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ZE8 ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Mi 63106 1@ BEDFORD ROW, LONDON CIA 4B, ENGLAND8103254 ‘TEACHOUT, ROBERT PAUL ‘THE USE OF “WINE” IN THE OLD TESTAMENT Dallas Theological Seminary TaD. 1979 University Microfilms International sox. zee Road ann Arbor. 48105 Copyright 1980 by Teachout, Robert Paul All Rights Reservedsaa aa tM aOR SAS LSU CO SN a : a 4 a aaa emsrrswitenasccsasunre THE USE OF "WINE" IN THE OLD A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Semitics and Olc Testament Studies Dallas Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Theology by Robert P. Teachout May 1979sicscastuso akc sue ARR A A I PD Trasnen urea seANsia USsL ROEM Accepted by the Faculty of. the Dallas Theological Semi- nary in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology. Examining Committeememacnssinean ttnPASRUEK TMA BASAL a ES RR Cs RNS ST BURN ARN SE THE USE OF "WINE" IN THE OLD TESTAMENT Robert P. Teachout, Th.D. The aim of this thesis is .to explore the riches of the Old Testament insofar as it speaks concerning the subject of grape beverages, whether fresh or fermented. Surprisingly, this neglected area for research involves significant motifs of blessing and cursing and of God's intimate relationship with His people in addition to being of help in illuminating an aspect of everyday life in Olé Testament times. In order to provide a background in which to comprehend the biblical revelation concerning grape beverages, the ancient near eastern cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Syro-Phoenicia, as well as that of the classical world, are surveyed in regard to the production and consumption of wine. This information is compared briefly with that of ancient Israel and the differences are highlighted. So that the study will rest upon a sound lexical basis, all of the pertinent etymological information from the Semitic family of languages is examined for each of the Hebrew words dealing with grape beverages. Several of the words were dis- covered to denote (by the use of the same word in different con- texts) both fresh juice and fermented wine. The major porticn of the dissertation concentrates on the specific Old Testament usage of the words designating wine (in either sense): ‘asis, pémer, sdbe?, tir6S, Sékr, and most significantly (by. reason of its 141 occurrences) y4yin. It wasnt sanvsuee 5 eases veecsotus sso ionis CnkanstapdtuaasdanitaicsniccsSNNRAnLARdE NasNNLANE RN ReRDANNEsNoRANAKE IBAA AIEIoN Gd AAs Ns ARAM found that a harmonistic approach to the exegesis of the respec- tive passages required the conclusion (supported from etymolog- ical studies) that several key words refer to both grape juice and to wine, rather than to one or the other. The problem, then, of God's apparently contradictory evaluation of “wine"-- as both, on the one hand, the epitome of His blessing and, on the other, a product which has so corrupted man and is thus condemned--is in essence a £exicaf rather than a theological one. When it is recognized that the same word may legitimately refer to two distinctly different beverages, it becomes clear that God always approves of grape juice and never approves (in any amount) of wine. Thus the figurative language of the Old Testament is eminently appropriate in using the same Hebrew word, yayin, to picture two contrasting themes. (1) The divine desire to bless His people abundantly is integrally related to God's purpose for the vine: to provide a nourishing and delightful beverage of grape juice throughout the year. (2) However, the opposite theme, the divine necessity of judgment upon sin, is related in Scripture to man's fermented perversion of this gift of the grape, which, rousing God's fierce anger, makes wine a frequent and fitting figure of speech for His wrath and His judgment.emus rE st STS SRR IT CEES TAT SNES AEN OPE oom asl TABLE OF CONTENTS PRES REVCATTONS SYMBOLS 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee VE chapter . I. INTRODUCTION. . 2.2... eee ee ee ee eee OL Demonstrated Need for the Study Purposes Guiding the Study Presuppositions Governing the Study Limitations Applied to the Study Definitions Basic to the Study Methodology and Arrangement of the Study II. HE WINE INDUSTRY IN THE ANCIENT WORLD... .... 28 Egypt : Mesopotamia Anatolia The Graeco-Roman World Syro-Phoenicia Israel Summary and Conclusion III. AN ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT WORDS FOR "WINE" 6 2 eee ee eee ee ee ee 104 oo a2v vin a0 aon boy Summary and Conclusions IV. THE USAGE OF THE WORDS FOR "WINE" IN SCRIPTURE: THE LESS FREQUENT WORDS .........-.+-. 157 Introduction poy aon Jon R30 via :Teena ae SLES UNA a ER SRT RUS A TTC TM row Summary Concerning These Beverages V. THE USAGE OF THE WORDS FOR "WINE" IN SCRIPTURE ee | MOST me QUGWE| WORD; 2172) sp eee rete 2G Summary of the Old Testament Usage of vdyii Major Biblical Distinctions in the Usage-oF The Use of Yayin as a Libation The Use of iin as a Figure of Speech Summary and Conclusion xéyin VI. "WINE" IN PERSPECTIVE ...........+.... 313 The Position that Scripture Approves of the Use of Wine The Position that Scripture Does Not Approve of the Use of Wine Summary and Conclusion APPENDICES A. Index to the Biblical References Cited... .... 339 B. A Table of the Old Testament Use of Y4yin ..... 349 C. Greek Translations of the Hebrew Words for "Wine" . 359 D. A Study of the word $°nrim . 2.2... 2... . 374 =. The Grape Harvest .....- eee ese eee - 382 F. The Grape Press... ee. ee ee ee ee ee 386 G. The Preservation of Grape Juice without 2 Fermentation... ee ee ee et ee ee 396 H. A Table of Hebrew Words Used in Scripture with Reference to the Grape Industry... .... 404 I. Hebrew Verbs Referring to the Act of Drinking ... 420 gv. The Effect of Alcoholic Beverages on the Body . ~~. 427 K, "Not Given to Much Wine"... 2.2. eee ee + 440 ECB ULOGRADE Ys ere 400)(emma crrzss eS cRNA AL OR ET cH AOS ANEP ANET aSv aV BDB la BIE E E ABBREVIATIONS Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon Archaeological Institute of America, comp., Archaeolog- ical Discoveries in the Holy Land W. von Soden, ed., Akkadische Handwérterbuch 3. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East in Pictures Idem., ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Qld Testament The American Standard Version (1901) The Authorized Version F, Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, eds., A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament A. L. Oppenheim, ed., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago G. R. Driver, Canaanite Myths and Legends R, Whittaker, A Concordance of the Ugaritic Literature Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax: An Outline Charles Singer, et al., eds., A History of Technology James Orr, ed., The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testa-~ menti Libros c. F. A. Dillmann, Lexicon Linguae Aethicpicae H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, comps., A Greek-English Lexicon