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Hydropower Engineering Numerical S
Hydropower Engineering Numerical S
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Numericals on
Hydropower
Engineering
Civil Engineering
............ .....c.. ~ vu f.1uwer n energy estimation
Solved Examples 4-1:
Solved EMamples 4-2 :
The long term monthly flow.of a sman S/Jeamis shown in table below:
MOtdh Jan Feb Mar
- The monlhly discharge data ~f Rasna/u ViU. · . .. ·. .
1
from Department of HYdrology and Met age s a~ (Stati0/1 no 650) of Khimti River is obtained
A¢. Mey Jun July Aug Sept
0 (m'/sec; 0.36 Oct Nov Dec I
duratkJn curve bilsed on the available mO::,~~t1 · HM) from 1964 to 2006. Calculate lhe flow
0.38 0.41) 0.51) 0.76 1.67 . 2.59 2.49 1.45 0.94 0.56 0.43'1
C81CtJ/ate the flow duratiOn CUI\/9.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May i'.Jun AI AIJg Sep Oct Nov Dec
Solution: 1964 4.1 3.5 3.1 NA 5.0 1Z8, 50.8 56.6 47.9 '21.5 8.8 5.6
..
1965 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.6 4.4 18.0 59.3 69.5 37.0 • 16.2 8.8 5.6
i Discharge in 1966 4.6 3.8 3.0 2.6 3.3 16.5 80.6 83.7 47.5 14.0 7.2 4.1
Discharge descending -~IJyor
Monlt> I Jm•lsec) Older Froqueney 1967 3.3 3.2 32 3.6 42 15.7 58.8 65.5 39.1 16.0 8.0 5.6
Januarv· 0.38 2.59
RanO</nl
1
Nln I ;::,-oe
1
Discharge
lm'IS«:l 1968 4.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 u 17.8 75.8 78.2 34.4 27.2 10.5 6.9
Febl\larv 12.00 8.33 2.59 1969 5.5 4.5 42 4.0 62 20.0 50.3 49.8 42.4 17.9 9.2 6.6
0.38 2.49 . 2
March 6.00 16.67 2.49 1970 5.1 4.5 42 4.1 7.6 30.7 62.7 76.4 36.6 21.3 11.8 9.3
0.4 1.67
~April
3 4.00 25.00 1971 7.3 6.4 7.3 10.9 54.4 61.2 64.9 41.6 20.5 14.1 8.8
0.5 1.49 1.67 6.0
May 4 3.00 33.33 . 6.0
0.76 0.94 1.45 1972 7.2 8.5 5.9 8.6 14.4 . 55.0 60.3 45.4 ' 14.7 9.4 8.0
5 2.40 . 41.67 61.3 '
Juno 1.67 0.76 0.94 1973 6.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 10.7 62.1 77.4 56.1 26.3 10.5 8.9
July 6 2.00 50.00 1974 7.0
2.59 0.56 0.76 6.1 5.7 7.3 9.3 19.1 68.5 73.8 43.7 -22.1 11.9 7.8
7 1.71
~ 2.49 56:33 0.56 ' 1975 6.4 5.7 4.T 4.8 6.4 25.8 92.7 68.0 n.o 34.3 14.3 .7.8 .
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--
"'E
.."'
f!!'
1.5
1988 4.8
1989 6.3
1990 8.7
3.9
5.9
8.4
3.6
4.9
7.9
3.8
3.4
6.6
10.3
6.6
12.0
53.5
41!.5
56.5
111.0
122.0
108.0
105.0
125.0
73.8
52.1
52.1
51.5
25.5
25.5 .
