— —— SSS Unit eo oe International Lincoln Computer English Center & (LL.C.E,, S.A.) LEVEL 2 Index One Simple Present Tense Plural form of nouns Countable and Uncountable nouns Many and Much Some and Any Demonstrative Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Personal Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive form Two Simple Past Tense Good and Well . ee 7 Very and Too Barry Fs Future with Will Bs ea, Present Continuous or Progressive Past Continuous or Progressive Going to Future Prepositions of Place Grammar Summary Expressions Verbs Direccidn: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigas, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469A International Lincoln Computer English Center fA aa (LL.C.E., S. A.) eeepc | Unit One mple Present Tense: aries Do / Doe: Formula ——» Subject + Verb in present tense + Complement. We use the simple present tense to talk about what we do every day. It expresses habits. When we use the third person singular (he-she-it) in the affirmative sentence, we have to add -s, -es, or ies to the verb. 1. When the verb ends in -sh, -ch, -85, or -x, we add -es. “ssh ——> push ——> pushes *.ch ——» teach» teaches “ss — kiss ——» kisses x ——» fix ——» fires 2.- When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change yto i andadd -es. tory ——» cries “try —— > tries “fy ——> files 3.- We add -s for the rest of the verbs, * work ——> works *read ——> reads *pay ——> pays Auxiliaries Do/Does are used to write negative and intertozetive sentences. } Ze donot He does not Do Fre Bae —Sshe They don't eat dogsn't A: Sonya brushes her hair every morning. A: They wash the dishes. N: Sonya doesn't brush her hair every morning. Nz They don't wash the dishes. I: Does she brush her hair every morning? I: Do they wash the dishes? Yes, she does. Yes, they do. No, she doesn't. No, they don't. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigs, Mo ‘Telefix: 2265-1469 18; A233 y F-4GL.CE,, S.A) AS, I International Lincoln Computer English Center fA ! and short answers. aa Use the verbs in italics to complete the sentences. Then write the negative, interrogative, 1.- teach Alex English. 2- fix Amechanic CT 3. drink Melissa tea every afternoon. 4- watch They television at night. 5. rain It. alotin Seatle. 6- cy Our baby: at night. 7- do Pierre his homework. 8- pay 1 my bills on time. 9- study Paul at the library every day. 10- have The students their books. Daily Routines Wake up despertarse Read the newspaper leer el periodico Get up levantarse Gotobed acostarse Takeashower —_bafiarse 7 Go tasieep dormirse Get dressed vestirse Gas class ira clases Eat breakfast desayunar Drink alGUplof coffee tomar una taza de cafe Make lunch preparar el almuet inthe mirror —_—mirarse al espejo Takethebus tomar el autobus the hair peinarse el cabello Drivetowork ——_conducir al trabajo the hair cepillarse el cabello Go to work ir al trabajo cepillarse los dientes Leave work salir del trabajo hacer ejercicios Clean the house —_limpiar la casa Wash the face lavarse la cara Cook dinner preparar la cena Stretch estirarse Get home llegar a casa” Yawn bostezar Eat dinner cenar Rub the eyes restregarse los ojos Watch TV mirar la television Dothehomework hacer la tarea Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18s A-233 y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO-3_ = International Lincoln Computer English Center fA ———} —— (LL.GE,, S.A) Rerco™ ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUETIONS: 1. Who makes dinner in your family? my grotker 2.- Who goes to the market? my mater 3.- Who goes to work? my Footer 4.