3482 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO.
9, SEPTEMBER 2011
1) Infinite Sample: Similar to the first example, we firstly consider
the performance of the RB-ISOCP with ideal array covariance matrix
Rx . Fig. 4(a) shows the beampatterns of the RB-ISOCP in discretized
-planes within the region  2 [75 ; 85]. It can be seen that the ROI
is very flat and the array gain in this region can be well controlled ac-
cording to the prescribed ripple size. Moreover, deep nulls are imposed
at the directions of interferences.
2) Finite Sample: In this experiment, the performance of the
proposed method is evaluated when there are uncertainties in the
array covariance matrix due to insufficient samples. For simplicity,
the experimental settings are identical to the previous infinite sample
case, except that the array covariance matrix is approximated from
one hundred snapshots. Fig. 4(b) shows the beampattern obtained
using the RB-ISOCP within the region  2 [75 ; 85 ]. Compared with
the results for the case of ideal array covariance matrix in Fig. 4(a),
it can be seen that the sidelobe level degrades significantly, because
the RB-ISOCP fails to take the uncertainty of the array covariance
matrix into account. Fig. 4(c) shows the beampattern obtained using
the RB-ISOCP-WC with a relative regularization factor of
r = 0:1. 2010.
As expected, the performance can be greatly improved, and the result
is close to that in the case of ideal array covariance matrix.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
An iterative SOCP method for designing robust beamformers with
magnitude response constraints has been presented. A locally optimal
solution to the original non-convex problem is efficiently obtained by
solving a sequence of convex SOCP subproblems, which are obtained
via a local linearization of the magnitude squared response of the array.
The proposed method is further extended to handle uncertainties of the
array covariance matrix due to array imperfections. By incorporating
uncertainties in form of bounded variation in the design procedure, the
robustness of the beamformers can be significantly improved. Design
results show that the proposed method is an attractive alternative to tra-
ditional design methods in tackling the robust beamforming problem,
especially for arrays with arbitrary geometries.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Li and P. Stoica, Robust Adaptive Beamforming. Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley, 2006.
[2] O. L. Frost, “An algorithm for linearly constrained adaptive array pro-
cessing,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 60, pp. 926–935, Aug. 1972.
[3] K. L. Bell, Y. Ephraim, and H. L. Van Trees, “A Bayesian approach
to robust adaptive beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.
48, pp. 386–398, Feb. 2000.
[4] M. H. Er and A. Cantoni, “Derivative constraints for broadband ele-
ment space antenna array processors,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech,
Signal Process., vol. ASSP-31, pp. 1378–1393, Dec. 1983.
[5] H. Cox, R. M. Zeskind, and M. H. Owen, “Robust adaptive beam-
forming,” IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. ASSP-35,
pp. 1365–1376, Oct. 1987.
[6] C. Liu and G. Liao, “Robust capon beamformer under norm constraint,”
Signal Processing, vol. 90, pp. 1573–1581, May 2010.
[7] S. A. Vorobyov, A. B. Gershman, and Z. Q. Luo, “Robust adaptive
beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: A solution
to the signal mismatch problem,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.
51, pp. 313–324, Feb. 2003.
[8] J. Liu, A. B. Gershman, Z. Q. Luo, and K. M. Wong, “Adaptive beam-
forming with sidelobe control: A second-order cone programming ap-
proach,” IEEE Signal Lett., vol. 10, pp. 331–334, Nov. 2003.
[9] R. G. Lorenz and S. P. Boyd, “Robust minimum variance beam-
forming,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 53, pp. 1684–1696,
May 2005.
[10] S. E. Nai, W. Ser, Z. L. Yu, and S. Rahardja, “A robust adaptive
beamforming framework with beampattern shaping constraints,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, pp. 2198–2203, Jul. 2009.
0018-926X/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE
[11] Z. L. Yu, M. H. Er, and W. Ser, “Novel adaptive beamformer based
on semidefinite programming (SDP) with constraints on magnitude re-
sponse,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, pp. 1297–1307, May
2008.