380
10.9 10.2
10.9 10.2
20.6 10.9
.s:; 1991 8.4 7.0 5.8 6.6 15.5 42.2 127.0 161.0 106.0 55.2 24.1 10.1
u 1
"' 1992 6.2 5.1 4.4 4.0 8.0 42.2 85.1 130.0 106.0 55.2 24.1 10.1
Q
1993 6.4 4.7 4.2 6.5 11.1 83.5 146.0 190.0 58.7 32.6 23.1 15.7
·o.s
1994 5.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.5 56.2 51.0 59.1 43.7 17.6 9.9 8.o
1995 5.5 3.9 3.4 3.2 12.3 22.8 55.9 70.3 34.0 20.7 11.9 7.6
o o.oo
_:-~~--~--~--~--~-
20.00
1996 6.1
1997 4.3
5.0
3.4
7.0
3.4
4.1
5.1
5.2
6.9
16.5
11.3
56.5
50.6
59.9
55.6
48.8
46.6
15.8
22.7
7.5
9.9
5.0
5.7
60.01) 80.00 100.00 1998 4.6 3.6 4.3 8.0 7.8 18.1 55.1 90.7 62.2 31.6 i1.8 6.3
Percentage of time 1999 5.6 4.6 3.7 3.2 8.1 204 48.5 50.5 51.2 34.3 16.0 7.4
2000 5.1 4.6 5.0 4.6 7.8 22.8 50.0 39.8 80.1 16.3 8.7 7.6
91.2 47.1 ~.9 8.4 5.8
1.9 2.3 1:1.4 57.9 59.7
2001 3.5 2.7 16.1 79 4.9
7.4 14.8 75.0 66.7 31.0
3.1 2.9 3.0 3.9
2002
17.4 57.0 83.7 46.2 16.6 5.6 4.3 Marginal cost =AC + O&M Cost
3.7 3.0 3.3 5.4 3.&
2003 64.1 34.9 14.3 7.1
2.6 5.5 14.2 435 79.3
2004 39 3.1 2.6 (t+i)H'I]
Marginal cost• V0001 N +%0&MxV..,1
2000 6.9 5.7 5.2 5.3 10.7 50.1 77.9 49.4 [ (1+1) - 1
-
5.2 20.1 11.0 8.2
2006 6.8 5.0 4.8 8.1 10.8 24.1 56.7 54.3 47.6 . 22.6 12.4 8.1
Equating margtnal cost and benefit, the value of X c:an be obtained. The power OOITesporlding to
5.5 4.6 u 4,9 8.0 33( 83.4 85.3 52.8 254 11,8 7.5
X% ollie in power durationcurve is lhe best Installed capacity of lhe project
The average ol monlhly ftow da18 is c:alcul<ited from lhe giver ftow data table. Then flow duration
curve is calcUated as sho'Mlln table. Solved Examples 4-3
lotr1:h
4.6
4.3
83.4
52.8
2
3
6.00
4.00
16.67
25.00
83.4
52.8
PrMer
I tw1 1113 588 537 l :.15 256 183 141 107 82 n 59 52
IA!ri 4.9 33.1 4 3.00 33.33 33.1
I May 8.0 25.4 5 2.40 41.67 25.4
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U$200McW
52.8 5.5 9 1..33 75.00 5.5
Oclober 25.4 4.9 10 1.20 83.33 4.9 Variable cost = US60McW (eledromtchllllicsl}
11.8 4.6 11 1.09 91 .67 4.6
Decembef 7.5 4.3 12 1.00 100.00 4.3
Oandl.l = 2% of varia~~/$ cost
90
Economic hfe ofplant = 40yrs
Solution :
80
Lel\Js analyze marginal benefit and cost fOI' 1kW lns1811ation.
70 Assuming X% of the duration eotresponds to the best-Installed capacity 101' 1 kW power generation,
then.
60
'U · . 1KW'X% ' 365'24MWh
••
::- Total annual energy generatron = =8.76 X% MWh (Annual)
g so 1000
•u =8.76 X/100 =0.876 XMWh per ~
~4()
The load on a hydropower plan/ Vllries from minimum of10MW to 35 MW. Two turgo generator of So Avera~~& power, P ~ 1.6 x to• x ,'.'. c 4 x lO'kW
e<~(J8Cilies 22MW instaled capacity have been insfa/W Calculare load factor: plant fador and
utilization lador. ' Let Q be tile discharge fw lhe plant to l\lll8S base load.
