of solar radiation increases the
ET value also increased. The results are shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 6. Calculated ET values for days 29 and 30.

3.6 Calculated ET for monthly data

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The overall estimated ET for the whole month was 3.42
mmday-1. Maximum and minimum estimated values of ET
from whole month data were estimated as 7.44 mmday-1 and
0.12 mmday-1 .It was concluded that when the value of net
radiation increases the ET value also increased. The results
are shown in Figure 7.
Fig. 7. Calculated ET values for a whole month.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Evapotranspiration estimation is very crucial when it comes
to selecting a proper method of measurement. Bowen ratio is
used in this study for the measurement, which performed well
under certain conditions and it was concluded that the rate of
evaporation was increased as the net irradiance was increased
and vice versa. Final estimated ET for the whole month was
3.424 mmday-1, which seems to be slightly high. This method
is quite expensive to handle, and much care is required in
instrumentation, so there is a need of another less expensive
method.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the financial support by Jiangsu
Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund (CX
(16)1045), the Key R&D programs of Jiangsu Province
(BE2016354) and Priority Academic Program Development
of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (2014-37).
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