[12] Z. L. Yu, W. Ser, M. H. Er, Z. Gu, and Y. Li, “Robust adaptive beam-
formers based on worst-case optimization and constraints on magni-
tude response,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 57, pp. 2615–2628,
Jul. 2009.
[13] S. P. Wu, S. Boyd, and L. Vandenberghe, “FIR filter design via spectral
factorization and convex optimization,” in Applied and Computational
Control, Signals and Circuits, B. Datta, Ed. : Birkhauser, 1998, vol.
1, pp. 215–245.
[14] S. Shahbazpanahi, A. B. Gershman, Z. Q. Luo, and K. M. Wong,
“Robust adaptive beamforming for general-rank signal models,” IEEE
Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 51, pp. 2257–2269, Sep. 2003.
[15] K. M. Tsui and S. C. Chan, “Pattern synthesis of narrowband conformal
arrays using iterative second-order cone programming,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 58, pp. 1959–1970, Jun. 2010.
[16] J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright, Numerical Optimization. Berlin, Ger-
many: Springer Series in Operations Research, 1999.
[17] J. Mattingley and S. Boyd, “Real-time convex optimization in signal
processing,” IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 27, pp. 50–61, May
[18] M. Grant and S. Boyd, “CVX: Matlab Software for Disciplined Convex
Programming,” ver. 1.21 [Online]. Available: http://cvxr.com/cvx,
May 2010
Performance Improvement of a U-Slot Patch Antenna
Using a Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surface With
Modified Jerusalem Cross Elements
Hsing-Yi Chen and Yu Tao
Abstract—A dual-band FSS consisting of regular Jerusalem cross ele-
ments was first used to study its impact on the bandwidths and resonant
frequencies of a U-slot patch antenna. Based on the simulation experience
of the first partial study, another FSS with modified Jerusalem cross ele-
ments was proposed to improve the bandwidths, antenna gains, and return
losses of a smaller U-slot patch antenna at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz for Bluetooth
and WLAN applications, respectively. Measured data of the return loss,
radiation pattern, and antenna gain of this smaller U-slot patch antenna
were also presented. It is proven that the smaller U-slot patch antenna im-
planted with a FSS consisting of modified Jerusalem cross elements has a
good performance with sufficient bandwidth and higher gain and is capable
of dual-band operation.
Index Terms—Bandwidths, dual-band FSS, Jerusalem cross elements, re-
turn loss, U-slot patch antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
For wireless communications, multi-band and wide-band patch
antennas will become the requirements for accurately transmitting the
voice, data, video, and multimedia information in wireless commu-
nication systems, such as ultra wide-band measurement applications,
intelligent transportation systems (ITS), wireless local area networks
Manuscript received August 11, 2010; revised January 18, 2011; accepted
February 05, 2011. Date of publication July 12, 2011; date of current version
September 02, 2011.
The authors are with the Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan
Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: eehychen@saturn.yzu.edu.
tw).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are avail-
able online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2011.2161440
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011 3483

(WLANs), Global positioning system (GPS) services, radio-frequency

identification (RFID) applications, and biomedical telemetry services.
Microstrip patch antenna is the natural favorite due to its inherent
advantages of small size, low profile, lightweight, cost-effect, and
its ease of integration with other circuits. However, it is well-know
that a patch antenna on a dielectric substrate may have a very
narrow bandwidth due to surface wave losses. The surface wave
existed on the patch antenna will continue to propagate until it
meets a discontinuity. When the surface wave meets the disconti-
nuity, it may radiate and couple energy to the discontinuity. The
surface wave will reduce antenna efficiency, gain, and bandwidth.
To achieve multi-band and wide-band operation in a patch antenna
Fig. 1. A U-slot patch antenna and its dimensions.
design, the frequency selective surface (FSS) is implemented or
imbedded in a patch antenna in recent years. For more than 4
decades, the FSS has a variety of applications in antennas [1]–[7],
spatial microwave and optical filters [8]–[13], absorbers [14]–[16],
polarizers [17], planar metamaterials [18], and artificial magnetic
conductor (AMC) designs [19]–[21]. The FSS is usually constructed
with periodic arrays of metallic patches of arbitrary geometries or
slots within metallic screens. Typical FSS geometries are designed
by dipoles, rings, square loops, fractal shapes,. . .etc. Because the
substrate thickness of a patch antenna is usually much smaller
than a half-wavelength in the dielectric material, the ground plane
of the patch antenna destroys the patch antenna performance. The
FSS structure has a phenomenon with high impedance surface that
reflects the plane wave in-phase and suppresses surface wave [3].
