DDL AND DML

Statements
Ex. No : 04
Date :

SQL - DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE AND DATA

MANIPULATION LANGUAGE STATEMENTS

Syntax for various QUERIES:

1. CREATE TABLE Statement:

To create a new table with the set of columns specified with respective types.

CREATE TABLE [schema.] table (column data type [DEFAULT expr];

Table – Name of new table to be created.

Schema – same as the owner’s name.
DEFAULT expr – specifies a default value if a value is omitted in the INSERT statement.
Column – Name of the column.
Datatype – The column’s datatype and length.

2. INSERT Statement:

Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement.

INSERT INTO table [(column [, column…])]

VALUES (value [, value…]);

Table – Name of the table.

Column x – The ‘x’- th column name of the table.
Value x – The value for the ‘x’- th column.

3. UPDATE Statement:

Modify existing rows with the UPDATE statement.

UPDATE table
SET column = value [, column = value]
[WHERE condition];

Table – Name of the table.

Column – Name of the column in the table to populate.
Value – The corresponding value or sub-query for the column.
Condition – identifies the rows to be updated and is composed of column names, expressions,
constants, sub-queries and comparison operators.

4. DELETE Statement:

Remove existing rows using the delete statement.

DELETE [FROM] table

[WHERE condition];

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Table – Name of the table.

Condition – identifies the rows to be updated and is composed of column names, expressions,
constants, sub-queries and comparison operators.

5. Querying the Data Dictionary:

The data dictionary tables can be queried to view various database objects owned by
the user. Frequently used dictionary tables are:

USER_TABLES, USER_OBJECTS, USER_CATALOG, USER_CONSTRAINTS.

6. ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE table

ADD (column data type [DEFAULT expr] [, column data type]…);

Table – Name of the table.

Column – Name of the new column.
Data type – The data type and length of the new column.
DEFAULT expr - specifies the default value by using the ALTER TABLE statement with the
MODIFY clause.

7. RENAME Statement:

RENAME old_name TO new_name;

Old_name – Old name of the table, view, sequence, or synonym.

New_name – New name of the table, view, sequence, or synonym.

8. TRUNCATE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE table;

Table – Name of the table.

9. COMMENT Statement:

COMMENT ON TABLE table is ‘name’;

Comments stored in the data dictionary can be viewed in one of the following data dictionary
views in the COMMENTS column:

ALL_COL_COMMENTS, USER_COL_COMMENTS, ALL_TA_COMMENTS,

USER_TAB_COMMENTS.

Table – Name of the table.

Column – Name of the new column.
Text – The text of the comment.

10. DEFINING CONSTRAINTS:

CREATE TABLE [schema.]Table (column data type [DEFAULT expr]

[column_constraint] … [table_constraint]);
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Table – Name of the table.

Column – Name of the new column.
Data type – The data type and length of the new column.
Schema – same as the owner’s name.
DEFAULT expr – specifies a default value if a value is omitted in the INSERT statement.
Column_constraint – An integrity constraint as part of the column definition.
Table_constraint - An integrity constraint as part of the table definition.

11. VIEW Statement:

To embed a sub-query within the CREATE VIEW Statement.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|INFORCE] VIEW view

[(alias [, alias] …)]
AS sub-query
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]] [WITH READY ONLY]

OR REPLACE – recreates the view if it already exists.

FORCE – creates the view regardless of whether or not the base tables exist.
NOFORCE – creates the view only if the base tables exist. This is the default.
View – the name of the view.
Alias – specifies names for the expressions selected by the view’s query. The number of
aliases must match the number of expressions selected by the view.
Sub-query – A complete SELECT statement. You can use aliases for the columns in the
SELECT list.
WITH CHECK OPTION – specified that only rows accessible to the view can be inserted or
updated.
Constraint – the name assigned to the CHECK OPTION constraint.
WITH READ ONLY – ensures that no DML operations can be performed on this view.

