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EE 212

Circuit Theory II

M. Abuseif
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Contents

Chapter 1: Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis, 6

1-1 Complex Numbers Review, 6
1-1-1 Imaginary Operator, 6
1-1-2 Imaginary Number, 6
1-1-3 Complex Number, 7
1-1-4 Complex Number Graphical Representation, 7
1-1-5 Complex Number Conjugate, 8
1-1-6 Complex Numbers Mathematical Operations, 8
1-1-7 Complex Number Exponential and Polar Forms, 8
1-1-8 Two Complex Numbers Equality, 9
1-1-9 Complex Numbers Operations with different forms, 9
1-1-10 Complex Numbers Graphical Operations, 10
1-2 Sinusoidal Steady State Response, 11
1-2-1 Analysis Using the Complex Source Method, 13
1-2-2 Analysis Using the Phasor-Concept , 14
1-2-2-1 Phasor,15
1-2-2-2 Phasor Relationships for R, L, and C, 15
1-2-2-3 Impedance,16
1-2-2-4 Frequency Domain Circuits, 16
1-2-3 Analysis Techniques in the Frequency Domain, 19
1-2-3-1 Equivalent Impedance,19
1-2-3-2 Equivalent Admittance, 21
1-2-3-3 Source Transformation, 22
1-2-3-4 Superposition, 23
1-2-3-5 Thevenin's Equivalent,24
1-2-3-6 Nodal Analysis, 25
1-2-3-7 Mesh Analysis, 27

Chapter 2: Phase Shift and Phasor Diagram, 30

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2-1 Voltage-Current Phase Shift for R, L, and C in the S.S.S, 31

2-2 Phasor Diagram, 31

Chapter 3: Power in the Sinusoidal Steady State , 34

3-1 Instantaneous, 34
3-2 Average Power, 35
3-3 Average Power dissipated in R, L, and C, 35
3-4 Maximum Power Transfer in the S.S.S, 37
3-5 Effective Values of Current and Voltage, 41
3-6 Average Power in Terms of Effective Values, 43
3-7 Apparent Power, 43
3-8 Power Factor , 43
3-9 Complex Power, 45
3-10 Power Factor Correction, 46

Chapter 4: Three-Phase Sources and Systems, 48

4-1 Y- Three-Phase Source, 48
4-1-1 Phase Voltage, 49
4-1-2 Balanced Three Phase Source, 49
4-1-3 Phase Sequence, 49
4-1-4 Line Voltage, 50
4-1-5 Relationship between Phase-and Line Voltage, 50
4-2 Balanced Y-Y – Three-Phase System 51
4-2-1 Line Currents, 51
4-2-2 Effect of Neutral Connection, 52
4-2-3 Effect of Line impedances, 54
4-3 Balanced Y  Three Phase System 55
4-3-1 Phase Currents, 56
4-3-2 Relationship between Phase-and Line Current, 57
4-4 Balanced Y  ( Y   ) Three Phase System 59
4-5 Single Phase Power Measurement, 61
4-6 Three-Phase Power-Measurement, 62
4-6-1 Two Wattmeter–Method, 64
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Chapter 5: Coupled Inductors and Transformers,69

5-1 Mutual Voltage and Mutual Inductance, 69
5-2 Direction of the Mutual Voltage, 70
5-3 Analysis of Circuits with Coupled Coils, 70
5-4 Energy Stored in Two Coupled Coils, 72
5-5 Maximum value of Mutual Inductance, 74
5-5-1 Coupling Coefficient, 74
5-6 Idéal Transformer, 76
5-6-1 Voltage Transformation, 77
5-6-2 Current Transformation,77
5-6-3 Transformation in terms of Turns Ratio,77
5-6-4 Impedance Transformation, 78
5-7 Actual transformer Equivalent circuit,81
5-7-1 Magnetizing Inductance,82
5-7-2 Core Losses,82
5-7-3 Leakage Inductances, 82
5-7-4 Winding Resistances, 82
5-7-5 Winding Resistances, 82
5-7-6 Distributed Capacitances, 82