These characteristics of FSS structures can be used to improve the Fig. 2. A FSS with regular Jerusalem cross elements implanted in the
radiation efficiency, gain, and bandwidth of a patch antenna. The U-slot patch antenna.
impact of a FSS on patch antenna performance depends on the
lattice geometry, element periodicity, and the electrical properties
of the substrate materials. respectively [25]. This U-slot patch antenna implanted with a FSS
U-slot patch antennas have been proposed to overcome the inherent consisting of regular Jerusalem cross elements is shown in Fig. 2.
problem of the narrow bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna The FR4 material is also used for the upper and lower dielectric
[22]–[24]. However, the resonant frequency may be shifted from substrates of the U-slot patch antenna with a FSS. The thickness
operating frequency and the bandwidth may be narrowed down when of the upper and lower dielectric substrate is kept at 4.4 mm, while
a wide-band U-slot patch antenna changes its geometry and size to the thickness of the lower dielectric substrate H, may range from
fit different environments. In the first part of this communication, 2.2 to 3.2 mm. The FSS constructed with regular Jerusalem cross
we report on a dual-band FSS consisting of regular Jerusalem cross elements is used to improve the antenna performance. The thickness
elements which was used to study the impact on the bandwidths of the top metallic patch, the FSS, and the bottom metallic plate
and resonant frequencies of a U-slot patch antenna near 2.45 and is 0.035 mm. Fig. 3 shows a regular Jerusalem cross element.
5.8 GHz. The frequency bands of 2.4  2.485 and 5.725  5.825 The detailed dimensions of a regular Jerusalem cross element are
GHz are regulated by IEEE 802.11b/g and 802.11a (upper band) for W1 = 0:5  2 mm (width of the vertical or horizontal end loading),
Bluetooth and WLAN applications, respectively. Based on the simu- W2 = 0:5  3 mm (width of the cross-dipole), L1 = 7  10 mm
lation experience of the first partial study, another FSS with modified (length of the vertical/horizontal end loading), L2 = 12  14 mm
Jerusalem cross elements implanted in a new U-slot patch antenna (length of a Jerusalem cross element), and P = 16 mm (periodicity).
with a smaller size was used for further studies to improve the antenna The Jerusalem cross element itself with the current flow produces an
bandwidths, antenna gains, and resonant frequencies at 2.45 and 5.8 inductor (L). The gap between two vertical/horizontal end loadings
GHz, respectively. In simulations, the characteristics of U-slot patch gives rise to a series capacitor (Cs ). A parallel capacitor (Cp )
antennas were obtained by using the Ansoft high-frequency structure between the Jerusalem cross element and the ground plate is also
simulator (HFSS). Simulation results of the return loss, radiation produced. Therefore, the structure of the FSS can be viewed as
pattern, and gain of this new U-slot patch antenna were validated by behaving like a tuned network of equivalent LC circuits. By altering
measurement data. the Jerusalem cross element geometry the values for L and C can
be modified, and the resonant frequency is changed accordingly.
II. THE U-SLOT PATCH ANTENNA WITH A FSS
Fig. 1 shows a U-slot patch antenna and its dimensions. In our III. MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION RESULTS
studies, a coaxial line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms Simulation results of return losses for the U-slot patch antenna
is used as the feed of the U-slot patch antenna. The inner conductor implanted with and without a FSS consisting of regular Jerusalem
of the coaxial line is attached on the top patch going through the cross elements are obtained from the commercial software package
dielectric substrate, and the outer conductor is shorted to the metallic HFSS, which is the industry-standard simulation tool coded by a finite
plate on the other side of the patch antenna. The FR4 material element program for 3D full-wave electromagnetic field simulation.
is used for the dielectric substrate with a thickness of 4.4 mm. In order to obtain optimum values of geometrical parameters for
The relative dielectric constant and electrical loss tangent of the antenna design, the effects of each geometrical parameter are analyzed.
substrate are adopted to be 4.4 and 0.02 at frequencies 2 to 6 GHz, In each analysis, the periodicity P is always kept unchanged, but
3484 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011

Fig. 3. Details of a regular Jerusalem cross element.