Data Manipulation Language - Statements:

Q: 1 – Inserting new rows into the department ‘DEPT‘ table.

SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC) VALUES

(50,'DEVELOPMENT','DETROIT');

1 row created.
SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

Q: 2 – Inserting rows with NULL values.

Implicit method: Omit the column from the column list.

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SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME) VALUES (60,’MIS’);

1 row created.

SQL>select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT
60 MIS

6 rows selected.

Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword.

SQL>INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (70,’FINANCE’, NULL);

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------------- --------------------
10 SALES ARIZONA
20 PRODUCTION CALIFORNIA
30 MANUFACTURE TEXAS
40 SUPPLY CHENNAI
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT
70 FINANCE
30 MANUFACTURE GEORGIA
80 EDUCATION ATLANTA

8 rows selected.

Q: 3 – Inserting special values.

Adding new employee record to the Employee ‘EMP’ table using SYSDATE and
USER.
SYSDATE and USER function records the current date and time.

SQL>INSERT INTO EMP

(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO) VALUES
(7196,USER,’SALESMAN’,7782,SYSDATE,2000,NULL,10);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- -------
7198 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 21-APR-07 2000 20
2296 AROMANO CLERK 7782 03-FEB-97 1300 30
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 22-APR-07 2000 10

Q: 4 – Inserting Specific Date Values.

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Adding a new employee record to the Employee ‘EMP’ table.

SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2296,’AROMANO’,’SALESMAN’, 7782, TO_DATE

(‘FEB 3, 97’,’MON DD, YY’), 1300, NULL, 10);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- -------
7196 Smith WORKER 7799 02-FEB-93 1000 10
7198 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 21-APR-07 2000 20

2 rows selected.

Q: 5 – Substitution variables (&) and (&&).

Create an interactive script by using SQL *Plus substituting parameters.

SQL>INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC) VALUES

(‘&DEPARTMENT_ID’,’&DEPARTMENT_NAME’,’&LOCATION’);

Enter value for department_id: 80

Enter value for department_name: EDUCATION
Enter value for location: ATLANTA
old 1: INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC) VALUES
('&DEPARTMENT_ID','&DEPARTMENT_NAME','&LOCATION')
new 1: INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC) VALUES
('80','EDUCATION','ATLANTA')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- ------------
10 SALES ARIZONA
20 PRODUCTION CALIFORNIA
30 MANUFACTURE TEXAS
40 SUPPLY CHENNAI
50 DEVELOPMENT DETROIT

5 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, &&COLUMN_NAME FROM EMP ORDER BY

&COLUMN_NAME;

Enter value for column_name: DEPTNO

old 1: SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, &&COLUMN_NAME FROM EMP ORDER BY
&COLUMN_NAME
new 1: SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPTNO

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO

---------- ---------- -------- ----------
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2296 AROMANO SALESMAN 10
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN 10
7198 Ada mech 20

3 rows selected.

Q: 6 – Copying from one table to another.

Using the UPDATE statement.

SQL> INSERT INTO MANAGERS (ID, NAME, SALARY, HIREDATE) SELECT

EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’;

3 rows created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM MANAGERS;

ID NAME SALARY HIREDATE

---------- ----------- ---------- ---------
7799 James 8100 11-JAN-99
7783 Steve 8100 16-NOV-91
7787 Tommy 8100 12-FEB-80

3 rows selected.

Q: 7 – Updating rows in a table.

SQL> UPDATE EMP2 SET DEPTNO=20;

4 rows updated.

SQL> select * from emp2;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- --------
7196 Smith salesman 7799 02-FEB-93 1000 20
7799 James manager 11-JAN-99 8100 100 20
7184 Brooks worker 7787 19-AUG-97 3200 20
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 21-APR-07 2000 20

4 rows selected.

SQL> UPDATE EMP2 SET DEPTNO = 55 WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- --------
7196 Smith salesman 7799 02-FEB-93 1000 55
7799 James manager 11-JAN-99 8100 100 55
7184 Brooks worker 7787 19-AUG-97 3200 55
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 21-APR-07 2000 55

4 rows selected.

