MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

i) DILUTION PRINCIPLE: If a substance of known concentration and

volume is injected into a person's blood stream and a sample of his blood
is taken after a few minutes, the person's compartment volume can be
determined by measuring the new concentration.

Volume= Quantity of substance

Concentration of substance

ii) TOTAL BODY WATER: a) Deuterium oxide

b) Tritiated water

iii) ECF: a) Inulin

b) Sucrose

iv) ICF: can be determined by subtraction of ECF from total body water

OSMOLARITY: The number of osmoles dissolved in 1 L of solvent

OSMOLALITY: The number of osmoles dissolved in 1 kg of solution

OSMALARITY IS EASIER MEASUREMENT

OSMOLALITY IS ACCURATE MEASUREMENT

18% of NaCl calculate osmolarity?

Molarity=concentration
Molecular weight

=18 x 10/(23+35.5)= 0.31 mol/L

=0.31 x 2= 0.620 osmole/L x 1000= 620 mosmoles/L
(HYPERTONIC)

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

i) A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

ii) P Wave: Atrial depolarization (rounded in shape, 0.12s)
iii) QRS Complex: Ventricular depolarization (0.12 s)
iv) T Wave: Ventricular repoilarization
v) U Wave: Ventricular repolarization (sometimes follows T Wave)
vi) P-R Interval (0.12-0.22 s): Electrical conduction period of heart
vii) Q-T Interval (0.39-0.44 s): Refractory Period of ventricles
Determination of Heart Rate: small box= 0.04 s
Big box= 0.2 s
Count from R to R,
Big Box= 300/R-R interval
Small Box= 1500/R-R interval

BLOOD TYPES
Only A B O D

D determines +/-

MCV= Mean Corpuscular Volume

= PCV/ RBC count x 10 (80-100 femtoliters)

More than 100 Megaloblastic anemia & Vit. B12 & folic acid deficiency
Less than 80 is Iron deficiency anemia

MCH= Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

Amount of hemoglobin in one RBC

Hb/RBC count x 10 (27-35 picograms)

CAN NEVER BE MORE THAN 35

Less than 27 is Hypochromic (iron deficiency)

MCHC= Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Hb/PCV x 100 (30-34 %)

CAN NEVER BE MORE THAN 34%

Less than 30 is Hypochromic (iron deficiency)

Blood Volume= Plasma Volume x 100 (38-46%

females
100- hematocrit 42-50% males)
 Ecf v ecf osm icf vol icf osm

HYPOTONIC + - + -
HYERTONIC + + - +
ISOTONIC + Na Na Na

ESR Western Green Tube, leave for an hour, see where dark red
indication line moves to.

Age/ 2- males

Age +10/2 females

BLEEDING TIME= 3-8 mins

CLOTTING TIME= 7-12 mins

NEUTROPHILS 50-70% (Multi-lobulated nucleus) Increase in

bacterial infection

LYMPHOCYTES 20-40% (Big circle inside) Increased in immunity

MONOCYTES 2-8% (Kidney shape nucleus) Chronic tuberculosis

EOSINOPHILS 1-4% (2 lobules & granules) Parasitic infection

BASOPHILS less than 1% (dented nucleus & granules) Allergic

reaction

ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE can be measured by palpation or

ausculation (sphyngomanometer)

HEMOGLOBIN VALUE 14-18 g/dL (males)

12-16 g/dL (females)
HEMATOCRIT MEASUREMENT= PCV Reader
46% (+-4) Males
42% (+-4) Females
50% (+-4) Neonates
PCV HIGH= Polycythemia or megaloblastic anemia
PCV LOW= Hydration or anemia

TYPES OF OEDEMA

1) Increase in hydrostatic pressure (PITTING)

2) Decrease in colloid osmotic pressure (PITTIING)
3( Lymphatic obstruction (NON-PITTING)
4) Hypersensitivity (NON-PITTING)

TIDAL VOLUME (0.5 L)

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (3.3 L)
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (3.8 L)
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (1.0L)
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (2.2L)
VITAL CAPACITY (4.8 L)
RESIDUAL CAPACITY (1.2L)
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (6.0L)

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE= blockage of airflow

(FVC normal; FEV1 IS LOW; Less than 80% of volume expired)
Ie. Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE= Can't expand ur chest

(FVC Low, FEV1 is Low; FEV is Normal around 80%)
Ie. TB, Deficiency of Surfactant

FEV1/FVC x 10

FVC= 5 L (less than 5 is restrictive)

FEV1= 4 L (less than 4 is obstructive)
ACETYLCHOLINE= decreases heart rate
NORADRENALINE= Increases heart rate
ATROPIN= Increases heart rate
WARMING= Increases
COOLING= decreases

SAHI'S APPARATUS= hemoglobin measurement (orange)

Counting Chamber (CYTOMETER)= Percentage Blood cells
RBC Capillary Tube= for blood collection
RBC Micropipette= Reb Bulb
WBC Micropipette= White Bulb
WESTERN GREEN= ESR
Thermometer= Temperature
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Stethoscope

CHARACTERISTICS OF RECORDING A PULSE:

Rate
Rhythm
Radiofemoral delay
Volume
Synchronicity

MEASUREMENT OF:
1) GFR
2) True Renal Plasma Flow
3) True Renal Blood Flow

Given
Urine Flow Rate= 1 ml/min
Plasma Inulin= 100 mg/ml
Urine Inulin= 12 g/ml
Urine PAA= 650 mg/ml
Renal Artery PAA= 1.2 mg/ml
Renal Vein PAA= 0.1 mg/ml
PCV= 0.45
 1) GFR= (UFR x UI)/ PI … ml/min
2) TRPF= (UFR x UPAA)/ (A-V)…ml/min
3) TRBF= TRPF x (1 / 1- 0.45)…ml/min

RATE ml/min
CONCENTRATION mg/ml