- Who goes to school? me, and Quat PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL One pen two pens ‘One apple three apples | To make the plural form of most nouns: add~s. ‘One cup Four cups ‘One elephant five elephants Baby babies End ofnoun: consonant + -y. City cities Plural form: change yto J, add es. Boy boys Endofnour | vowel+ -y. Key keys Pluralform:__add-s. Wife Endefnoun:| fe orf Thief form: _ change f to v, add-es. Dish E Match matches En noun: — -Sh, -ch, $s, -x. Class classes Plural form: add-es. Box boxes Tomato tomatoes Endofnoun: consonant +-o. Potato potatoes Plural form: add -es. Zoo z005 End ofnoun: vowel +-o. Radio radios Plural form: _add—s. Direeci6n: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigs, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469There are some nouns in English that are very special: Man Men Tooth Teeth Woman Women, Child Children Foot Feet Person People Mouse Mice Fish Fish Me cd ble Nouns We use “a” with objects we can count and begin with 2 consonant. Example: a book. We use “an” with objects we can count and begin with’aiwowelsExample: an orange. We use “some” with countable and uncountable nouns. Example: some milk / some students. * Remember that “a / an” are used only in singular, How many and How much. We use “How many” for questions using countable or plurabobjectsiiy Formula: How many + countable noun + auxiliary #)subject + verb + complement + ? Examples: How many books do you have? How many pencils did she buy yesterday? singular object. subiec: ~ verb + complement + ? We use “How much” for questions usind/git Uneounea Formula: How much + uncountable ngun + auxilia Examples: How much sugar do you need? How much milk are you 4: We use “How much” for questions aski Example: How much does the book cost? Most plurals are formed by adding “-s” to the noun or object. (book/s — doctor/s). ‘Some of the most important exceptions include: man - men / child ~ children / person — people. Itis used in affirmative and negative statements and questions. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod. A-183 A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 | International Lincoln Computer English Center ty : “—— GLGE,S:A) Reece” AY, TWO-5International Lincoln Computer English Center GLCE,S.A) + Examples: Many fast-food restaurants serve hot dogs. I don't like many kinds of vegetables, Are many Americans changing their diet? Aren't there many eggs in the refrigerator? MUG \tis used mainly in negative statements, and affirmative and negative questions. Much usually isn't used in affirmative statements; use alot ofinstead. Examples: They don't eat much red meat. We don't drink much tea or. Does she eat much chocola Don't they study Literature? © a 2g We use “some” in affirmative sentences with countablé and:dincountable nouns. Examples: | have some friends in Spai. ‘My mother needs to buy some oil, ANY ‘We use “any” in negative or interrogative sentences. We use “any” for both countable and uncountable nouns. SOMEBODY We use ye ay ;one, somewhere and SOMEWHEREL——, >>> something in afirmative sentences SOMETHING Example: He lives somewhere near here. ANYBODY We use “any” words — anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything ANYWHERE in negative or interrogative sentences. ANYTHING Examples: Do you know anything about that boy? She doesn't have anywhere to go. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigas, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 ‘Telefax: 2265-1469 Two-6International Lincoln Computer English Center fAY (LL.CE,, S.A.) een iSTRATIVE UNS SINGULAR PLURAL This is These are (near) That is Those are (far) We use this or these to introduce people. Example: This is Carlos and these are my 6ns. EXERCISES: + CHANGE TO PLURAL. 1. This is my book. 2.- That exercise is easy. 3.- That is an interesting novel. 4. This is an expensive umbrella. 5.-That is your eraser. I= CHANGE TO SINGULAR. 1.- Those are our dictionaries. 2.- These are old notebooks. 3. Those are elephants. 4.- Those are new lamps. 5.- These are orange flowers. ‘entro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigas, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469A | International Lincoln Computer English Center fA : i (L.CE., oe a ery, m )SSESSIVE PRONOUNS, PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND Of UNS. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES | POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS | PERSONALPRONOUNS | OBJECT PRONOUNS MY: mi, mis MINE: mio, mia hyo ME: a mi /me YOUR: tu / tus YOURS: tuyo/a YOU; tu YOU: a ti/te HIS: su (de el) HIS: suyo (de el) § RE: e! HIM: gel /le HER: su (de ella) HIS: suyo (de el), SHE: ella HER: a ella /la ITS: su (de ello} ITS: suyo (ello) Ir: ello Tlo OUR: nuestro /a ours: nuestro /a WE nosotros/as | US: a nosotros /nos YOUR: westro/a YOURS: vuestro/a YOU: vosotros/as | YOU: a vosotros /as THEIR: su (de ellos) THEIRS: suyos (ellos) THEY: ellos /as THEM: a ellos /as /les 1. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: They come in front of nouns. EXAMPLES: My book is red. These are their schoolbags. 2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: They are used alone, without'a noun following it. EXAMPLES: — That ruler is mine. ‘Those erasers are ours. 3.- PERSONAL PRONOUNS: They are Used as a subje EXAMPLES: She is an ote Sonica They were my frie 4 OBJECT PRONOUNS: They are used to substitute a noun. Sometimes a pronoun refers to a “noun phrase.” EXAMPLES: ‘have @ grammar book. It is on my desk. if They invite Betty to the party. They invite her to the party. [ace 1 irecei6n: Centro Comereial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18; 4-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469International Lincoln Computer English Center fAY { (LL.C.E., 8. A.) ees co” EXERCISE: Find and correct the errors in pronoun usage. Dear Joan: Everything is going fine. | like my new apartment very much. Its large and comfortable. | like ‘my roommate too. Him name is Alberto. You will meet them when you visit | next month, His from Colombia. His studying English too. Were classmates. We were classmates last semester too. We share the rent and the utility bills, but us don't share the telepOhone bill. He pays for his's calls and my pay for my. He's telephone bill is very high because he has a girlfriend in Colombia. He He calls she often. Sometimes her calls he. Thefh talkon the phone a lot. Ours neighbors are Mr. and Mrs. Taylor. Their very nice. We talk to it often, Ours apartment is next to their. Theirs have a daughter. Shes really cute. Hers name is Ann. Them also have a cat. Its black and white. Its eyes are yellow. Its hame is Moka. it's a friendly cat. Sometimes they're cat leaves a dead mouse outside ours door. 'am looking forward to you're visit. Love; Frank READ THE CONVERSATION BELOW: Barbara: Is there any milk left? = Katherine: Yes, there is some in the bottle'on thie table. Barbara: Would you like some milk? % Katherine: No, thank you. | don't think I'll drink any tonight. Could | have some water, please? Barbara: Sure. There is some in the fridge. Barbara, do you know anybody who comes from China? Katherine: Yes, | think there is someone who Is Chinese in my Enelishreless. Barbara: Great, could you ask him some qi Is for me: Katherine: No problem. Is there anything Sete want Barbara: No, | don't have anything in pat ar in mind. Me in China. Is that OK? Katherine: | would be happy to do that for’ ld ask him some questions about life Poss! IVE. ‘To show that a person possesses something, add an apostrophe (') and —s to a singular noun. EXAMPLES: My friend's cor is white. The student's book is new. ‘Add an apostrophe (') at the end of a plural noun (after the -s). EXAMPLES: The teachers’ desks are old. My parents' telephone number is 504 - 4568. Irregular plural nouns (children, men, people, etc) have an irregular plural possessive form. The apostrophe (’) comes before the final -s. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: Telefax: 2265-1469 18; A-235 y F-4 Two-9International Lincoln Computer English Center ‘As i (LL.C.E., S.A.) Rene EXAMPLES: The children's toys are on the floor. | ike to know about other people's lives. in of things, we use the same form as in Spanish, When we want to express posse: EXAMPLES: The door of the house. The end of the movie. 