VAGAVHR

GVHMRQV JEZRHA

Elad9

PVEOVHN PAKBCBCMHK BEMRAV ZPAZCHLCZ

CLNQ FABHD
GHMQLRHZ MABEMRAVHK QKZ / VZQB BV NEA_HVBC
ZQVHMHVRH
6083
 

FHF C

PAKBHDQLQHK

Rr
Rrhu
hunh
nh terh
terhms
ms ta
tari
rihb
hbcc dh
dhnp
npcr
cr 10
10%
% bhrc
bhrc sa
salu
luru
rud
d mhsus
mhsus ma
maja
jalh
lhmhh
mhhk
k bhk
naruphmhk pakyafhf manhtchk tarfashr (61%). Qnunkyh phbh trhunh terhms, trhunh
tunpul
tunpul lafcd
lafcd sarcko
sarcko tarihb
tarihbcc bcfhkb
bcfhkbcko
ckomhk
mhk trhunh
trhunh thi
thihn.
hn. Pravhl
Pravhlaks
akscc unur
unur phlcko
phlcko
 fhkyhm tarihbc phbh usch murhko bhrc 20 thduk. Qktum ththlhmshkhkyh, samcthr 81% bhrc
salurud trhunh terhms yhko nanarlumhk tckbhmhk fabhd mhrakh safhochk fashr mhsus
(40‚41%)
(40‚41%) bhpht bcththlhmshkh
bcththlhmshkh bakohk tckbhmhk
tckbhmhk yhko sabardhkh,
sabardhkh, sapartc
sapartc panhshkohk
panhshkohk
jdast tufa (Prhsakedhbc, 6086) .
Rrhunh terhms fhkyhm tarihbc phbh pakoakbhrh makbhrhhk farneter rebh buh
hmcfht trhunh tunpul terhms. Malhckhk yhko sarcko bciunphc yhctu grhmtur coh yhko
dhnpcr nakjhphc 10%. Zalhck ctu pakooukhhk shfum pakohnhk phbh makbhrhhk rebh
anpht hthu lafcd iuoh safhohc pakyafhf tarihbckyh
tarihbckyh trhunh terhms faruph grhmtur 
starkun. Grhmtur coh fhcm tukoohl nhupuk nultcpal iuoh tarihbc phbh erhko tuh bakohk
ckscbaks samcthr 86%. Ckscbaks sasukooudkyh grhmtur coh nhscd falun bcmathduc bhk
bcpar
bcparmc
mcrh
rhmhk
mhk 10
10%
% grhm
grhmtu
turr coh
coh tcbh
tcbhm
m ta
tarb
rbat
atam
amsc
sc ba
bakoh
kohk
k ge
gete
te te
terh
rhms
ms (D
(Dewa
ewall
ll,,
Vhkhsckoda, & Orhdhn, 6001) .
Pakyafhf tarfhkyhm bhrc trhunh tunpul terhms sapartc yhko tarihbc bc kaohrh-

kaohrh nhiu sapartc

sapartc Hnarcmh
Hnarcmh Zarcmht
Zarcmht nhscd
nhscd bcbenckhsc
bcbenckhsc elad merfhk majalhmhhk lhlu
lckths ?0-40%. Ckscbak trhunh tunpul terhms safhkyhm 34,4% sabhkomhk scshkyh
safhkyhm 2,7% hbhlhd trhunh thihn. Bc Hnarcmh Zarcmht tarjhtht :?6 mhsus trhunh
terhms par thduk bcnhkh 6?% bcsarthc jabarh amstrancths, 62% bcsarthc jabarh trhmtus
bcoastcvus bhk 81% yhko bcsarthc jabarh ethm. Bc Vs Br. Zeatenh Zurhfhyh tarjhththt
823 mhsus trhunh terhms par thduk bcnhkh 83% bcsarthc jabarh amstrancths, 82%
bcsarthc jabarh ethm bhk 3% yhko bcsarthc jabarh terhms bcoastcvus. Zabhkomhk bc VZ
Jcpte Nhkoukomusune GMQC Ihmhrth tarjhtht saihm thduk 8378 ckscbak trhunh terhms
hbhlhd safashr 87,7% bhrc salurud mhsus trhunh, bcnhkh trhunh tunpul 4% bhk
 

trhunh thihn 4,4%. Zabhkomhk pakyafhf trhunh terhms bc Ihmhrth hbhlhd hmcfht
majalhmhhk
majalhmhhk lhlu lckths 7:-?4%.(Dewa
7:-?4%.(Dewall,
ll, Vhkhsckoda,
Vhkhsckoda, & Orhdhn,
Orhdhn, 6001= Prhsakedhbc,
Prhsakedhbc,
6086).
 

FHF CC
RCKIHQHK PQZRHMH
H. Bagck
ckccsc
Grhmtu
Grhmturr hbhlhd
hbhlhd tarput
tarputusk
uskyh
yh mektcku
mektckucth
cthss ihr
ihrcko
ckohk
hk tul
tulhko
hko yhko ununky
ununkyhh
bcsafhfmhk elad rubhphmsh Zabhkomhk nakurut Lckbh Iuhll J. bhlhn fumu Kurscko
Jhra
Jhra Pl
Plhk
hkss hkb Bemun
Bemunakt
aktht
htce
cek
k naky
nakyaf
afut
utmh
mhk
k fhdwh
fhdwh Gr
Grhmt
hmtur
ur hbhlh
hbhlhd
d ru
rush
shmky
mkyhh
mektckucths tulhko yhko bcsafhfmhk tamhkhk amstarkhl yhko bhthko lafcd fashr bhrc
yhko bhpht bcsarhp elad tulhko (Nhksiear at hl, 6000).
Phthd Rulhko Rartutup hbhlhd phthd tulhko bcnhkh tcbhm tarbhpht dufukohk
hkthrh grhonak tulhko bakohk bukch luhr. Pakbhpht lhck nakyhthmhk fhdwh phthd
tulhko tartutup hbhlhd suhtu grhmtur yhko farscd (mhrakh mulct nhscd utud hthu tcbhm 

refam) thkph menplcmhsc (Dhkbarsek, 6006).

Grhmtur phbh coh (jestha) hbhlhd tarputuskyh mektckucths ihrckohk tulhko /
tulhko rhwhk yhko bcsafhfmhk elad rubh phmsh phbh spascgcmhsc lemhsc phbh tulhko
jesth.
jesth. Rrhunh
rhunh thihn
thihn lafcd
lafcd ihrhko
ihrhko nakohmc
nakohmcfht
fhtmhk
mhk grhmtu
grhmturr coh,
coh, elad
elad mhrakh
mhrakh luhs
luhs
 parnumhhk trhunh yhko
yh ko sanpct, sadckooh ohyh
ohy h trhunh bhpht nalhluc salh coh. Grhmtur 
coh taruthnh phbh coh CW-T (nhyercths tarmakh). Parlu bcparcmsh hbhkyh marushmhk
 phbh erohk-erohk cktrh-terhms bhk cktrh hfbenak (Dhkbarsek, 6006).
Majurcohhk
Majurcohhk hbhkyh marushmhk
marushmhk erohk cktrh
cktrh hfbenak
hfbenak (daphr hthu splaak)
splaak) fclh
tarbhpht grhmtur phbh coh WCCC-TCC. Majurcohhk hbhkyh trhunh trhmtus kaurevhsmulhr 
uthnh amstrancths hths bhk maphlh (plamsus frhmdchlcs, sufmlhvch),fclh tarbhpht grhmtur 
 phbh coh C-CCC hthu grhmtur mlhvcmulh (Dhkbarsek, 6006).