Fig. 5. A smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified FSS. (a) Illustration
of a smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified FSS. (b) The Prototype
of a smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified FSS.

Fig. 4. The modified Jerusalem cross element and its dimensions.

one of the parameters W W L L

1; 2 ; 1 ; 2 , (shown in Fig. 3) and H
(shown in Fig. 2) is changed and the other four parameters are
kept unchanged. Comparisons of simulation results of return losses
for the U-slot patch antenna implanted with and without a FSS
are studied. Simulation results were investigated by checking the
impedance matching with better than 10 dB return loss. It is found

L
that there are 2 to 4 resonant frequencies when the length of

(L )
end loading 1 increases from 7 to 10 mm. It is also observed

(W ) (W )
that changing Jerusalem cross element’s length 2 , width of the
end loading 1 , width of the cross-dipole 2 , and thickness
of the lower dielectric substrate (H) can significantly increase the
bandwidth at higher resonant frequencies near 5.6 GHz, but the
improvement of bandwidth at lower resonant frequencies near 2.5
GHz is not significant. From observations, the resonant frequencies
of the U-slot patch antenna implanted with and without a FSS are
found to be near 2.5 and 5.6 GHz for the impedance matching
with better than 10 dB return loss. Although the bandwidths have
been improved near the resonant frequencies of 2.5 and 5.6 GHz
for the U-slot patch antenna implanted with a FSS, however, the
resonant frequencies of 2.5 and 5.6 GHz are not in the frequency
bands of 2.4  2.485 and 5.725  5.825 GHz regulated by IEEE
802.11b/g and 802.11a (upper band). In addition, the improvement
of bandwidth at 2.5 GHz is not significant.
Fig. 6. Comparison of return losses for the smaller U-slot patch antenna with
a modified FSS and the original U-slot patch antenna without using a FSS.
Based on above studies, a FSS with modified Jerusalem cross el-
ements implanted in a new U-slot patch antenna with a smaller size
was proposed to further improve the performance of the U-slot patch
antenna. Fig. 4 shows the modified Jerusalem cross element and its
dimensions. In the modified Jerusalem cross element, there are four
smaller cross-dipoles and one larger cross-dipole used to improve the
bandwidth at 5.8 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. Fig. 5 shows the smaller
U-slot patch antenna implanted with modified FSS and its prototype.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011
Fig. 7. Comparison of antenna gain for the smaller U-slot patch antenna with
a modified FSS and the original U-slot patch antenna without using a FSS.
Fig. 8. Radiation patterns of the smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified
FSS at 2.45 Ghz. (a) 3-D radiation pattern obtained by measurement; (b) The
measured co- and cross polarization of antenna on E-plane.
The dimensions of the smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified
FSS are 68 2 64 mm2 . The FR4 material is also used for the upper and
lower dielectric substrates with a thickness of 1.6 mm and 3.2 mm, re-
spectively. The dimensions of the radiator patch are the same as those
of the original one.
3485
Fig. 9. Radiation patterns of the smaller U-slot patch antenna with a modified
FSS at 5.8 Ghz. (a) 3-D radiation pattern obtained by measurement; (b) The
measured co-and cross-polarization of antenna on E-plane.