Chapter 6: Frequency Response and Tuning Circuits

6-1 Frequency Response, 83
6-2 Basic Series Tuning Circuit, 85
6-2-1 Resonant Frequency, 85
6-2-2 half power Frequencies, 85
6-2-3 Bandwidth, 86
6-2-4 Quality factor, 86
6.3 Basic Parallel Tuning Circuit, 88
6-4 General Series Tuning Circuit, 89
6-5 General Parallel Tuning Circuit, 90
6-6 Tuning Parameters with dependent Sources, 92

Chapter 7: Fourier-Circuit Analysis, 91

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7-1 Fourier series, 93

7-2 Waveform Symmetry,95
7-2-1 Even Function, 95
7-2-2 Odd function, 96
7-2-3 half wave Symmetrical Function,97
7-2-4 Even- and half wave Symmetrical Function, 98
7-2-5 Odd- and half wave Symmetrical Function,100
7-3 Exponential Form of a Fourier series, 103
7-4 Approximate Effective Value of a Fourier series, 103

Chapter 8: Circuit analysis using Laplace Transformation,105

8-1 Definition of a Laplace Transform (One Sided), 105
8-2 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Signals,106
8-2-1 Unit Step106
8-2-2 Unit Impulse, 106
8-2-3 Unit Ramp, 106
8-2-4 Exponential Signal 106
8-2-5 Sum of Two Signals, 107
8-2-6 Signal Multiplied by a Constant, 107
8-2-7 Sinusoidal Signal,107
8-2-8 Derivative, 107
8-2-9 Integral, 108
8-2-10 Time Shifted Signal, 108
8-2-11 Periodical Signal, 109
8-3 Representation of R, L, and C in the s-domain 110
8-3-1 Representation of R in the s-domain, 110
8-3-2 Representation of L in the s-domain, 110
8-3-3 Representation of C in the s-domain, 110
8-4 Complex Frequency Domain Circuits, 111
8-5 Partial Fraction Expansion, 115
8-5-1 Different Single Roots, 115
8-5-2 Multiple Roots, 116
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1
Sinusoidal Steady
State Analysis

1-1 Complex Numbers Review

To simplify the analysis of circuits supplied by sinusoidal sources we should start
with a review of complex numbers:

1-1-1 Imaginary Operator j

2
An algebraic equations, such as ( x  2x  5  0 ), does not have a real solution
but with the definition of the imaginary operator:

j  1

the equation can have the following solution,


x 2  2x  5  0 x  1  1  5  1   4  1   1 4  1  j2
1-1-2 Imaginary Number
We can see that the solution of the above equation is equal to a real number
plus a real number multiplied by the imaginary operator j
A real number, multiplied by the imaginary operator j is called an imaginary
number. The following are other examples for imaginary numbers:
j5  j 100 j log 315
, , j 3 , , ………
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1-1-3 Complex Number

The sum of a real number ( a ) and an imaginary number jb is called

complex number A :

where a is called "Real Part" and

A  a  jb b is called "Imaginary part":
a Re b  Im{ A }
= { A} ,
Note that Real numbers are a special case of complex numbers, where a real
number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero, for example:

6  6  j0  12   12  0 j log 520  log 520  j 0

, , …
1-1-4. Complex Number Graphical Representation
Since a complex number has a real part and an imaginary part, it is not possible to
represent it as a point on a horizontal straight line but it may be represented as a
point on a plane called "Complex Plane".
The real part is equal to the horizontal distance between the origin point and the
point representing the complex number and the imaginary part is equal to the vertical
distance between the origin and the point, representing the complex number.
Example 1-1
Draw the following two complex numbers on the complex plane
M 32j N  23j
Solution:

Fig.1-1

1-1-5 Complex Number Conjugate

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The only difference between a complex number: A  a  jb , and its conjugate

*
complex number ( A ) is the sign of the imaginary part:
*
A  a  jb
1-1-6 Complex Numbers Mathematical Operations
Any operation with complex numbers will always result in one complex number
with one real part and one imaginary part