F. Hkhte
Hkhtenc
nc Rer
erhms
hms
Vekooh terhms bcfhthsc elad bchgrhonh bakohk rekooh hfbenak. Vekooh
terhms bhpht bcfhoc ma bhlhn buh fhochk uthnh, yhctu phru-phru (mcrc bhk mhkhk) bhk
nabchs
nabchstc
tckun.
kun. Nabchs
Nabchstck
tckun
un bcfhoc
bcfhoc ma bhlhn
bhlhn buh fhochk
fhochk 9 suparc
suparcer
er bhk ckgarc
ckgarcer
er,,
sabhkomhk yhko ckgarcer bcfhoc lhoc nakihbc : fhochk, yhctu 9 hktarcer, nabchl, bhk
 pestarcer (Pahrja, 6007).
 

Vekooh terhms fhochk hths hthu Hparturh Rderhjcs Zuparcer naruphmhk pcktu
nhsu
nhsum
m rekoo
rekoohh terh
terhms
ms yhko
yhko bcsu
bcsusu
suk
k elad
elad pa
parn
rnumh
umhhk
hk va
vakt
ktrh
rhll varta
vartafr
frhh te
terh
rhmh
mhll C
(pestarcer
(pestarcer),
), fhochk
fhochk nabchl bhrc coh C mcrc bhk mhkhk (lhtarhl),
(lhtarhl), sarth
sarth nhkufrcun
nhkufrcun starkc
(hktarcer). Fhochk fhwhd rekooh terhms hthu hpartura tderhjcs ckgarcer hbhlhd hrah
yhko bcfhthsc elad scsc vaktrhl vartafrh terhmhl TCC, lhtarhl elad fhths fhwhd coh bhk
hktarcer elad prejassus xcpdecbaus. Bchgrhonh safhohc panfhths rekooh terhms bhk
reko
rekooh
oh hf
hfbe
bena
nak,
k, nanc
nanclc
lcmc
mc fa
fakt
ktum
um sa
sapa
part
rtcc mufhd
mufhd ba
bakoh
kohk
k pukjh
pukjhm
m naki
nakier
erem
em ma
suparc
suparcer
er,, sadcko
sadckooh
oh safhoc
safhochk
hk rekooh
rekooh hfbenak
hfbenak safakhr
safakhrkyh
kyh tar
tarlat
lathm
hm bc bhlhn
bhlhn hrah
hrah
6 ,4
,4
terhms
terhms.. Phbh ohrcs takohd bcfhochk hktarcer tarlathm starkun yhko tarbcrc bhrc :
 fhochk, nhkufrcun, merpus, bhk prejassus xcpdecbaus. Rctcm phlcko hths starkun
bcmakhl safhohc starkh ketjd hthu ckjcsurh iuoulhrcs, yhko thnphm faruph lamumhk

hkthrh mabuh mhput mlhvcmulh. Ckjcsurh ckc satckooc fhths fhwhd bhrc vartafrh terhmhl
ma-6. Hkoulus lubevcjc hbhlhd tekielhk yhko tarihbc elad mhrakh partanuhk fhochk
merpus bhk nhkufrcun starkc. Zatckooc erohk ckc tarbhpht erohk-erohk paktcko sapartc
hrmus herth bhk mhrckh. Fhochk tarhmdcr starkun hbhlhd prejassus xcpdecbaus yhko
bhpht bcrhfh safhohc uiuko fhwhd yhko lukhm bhrc starkun, mcrh-mcrh satckooc vartafrh
terhmhl 3. Mlhvcmulh bhpht bakohk nubhd bcrhfh hthu bclcdht mhrakh dhkyh bctutupc
elad
elad su
sufmu
fmutc
tcss bh
bhk
k mulct
mulct.. Zjhpu
Zjhpulh
lh bhpht
bhpht bc
bcrh
rhfh
fh bh
bhrc
rc pa
parn
rnum
umhhk
hhk bakoh
bakohk
k nhr
nhroe
vartafrhlcs, hkoulus ckgarcer, bhk spckh. Qktum vartafrh, safhohc phtemhk dhkyh bhpht
bcrhfh
bcrhfh prejas
prejassus
sus spckes
spckesus
us vartaf
vartafrh,
rh, phbh
phbh fhochk
fhochk hths
hths yhko tar
tarfas
fashr
hr bhk phlcko
phlcko
nakekiel hbhlhd vartafrh terhmhlcs parthnh. Ohrcs-ohrcs yhko paktcko hblhd lckah
ncbstarkhlcs, lckah phrhstarkhlcs bhk ncbmlhvcmulhrcs (Pahrja, 6007).
 

Ohnfhr 8. Hkhtenc Vekooh Rderhx

Bckbcko Rerhms
Vhkomh terhms bcfhthsc phbh fhochk luhr elad coh-coh (tulhko jesth). Rarbhpht
86 phshko coh 9 ? coh parthnh nalamht phbh vartafrh yhko farsasuhchk, sabhkomhk coh
ma 4,3,80 nakanpal phbh jesth ?. Bchkthrh fhths ckgarcer bhk parnumhhhk cktarkhl
tarbhp
tarbhpht
ht jesthl
jesthl oreeva,
oreeva, tanpht
tanpht farihl
farihlhkk
hkkyh
yh hrtarc
hrtarc-va
-vakh-
kh-kar
karvus
vus cktarj
cktarjest
esthls
hls.. Coh
 parthnh naruphmhk coh yhko paktcko elad mhrakh tanpht nalckthskyh plaxus
 frhjdchlcs, hrtarc bhk vakh sufmlhvch. Zalh coh hbh 88 (salh coh ma 86 tcbhm hbh) bhk
tarcsc elad n. cktarjesthlcs axtarkus bhk cktarkus. Lafcd bhlhn bhrc n. cktarjesthlcs
cktark
cktarkus
us tarbhph
tarbhphtt ghsjch
ghsjch n. trhksv
trhksvars
arshl
hl tderhj
tderhjcs.
cs. Panful
Panfulud
ud bhrhd
bhrhd hrt
hrtarc
arc,, vakh bhk
karvus farihlhk bc tapc fhwhd coh, manubchk ma hktarcer nhmck tartutup elad coh. Bc
jamukohk coh ckc farihlhk faruruthk vakh, hrtarc, bhk karvus (WHK). Phbh bharhd
ckclhd
ckclhd manukom
manukomckh
ckhk
k jabarh
jabarh panful
panfulud
ud cktarj
cktarjest
esthlc
hlcss bhpht
bhpht tar
tarihb
ihbcc phbh tckbhm
tckbhmhk
hk
 panhshkohk _ZB (Pahrja, 6007).