3 Ra ‘The Simple Past: Did y i ie i a We use the simple past to talk about activities or routines which takes place at a specific time in the past. It is used to express a finished past action in the past! LES: % The president spoke yesterday. We went to the market last nigtit.’ Susan bought a new car in May. He telephoned his friend in Rome yesterday. In English grammar there are two kinds of verbs: * REGULAR: We add ed to for the past and the past participle, EXAMPLES: visit—visited—visited / / talk—talked — talked &: They have different forms and each verb neet The simple past is also used to habits in the \MPLES: When | was a student, | always did my homewor usually went to bed early. played golf when | was a teenager. AGO: means “in the past”. It follows specific lengths of time (two hours ago, six months ago, a year ago). EXAMPLES: He came to this country a year ago. Isaw him along time ago. He left the company many years ago, “entro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigés, Mod. ‘A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO- 10| International Lincoln Computer English Center fAs _— (LLCE,, iG - Reena ‘TIME EXPRESSIONS are used to indicate the time at / during which an action took place. YESTERDAY LAST AGO. yesterday last night five minutes ago’ ¥ yesterday morning Jast week two hours ago a yesterday afternoon Tast month three days ago 2 yesterday evening Jast year ‘a week ago last spring nine months ago i as MEMOS afer, |S a EXAMPLES: He visited his friends last week. I didn't see you two days ago. Jane flew to Boston yesterday. Most of the verbs in the past are formed by adding ed to the ver®, but there are other grammatical rules that we have to apply. Rule 1: END OF VERB: A CONSONANT +-¢ ADD - smile smiled sed Rule 2; ONE VOWEL + ONE CONSONANT) ——-> DOUBLE THE CONSONANT, ADD ed stop “stopped a rub cubed i; DONOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT = i; DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT Rule 3: TWO VOWELS + ONE CONSONANT.= rain, CONSONANT + -y ——> CHANGE -y TO ~i, ADD -ed study studied carry carried VOWEL + -y ——® ADD~ed; DO NOT CHANGE -yTO-f play played enjoy enjoyed Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigas, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWo- 11International Lincoln Computer English Center CAS —— (LL.C.E, 8.4.) een cas™ PRONUNCIATION NOTE: The—ed ending is pronounced in three ways according to the end of the verb. * /ed/ after d and t endings. EXAMPLES: existed, knitted, needed, and wanted. * /t{ after voiceless endings EXAMPLES: cooked, helped, talked, washed, and watehed, * /d/ after voice endings EXAMPLES: argued, danced, listened, lived, played, andserved. EXERCISES: Change these sentences to the past tense. Change the time expression to yesterday. 1.- They copy the sentences every day. 2. We study mathematics every days A an 3. The class starts at a quarter after nine every mor a tas nee a 7 Saal ober whe 4 The buses arrive early every mor ‘ 7 oP 5.- He assigns a great deal of ho Sits, zo. 1 vie Se peed She watches television every night Bike, y Tet fc ny omen ey foal Fe Btn eteatl ob bomen Yottacday ettamer FUTURE TIME: USING WILL ‘We use will to express actions in the future. Willis used in the United States and Shall is used in England, FORMULA: SUBJECT + WILL + VERB IN SIMPLE FORM + COMPLEMENT, Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 ‘Telefax: 2265-1469 TWo- 12: International Lincoln Computer English Center fAY (LL.CE,, S.A.) reno” ~ Subject + will + verb in simple form + complement Ire la oficina. a Tu vendras de Brazil. Ella comprara todo. Ellos viviran in Chicago. Nosotros trabajaremos aqui. I will go to the office You will come from Brazil ~ She will buy everything ~ They will live in Chicago —— We will work here ~ * NE - Subject + will not + verb in simple form + complement —— No vendere nada Tuno haras ese trabajo. El no dara las ordenes. Ella no visitara a nadie. — Ellos no viajaran a nuinguna parte. | will not (won't) sell