Example 1-2

If A  3  j4 , B42j
Obtain the result of each of the following operations in Cartesian form:
A B , AB , A * B , A / B , A / B*

Solution: A  B  3  j4  4  2 j = 7  2 j
A B  3  4 j  4  2 j = 16 j
A  B  ( 3  j 4 ) ( 4  2 j ) = 12  6 j  16 j  8  20  10 j

A 34j ( 3  4 j )( 4  2 j ) 12  6 j  16 j  8 0.2  1.1 j

B = 4  2 j = ( 4  2 j )( 4  2 J ) = 20 =

A34j ( 3  4 j )( 4  2 j ) 12  6 j  16 j  8 1  0.5 j
20
B = 4  2 j = ( 4  2 j )( 4  2 J ) =
*
=

Example 1-3 Given: A  5  2 j , B  3  6 j , C  4  3 j

Obtain the result of each of the following operations in Cartesian form:
jC ( A  B ) 2 *
(1 / A ) (1 / B )
*
,
Solution:
j C ( A  B ) 2 =  j ( 4  3 j ) ( 2  4 j ) 2  28  j 96
1 1 1 1 8
  ( 13  j 11 )  0.24  j 0.20
* * 5  2 j  3  6 j 425
A B = =
1-1-7 Complex Numbers Exponential and Polar-Forms
If we draw a straight line from the origin point to the point which represents the
complex number then we can represent the complex number in terms of the length of
the straight line A (Magnitude) and the phase angle  between the magnitude and
the real axis as shown below.
 9

The representation of the complex number in terms of A and  is called:

"Exponential form" or "Polar form", which can be obtained from the Cartesian form as
follows:
A  a  jb  A cos   jA sin   A(cos   j sin  )  Ae j = A
A  a  jb (Cartesian Form)
A = Ae j (Exponential Form)
A = A  (Polar Form)
 1
A  a 2  b2 , = tan ( b / a )
Example 1-4
Convert the following two complex numbers to exponential and polar form:
V1 = 43j , V2 =
4 3j

Solution :
V1 = 4 2  ( 3 )2 = 5 ,  1 = tan 1 ( 3 / 4 )  36 o .9
V1  j 36.9 o 5  36.9 o
= 5e =
Since the real part of V 2 is negative, we have to write it and carry out the
conversion as follows:
o o o
V 2  4  3 j  ( 4  3 j )  V 1  e  j 180 V 1  e  j 180 5 e  j 36.9
V2 o o
 5 e j 143.1  5 143.1o  5 e  j 216.9  5   219.9 o
1-1-8 Two Complex Numbers Equality
A complex number A  a  jb is equal to a complex number B  c  jd , if their real
parts are equal and their imaginary parts are also equal:

ac , bd

And if the two complex numbers are given in exponential form:

A = Ae j A B = Be B
j
,
then they are equal, if their magnitudes and phase angles are equal:
AB ,  A = B
1-1-9 Complex Numbers Operations with Different Forms
Example 1-5
o
If A  15 e j 53.1 , B4 3j ,
find A , A * B , and A / B , in the Exponential-, Polar-, and Cartesian form
Solution:
o o o o
A  15 e j 53.1 = 1553.1 = 15 cos 53.1  j 15 sin 53.1  9  j 12
A B j 53.1o o o
( 4  3 j ) = 15 e j 53.1 * 5 e  j 36.9 = 75 e j 16.2
o
= 15 e
o o  72  j 20.9
= 7516.2 = 75 cos 16.2  j75 sin 16.2
o
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A/ B o 1 j 36.9 o
15 e j 53.1
o
e  3e j 90  390 o  3 j
= .5

1-1-10 Complex Numbers Graphical Operations

-- Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers can be performed as if they
were vectors.

-- Multiplication is carried out by drawing a magnitude equal to the product of

the magnitudes of the complex numbers and drawing a phase angle equal
to the algebraic sum of the phase angles of the complex numbers .