Here average load P=9.81Q H11
:. 4X 103=9.81 Q X 20 X 0.85
10 + 35
Avcrageload R • 22.5MW :. Q • 23.985 m'/sec
2
When Q =35m'/sec
Total Plant capatity =2l<22MW • 44MW
P • (9.81 X 35 X 20 X 0.85) kW= 5.83695 X 1Q3 kW
Loed factor • AYS<lJ9t load 22.5/.IW = 0 64 AlaJdmum load iactor" 5.83695Xl03 • 0.3648 • J6.4S%
Peak load 35MW . l.6xlO'
11pm SemiO 6amto 7am 10 9amm 12am 10 1pmlo Spmlo 7pmlo 9pml0
Solved Examples 4-5 1lmo to Sam 6am 7am 9am 12am !l>!l!. ~ ~m ~ 1~
Load
In a /lyl:llopcMe( f/ari of lnstslied capacJiy 10011/w, 42Git1l 6MW is {XOduced one l"fiOrDI. n I (KW) 500 750 1000 2000 2500 1500 2500 2000 2500 1000
What 1$ the ~:<~PilCJty factor of thai plant? If the maximum loed on the plant during that period is Solution :
804IIt; a(so cafaiate the load factor:.
Solution Res«ve Capaciy • 1000KW
Uno
Plan!/ aclor = Average ozdpur of rhe piam 42xJo• KWh How loadtkWl
;. 0.5833 1~1o5am 6 500
Plant cavaciry I OOxl 01 x30x24Kifh 500x6. 3000
6 5aml06atn 1 750 750x1. 750
Load factor - Al'llfll98 load ~
42X10 kwh -- 0?29
. 6amto7am 1 1000 1000.1 • 1000
Peak load 80xto 3 x30x24KWh 7am lo9am 2 2000 2000x2 • 4000
Hence, plan! factor is 52.3% and load faelof is 72.9% 9am II) 121m 3 2500 2500lc3 • 7500
12amlo 1pm 1 1500
Solved Examples 4·6 1500x1 =1500
!l>!l!.IO 5pm 4 2500 2500x4 = 10000
A run-off river plant operates at 25 pen:entload fador (LF} wilh an mailed capacJiy of 1.6 x 10' ~107pm 2 2000 2000x2 • 4000
kW r.11en a11011cs es a peak load plant. Find tho minimum "ow rate in the stream so that if may 7pm to 9pm .2
serve as base load plant. The efficiency end heed an~ 65 per cent end 20m respedively. Find also 2500 2500x2 =5000
mvm.n LF or the plant wflen o =35 m'tsoc. ~1011J>m 2 1000 1000x2 =2000
Solution: r· 38750 KWh
Average f)OWef as peak load willllf 25 per cent Maxlinum toad -- 2500KW
Ptaol capacity= maximum load+ reserve capacity. 2500+IOOO = 3500MW
Load factor Al'llfll98 load - 0.25
Peak loed
38750 ·Excess discharge required lor daVilloping this excess power Is given by
Average load= = 1614.58Kif/
24 P=9.811JQH
!.Dad fac1Cr • Average load = 1614.58 = O _ 2732.78 = 9.81 x0.65xQx50
Peak load 2500 .64)
a= 8.57m' 1sec
Plant fador = Avefll!l8 Wpul of 1119 plari (A>'I!IOge load) _ 1614.58
= 0.46 The exoess discharge Is f8qlirecl for 3 holr each day.
Pfant capady 3500
4
Required pondage per day= Q = 8.57x3x60x60 m3 =9.2556xl0 ml
Or = 38750KI'rfl • 0.46
3500x24 Kl'rfl Solved Examples 4-9 :
~ utiized =maXimum value = 2500KW In a hydropower project, monthly flow of a river at heatMorl(s site and heedloss In penstock (from
headpond) Is as shown In table
Utilization factor • Power utilized • 2500KW 0.71
Power svallable 3500KW Month JIJII Feb Mar Apr May .Wn Jul IA;,g I~ Oct Nov Dec
Oischa~
Solved Examples 4-8 (m'lsec) .0.36 0.38 0.4 0.5 0.76 1.67 2.59 2.49 t.45 0.94 0.66 0.43
A·run-of river plan/Is constructed across a river at a site having net heed 50m. The river canies a Head loss In
sustained minimum flow of 20cumecs as a dry weather flow. Behind the poWer station, suffiCient
P&nslock (m) 1.86 1.89 1.9 2.58 4.06 5.06 5.06 5.08 5.06 5.oi 2.9 1.92
water pondage ha5 boen prcrvided to supply daily peak load of demand with a load faclor 70%.