Q: 8 – Deleting a set of rows from a table.

Specific row or rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause.

SQL> DELETE FROM DEPT2 WHERE DNAME = ‘DEVELOPMENT’;

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1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- --------------------
10 SALES ARIZONA
20 PRODUCTION CALIFORNIA
30 MANUFACTURE TEXAS
40 SUPPLY CHENNAI

4 rows selected.
`
SQL> DELETE FROM DEPT2;

4 rows deleted.

DATABASE TRANSACTIONS:

A transaction begins when the first executable SQL statement is encountered

and terminates when one of the following occurs:

A COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement is issued.

A DDL statement, such as CREATE is issued.
A DCL statement is issued.
The user exits SQL Plus.
The machine fails or the system crashes.

After the end of a transaction, the next executable SQL statement will
automatically start the next transaction. A DDL statement or a DCL statement is
automatically committed and therefore implicitly ends a transaction.

Q: 9 - Committing data:

Make changes to the EMP table as follows:

SQL> UPDATE EMP SET DEPTNO = 10 WHERE EMPNO = 7782;

1 row updated.

Commit the changes made to the EMP table so that all changes are made permanent.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

Q: 10 - Rolling back the State of data:

1. Delete all records from the EMP2 table.

SQL> DELETE FROM EMP2;

4 rows deleted.

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SQL> select * from emp2;

No rows selected.

2. After using ‘rollback’…

SQL> ROLLBACK;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from emp2;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- --------
7196 Smith salesman 7799 02-FEB-93 1000 20
7799 James manager 11-JAN-99 8100 100 20
7184 Brooks worker 7787 19-AUG-97 3200 20
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN 7782 21-APR-07 2000 20

Q: 11 - Rolling back to a marker:

1. List all records of the DEPT table.

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- -----------
10 SALES ARIZONA
20 PRODUCTION CALIFORNIA
30 MANUFACTURE TEXAS
40 SUPPLY CHENNAI

4 rows selected.

2. Make a save-point so that the state of data in the database can be restored to this point,
later.

SQL> SAVEPOINT update_done;

Savepoint created.

3. Make changes to the DEPT table as follows:

SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME) VALUES (60,’MIS’);

1 row created.

4. List all records of the DEPT table.

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- -----------
10 SALES ARIZONA
20 PRODUCTION CALIFORNIA
30 MANUFACTURE TEXAS

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40 SUPPLY CHENNAI
60 MIS

5 rows selected.

5. Use ROLLBACK to restore the database to state UPDATE_DONE..

SQL> ROLLBACK TO update_done;

Rollback complete.

Data Definition Language - Statements:

Q: 12 – Creating tables.

SQL>CREATE TABLE DEP (DEPTNO NUMBER (2), DNAME VARCHAR2 (14), LOC
VARCHAR2 (13));

Table created.

SQL>DESC DEP;

Name Null? Type

------------------------------------------------------
DEPTNO NUMBER (2)
DNAME VARCHAR2 (14)
LOC VARCHAR2 (13)

Q: 13 – Querying the Data dictionary.

SQL>SELECT DISTINCT OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS;

OBJECT_TYPE
------------
INDEX
TABLE

SQL>SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG;

TABLE_NAME TABLE_TYPE
------------------------------ -----------
DEP TABLE
DEPT2 TABLE
DEPT3 TABLE
DEPT5 TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMP2 TABLE
EMP3 TABLE
EMP4 TABLE
MANAGERS TABLE

9 rows selected.

Q: 14 – Create table using sub-query.

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SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT30 AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL*12 ANNSAL,
HIREDATE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30;

Table created.
SQL>DESC DEPT30;

Name Null? Type

-----------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ENAME VARCHAR2 (20)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE

ALTERING A TABLE:

Q: 15 – Adding a column.