anything =e You will not (won't) do that work He will not (won't) give the orders — She will not (won't) visit anybody They will not (won't) travel anywhere —- * INTERROGATIVE- Will + subject + verb in simple form + complement + ? Traere la cerveza? ~ Llevaras los libros? ——-=- Que dira el? —- Aceptara ella regalos? Creeran ellos en Dios? Shall | bring the beer? Shall you take the books? What shall he say? ~ Shall she accept presents? Shall they believe in God? EXAMPLES: | will have 2 farm. ‘You will have to rest. == He/She / It will have fever. ‘We will have instruments. --fi¥ou will have to shut up. They will have money, I will be a farmer, ——H— Youwill be tired, ——>— He / She / It wil be sick, So We will be musicians, -p—"-—— You will be shouting, They will be rich, We can also use will to express: 1.- PROMISE + We will meet at three. 2.- DETERMINATION : | will do as you say. 3.- EMPHASIZE + He will never learn English. 4 CONDITIONAL —: Iwill buy the car if like it. Direcci6n: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigas, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO-13| A a ) = International Lincoln Computer English Center fA 5 accare (LL.C.E., S.A) eer cot } SHALL is used when wé ask somebody if we are allowed to do something. EXAMPLES: Shall open the window? Shall we dance? SHALL is also used to express doubt or confusion. EXAMPLES! oan "have lost my keys, what shall Ido now2-2!9 =< Jy John wants me to go, but | don't know,what shall | say to\him? PRESENT. con \TINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE, Formula: Subject + am /is/are + present partitiple + complement. Its used when an action is happening in the moment (right now). The time expressions that we use are: now, right now, this month, ete: EXAMPLES: | can't talk on the phone. | am eating lunch. ‘This week my brother is taking the buss to work, because his car is broken, We can also use the present continuous to express future in planned activities. EXAMPLE: | am meeting her in the library:tomorrowratat) ‘The way to write affirmative, negative and i ame as the verb TO BE. He is coming now. He is not coming naw. ingnow. Is he coming now? Ismot he coming now? Isn't he coming naw Yes, he is. No, he is not. No, he isn't, EXAMPLES: 1.- They are buying some apples. 2. We are playing the piano. 3.- She is taking the subway to work. 41am cooking now. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes ‘Tropigis, Mod. A-18; A-23) y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO-14i AX, [== International Lincoln Computer English Center {7 5 — (LL.CE., a - Recreas™ j SPELLING 01 RULE ACONSONANT + -e ————> DROP THE-e and ADD —ing smile smiling write writing RULE 2: ONE VOWEL + ONE CONSONANT ——>=* “DOUBLE THE CONSONANT and ADD —ing sit 29 sitting run running EXCEPTION: Do not double w, x, and y (stiow-~'snowihig,/ fix fixing / say - saying) RULE 3: TWO VOWELS + ONE CONSONANT ————> ADD ~ing; DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT read, reading rain raining RULE 4: TWO CONSONANTS > ADD ~ng DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT stand standing push, pushing CONSONANT + -y ———> CHANGE -y TO -i, ADD ~ing ‘0D =ing; DO NOT CHANGE -y TO playing ing. Examples of verbs in the present participle: Copying Traveling Speaking Coming Trying saying Drawing Telling Putting Playing Studying Needing Dancing, Closing Opening knowing Going ‘Smelling Explaining. Looking Skating Learning Ironing Losing Direcei6n: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigiis, Mod. A-18; A-23; y F-4 ‘Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO. 15' { feces (LCE, 8.4) = International Lincoln Computer English Center ) | ST CONTINUOUS, ROGRESSIVE ‘Subject + was / were + present participle + complement. Formu The past continuous or progressive describes an activity that was in progress (was happening) at the time another action happened. We use the following words: while, when, at the time, etc. EXAMPLES: | was eating when you called. p> We