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If the Intake 16~ is st1768.50, weter level at pipeinlet {Heedpond) Is 1766.99 and Tutbine axis
Assuming the plant efficl8ncy of 65%, delennine level Is at 134S.OOm. The dry season outage Is 3% and wet season outage Is 5%. Turfline
i. The maximum geneiB/ing C8p«iiy ofthe genemtCNS to be installed 8f the pawethous,s. elf_JCiency for lui dlsdlarge Is 90%. Generator efficiency Is 97% and Transformer eff'rcieney Is 99%.
i The I'Otme of pondaga to be ptoWJed to supply the daly demand asarnilg lhM the daly load CaklJale Olsta/led Cllp8City ol a plarl. if HIs d&sigoed in 40% ol avalabltl lfscharge. Also ca/cu/8Je
paf1em consist of avetage load for 21hol¥ and peak load for 3 hoi¥. the dry and wet ooergy generated from a plarl. {Wet seasoo is Apti to Nov). CalcWie p/8llt fac1Cr
of 8 plari oonsidemg oul'!/1).
Solutlon: . r
If the dry seesoo energy rate Is Nrs. 8.40 and wet season energy fllle Is Nts. 7.40, cakvlate lhe
The ~pro<kloed (at drywoolher flow) is given by P = 9.81 7J Q H yearly revenue from the project. Cooslder 10% of minimum /low as an environmental rekl-. If
tmnsmlssion loss Is 5% uplo the metering point of NEA and internal consumpljon of 1% of the
p = 9.81 X 0.65 X 20 X 50= 6376.5KW = 6.3765MW genera!ed anergy, what will be the toltJI revenue?
Avemga load (avemge power) Solu)ion
Load factor - Peok load (peak power), ' ' The flow duration curve can be drawn as shown below from lhe calculation sllown below
)
0.7 = 6376.5
Peak load
Peak load= 9109.28KW
i. Assuming !here is no reservoir capaaty, ..W have !he maximum capadty of !he gene<ators 1o be
ils1alled = 9109.28KW .
i. Excess wa1« from pondage is drawn in onfer to meet !he excess demand (demand in excess of
a.erage) for 3 holr. Excess po¥1W reqtired to be developed <kmg 3 holr = 9109.28- 6376.5 KW
=2732.76KW
...,
J:
3.00
2.50
;:;-. 2.00
...
~
Monlh
Jan
-llow
lm'lsl
Cl.3&
Avalable
low
lm'll)
0.32
Doys
31
Oo$9>
ll>w
(m'll)
0.32
Total
'-!loss
"'
U7
- --
,...
m
420.13
Goroorallon
~
(kW)
115410
Dly ...IOn
(kWh)
837,181
w.c ......
1\Wh
....
" " "-
.§. Fob 0,38 0.34 :5 0.34 3.40 420.10 1225.211 831,oi&O
1.50 lola' 0.40 0.311 31 o..:t6 3.41 420.011 1296.46 e40.4S4
!."