-- Division is carried out by drawing a magnitude equal to the magnitude of

the first complex number divided by the magnitude of the second complex
number and by drawing a phase angle equal to the difference of the
phase angles, such as in the following example:

Example 1-6 If A 3 j , B22j

Draw each of the following operations on the complex plane
A B , A B , AB , A/ B
Solution:

Fig. 1-1-9-1

Example 1-7
A4 3j *
Given: , B   j , C  ( 1  3 j )
Draw the following operations on the complex plane
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A B , AC , A* B , (AC )/ B
Solution:

Fig. 1-7

1-2 Sinusoidal Steady State Response

Fig.1-8
As we know, the transient response, in a circuit ( a current response i ( t ) or a
voltage response v ( t ) ), consists of a natural response and a forced response:
i( t )  in ( t )  i f ( t )
v( t )  v n ( t )  v f ( t )

The natural response ( i n ( t ) , v n ( t ) ) is produced by the initial energy, stored in

the capacitors and inductors, and the forced response becomes the form of the
source-waveform.
If a sinusoidal source is supplying a circuit containing resistors, which is the case
in practical circuits, then the initial energy can be practically considered as completely
dissipated in the resistors, within a very short time after connecting the source to the
circuit, so that only the forced response remains which has a sinusoidal form with the
same frequency as the source but phase shifted as follows:
i ( t )  i f ( t )  I cos( t   i )
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v ( t )  v f ( t )  V cos( t   v )
i ( t ) , v( t ) are called: “Sinusoidal Steady State Responses”, where I , V are the
Magnitudes, and  i ,  v are the Phase-shifts of the responses.
Example 1-9
Find i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 1-2

Fig.1-9
Solution:
Since i ( t ) is a sinusoidal steady state response, it can be represented by
i ( t )  I cos( t   )
KVL around the single loop gives:
di 
Ri  L  V s cos t
dt

RI cos( t   )  LI sin( t   )  V s cos t

RI (cos t cos   sin t sin  )  LI (sin t cos   cos t sin  )  V s cos t

( RI cos   LI sin  ) cos t  ( RI sin   LI cos  ) sin t  V s cos t + 0 sin t

To obtain  and I , the above equation should be independent of time (t).

which is possible if we set:

RI sin   LI cos   0.............( 1 )

RI cos   LI sin   V s ...........( 2 )

Solving the equations (1) and (2), we obtain

 L   L 
tan    tan 1
R = R
I Vs Vs 
= R cos   L sin  R  L
2 2 2
=

i( t ) I cos( t   ) Vs L
cos( t  tan 1 )
R
= = R 2   2 L2

1-2-1 Analysis Using the Complex Source- Method

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The sinusoidal-source, supplying the circuit, can be expressed by

v s ( t )  V s cos( t   s ) = Re{ V s e jt * e j s } = Re{ v s }

and any response in the circuit, for example a current response i ( t ) , will have a
sinusoidal waveform and can be expressed by:
i ( t )  I cos( wt   ) Re{ Ie jt * e j } Re{ i }
= =

Now, we can replace the time variables v s ( t ) ,

i ( t ) with the complex variables vs
, i and use the usual analysis techniques to find the required response in a complex
form and then transform it back to the time domain
i( t )

v s  V s e j t * e j s , i  Ie jt * e j

Now we can analyze the circuit using usual analysis techniques with the complex
variables and find any response as a complex response. The real part of this
complex response is the required response in the time domain.

Example 1-10
Find i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 1-10 using the complex source- method.

Fig.1-10
Solution:
At first, we convert the given source to a complex source:
v s ( t )  V s cos t  v s  V s e j t
Thus, the resulting response will become also complex, and may be represented
as follows:
i ( t )  I cos( t   )  i  Ie jt * e j
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Using KVL, around the single loop, we get:

di  R Ie jt * e j jLIe jt e j V s e j t 
Ri  L  vs
dt + =

( R  j L ) I * e j =
Vs

I * e j Vs 
= R  j L
I
Vs L 
   tan 1
R 2   2 L2 , R
i ( t )  I cos( t   ) Vs L
cos( t  tan  1 )
= R  L
2 2 2
R
1-2-2 Analysis Using the Pharos Concept
j t
As we used the complex source-method, we noticed that the factor ( e ) always
disappeared from the analysis-equations. This means that we can obtain more
simplification if we use the complex source divided by this factor just from the
beginning