Csc Vekooh Rderhms

 

Vekooh plaurh mcrc bhk mhkhk farcsc phru-phru. Vekooh ckc bcfhthsc elad
 plaurh vcsjarhlcs bhk plaurh phrcathlcs, bcnhkh plaurh naruphmhk nanfrhka hmtcg 
yhko bcsarthc bakohk panfulud bhrhd bhk lcnghtcm,
lcnghtcm, bcbharhd
bcbharhd ckc tarbhpht paroarhmhk
paroarhmhk
jhcrhk, ghoesctescs bafrcs, nakutup mafejerhk ubhrh bhk mhpclar. Plaurh vcsjarhlcs
nakutu
nakutupc
pc phr
phru
u bhk scg
scghtk
htkyh
yh saksct
saksctcva
cva,, plaurh
plaurh ckc farlhk
farlhkiut
iut shnphc
shnphc ma dcl
dclus
us bhk
nabchstckun farshnh-shnh bakohk plaurh phrcathlcs, yhko nalhpcsc bckbcko bhlhn
tderhx bhk bchgrhonh. Zabhkomhk Vekooh nabchstckun bhk csckyh tarlathm bc takohd
bhbh. Nabchstckun bcfhoc nakihbc fhochk hktarcer, nabcus, pestarcer, bhk suparcer 
(Pahrja, 6007).

J. Phte
Phtegc
gcsc
sceleocc 
eleo
Jestha
Jes tha naruph
naruphmhk
mhk shlhd
shlhd shtu
shtu menpek
menpekak
ak panfak
panfaktum
tum rekooh
rekooh bhbh yhko
 fargukosc nanfarcmhk parlckbukohk tardhbhp erohk bc bhlhnkyh bhk yhko lafcd
 paktcko hbhlhd nanparthdhkmhk gukosc vaktclhsc phru. Grhmtur jestha bhpht tarihbc
hmcfht trhunh yhko bhthkokyh bhrc hrhd baphk, shnpcko, hthupuk bhrc falhmhko.
_hlhupuk mektrumsc tulhko coh shkoht memed bhk muht khnuk tulhko coh hbhlhd tulhko
yhko shkoht bamht bakohk mulct bhk tcbhm fhkyhm nanclcmc palckbuko. Hphfclh tarihbc
trhunh
trhunh thihn
thihn bhk trhunh
trhunh tunpul
tunpul bakohk
bakohk mamuht
mamuhthk
hk yhko
yhko jumup
jumup fashr
fashr shih
shih yhko
yhko
nhnpu nakcnfulmhk jabarh phbh hlht / erohk bhlhn yhko vcthl yhko hbh bc bhlhnkyh
(Decsckotek bhk Zhnua, 6088).
  Jabarh phbh erohk tarsafut tarohktuko phbh fhochk tulhko coh yhko nhkh
yhko nakohlhnc grhmtur. Jabarh phbh tcoh coh parthnh ihrhko tarihbc mhrakh bctukihko
 pulh elad tulhko-tulhko bhrc fhdu sapartc smhpulh, mhlvcmulh, dunarus bhk salurud
etet.
etet. Khnuk
Khnuk bhpht
bhpht nakohm
nakohmcfh
cfhtmh
tmhk
k manhtc
manhtchk
hk yhko tc
tckooc
kooc mhrakh
mhrakh gr
grhmt
hmtur
ur tar
tarsaf
safut
ut
 farmhcthk bakohk lhsarhsc hrtarc hthu vakh sufmhlvch. Jabarh phbh coh maanpht dckooh
masanfclhk naruphmhk tanpht grhmtur yhko phlcko unun bhpht tarihbc manukomckhk
ja
jaba
barh
rh ihkt
ihktuk
uko
o bh
bhk
k ph
phru
ru.. Bhph
Bhphtt nako
nakohm
hmcf
cfht
htmh
mhk
k ma
maru
rush
shmh
mhk
k va
vakt
ktcl
clhs
hscc ph
phru
ru,,
nakckomhtmhk stcnulhsc shrhg sadckooh phscak hmhk nakohlhnc kyarc yhko shkoht
dafht, kyarc tamhk, bhk sphsna etet bc hths hrah grhmtur, yhko bcparfurum bakohk
 

 fhtum, khphs bhlhn, bhk oarhmhk. Zadckooh tarihbc nhshlhd maparhwhthk yhctu Kyarc
hmut (Decsckotek bhk Zhnua, 6088).
  Qktum nakourhkoc kyarc tarsafut phscak nalhmumhk menpakshsc bakohk

 farkhphs bhkomhl sadckooh nhshlhd maparhwhthk yhko hmhk tcnful hbhlhd

Matcbhmagam
Matcbhmagamtcghk
tcghk pelh parkhphshk
parkhphshk bhk nakodckbhrc
nakodckbhrc uktum nakodalh
nakodalh khphs, khphs
bhlhn, fhtum, bhk faroarhm. Maakoohkhk uktum faroarhm hthu farkhphs ckc shkoht
nakohmcfhtmhk pakurukhk vaktclhsc bhk iuoh bhpht tarihbc nhshlhd maparhwhthk yhctu
Ckagamtcg farscdhk ihlhk khphs bhk Ohkoouhk nefclcths gcscm, salhkiutkyh bhpht tarihbc
me
melh
lhps
ps hlvae
hlvaelc
lc yhko
yhko tcbh
tcbhm
m nakb
nakbhp
hpht
htmh
mhk
k ubhrh
ubhrh (h
(hta
tala
lamt
mths
hscs
cs)) sa
sadc
dcko
kooh
oh ta
tari
rihbc
hbc
dcpemsanch fhdmhk bhpht tarihbc ohohl khphs. Hphfclh nalumhc etet ihktuko bhpht
nako
nakohm
hmcf
cfht
htmh
mhk
k th
thnp
npekh
ekhba
ba ih
ihkt
ktuko
uko bakoh
bakohk
k ta
tart
rtcn
cnfuk
fukky
kyhh bh
bhrh
rhd
d bh
bhlh
lhn
n re
reko
kooh
oh
 parcmhrbcun yhko hmhk nhnpu narabhn hmtcvcths bchstelcm ihktuko (Decsckotek bhk
Zhnua, 6088).
Zabhkomhk coh 80-86 hohm ihrhko tarihbc grhmtur, mhrakh coh 80-86 ckc fcsh
nefclcshsc, hphfclh tarihbc grhmtur manukomckhk jabarh erohk cktrhhfbenak sapartc
 phbh lcnph bhk daphr mhrakh taroeras elad phthdhk tulhko coh (Decsckotek bhk Zhnua,
6088).

B. Atce
Atcele
leoc
oc

Zajhrh ohrcs fashr pakyafhf grhmtur jesth bhpht bcfhoc bhlhn 6 malenpem 
(Decsckotek bhk Zhnua, 6088) 9

8. Bcsafhfmhk trhunh
 Rrhunh tunpul

 Pakyafhf trhunh tunpul yhko sarcko nakohmcfhtmhk hbhkyh grhmtur jesth hkthrh
lhck9 Majalhmhhk lhlulckths,majalhmhhk phbh paihlhk mhmc ,ihtud bhrc matckoochk,
hthu ihtud phbh bhshr yhko marhs hthu hmcfht parmalhdchk.