Fig. 6. shows the comparison of return losses obtained from sim-
ulations and measurements for the smaller U-slot patch antenna im-
planted with a modified FSS and the original U-slot patch antenna
without using a FSS. Measurement data were obtained by using an
Anritsu37369C antenna-measurement system in the Yuan Ze anechoic
chamber. From Fig. 6, it is found that simulation results of return loss
makes good agreement with measurement data for the smaller U-slot
patch antenna implanted with a modified FSS. It is very clear that much
broader bandwidths are obtained by using the smaller U-slot patch an-
tennas implanted with a modified FSS at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respec-
tively. Besides, the resonant frequencies of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz fall in
frequency bands of 2.4  2.485 and 5.725  5.825 GHz regulated
by IEEE 802.11b/g and 802.11a, respectively. The measured antenna
gains of the smaller U-slot patch antenna implanted with a modified
FSS and the original U-slot patch antenna without using a FSS are
shown in Fig. 7. This figure shows that the smaller U-slot patch antenna
implanted with a modified FSS produces better gains than the original
U-slot patch antenna without using a FSS at resonant frequencies 2.45
and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The higher gains obtained at frequencies
2.45 and 5.8 GHz are 4.69 and 6.54 dBi, respectively. It should be noted
that the gain at 2.45 GHz is improved by a little bit, but the gain at 5.8
GHz is significantly improved. Radiation patterns of the smaller U-slot
patch antenna implanted with a modified FSS measured at 2.45 and
5.8 GHz are shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. The radiation pat-
terns shown in Figs. 8 and 9 have low side-lobes and back-lob levels.
3486 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011
It looks acceptable and unidirectional for the smaller U-slot patch an-
tenna implanted with a modified FSS. It is obvious that the smaller
U-slot patch antenna implanted with a modified FSS has a better per-
formance with sufficient bandwidth and higher gain and is capable of
dual-band operation.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this communication, a dual-band FSS consisting of regular
Jerusalem cross elements was first used to improve the bandwidths
and resonant frequencies of a U-slot patch antenna near 2.45 and 5.8
GHz. From simulation results, it is found that the bandwidths have
been improved near the resonant frequencies of 2.5 and 5.6 GHz for
the U-slot patch antenna implanted with a FSS consisting of regular
Jerusalem cross elements; however, the resonant frequencies of 2.5
and 5.6 GHz are not in the frequency bands of 2.4  2.485 and 5.725
 5.825 GHz regulated by IEEE 802.11b/g and 802.11a (upper band).
In addition, the bandwidth improvement at 2.5 GHz is not significant.
For further improvement on the performance of the U-slot patch
antenna, a FSS consisting of modified Jerusalem cross elements was
proposed to improve the performance of the U-slot patch antenna. It
is demonstrated that the FSS consisting of modified Jerusalem cross
elements can successfully be used to improve the bandwidths and
antenna gains at resonant frequencies of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz for the
U-slot patch antenna with a smaller size, respectively. The modified
U-slot patch antenna implanted with a FSS consisting with modified
Jerusalem cross elements has been proven to provide dual-band,
higher gain, and wide-band operation for Bluetooth and WLAN appli-
cations. With this modified U-slot patch antenna implanted with a FSS
consisting of modified Jerusalem cross elements, the Bluetooth and
WLAN systems operating in the 2.4  2.485 (IEEE 802.11b/g) and
5.725  5.825 GHz (IEEE 802.11a, upper band) can provide reliable
high-speed connectivity between notebook computers, PCs, personal
organizers, and other wireless digital appliances. The structure of the
modified U-slot patch antennas implanted with a FSS consisting of
modified Jerusalem cross elements is easily fabricated using printed
circuit board (PCB) technology.
REFERENCES
[1] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Reflection phase characterizations of
the EBG ground plane for low profile wire antenna applications,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2691–2703, Oct. 2003.
[2] J. Liang and H. Y. David Yang, “Radiation characteristics of a mi-
crostrip patch over an electromagnetic bandgap surface,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1691–1697, Jun. 2007.
[3] D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. F. Jimenez Broas, N. G. Alex’opolous,
and E. Yablonovitch, “High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with
a forbidden frequency band,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2059–2074, Nov. 1999.
[4] X. L. Bao, G. Ruvio, M. J. Ammann, and M. John, “A novel GPS patch
antenna on a fractal hi-impedance surface substrate,” IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 323–326, 2006.