1-2-2-1 Phasor
j t
Theresult of dividing the complex source by the factor ( e ) is known as a “Phasor”,
which contains the magnitude and phase angle.
If we convert the real source to a phasor, then any response becomes a phasor
containing magnitude and phase angle of this response, for example
v ( t )  V cos( t   )  v  V e j t * e j  v
V   V e j
j t
e
Time response  Complex response  Phasor
Example 1-11
Find the corresponding phasor to each of the following sinusoidal signals,
and draw each of these phasors on the complex plane
i 1  4 cos( t  30 o ) , v 2  2 sin( t  120 o )
Solution:

i1  4 cos( t  30 o ) ,

v 2  2 sin( t  120 o )  2 cos( t  120 o  90 o )

 15

o
I 1  4 e j 30 , v 2  2 cos( t  120 o  90 o  180 o )  2 cos( t  30 o )
o
V 2  2e  j 30

Example 1-12
Transform each of the following phasors to the time domain.
V 1  65   60 o I 2  j /( 6  9 j )
V1 65   60 o j
I2   0.092146.3 o
Solution: = 6 9j
v 1 ( t )  65 cos( t  60 o ) i 2 ( t )  0.092 cos( t  146 o .3 )
1-2-2-2 Phasor Relationships for R, L, and C
For an element, operating in a circuit supplied by a sinusoidal source, the element-
current and voltage will be sinusoidal with the same frequency as the source, and
can be represented as follows:
i ( t )  I cos( t   i ) i j t j i
 Ie *e

v ( t )  V cos( t   v ) v  Ve jt * e j v
Thus, we can obtain the pharos relationships for R, L and C as follows:

vRi v  L di i  C dv
, dt , dt
V e jt e j v = R Ie jt e j i V e j t e j v jL Ie jt e j i Ie jt e j i jC Ve jt e j v
, = , =
Ve j v = R Ie j i , V e j v = j  L Ie j i , Ie j i = jC Ve j v
VR I V  j L I 1
V  I
, , j C

1-2-2-3 Impedance Z
The above relationships written as ratios of a Phasor voltage V to a Phasor
current I will give:
V V V 1
R  j L 
I I I j C
, ,
 16

We can see that these relationships are dependent of frequency  and not of time
t , therefore they are called “Frequency Domain Relationships”, and the ratio (V / I )
is known as the "Impedance Z ".
Thus, R , L , and C can be represented, in the frequency domain, as
Impedances as follows:

V V V 1
R  j L 
I I I j C
, ,
1-2-2-4 Frequency Domain Circuits
If the sinusoidal source is replaced by its phasor, each element is replaced by its
impedance, and each response is assigned as a phasor, then the resulting circuit is
called a “Frequency domain circuit”. This circuit may be analyzed using the usual
analysis techniques, where the required response can be found as a phasor and then
converted to the corresponding response in time domain

Example 1-12
Find i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 12

Fig. 12
Solution: At first we draw the corresponding frequency domain circuit
v s  V s cos t  V s  Vs R  R L  j L i 
, , ,

KVL on the single loop gives :

R I  j L I  V s  Vs Ie j
I
R  j L =
Vs L
I    tan 1
R
R 2   2 L2 ,
i ( t )  I cos( t   ) Vs L
cos( t  tan 1 )
R
= R 2   2 L2
Example 1-13
 17

Find i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 13

Fig.1-3

Solution: At first we draw the corresponding frequency domain circuit

v s  Vs cos t  V s  Vs ,
R  R
,
L  j L
,
i  I

KVL on the single loop gives :

R I  j L I  V s  Vs Ie j 
I
R  j L =
Vs L
I    tan  1
R
R 2   2 L2 ,
i ( t )  I cos( t   ) Vs L
cos( t  tan  1 )
R
= R 2   2 L2
Example 1-14
Find i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 1-14