 Rrhunh Ranfus

 Pakyafhf trhunh tanfus yhko sarcko nakcnfulmhk grhmtur jesth 9Lumh tusum bhk
lumh tanfhm 
 

6. Bcsafhfmhk fumhk trhunh

Shko bhpht
bhpht nakohmc
nakohmcfhtm
fhtmhk
hk grhmtu
grhmturr jesth
jesth ,tarut
,taruthnh
hnh hmcfht
hmcfht oarhmhk
oarhmhk yhko
yhko
nakcnfulmhk puthrhk rekooh bhbh sajhrh farlafcdhk hthu elad mhrakh hbhkyh oarhmhk
yhko farlafcdhk bhk strass grhmtur,sapartc phbh oarhmhk elhdrhoh 9 Lanphr nhrtcl, segt
 fhll, takkcs, oelg.

A. Ml
Mlhs
hscg
cgcm
cmhs
hscc

h) Nakurut iunlhd jesth yhko nakohlhnc grhmtur bhpht bcfabhmhk 9

¿ Grhmtur scnpla
¿ Grhmtur nultcpla
 f) Nakurut iunlhd grhmtur phbh satchp jesth bhpht 9
¿ Grhmtur saonakthl
¿ Grhmtur scnpla
¿ Grhmtur jennckutcg 
j) Nakurut lathm grhmtur bcfabhmhk 9
¿ Zuparcer (jesth 8-: )
¿ Nabchk (jesth 2-3)
¿ Ckgarcer (jesth 80-86 ).
b) Nakurut pescsc 9
¿ Hktarcer,
¿ Lhtarhl
¿ Pestarcer.
Grhmtur jesth hths (8-:) bhk grhmtur Zmhpulh
8. Hmcfht bhrc takhoh yhko fashr 
6. nakckomhtkyh rascme trhunh maphlh bhk ladar,
ladar, spckhl
spckhl jerb, phru, panfulud bhrhd
 fashr 
:. nerthlcths shnphc :1%

Grhmtur Jestha takohd (2-3) 9

 

8. Pakckomhthk
Pakckomhthk scokcgc
scokcgcmhksc
mhksc icmh
icmh nultcpla.
nultcpla. Grhmtur
Grhmtur mesth
mesth scnpla
scnpla thkph menplcmh
menplcmhsc
sc
bhpht bcthkohkc phbh rhwht ihlhk.
6. NVZ icmh phbh efsarvhsc 9
 Pakbarcth bcspkau
 Nakoalud kyarc yhko tcbhm bhpht bcdclhkomhk
 Pakbarcth farusch tuh
 Nanclcmc praaxcstc
Nanclcmc  praaxcstcko
ko luko gukjtcek yhko
gukjtcek yhko furum.
Grhmtur Jestha fhwhd (80-86) 9
Rarmhct bakohk rascme ckiury phbh daphr bhk splaak
Jhththk  9 cks
ksaarsc jdast tufa 
tufa  safhohc
safhohc pregclhm
pregclhmsc
scss dhrus
dhrus bcl
bclhmum
hmumhk
hk phbh
phbh sanuh
sanuh px
trhunh
trhunh yhko
yhko bccktu
bccktufhs
fhscc phbh hbhkyh
hbhkyh grhmtu
grhmturr mestha
mestha..  Hssejchtab ckiurcas 
ckiurcas  sarcko
tarlawhtmhk nalcputc 9mektusce mhrbchm, ruptura bchgrhonhtcm bhk ckiury asepdhoahl

(Deppakgalb bhk Zthklay,

Zthklay, 6088).
G. Rhkbh
hkbh bhk
bhk Oaih
Oaihlh
lh

  Kyarc tamhk, jrapctus bhk bagerncths bckbcko bhbh

 Hbhkyh oarhmhk phrhbemshl
 Rhkbh‚thkbh cksuggcscaksc parkhghshk 9 Jyhkescs, thjdypkah.
 Mhbhko hmhk thnphm mathmuthk bhk janhs, mhrakh shht farkhghs farthnfhd kyarc
 Merfhk farkhghs bakohk japht , bhkomhl bhk tarsakbht . Dhl ckc safhohcushdh uktum 
nanfhthsc oarhmhk bhk nakourhkoc rhsh kyarc.
  Kyarc thihn phbh bharhd grhmtur yhko farthnfhd matcmh farkhghs bhk fhtum 
 Nukomck tarihbc lumh tarfumh bchths grhmtur, bhk bhrc lumh ckc bhpht tarbakohr suhrh

ubhrh yhko “bcdcshp„ nhsum ma bhlhn rekooh bhbh.

 Oaihlh-oaihlh parbhrhdhk bhlhn bhk syem (Deppakgalb bhk Zthklay, 6088).
O. Bc
Bcho
hoke
kesc
scss

Za
Zafh
fhkyh
kyhm
m 61% bh
bhrc
rc mhsus
mhsus grhm
grhmtu
turr je
jest
sthh tc
tcbh
bhm
m ta
tarb
rbch
choke
okesc
scs,
s, bh
bhk
k fh
fhru
ru
tarbchokescs satalhd tcnful menplcmhsc
sapartc danhteterhms bhk pkauneterhms. Dhl ckc bhpht tarihbc phbh elhdrhohwhk yhko
nanclcmc etet bhbh yhko muht bhk bhpht nanparthdhkmhk pescsc grhmnak tulhkokyh
(Deppakgalb bhk Zthklay,
Zthklay, 6088).
 

 Hkhnkascs
Parlu bcthkyhmhk nakoakhc namhkcsna trhunh, hphmhd elad mhrakh ihtud
bhrc matckoochk
matckoochk hthu hmcfht ihtud bhk bhbhkyh tarfaktur
tarfaktur phbh fakbh marhs, majalhmhk
majalhmhk
lhlu lckths, hthu elad safhf lhck.
 Kyarc naruphmhk maludhk phlcko sarcko fchshkyh nakathp phbh shtu tctcm bh
k hmhk farthnfhd phbh shht farkhghs. Phbh shht ckspcrhsc nhmh rekooh bhbh hmhk
nako
nakoan
anfh
fhko
ko bh
bhkma
kmahb
hbhh
hhk
k ckc
ckc hm
hmhk
hk nakoo
nakooar
arhmm
hmmhk
hk gr
grho
hona
nak
k je
jest
sthh yh
yhko
ko ph
phth
thd,
d,
sadckooh hmhk nakcnfulmhk oasamhkhkthrh uiuko grhonak bakohk ihrckohk lukhm 
samcthrkyh bhk mahbhhk ckc hmhk nakcnfulmhk rhkoshkohk kyarc.
Hphfclh grhonak jesth ckc nakcnfulmhk marushmhk phbh vhsmular hmhk bhpht
nakcnfulmhk
nakcnfulmhk danhteterh
danhteterhms,
ms, sabhkomhk
sabhkomhk fclh grhonak
grhonak jesth nakjabarhc phrakmcn