[5] H. Mosallaei and K. Sarabandi, “Antenna miniaturization and band-
width enhancement using a reactive impedance substrate,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 2403–2414, Sep. 2004.
[6] A. P. Feresidis, G. Goussetis, S. Wang, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, “Arti-
ficial magnetic conductor surfaces and their application to low-profile
high-gain planar antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no.
1, pp. 209–215, Jan. 2005.
[7] B. A. Munk, R. J. Luebbers, and R. D. Fulton, “ Transmission through
a 2-layer array of loaded slots,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
AP22, no. 6, pp. 804–809, Nov. 1974.
[8] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces—Theory and De-
sign. New York: Wiley, 2000.
[9] F. R. Yang, K. P. Ma, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “A uniplanar compact pho-
tonic-bandgap (UC-PBG) structure and its applications for microwave
circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 8, pp.
1509–1514, Aug. 1999.
[10] C. N. Chiu, C. H. Kuo, and M. S. Lin, “Bandpass shielding enclosure
design using multipole-slot arrays for modern portable digital devices,”
IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 895–904, Nov.
2008.
[11] M. S. Zhang, Y. S. Li, C. Jia, and L. P. Li, “Signal integrity analysis of
the traces in electromagnetic-bandgap structure in high-speed printed
circuit boards and packages,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1054–1062, Nov. 2007.
[12] T. K. Wu and S. W. Lee, “Multiband frequency selective surface with
multiring patch elements,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 42, no.
11, pp. 1484–1490, Nov. 1994.
[13] G. I. Kiani, K. L. Ford, K. P. Esselle, A. R. Weily, C. Panagamuwa,
and J. C. Batchelor, “Single-layer bandpass active frequency selective
surface,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 2149–2151,
Aug. 2008.
[14] G. I. Kiani, K. L. Ford, K. P. Esselle, A. R. Weily, and C. J. Panaga-
muwa, “Oblique incidence performance of a novel frequency selective
surface absorber,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 10, pp.
2931–2934, Oct. 2007.
[15] B. A. Munk, P. Munk, and J. Pryor, “On designing Jaumann and circuit
analog absorbers (CA absorbers) for oblique angle of incidence,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 186–193, Jan. 2007.
[16] A. K. Zadeh and A. Karlsson, “Capacitive circuit method for fast and
efficient design of wideband radar absorbers,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2307–2314, Aug. 2009.
[17] R. Ulrich, “Far-infrared properties of metallic mesh and its comple-
mentary structure,” Infrared Phys., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 1967.
[18] N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, Metamaterials: Physics and Engi-
neering Explorations. Hoboken/Piscataway, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press,
2006.
[19] D. J. Kern, D. H. Werner, A. Monorchio, L. Lanuzza, and M. J. Wil-
helm, “The design synthesis of multiband artificial magnetic conduc-
tors using high impedance frequency selective surfaces,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 8–17, Jan. 2005.
[20] J. McVay, N. Engheta, and A. Hoorfar, “High impedance metamate-
rial surfaces using Hilbert-curve inclusions,” IEEE Microw. Wireless
Compon. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 130–132, 2004.
[21] J. Bell and M. Iskander, “ A low-profile archimedean spiral antenna
using an EBG ground plane,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett.,
vol. 3, pp. 223–226, 2004.
[22] B. L. Ooi, “A double-II stub proximity feed U-slot patch antenna,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 2491–2496, Sep.
2004.
[23] R. Chair, C. L. Mak, K. F. Lee, K. M. Luk, and A. Kishk, “Minuature
wide-band half U-slot and half E-shaped patch antenna,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 8, p. 26452652, Aug. 2005.
[24] H. Y. Chen and S. H. Chen, “Analysis of characteristics of a U-slot
patch antenna using finite-difference time-domain method,” Microw.
Opt. Tech. Lett, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 1687–1694, Sep. 2006.
[25] M. Xu, T. H. Hubing, J. Chen, T. P. Van Doren, J. L. Drewniak, and
R. E. DuBroff, “Power-bus decoupling with embedded capacitance in
printed circuit board design,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol.
45, no. 1, pp. 22–30, Feb. 2003.