SQL>ALTER TABLE DEPT30 ADD (JOB VARCHAR2 (9));

Table altered.

SQL>DESC DEPT30;

Name Null? Type

-----------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ENAME VARCHAR2 (20)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE
JOB VARCHAR2 (9)

Q: 16 – Modifying a column.

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT30 MODIFY (ENAME VARCHAR2 (15));

Table altered.

SQL>DESC DEPT30;

Name Null? Type

-----------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ENAME VARCHAR2 (15)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE
JOB VARCHAR2 (9)
Q: 17 – Dropping a column.

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT30 DROP COLUMN ENAME;

Table altered.

SQL> desc dept30;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------- -------- --
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE
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JOB VARCHAR2 (9)

SQL>ALTER TABLE DEPT30 SET UNUSED COLUMN ENAME;

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT30 DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;

SQL> desc dept30;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------- -------- --
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE
JOB VARCHAR2 (9)

Q: 18 – Dropping a Table.

SQL> DROP TABLE DEPT30;

Table dropped.

Q: 19 – Renaming an object.

SQL> RENAME DEPT2 TO DEPARTMENT;

Table renamed.

Q: 20 – Truncating a Table.

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE DEPARTMENT;

Table truncated.

SQL> Select * from department;

No rows selected.

Q: 21 – Adding comments to a table.

SQL> COMMENT ON TABLE EMP IS ‘EMPLOYEE INFORMATION’;

Comment created.

CONSTRAINTS:

Q: 21 – Using the NOT NULL constraint.

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SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP3(EMPNO NUMBER(4), ENAME VARCHAR2(10) NOT
NULL, JOB VARCHAR2(9), MGR NUMBER(4), HIREDATE DATE, SAL NUMBER(7,2),
COMM NUMBER(7,2), DEPTNO NUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL);

Table created.

SQL> desc emp3;

Name Null? Type

-----------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER (4)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (10)
JOB VARCHAR2 (9)
MGR NUMBER (4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER (7, 2)
COMM NUMBER (7, 2)
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER (7, 2)

Q: 22 – The UNIQUE key constraint.

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT3( DEPTNO NUMBER(2), DNAME VARCHAR2(14), LOC

VARCHAR2(13), CONSTRAINT DEPT_DNAME_UK UNIQUE(DNAME));

Table created.

SQL> desc dept30;

Name Null? Type
------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE

Q: 23 – Using the PRIMARY KEY constraint.

SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT6 ( DEPTNO NUMBER(2), DNAME VARCHAR2(14), LOC

VARCHAR2(13), CONSTRAINT DEPT_DNAME_KE UNIQUE (DNAME),
CONSTRAINT DEPT_DEPTNO_PKE PRIMARY KEY(DEPTNO));

Table created.

SQL> desc dept5;

Name Null? Type

------------------------------------------------
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(14)
LOC VARCHAR2(13)

Q: 24 – Using the FOREIGN KEY constraint.

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP4( EMPNO NUMBER(4), ENAME VARCHAR2(10) NOT

NULL, JOB VARCHAR2(9), MGR NUMBER(4), HIREDATE DATE, SA NUMBER(7,2),
COMM NUMBER(7,2), DEPTNO NUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT
EMP_DEPTNO_FK FOREIGN KEY (DEPTNO) REFERENCES DEPT5(DEPTNO));

Table created.

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SQL> desc emp4;

Name Null? Type

------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SA NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(7,2)

Q: 25 – Adding a constraint.

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK PRIMARY

KEY(EMPNO);

Table altered.

SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,

SEARCH_CONDITION FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE
TABLE_NAME='EMP';

CONSTRAINT_NAME C SEARCH_CONDITION
------------------------------ - -----------------------------------------------------------------------
EMP_EMPNO_PK P

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP6 ADD CONSTRAINT EMP_MGR_FK FOREIGN

KEY (MGR) REFERENCES EMP6(EMPNO);

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp6;

Name Null? Type
--------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(15)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(5)
COMM NUMBER(4)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

Q: 26 – Dropping a constraint.