 phru-phru hmhk bhpht nakcnfulmhk pkauneterhms. Pakbarcth bakohk

 masulcth
 masulcthk
k farkhghs
farkhghs hthu fhdmhk
fhdmhk shht fhtum maluhr bhrhd, dhl ckc
ckc nakhkbhmhk
nakhkbhmhk hbhkyh
menplc
menplcmhs
mhscc faruph
faruph hbhkyh
hbhkyh jabarh
jabarh phbh phru.
phru. Vcw
Vcwhyht
hyht pakyhmc
pakyhmctt bhdulu
bhdulu sapart
sapartcc
 frekmctcs, kaeplhsnh, hsnh, dhaneptcscs hthu sadhfcs elhdrhoh hmhk bhpht nanfhktu
nakohrhdmhk bchokescs hbhkyh grhmtur jesth. Phbh hkhm bhpht tarihbc jabarh phru
nhupuk ihktuko, nasmcpuk
nasmcpuk tcbhm bciunphc grhmtur
grhmtur jesth. Mahbhhk ckc bcsafhfmhk
bcsafhfmhk
jesthkyh nhscd shkoht laktur, sadckooh akaroc trhunh lhkosuko nakoakhc ihktuko
hthupuk phru-phru (Nhksiear at hl, 6086).
Panarcmshhk gcscm
Mekbcsc lemhl phbh bckbcko bhbhkyh sapartc hbhkyh plastar, bagerncths bhk
hscnatrcs, mcth parlu iuoh nanarcmsh gcscm sajhrh masalurudhk yhko farmhcthk bakohk
manukomckhk hbhkyh menplcmhsc hmcfht hbhkyh grhmtur jesth sakbcrc nhupuk pakyhmct
 pakyarth yhko mhbhko hbh. Hbhkyh grhmtur jesth ma 8-6 yhko naruphmhk jesth yhko
tarlckbuko elad sakbc fhdu, etet ladar fhochk fhwhd bhk
jlhvcj
jlhvcjulh
ulh,, nanpuky
nanpukyhc
hc nhmkh
nhmkh fhdwh
fhdwh grhmtu
grhmturr tar
tarsaf
safut
ut fchshk
fchshkyh
yh bchmcf
bchmcfhtm
htmhk
hk elad
elad
trhunhh lhkosuko
trhun lhkosuko bakohk akaroc
akaroc yhko dafht. Phbh grhmtu
grhmturr bharhd
bharhd ckc
ckc parlu
parlu bcpcmcrmhk
bcpcmcrmhk
ma
manu
nuko
komc
mckh
khk
k hb
hbhk
hkyh
yh menpl
menplcm
cmhs
hscc faruph
faruph jc
jcba
barh
rh ta
tard
rdhb
hbhp
hp vh
vhsh
sh bhk sh
shrh
rhgg yh
yhko
ko

nala
nalawh
whtc
tc hp
hpar
artu
turh
rh supa
suparc
rcer
er.. Pa
Panc
ncsh
shdh
dhk
k je
jest
stej
ejek
ekbr
brhl
hl nanc
nanclc
lcmc
mc namh
namhkc
kcsn
snaa
 

 trhunh
trhunh sapart
sapartcc phbh grhmtu
grhmturr jesth.
jesth. Pancsh
Pancshdhk
dhk jestej
jestejekbr
ekbrhl
hl hthu
hthu bcslem
bcslemhsc
hsc phbh
hrtcmulhsc hkthrh phrsesah bakohk phrsjhrtclhoe hmhk nakcnfulmhk oaihlh yhko shnh
bakohk grhmtur jesth, bakohk kyarc yhko tarlemhlcscr phbh fhths jestejekbrhl, hphfclh
tarbhpht bcslemhsc sajhrh menplct hmhk tarhfh bagam elad mhrakh uiuko phrsesahkyh
hm
hmhk
hk lafc
lafcd
d nake
nakeki
kiel
el bcfh
bcfhkb
kbck
ckom
omhk
hk ba
bako
kohk
hk ph
phrs
rsjh
jhrt
rtcl
clho
hoek
ekyh
yh.. Hbhp
Hbhpuk
uk ph
phbh
bh
 panarcmshhk gcscm parlu bcpardhtcmhk hbhkyh 9
h. Kyarc tamhk, jrapctus bhk bagerncths bckbcko bhbh
 f.Hbhkyh ohrhmhk phrhbemshl
j.Rhkbh‚thkbh
j.Rhkbh‚thkbh cksuggcscaksc parkhghshk 9 Jyhkescs,
Jy hkescs, thjdypkah
b.Mhbhko hmhk khnphm mathmuthk bhk janhs,mhrakh shht farkhghs farthnfhd kyarc.
Pa
Parc
rcms
mshh phru
phru bh
bhk
k ih
ihkt
ktuko
uko bakoh
bakohk
k nanp
nanpar
ardh
dhtc
tcmhk
mhk hbhky
hbhkyhh th
thkbh
kbh-t
-thk
hkbh
bh

 paroasarhk trhmah, panarcmshhk AJO, shturhsc emscoak. Parcmsh hfbenak taruthnh

 phbh grhmtur jesth fhochk ckgarcer 9bchgrhonh, dhtc, lcnph,ockihl bhk usus. Parcmsh
tulhko
tulhko rhkomh
rhkomh99 vartaf
vartafrha
rha,, starku
starkun,
n, jlhvcj
jlhvcjulh
ulh,, gukosc
gukosc hkooeth
hkooeth oarhm.
oarhm.d.kc
d.kclhc
lhc sthtus
sthtus
kaureleocs9 plaxus frhjchlcs, cktarjesthlcs, sufjlhvch (Nhksiear at hl, 6086).
Panarcmshhk pakukihko
Vektoak terhms hktarepestarcer bhk lhtarhl bhpht nanfhktu nakbchokescs
danhteterhms bhk pkauneterhms hthupuk jektusce pulnekun. Panarcmshhk ckc hmhk
bh
bhpht
pht nako
nakoat
athd
hduc
uc ia
iakc
kcs,
s, la
lath
thm
m grhm
grhmtu
turr je
jest
stha
hakyh
kyh.. Pan
Panar
arcm
cmsh
shhk
hk ge
gete
te eflcq
eflcqua
ua
dhkyh bhpht nanfhktu
nanfhktu bchokescs
bchokescs grhmtur
grhmtur nultcpla
nultcpla phbh erhko bawhsh,
bawhsh, rektoak
rektoak
hfbenak hphfclh hbh majurcohhk trhunh hfbenak yhko nakjabarhc dhtc, lhnfuko
hthupuk lcnph hmhk nakcnfulmhk ohnfhrhk parctekctcs. Zabhkomhk phbh mhsus yhko
sulct tarbchokescs bhpht bclhmumhk bakohk “Dalcjhl JR Zjhk„ (Nhksiear at hl, 6086).
D. Rhthlh
hthlhmsh
mshkh
kh
Rhthlhmshkh bc Qkct Ohwht Bhrurht
Ruiuhk uthnh bhrc pakhthlhmshkhhk bc ukct ohwht bhrurht hbhlhd uktum naksthfclmhk
mekbcscc phscak
mekbcs phscak trhunh
trhunh bhk avhluhsc
avhluhsc bhrc nultc
nultc trhunh.
trhunh. Nhkhianak
Nhkhianak HFJ bhk mektrel
mektrel
kyarc nutlhm phbh pakhthlhmshkhhk grhmtur tulhko mesth. Qktum nakurukmhk hlvaelhr 