were finishing the test when the firealarm wert off, | was sleeping when you came home. P They were eating when she arrived, The way to write affirmative, negative and interrogative statements is the same as the verb TO BE, He was studying He was not studying He wasn't-studying Was he studying? Wes not he studying? Wasn't he studying? Yes, he was. No, he was not. No, he wasn't. MULA: Subject + am/is/are + goingto + the simple form of averb + complement. Itis used to express the intention or purpose of {2 GIBB|use it to express immediately actions or predictions. EXAMPLES: , Helen is going to study French They are going to spend the sut You are going to the school. | She is going to take the subwd | We are going to work togethé |1am going to the shop. | | ‘She is going to the hospital. _She is not going to the hospital. ‘She isn't going to the hospital. Is she going to the hospital? __Is not she going to the hospital? Isn't she going to the hospital? Yes, she is. No, she is not, No, she isn't. ‘When we use the going to future + go, itis not necessary to use go because we have to avoid repetition. Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO- 16k International Lincoln Computer English Center fAY (LL.C.E,, S. A.) Reco We are going (to go) to the movie. They are going (to go) to Europe next month. We also used going to in the past tense (was going to / were going to) to express an activity that we wanted to perform, but it didn't happen. FORMULA: Subject + was / were + going to + the simple form of a verb + complement. sm | was going to call you up, but I didn't know your telephone number. We were going to eat at home, but Henry invited us for dinner. PREPOSIT ON/AT er itis used with bed, class, jail, prison, and hospital. EXAMPLES: Sue is in bed, Tom is in class. Mr, White is in the hospital. fe, itis used with rooms: in the kitchen, in the classroom, in the hall, etc. IN EXAMPLES: — Andrew is in the kitchen. Charles is in his bedroom, It is used with cit) , coliftffes and continents, EXAMPLES: David is in Mexic ive in Dallas, Tes itis used with Ivan is at work. call Jam at school. itis usually used with location in a city: at the post office, at the bank, at the library, at the bookstore, at the park, at the theater, at the restaurant, at the football stadium, etc. AT EXAMPLES: Tony is at the bank. They are at the restaurant. Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 ‘Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO-17AX, I International Lincoln Computer English Center f(A (LL.C.E,, S.A.) eee, oe Its used to express the specific place of someone or something. ON EXAMPLES: A bird is on the roof. The notebook is on the desk. * at the moment at this / that moment on vacaticns / holidays on the radio. i at no time at present onthe agenda on the menu ina loud voice in prison inagreendress ina good mood Other prepositions of place: Pe above around behind | between far away farfrom — inbackof inthe back of: in front of inthe fron “inthe middle of inside near nextto on topof outside under, . EXERCISES: COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITT 1.- The picture is the wall. 2.-The bananas are the table. 3.-Are the rulers the floor? 4. The exercise is the notebob 51s the telephone the desk? 6.- The umbrella is the corner. 7. The lights are the ceiling. 8. Is the piece of chalk. ‘the desk? 9.- The keys are the table. 10.-The chairs are the floor Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropigis, Mod.: A-18; A-23; y F-4 Telefax: 2265-1469 Two -18International Lincoln Computer English Center Gs (LCE, S.A) Tare, YOCABULARY- FRUIT aude en, waores grapes uve > apricots ta tangerines “tori W blueberries aison@*#S’ dates 2 pineapples efi plums #9 avocados awer"S5 papayas Drases 2¢ prunes 3 bananas bows q grapeftuit~ 3 cantalouy es 2+ Mangoes “70 25 raisins aa coconuts cotes ay nuts aueess watermelons sewalra 9 Apples stone Oranges wacaufa te, S peaches macs lAMONS tecwes 1 © pears Puc, "limes [fins 984 ava 2 