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP6 DROP CONSTRAINT EMP_MGR_FK;

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp6;

Name Null? Type

--------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(15)
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MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(5)
COMM NUMBER(4)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT6 DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;

Table altered.

SQL> desc dept6;

Name Null? Type

-------------------------------------------------
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(14)
LOC VARCHAR2(13)

Q: 27 – Disabling a constraint.

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP6 DISABLE CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PKE

CASCADE;

Constraint disabled.

Q: 28 – Enabling a constraint.

Constraint enabled.

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ENABLE CONSTRAINT EMP_EMPNO_PK;

Q: 29 – Viewing constraints.

SQL< SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,

SEARCH_CONDITION FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE
TABLE_NAME=’EMP4’;

CONSTRAINT_NAME C SEARCH_CONDITION
------------------------------ - ----------------------
SYS_C003010 C "ENAME" IS NOT NULL
SYS_C003011 C "DEPTNO" IS NOT NULL
EMP_DEPTNO_FK R

Q: 11 – Specifying columns with constraints.

SQL>SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, COLUMN_NAME FROM

USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME=’EMP4’;

CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME
-------------------------------------------------------
EMP_DEPTNO_FK DEPTNO
SYS_C003010 ENAME
SYS_C003011 DEPTNO
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VIEWS

Q: 30 – Creating a view.

SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVU10 AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB FROM

EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10;

View created.

Q: 31 – Describing the structure of a view.

SQL>DESC EMPVU10;

Name Null? Type

------------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(15)

Q: 32 – Retrieving Data from a View.

SQL>SELECT * FROM EMPVU10;

EMPNO ENAME JOB

----- -------------------- -------------
7196 Smith salesman
7197 John rep
7799 James manager
7783 Steve manager
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN
2296 AROMANO SALESMAN
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN

Q: 33 – Modifying a view.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMPVU10(EMPLOYEE_NUMBER,

EMPLOYEE_NAME,JOB_TITLE) AS SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,JOB FROM
EMP4 WHERE EMPNO=10;

SQL>desc empvu10;
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER EMPLOYEE_NAME JOB_TITLE
---------------------------------------------------------
7196 Smith salesman
7197 John rep
7799 James manager

SHASHIKIRAN V., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (SENIOR), SITE, VIT VELLORE.

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7783 Steve manager
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN
2296 AROMANO SALESMAN
7196 SCOTT SALESMAN

Q: 34 – Creating a complex view.

SQL>CREATE VIEW DEPT_SUM_VU(NAME,MINSAL,MAXSAL,AVGSAL) AS

SELECT D.DNAME,MIN(E.SAL),MAX(E.SAL),AVG(E.SAL) FROM EMP
E,DEPT3 D WHERE E.DEPTNO=D.DEPTNO GROUP BY D.DNAME;

View created.

SQL>desc dept_sum_vu;
Name Null? Type
-------------------------------------------------
VARCHAR2(14)
MINSAL NUMBER
MAXSAL NUMBER
AVGSAL NUMBER

Q: 35 - Using the ‘WITH CHECK OPTION’.

SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMPVU20 AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE

DEPTNO = 20 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT EMPVU20_CK;

SQL>desc empvu20;
Name Null? Type
-------------------------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(15)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(5)
COMM NUMBER(4)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

Q: 36 – Denying DML operations.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMPVU10 (EMPLOYEE_NUMBER,

EMPLOYEE_NAME, JOB_TITLE) AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 10 WITH READ ONLY;

View created.

SQL>desc empvu10;

Name Null? Type

---------------------------------------------
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER NUMBER(4)
EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB_TITLE VARCHAR2(15)

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Q: 37 – Removing a view.

SQL> DROP VIEW EMPVU10;

View dropped.

SQL>desc EMPVU10;

View or table does’nt exist.

SHASHIKIRAN V., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (SENIOR), SITE, VIT VELLORE.