yhko melhp bhk nanfarscdmhk

nanfarscdmhk samrasc phru. Nhkhianak kyarc bhpht bcnulhc bakohk
 

 panfarchk hkhloatcm KZHCB fclh tcbhm hbh mektrhckbcmhsc. Bclhkiutmhk bakohk

oeleko
oelekohk
hk khrmet
khrmetcm
cm fclh
fclh dhsclk
dhsclkyh
yh tcbhm
tcbhm nanuhs
nanuhsmhk
mhk.. Pcl
Pclcdh
cdhk
k lhc
lhck
k hbhlhd
hbhlhd khrmet
khrmetcm 
cm 
 phraktarhl uktum nakjaohd baprasc parkhghshk. Fafarhph pakalctchk
naramenakbhscmhk rhwht ckhp uktum phscak bakohk : hthu lafcd phthd tulhko mesth
bhk parhwhthk CJQ uktum phscak lhkiut usch bakohk 7 hthu lafcd phthd tulhko mesth
mhrakh hbh dufukohk yhko scokcgcmhk bhrc phthd tulhko tarsafut bakohk hbhkyh jabarh
sarcus phbh erohk bhlhn sapartc pkaunetderhx
sapartc  pkaunetderhx bhk mektusce phru (Nhy L, Dcllarnhk,
Phtcl Z, 6087)
 

Mektrel
Mektrel kyarc parlu bcparthdhkm
bcparthdhkmhk
hk salhnh
salhnh parhwhthk
parhwhthk mektrel kyarc naruphmhk
naruphmhk bhshr 
bhrc muhlcths parhwhthk phscak uktum nakihnck makyhnhkhk phscak. Phscak bakohk
 phthd tulhko mesth hmhk nakohlhnc kyarc farht matcmh farkhghs, farfcjhrh, fhtum 
nhupuk matcmh nakooarhmmhk
nakooarhmmhk tufud. Zadckooh
Zadckooh mektrel
mektrel kyarc naruphmhk prcercths
prcercths
uktum nakurukmhk rcscme phru bhk agam scstancm bhrc grhmtur sapartc pakurukhk gukosc
 parkhghshk yhko nancju tarihbckyh dypexch, htalajthscs,
htalajthscs, bh
bhk  pkaunekch (Nhy L,
Dcllarnhk, Phtcl Z, 6087).
Rhthlhmshkh Panfabhdhk
Pakooukhhk gcmshsc phthd tulhko mesth nakckomht uktum pakhkohkhk glhcl jdast mhrakh
 pakckomhthk iunlhd puflcmhsc takthko pakckomhthk eutjena phscak. Falun hbh
 puflcmshsc takthko maukooulhk bhrc gcmshsc phthd tulhko mesth tathpc hbh parfabhhk

bhrc tamkcm nusjla sphrcko bhk trhbcscekhl uktum pakhkohkhk terhms bhk panfabhdhk
spckhl
spckhl.. Gcmshs
Gcmshscc phthd
phthd tulhko
tulhko nalhlu
nalhlucc panfabh
panfabhdhk/
dhk/Zur
Zurocj
ocjhl
hl Vcf gcxhtc
gcxhtcek
ek (ZV
(ZVG)
G)
naruphmhk suhtu pakhkohkhk phbh glhcl jdast uktum nakihoh sthfclcths bckbcko terhms
(R
(Rhyler
hyler at hl, 608:).
Bhlhn panclcdhk
panclcdhk pakbamhthk
pakbamhthk eparhsc
eparhsc yhko bcoukhmhk eparhter
eparhter dhrus nanhdhnc
nanhdhnc
raoc
raocek
ekhl
hl hk
hkht
hten
encc ba
bako
kohk
hk uktu
uktum
m nanc
nanckc
kcnh
nhlc
lcsc
scrr cht
htrreoak
eoakccj cki
kiur
uryy. Repeorhgc
 parnumhhk bhpht bcihbcmhk hjuhk uktum nalhmumhk ckscsc shht eparhsc. Zubut
suparc
suparccer
cer bhrc
bhrc sjhpul
sjhpulhh saihih
saihihrr bakohk
bakohk R:, sabhko
sabhkomhk
mhk subut
subut ckgarc
ckgarcer
er bhrc
bhrc sjhpul
sjhpulhh
 fchshkyh farhbh phbh jesth ma ?. Phbh fhochk hktarcer, hspam ckgarcer bhrc N.
Pajterhlcs
Pajterhlcs nhyer saihihr bakohk jesth ma 1 sabhkomhk
sabhkomhk hspam suparcer
suparcer bhrc nusmulus
sarhtus hktarcer nakhkbhc bhrc jesth ma-7 (Rhyler at hl, 608:).
Phbh panfabhdhk nanfutudmhk avhluhsc gete peles nhupuk ZR-Zjhk. Khnuk, :B
JR Zjhk nanclcmc nhkghht yhko lafcd, mhrakh eparhter bhpht nakoavhlusc sajhrh
 pakud tulhko bhrc terhms bhk bhpht lafcd gemus hthu lhkosuko uktum nakaktumhk
saonak
saonak nhkh
nhkh yhko nanfut
nanfutudmh
udmhk
k gcmshs
gcmshscc bhk tcbhm
tcbhm nanfut
nanfutudmh
udmhk
k tderhj
tderhjete
eteny
ny
(R
(Rhyler
hyler at hl, 608:).
 

ZRHKBHVB PEZRAVELHRAVHL RDEVHJERENS

Pakbamhthk ckc naruphmhk tamkcm eparhsc yhko phlcko sarcko bcoukhmhk elad spaschlcs
 fabhd terhms hthu fabhd unun, khnuk ihrhko bcoukhmhk fabhd ertepabc. Bakohk
tamkcm ckc bhpht bclhmumhk hmsas ma bharhd pestarcer, pestarelhtarhl bhk lhtarhl bhrc
jestha bakohk hmsas hktarcer amstaksc trhksvarshl hthu eflcqua bhrc shyhthk. Phbh
tamkcm ckc phscak bcpescscmhk lhtarhl bamufctus bakohk lakohk bcpescscmhk bc hths
ma
maph
phlh
lh phbh
phbh hr
hrnfe
nfehr
hrb
b uktum
uktum sthfcl
sthfclcth
cths.
s. Ckjcsc
Ckjcsc bcnulh
bcnulhcc bhrc
bhrc tc
tctcm
tcm hkthrh
hkthrh pejasu
pejasuss
spckesus bhk fhths nabchl bhrc smhpulh ma hrhd jhubhl. Rapc ckgarcer bhrc syhhthk ckc
tarohktuko bhrc mafutudhk bhk lemhsc bhrc jestha yhko grhmtur (R
(Rhyler
hyler at hl, 608:).