Fig. 1-14
Solution

V1  V 1   j 10 I  j 100
I  10  0
Node N: j 10 ……...(1)
100  5
( 20  40 j  j )I  3V 1  V 1  0 V 1  (5  j )I
Outer Loop: 3 3 ..(2)
 18

I
60
 7.88 23.2 o
 i ( t )  7.88 cos( 10 4 t  23.2 o )
7 3j
Example 1-15
What is the value of C in the circuit shown in Fig. 1-15, if

i ( t )  4 cos 10 3 t , V  80  j 200

Fig. 15
Solution:
i ( t )  4 cos 10 3 t  I 4 , V  80  j 200
jL  j 10 3 * 0.1  j 100 , 1 / jC  1 / j 10 3 C

1
Z  20  j 100 
j 10 3 C
V Z I ( 20  j 100 
1
)4
80  j 200 
3
= j 10 C =
1  1  1
( 100  )  50 3
 50 C 3
 20 
10 3 C 10 C 10 * 50

1-2-3 Analysis Techniques in the Frequency Domain

The usual analysis techniques such as Equivalent impedance, Source
transformation, Superposition, Thevenin’s equivalent, Nodal analysis, Mesh analysis,
etc.., can be applied on frequency domain circuits since all these techniques are
derived from Kirchhoff's Laws which are applicable on frequency domain circuits.
Note that all sinusoidal sources, in the circuit, should have the same frequency
otherwise superposition must be applied first.

1-2-3-1 Equivalent Impedance Z eq

The equivalent impedance in the frequency domain could be obtained using the
same methods applied to find the equivalent resistance in resistive circuits, except
that we deal here with impedances and phasors.
The impedance is usually complex and dependent of the source frequency
 19

Z eq V R  jX Z eq e
j z Z eq  z
= I = = =
Z eq R2  X 2 z tan 1 X
= , = (R)
R is called “ Resistive Component “ and X “ Reactive Component “ and both R
and X have the basic unit (  ).

Example 1-16
Find the impedance Z in for the frequency domain circuit of Fig. 1-16.

Fig. 1-16
Solution:

3( 2  j ) 3( 11  3 j ) 33 17
Z in  j  [ 3 //( 2  j )]  j   j  j
5 j 26 26 26
Example 1-17
Find the current i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 1-17

Fig. 1-17
Solution:
v s  40 sin 3000 t  40 cos( 3000 t  90 o )  o
V s  40 e  j 90 =
 j 40

1 1 1  2 jk
jL  j 3000 *  jk 
3 j C 1
j * 3000 * 
, 6 =
1 1 1  2 jk
jL  j 3000 *  jk 
3 j C 1
j * 3000 * 
, 6 =
 20

Z eq 1.5 k  ( jk //( 1k  2 jk )  1.5 k  jk ( 1k  2 jk )

= jk  1k  2 jk
Z eq = ( 2  1.5 j )k = 2.5 ke j 36.9
o

I Vs  j 90 o 16 mAe  j 126 .9
40 e
Z eq = o
= 2.5 ke j 36.9 =
i ( t )  16 mA cos( 3000 t  126.9 o )

1-2-3-2 Equivalent Admittance Y eq

Admittance is simply the reciprocal of the impedance:
Y eq I 1 G  jB Yeq j y Yeq  y
e
= V = Z eq = = =
B
Yeq  G 2  B 2  y  tan  1
, G
G is called “ Conductive Component “ and B “ Susceptive Component “ and both
G and B have the basic unit Mho ( ).

Example 1-18
Find the admittance Y in for the frequency domain circuits of Fig. 1-18.