Pie Founwo Mawrrnes Meloanton Ferns lear me avo Dey BFruela, Bronfa 3.49 Noraute. LP nt ued 12 IFawas 24 Savdins 25 26 23 Fasas Direccién: Centro Comercial Nejapa, contiguo a Almacenes Tropig&s, Mod. A-18; A-23; y F-4 ‘Telefax: 2265-1469 TWO. 19GRAMMAR SUMMARY Affirmative _|interrogative Negative Negative Quest. __|Nogative Contract. |Negative Cont. Quest. (MODAL AUXILIARY MAY (poder, permiso) Tay [Way Tay net [May not F? mayne Mayne? Youmay [May you? You may not [May not you? You mayatt [Mayn't you? Hemay __|Mayhe? He may not [May not he? He mayn't IMayn'the? ‘Shemay__|Mayshe? [she may not [May not she? [she mayat [Maynt she? Temay [May itmay not [May notit? femayn't [Maya'tie? We may [May we? je may not [May not we? We mayn't [Mayn't we? Youmay _|Mayyou? [You may not [May not you? fyoumayn't [Mayn't you? ‘They may [May they? [They may not May not they? ey maya [Mayn't thay? MODAL AUXILIARY MIGHT (podria Trright [Might 7 [imight Rot [Might not i> might [Mightat re ‘You might [Might you? [You might not____| Might not you? [You mightn't [Mightn't you? He might _[Mighthe? [He might not Might not he? [He mightn't Mightn' he? She might [Mightshe? [She might not ___| ight not she? [She mightn't Mightnt she? Temight Might R? ie ight not Might not? emightn't Might? ‘We might |Might we? [We might not Might not we? [We mighin® IMightn't we? You might —|Wight you? [You might not Might not you! fou might Mightnt you They might — [Might thay Tay might not [Might not they [They mightat —— [wighin' they? MODAL AUXILIARY MUST (deber que, tener que) Trmust Must? rust not [Must not? musta Iwustaer? You must Must you? You must not [Must not you? You musta usta you? He must |Musthe? He must not [Must not he? Re mustn't Mustn't he? She must__|Mustshe? she must not Must not she? She mustn't mustn't she? Temust [Must e? it must not Must not 7 IR musta [Mustne i We must__|Must we? [We must not Mustnot we? lWe must Musta't we? You must |Must you? You must not [Must not you? You musta Mustn't you? They must —_|Must they? [They must not | wust not they? They rmusta’e Must they HAD TO + VER® [tenia que) Thadto [Raat Trad notte Had nat to? Taare [Raat Tee? Youhadto|Hadyouto?_|Youhad not to |flad nat you to? You hadn't [Hadn't vou oF Hehadto |Hadheto? [He had not to [Hadnot he to? He hadn'tto [Hadn't he to? ‘Shehadto[Hadsheto? [Shehad notto___|Had-not she to? __|she hadn't to Hadn't she to? Thadto __|Had itto? ithadrot to [Had not eto? ithadn'tto adn to? Wehadto [Hadweto? _|Wehadnotto [Had not we to? We hadn't to Hadn't we to? Youhadto [Hadyouto? [Wouhadnotto_|Had not you to? | You hadn't to [Had you to? Theyhadto |Hadthey to? [Theyhad not to |Hadnot they to? | hey hadn't to] Haan't they to? OUGHT TO - CONDITIONAL (deberia -consejo) Toughtto _|Ought!to? ought not to [Ought not to? oughta te [Oughta rt? You oughtto “Ought you to? [You ought notto [Ought notyou to? [You oughtat to oughta you ToT Heoughtto _[Oughtheto? [He oughtnotto __[Oughtnotheto? __|He oughtn't to [oughtn't he to? ‘She ought to "[Ought she to? [She ought notto [Ought nt she to? |she oughtn'tto[Oughtn't she to? oughtto Oughtitto? |itoughtnot to Ought not it to? [Ir oughtn'tto ought tito? We oughtto Ought weto? [We ought notto [Ought not we to? [We ought to Joughtn't we to? You oughtto "[Ouehtyou to? [You ought not to [Ought not yeuto? [You oughtn’tto [ought you to? They oughtto_[Oughtthey to? [They oughtnotto [Ought not they to? [They oughtr’t to [oughtn’s they to?1 EXPRESSIONS: NU afAre you ready? Estas listo@? 2 [Please take care. Por favor cuidate. N 3 [That was nice. Eso fue excelente. ‘¥4| Thank you for coming. [Gracias por venir. is |Take a break [Toma un descanso. Ne [Take it. Tomalo. “7 |Therefore. [Por lo tanto. N'8[Take an advantage of time. [Aprovecha el tiempo. “W9[Are you leaving or staying? Te vas 0 te quedas? S0|One by one. [Uno por uno. 11|/ hope you get better. Espero te mejores. 12 [11 be ready in half and hour. Estare listo en media hora, SU13[i'm kidding. [Estoy bromeando. <14]/'m in o hurry. [Estoy apresurado. ‘i 15|/'m about to finish. [Estoy a punto de terminar. 