NQZJLA ZPHVCKO RDEVHJERENS

Phbh tamkcm ckc phscak pescsc bhk ckscsc shnh sapartc phbh takamhthk pestarelhtarhl,
khnuk farfabh bhrc bcsamsc bhlhnkyh. Ckscsc bchnfcl ma trhpazcus bhk ghsjch etet
lhtc
lhtcss
sscn
cnus
us bh
bhk
k gh
ghsj
sjch
ch bchk
bchkom
omht
ht bh
bhrc
rc lh
lhpc
pcsh
shk
k et
etet
et yh
yhko
ko la
lafc
fcd
d bh
bhlh
lhn
n uk
uktu
tum 
m 
nanukomckmhk
nanukomckmhk vcsuhlcshs
vcsuhlcshscc cktarvhl
cktarvhl etet. Rcbhm bcparlumhk
bcparlumhk pakutuphk
pakutuphk cktarvhl
cktarvhl etet
bhlhn phbh pakbamhthk ckc, khnuk nakihdct hspam bhlhn bakohk matafhlhk pakud
bh
bhk
k ph
phbh
bh ete
ete yh
yhko
ko sa
sasu
suhc
hc hm
hmhk
hk nanc
nanckcn
kcnhl
hlcs
cscr
cr “b
“bht
htaa sp
sphj
hja„
a„ bhk panfa
panfakt
ktum
umhk
hk
 

danhtenh bhk sarenh pest eparhsc. Hltarkhtcg lhck yhko bhpht bcoukhmhk hbhlhd
bakohk brhck (Rhyler at hl, 608:).

 HTCLLHVS HPPVEHJD
Ramkcm ckc bcoukhmhk uktum grhmtur mesth hktarelhtarhl yhko nanfutudmhk gcmshsc.
Ramkcm ckc nanfarcmhk
nanfarcmhk amspesa
amspesa yhko jumup fashr phbh bharhd tderhms
tderhms hktar
hktarelhtar
elhtarhl
hl
bhk vcsuhl
vcsuhlcsh
cshsc
sc lhkosu
lhkosuko
ko bhrc
bhrc shrhg
shrhg terhms
terhms phkihk
phkihko,
o, shy
shyhkok
hkokyh
yh tamkcm
tamkcm ckc tcbhm 
tcbhm 
nanfarcmhk hmsas ma mesth mekbrhl hktarcer thkph amscsc hktarcer yhko scokcgcmhk.
Zalhck ctu, bakohk pakbamhthk hxcllhry
hxcllhry iuoh
 iuoh nanfhthsc vcsuhlcshsc jesth pestarelhtarhl
sadckooh fchshkyh dhkyh bcoukhmhk bhlhn eparhsc yhko nanfutudmhk vcsuhlcshsc
yhko
yhko luhs
luhs uktum
uktum rabums
rabumscc bhk gcmsh
gcmshsc
sc grhmtu
grhmturr jesth
jesth nultcp
nultcpal
al hktare
hktarelht
lhtarh
arhl.
l. Phscak
Phscak
 fchshkyh bcpescscmhk lhtarhl bamufctus hthu hltarkhtcgkyh phbh pescsc “sleppy„ lhtarhl
bakohk pescsc lasc tarhkomht samcthr 21 barhiht. Ckscsc vartcmhl bcfuht mcrh-mcrh 8,1 jn
 

ma lhtarhl bhrc fhths lhtarhl smhpulh ma hrhd ckgarcer shnphc 8-6 coh bc hths jesth yhko
 parlu bclhmumhk gcmshsc. Ckscsc manubchk bclhmumhk ma hrhd hktarcer sajhrh nalckthko
sasuhc mafutudhk uktum tckbhmhk (Rhyler at hl, 608:).

CKGVHNHNNHVS/PAJREVHLCZ-LCGRCKO
CKGVHNHNNHVS/PAJREVHLCZ-LCGRCKO HPPVEHJD

Phbh tamkcm ckc, phscak bcpescscmhk supcka hthu icmh bcparlumhk hmsas hktarelhtarhl
ckscsc bhpht bctanphtmhk bcfhwhd danctderhms cpsclhtarhl uktum nanparluhs ma hmsas
lhtarhl. Ckscsc bcfuht bc lcphthk ckgrhnhncllhry (fhcm uktum mesnatcm) bhk hmsas jesth
hkta
hktarc
rcer
er bh
bhk
k tulh
tulhko
ko rh
rhwh
whk
k je
jest
sthh bhpht
bhpht bc
bcpa
pare
rela
lad
d ba
bakoh
kohk
k nakoh
nakohko
komht
mht ih
ihrc
rcko
kohk
hk
 phyubhrh bhk etet uthnkyh N. Pajterhlcs hktarcer bhk suparcer.
suparcer. Ramkcm ckc bhpht
bcparluhs bakohk tamkcm pestarelhtarhl hthu pakbamhthk hxcllhry (R
(Rhyler
hyler at hl, 608:).

C. Menplcmhsc
Maohohlhk gukosc raspcrhsc
 Kyarc phbh bckbcko terhms mhrakh phthd tulhko mesth nakckomhtmhk marih bhrc
 parkhghshk bhk rascme tarihbc malanhdhk phbh phru-phru. Maohohlhk raspcrhsc bhpht
tarihbc mhrakh trhunh phbh bckbcko terhms bhk lafcd sarcko tarihbc mektusce phru hthu
tarihbckyh pkaunekch kesemenchl (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
 

Dcpemsch
Grhmtu
Grhmturr tulhko
tulhko mesth
mesth nakoohk
nakoohkoou
oou presas
presas vaktcl
vaktclhsc
hsc bakohk
bakohk farfhoh
farfhohcc namhkc
namhkcsna
sna..
Matcbh
Matcbhmsa
msasuh
suhchk
chk pargus
pargusc/
c/vakt
vaktcl
clhsc
hsc nakuru
nakurukmh
kmhk
k partum
partumhrh
hrhk
k ohs bhk pakuru
pakurukhk
khk
jenplchkja phru
jenplchkja phru sadckooh sajhrh mlckcs nukjul oaihlh sapartc dcpemsch (Mhrnhmhr at
hl, 6006). Maohohlhk parkhghshk tarihbc matcmh partumhrhk E6 bakohk JE6 tcbhm 
hb
hbam
amuh
uhtt sa
sasu
suhc
hc ma
mafu
futu
tudh
dhk
k nath
nathfe
felc
lcsn
snaa sa
sadc
dcko
kooh
oh naky
nakyaf
afhf
hfmh
mhk
k dypexhanch
(Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
Htalamthscs
 Kyarc bhrc phthd tulhko mesth bhpht bcsafhfmhk mhrakh pakamhkhk raspcrhsc yhko
nakyafhfmhk
nakyafhfmhk htalamthscs
htalamthscs bhk  pkaunekch
 pkaunekch..  Dcpemsanch  fardufukohk bakohk matcbhm 