Fig. 1-18
Solution:
 21

Z in   j  [(  j  j ) //( 1  j )   j  [ 0 //( 1  j )]   j 
Y in  1 /(  j )  j

Example 1-19
Find i 1 ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-19

Fig. 1-19
Solution:
ir ( t ) o  I r  10 mA  20 o
= 10mAcos( 100 t  20 )

jL  j  1  10 2  1  j 100 ,
1 / jC  1 / j 100 * 40    j 250
Yr ( 1 / 400 )
Ir  I1  I1
Y eq ( 1 / 400 )  ( 1 / j 100 )  ( 1 /  j 250 )
1 1
 I1  I1
( 1  j 4  j 1.6 ( 1  j 2.4 )

I 1  I r ( 1  j 2.4 )  10 m20 o ( 1  j 2.4 )

I 1  10 m  20 o * 2.6   67.4 o  26 mA   47.4 o

i 1 ( t )  26 mA cos( 100 t  47 ,4 o )

1-2-3-4 Source Transformation

Example 1-20
Find v ( t ) in the circuit of Fig.1-20 , using Source transformation method

Fig. 1-20
Solution:
 22

Frequency domain-equivalent
42j2 j
I  0.3( 2  j )
4  2 j  10 j  2  4 j
V   j 10 * I   j 10 * 0.3( 2  j )  3( 1  2 j )
V
= 3 5   tan 1 2  6.7   63.4 o
v ( t )  6.7 cos( 1000 t  63.4 o )

1-2-3-5 Superposition
Example 1-21
Find iC ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-21 V

Fig. 1-21
Solution:
1 1 4 1 / j 2 C  1 / 4 j * 10 4 2 n  1.25 j 10 4
  0. 5 j 10
j 1 C j 10 5 2 n ,

2 m * 2 j 10 4 8  j 10 20
I' C   mA I' ' C  4 4
 mA
4
2 j 10  0.5 j 10 4 3 , 0.8 j 10  1.25 j 10 9

8 20
iC ( t )  mA cos 10 5 t  mA cos 10 4 t
3 9
Example 1-22
Find v R ( t ) , v L ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-22
 23

Fig.1-22
Solution:
jL  j 10 6 * 2   j 2 , 1 / jC  1 / j * 10 6 * ( 1 / 4 )   j 4

2j o ''
V R'  1 * * 2  1 j  2 e  45 v R ( t )  2 * 2  4
22j

v R' ( t )  2 cos( 10 6 t  45 o )
2 o
V L'  1 * * 2 j  ( 1  j )  2e 135
22j

v L' ( t )  2 cos( 10 6 t  135 o ) v L'' ( t )  0

6 o
v R ( t )  v R' ( t )  v R'' ( t )  2 cps( 10 t  45 )  4
v L ( t )  v L' ( t )  v L'' ( t )  2 cos( 10 6 t  135 o )

1-2-3-6 Thevenin’s Equivalent

Example 1-23
Find v ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1.23 using Thevenin’s Equivalent
Solution:

Fig. 1-23
V th  1( 4  2 j )  0.5 j ( 2  4 j )  6  3 j , Z th  4  2 j  4 j  2  6  2 j
 24

v ( t )  6.7 cos( 1000 t  63.4 o )

Example 1-24
In Fig.1-24, obtain the Thevenin's equivalent for the circuit on the left side
of terminals (a-b).

Fig.1-24
Solution:

V x 1  5 * j 20   j 100 , V x 2   j 20 * I d
V th  V x 1  5 * 12  j 6 ( 5  0.1V x 1 )

V th  j 100  5 * 12  j 6 * ( 5  j 10 )  j70

V d  V x 2  12 I d  j 6 ( I d  0.1V x 2 )

Z th  V d / I d  j 14  V d  j 14 * I d

1-2-3-7 Nodal Analysis

Example 1-24

Use Nodal Analysis to find v 3 ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-24

Fig. 1-24
 25

Solution:
jL  j 10 4 * 0.4 m  j 4 , 1 / jC  1 / j * 10 4 * 400    j 1 / 4

V 1 V 1 V 2 V 1 V 3 o
   8e j 30
Node 1: 1 1 j
V 2 V 2 V 1 V 2 V 3
  0
Node 2: j 1 1

