One

Race condition: - Is a flaw in a system or process that is characterized

by an output that exhibits an unexpected dependence on the
relative timing or ordering of events.
Two
There are two types of assignment within always block.

S.no. Blocking Non-blocking

1 Evaluation and assignments are All the right-hand sides are
immediate. evaluated first and then are
assigned.
2 always@ (a or b or c or d) always@ (a or b or c or d)
begin
x=a|b; evaluate a|b and then begin
immediately assign the result to
x. x=a|b; evaluate a|b but
y=a^b^c; evaluate a^b^c and
then immediately assign the postpone assignment to x.
result to y.
y=a^b^c;
z=b&~c; evaluate b&~c and then
immediately assign the result to z. z=b&~c;

end

Three
Why do we need scaling?

Scaling reduces Cload => reduces parasitic

Reduces ∆V=>reduces Vdd or logic swing, need for core and I/O FET’s
Increases IFET=> moving charge quickly

Tdelay = [cload *∆V]/IFET