sasuhchk
sasuhchk vaktclh
vaktclhsc
sc bhk  pargusc mhrakh pakurukhk
pakurukhk vaktclhsc
vaktclhsc sadckooh
sadckooh nakckomhtmhk
nakckomhtmhk
 GcE6. Fclh htal
htalajt
ajths
hscs
cs nukju
ukjul,
l,  pesctcva akb axpcrhtery prassura
prassura (PAAP ) hm
hmhk
hk
nakckomhtmhk PhE6
nakckomhtmhk  PhE6 (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
Pkaunekch
Pkaunekch naruphmhk shlhd shtu menplcmhsc yhko phlcko sarcko tarihbc phbh phthd
tulhko mesth. Pkaunekch bhpht farvhrchsc tarohktuko phbh phthd tulhko mesth bhk
unur phscak.Ckscbak tarihbckyh pkaunekch phbh sanuh phscak yhko bcrhwht bc runhd
shmct bakohk shtu hthu lafcd phthd tulhko mesth samcthr 7 % (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk
_cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
Marushmhk Erohk Wcsarhl
Grhmtur phbh mesth fhochk fhwhd fchshkyh fardufukohk bakohk trhunh phbh erohk
hfbena
hfbenak
k bcfhkb
bcfhkbcko
ckomhk
mhk bakohk
bakohk phrakm
phrakmcn
cn phru.
phru. Grhmtu
Grhmturr phbh fhochk
fhochk fhwhd
fhwhd mcrc
mcrc
 fardufukohk bakohk trhunh lcak bhk grhmtur phbh fhochk fhwhd mhkhk fardufukohk
trhunh lcvar bakohk grhmtur phbh mesth 88 bhk 86 fchshkyh fardufukohk bakohk
jabarh ockihl (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
Pkaneterhms
Hbhkyh hmunulhsc ubhrh bhlhn rekooh plaurh yhko nakamhk phru-phru bhpht bclcdht

 phbh panarcmshhk bchokestcm gete peles terhms. Pkauneterhms hbhlhd suhtu mekbcsc
 

hbhkyh ubhrh yhko tarparhkomhp

tarparhkomhp bc rekooh plaurh hmcfht refamkyh plaurh
plaurh vcsjarhl ,
bhpht tarihbc spekthk hthu mhrakh trhunh, yhko nakohmcfhtmhk tarihbckyh pakckomhthk
 fartamhkhk kaohtcg cktrhp
cktrhplau
laurh
rh sadcko
sadckooh
oh nakoohkoou
nakoohkoou presas
presas pakoanfhkohk
pakoanfhkohk phru.
 Pkauneterhms tarihbc mhrakh trhunh tunpul hthu tanfus terhm. Bhpht pulh tarihbc
mhrakh refamhk plaurh
refamhk plaurh vcsarhl yhko bcsafut bakohk fhretrhunh,
fhretrhunh, hthu refamhk
refamhk plaurh
plaurh
nabchs
nabchstc
tckhl
khl yhko
yhko bcsafut
bcsafut bakohk trhunh
trhunh trhmd
trhmdaefr
aefrekmdch
ekmdchll (Zyhn
(Zyhnsudcbh
sudcbhiht
iht V bhk
_cn Ba Ieko, 6002).
Daneterhms
Daneterhms fardufukohk bakohk hbhkyh bhrhd/famuhk bhrhd phbh rekooh terhms bhk
nanarl
nanarlumhk
umhk tckbhm
tckbhmhk
hk saoarh
saoarh tderh
tderhjeste
jesteny
ny brhckhoa
brhckhoa.. Vcs
Vcscm
cme
e an
anpya
pyanh
nh nakckomht
 phbh phscak bakohk daneterhms.
daneterhms. Rarhmunulhsckyh bhrhd phbh rekooh terhms hmcfht

trhunh tunpul hthu tanfus phbh terhms. Zunfar parbhrhdhk ununkyh farhshl bhrc
hr
hrta
tarc
rc ckta
cktarm
rmes
esth
thlc
lcss hthu hr
hrta
tarc
rc nhnh
nhnhrc
rch
h ck
ckta
tark
rkh.
h. Pa
Parl
rlu
u bc
bcck
ckoh
ohtt fh
fhdw
dwhh re
reko
kooh
oh
danct
dancterh
erhms
ms bhpht
bhpht nakhnp
nakhnpuko
uko : lctar
lctar jhcrhk
jhcrhk,, sad
sadcko
ckooh
oh phscak
phscak dan
danhte
hteter
terhms
hms bhpht
tarihb
tarihbcc  syem dcpevelancm  farht yhko nakohmcfhtmhk tarihbckyh maohohlhk scrmulhsc,
thkph
thkph tarlcd
tarlcdht
ht hbhkyh
hbhkyh parbhr
parbhrhdh
hdhk
k yhko
yhko kyhth
kyhth elad
elad mhrakh
mhrakh parbhr
parbhrhdh
hdhk
k nhscg
nhscg yhko
yhko
tarihbc, yhko tarmunpul bc bhlhn rekooh terhms (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba Ieko,
6002).
Mektusce phru
Rrhunh
rhunh tunpul
tunpul terhms
terhmsnak
nakyafh
yafhfmh
fmhk
k mektusc
mektusce
e phru
phru naruphm
naruphmhk
hk mhsus
mhsus yhko
yhko sarcko
sarcko
tarihbc bakohk 80%-8?% bhrc sanuh phscak yhko nhsum runhd shmct bakohk hkomh
manhtchk 80% - 61% (Nhrtck at hl, 6003). Grhmtur mesth salhlu fardufukohk bakohk
mektusce phru. Phthd tulhko mesth nultcpal bctanumhk nakihbc prabcspescsc tarihbckyh
 pakurukhk gukosc phru bhk jenprencsab vaktclhtcek (Zyhnsudcbhiht
vaktclhtcek (Zyhnsudcbhiht V bhk _cn Ba
Ieko, 6002).

 
 

BHGRHV PQZRHMH

Dakbarsek, N.H. 6006.

6006. Clnu Fabhd Parhwht . Ihmhrth 9 Shyhshk Nasaktdh Nabcjh.

Decsckotek, Zhnual. 6088. Rarhpc bhk Vadhfclcthsc Grhmtur . Ihmhrth9 Pakarfct Fumu
Mabemtarhk AOJ.

Deppakgalb, Zthklay. 6088. Rarhpc bhk Vadhfclcthsc Grhmtur . Ihmhrth9 Pakarfct Fumu
Mabemtarhk AOJ.

Dewall, K., Vhkhsckoda, H., & Orhdhn, R. (6001). Nhkhoanakt eg rcf hkb starkhl
grhjturas. Rrhunh, ? , 2?‚12.

Nhksiear, Hrcg, at hl, Mhpcth

hl, Mhpcth Zalamth Mabemtarhk,
Mabemtarhk, Iclcb CC, Nabcmh Hasjulhpcus GMQC,
Ihmhrth, 6000. 

Pahrja, Avalyk J. 6007.

6007. Hkhtenc bhk Gcsceleocs Qktum Phrh Nabcs , Jathmhk mabuh
pulud Zanfclhk. Ihmhrth9 PR. Orhnabch Pusthmh Qthnh.

Prhsak
Prhsakedh
edhbc,
bc, R. Z. (6086)
(6086).. Pakhthl
Pakhthlhms
hmshkh
hkhhk
hk Phscak
Phscak Rrhun
Rrhunhh bakohk
bakohk Grhmtu
Grhmturr Coh
Nultcpal. Nhihlhd
Nultcpal. Nhihlhd Mabemtarhk Rarhpc
Rarhpc Cktakscg , 6.

Nhy L, Dcllarnhk, Phtcl Z. 6087. Vcf

6087.  Vcf Grhjtura Nhkhoanakt. QM9 FIH Abujhtcek, 87
(8)9 67-:6.

Zyhnsudcbhiht, V, _cn Ba Ieko. 6002. Fumu Hihr Clnu Fabhd. Ihmhrth9 Pakarfct Fumu
Mabemtarhk AOJ.