16|/ ike to walk barefoot. Me gusta andar descalzo. S17 | was taking a nap. [Estaba tomando uno siesta. “18]/ was sleep. Me quede dormido. 19|1 beg your pardon. Le ruego perdon. 20)7'l be back later. Regresare mas tarde. N721|7 have never had o problem like this. Nunca he tenido un problema como este. S22) Pi be back. Ya regreso. 23|/"/ never forget you. ‘Nunca te olvidare. 24|/ have heard so much. He oido demasiado. N25|t have to go. Me tengo que ir. ‘26 | have no idea. [No tengo idea. 27|T haven't got a clue. [No tengo idea. N28] cid it by mistake. [Lo hice por error. '29|Do it again please, HHazlo de nuevo por favor. '30|Do I know you from somewhere? Te conozco de alguna parte? 31|Don't get upset. No te enojes. Ni32[Don't mind me. [No me hagas caso. V33|Don't be hard on. No seas grosero. N'34|Him/her /them/ me. lel / ella / ellos / conmigo. 35|Don't act the clever. INo te hagas el listo. ‘\36|Don't act the fool. No te hagas el tonto. \i37|Don't forget it No lo olvides. Ni 38[/ don't want to get fat. [No me quiero engordar. NI '39|Did you get it? lEntendistes, fo consequistes? 40|Don't be demanding. [No seas exigente.Io. | presenr | past PAST PRESENT. Meaning _|No._|present_| past PAST PRESENT | MEANING Tense | Tense | PARTICIPLE | PARTICIPLE TENSE TENSE | PARTICIPLE | PARTICIPLE Si|think [thought [thought __ thinking pensar Naifeut feut leut cutting _|eortar S!2[Throw [threw [thrown throwing [tirar 32|Decde [decided decided et! [deciding + |decidir “'3[Travel ltraveled q |traveled d_|traveling viajar © ‘V33[Defend __ [defended defended ed |defending [defender Nal [Try tried tried [trying ltratar 34[Dream [dreamed [dreamed 1 |dreaming_/g |sofiar '5|Understand understood lunderstood understanding entender» |W 35|Drive [drove [driven ldriving __[conducir Voluse lused + used + using lusar 36|End jended lended ed o |terminar Ke Visit visited acl|visited «di [visiting lvisitar 9 37|Enjoy lenjoyed lenjoyed _@ [enjoying disfrutar ‘8[Wait lwaited ed [waited ea [waiting lesperar_¢ '38|Fall falled [falled falling [caer “To|watk lwaiked a [walked _d_ [walking lcaminar 39|Fee! felt [fetta ol [feeting [sentir 10/Want wanted od |wanted 4 [wanting lquerer 40/Fight Hfought [fought fighting lluchar aalwash [washed + washed + _|washing lavar _* ‘aie [ntted/fit_|fitteasfit | itting Jencajar a2|watch [watched ++ |watched 4 _|watching Imirarijamente | ~22|Find found found finding [encontrar 13|Work lworked [worked trabajar q 43 Fly flew [fiown fying «volar 14|write [wrote lwritten lescribir “aalForbid [forbade forbidden _[forbiding _*[prohibir 15|Arrive farrived + [arrived > jarribar/tegar__{\Vas[Graduate |graduated [graduated .j|graduating _ |graduarse 16)Bite bit bitten lmorder S<46[Hear lneard heard hearing * [oir 17 [Blow [blew blown blowing soptar Naz]Hota hele hela holding —_|sujetar Niz6|Break [broke lbroken breaking lquebrar 48|Hurt hurt Jnurt_ at _[hurting =~) [lastimar (Nag[ering lbrought [brought [bringing [traer Niaglintroduce [introduced [introduced _» [introducing g|presentar 2o|Build fbuite uit [building lconstruir solinvite [invited invited 7 [inviting _|invitar 21)Buy bought [bought [buying Jcomprar 5, siliron lironed 7 ironed 4 [ironing planchar 22|can [could poder S2lkeep [kept __ [kept keeping * |guardar 23|carry lcarried t earried [carrying evar N' sallkick kicked kicked kicking. lpatear 2alcatch caught [caught [catching fatrapar__ S4lleave [left eft leaving _@_|salir/dejar 2s|Charge charged a |charged_4 [charging facusar 55|Lose lost lost losing perder Nz6|cheer [cheered _4 |cheered_y [cheering fanimar s6|Make [made made making q_|hacer 27\choose [chose Jchopsren [chosing Jescoger_W_\{ * 57|May might poder "28| Cook Jcooked + [cooked 4 [cooking [cocinar. 5|Mect [met [met meeting encontrar 2s|cost cost + cost —¥~ |eosting costar 59] Melt melted af _|melted lmelting _« Yaerretir 30|Cross lcrossed_++ crossed [crossing fcruzar_® 60] Move __|moved cy [moved [moving eres a