V 3 V 3 V 1 V 3 V 2
  0
Node 3: 1 j 1

2  j  1 j  V 1   2  j  1 j 
 1 2 j 1     1 2 j 1 
  V 2   
  j  1 2  j  V 3    1 2  j 
  = = j = 8

3  2  j  1 10 e j 30
o
 16 e j 30 ( 1  j )
o

 
 1 2 j 0 
j 1 0 
=  =

 o
16 e j 30 ( 1  j )
2.8 75 o
V3  3 o
 2e j 30 ( 1  j )
 = 8 =

v 3 ( t )  2.8 cos( 10 4 t  75 o )

Example 1-25
Use Nodal Analysis to find i1 ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-25

Fig.1-25
 26

Soluition:

V1 V 1  4 j V1  3 j  9  13 j
  0 V1 
j 2 2j 10
Node 1:
V 1 4 j 9
I1     jV 1  4   ( 3  j )  2.85 ( 18 o .43  180 o )
j j 10
i 1 ( t )  2.85 cos( 10 4 t  18.43 o  180 o )
1-2-3-8 Mesh Analysis
Example 1-26
Use Mesh Analysis to find i 1 ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-26

Fig. 1-26
Solution:

j( I 1  I 2 )  3 j  j  0  j I 1  j I 2  2 j
Mesh 1 :

Mesh 2 :  j I 2  j ( I 2  I 1 )  2( I 2  I 3 )  0  jI 1 )  2I 2  2I 3 )  0

Mesh 3 :  2 j I 3  2( I 3  I 2 )  j  0 
 2 I 2  ( 2  2 j )I 3   j
 27

 j  j 0  I 1   2 j 
 j 2  2     0 
 I 2   
 0 2 2  j 2  I 3    j 
  =

1 9 
I1   (3 j)
 10

i 1 ( t )  2.85 cos( 10 4 t  18.43 o  180 o )

Example 1-27

Use Mesh Analysis to find v x ( t ) in the circuit of Fig.1-27

Fig.1-27

Solution:

v s  15 cos( 10 3 t  180 o )  V s  15 , i s  5 sin 10 3 t  I s   j5

jL  j 10 3 * 10 m  j 10 , 1 / jC  1 / j * 10 3 * 200    j 5

Mesh 1: 15  5 I 1  j 10( I 1  I 2 )  0  ( 5  j 10 )I 1  j 10 I 2 )  15 … (1)

Super-mesh:
5 I 3  15  j 10 ( I 2  I 1 )  j 5 I 2  0   j 10 I 1  5 j I 2  5 I 3  15 …(2
 28

Node N:
j5  I 3  I 2  I 2  I 3   j 5 ……………(3)

5  j 10  j 10 0  I 1    15 
  j 10    15 
 5j 5  I 2   
 0 1  1 I 3   j 5 
  =

 5  j 10  j 10 0  75 ( 1  j )
 j 10 5j 5
= 0 1 1 =
1  15  j 10 0 ( 175  j75 )
15 5j 5
=  j5 1 1 =
I1  1 /   ( 175  j75 ) 1
(5  2 j )
=  75 ( 1  j ) = 3
V x  5I 1  5 8.98 e  j 22
o
 v x ( t )  8.98 cos( t  22 o )
(5  2 j )
3 =
Example 1-28
Use Mesh Analysis to find v ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.1-28,

Fig.1-28
Solution:
1 1
 1  10 5    5 j 10 3 , j 1 L  0.2 j  10 5  j 20  10 3
j 1 C 5
j  10 2 n

V
'
V
'  '
V   j 20  v' ( t )  20 sin 10 5 t
  3 mA
 5 j 10 3 20 j 10 3

1 1
 2  4  10 4    12.5 j 10 3 , j 2 L  0.2 j 4  10 4  j 8  10 3
j 2 C j 4  10 2 n 4
 29

', ',  ',  v'' ( t )  25 cos 4  10 4 t

V V  j9 V  25
 0
 12.5 j  10 3 8 j 10 3
v( t ) ' '' 5 4
= v ( t )  v ( t )  20 sin 10 t + 25 cos 4  10 t