.., 1.00 14' 0.50 046 30 0.46 4Jlll 419.41 1649.96 1,12!,572
0
~ May OJll o.n 31 o.n 5.511 417.91 2S65.30 1.815.318
0.50 Jl.n 1.81 1.83 30 O.liO 6.!9 416.91 3181.21 2.175,992
My 2.!9 2.6! 31 0.90 6.!9 416.91 3181.27 2,251209
0.00 2.45 31 0.90 416.91
Al.lj 2.49 6.!9 3181.27 2.246,l(IS
0 20 40 60 80 100 Sept . 1.41 30 0.90 416.91
1.45 6.!9 3181.27 2.170,552
Probability of E)(teedence " Oe1 0.94 0.90 31 0.90 6.59 416.91 3181.27 2,248,525
Nov . 0.56 0.~ 30 0.52 4.41 419.09 1861.89 1,257,812
Dec 0.43 0.39 31 0.39 3.43 420.07 1403.25 1.011,018
Calculation of ftow duration curve Uaxinum lon,kW 318127
-
TOO!I seasonallnOilll', kWh 3,027,017 15.296.li02
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a
(m'IMc) order
a lnDesc. Rank
Frequency
(1-1+1)/n
Probabi.ity of
a
Ex<:eodence (m'lsec) ,. llis<:harge Anlual--··
T0011 llnli<'gy, GWtt GWit
3.83 15.30
1&.92
(1/F)
Jan 0.36 2.59 1 13.00 7.69 2.59 Ratiod·--·~-- 4.22
·feb 0.38 2.49 2 6.50 15.38 2.49 10 2.56 Hete, l\ea(loss from intal(e 1o headpond =1768.50·1766.99 =1.51m
March o..co 1.87 3 4.33 23.08 1.67 20 2.00
The hea<loss 111)111 headpond to turbine axis level is given. So Tota1 head loss can be obtained by
Airl 0.50 1.49 4 3.25 JO.n 1.45 30 1.47
adding the headloss from intake to headpond and monl!lly headloss of penstock pipe.
May 0.76 094 5 2.60 38.46 0.94 40 0.90
Juno 1.67 0.76 6 2.17 46.15 0.76 50 0.66 = =
Gross head Intake water levei-IUrlline axis level 1768.5 · 1345.00 •423.50
JtAy 2.59 0.56 7 1.86 53.85 0.56 60 0$1 Net head can be caletAated by SIJbtracting monthly loss from llle gross head.
Aug 2.49 0.50 8 1.63 61.54 0.50 70 0.43 Combined efficiency for lull discharge =66.43%
Seot 1.45 0.43 9 1.44 69.23 0.43 60. 0.39
0.94 0.40 10 1.30 76.92 0.40 90 0.37 So Generation capacJty (power) P • 'I r Q H
Oct
Nov 0.56 0.38 11 1.18 84.62 0.38 Dry season energy = power x number of operating days x 24 x (1· dry season outage)
Dec 0.43 038 12 1.08 92.31 0.38
Wet season energy= power x number of operating days x 24 x (1· wet season outage)
Hence from the now duration curve a.. = 0.90 m'lsec
Calculation lor revenue
Calculation of power and energy
Pla!lt fadDr - Adual «*gy produced by the pliri
=
Available IbN I1Yer IbN - envi:oomen1al Dow (vdlere, e!Mronmen1alllow is 1he 10% of driest rnaxroom enetVY produdioo capaci1y
month Oow) (1he driest Dow is 0.43 m'lsec in December so enWoomeneallow Is 0.04 m'lsec)
Design 11ow = lllhe avaiable 11ow is greater lhan lhe des9l ftow (0.9m'lsec), the design now is
Adual energy produced by the plant~ plant fadDr = 18,923,520 KWh
equal 1o design IbN and Wlhe available llow is less ll1an lhe design ftow lhen the design llow is Maximum energy produdioo capacity of the plant = installed capacity x 365 x 24 (KWh)
equal to lhe available now. =3181.27 X 365 X 24 =27,667,9251 KWh
Plant factot • 18,923,520 KWh - 0.679
. 27,887,925.2KWh .
... Average load =2250KW
-· - - - ~
Deslgol
(m¥1oc)
Net
(m)
Gene<o'Jon
~
(KW)
Dry season
(K"'ll)
Wei-
(KWh)
Enolgy
roto(N11)
~
-
In order that !he plant can act as a base load stat!oo. tt must supply 2250KW average power. So
using
P = q rQ H
-
u
-
.llo 0.32 <12013 11S4.10 831181 l'lll2373
feb 0~ <120.10 1225.26 83148) 1.4 2250 = 0.75x9.81xQx20
6!1114264 .
0.3e 420.011 1296.46 u 11199815
Nxl 048 419.41 1649.96 1128572
Q = 15.31m' /sec
48 $117145
May o.n 417.91 2:566.30 1815316 48 8113518 Henc:e the stream must taiT)I a minimum discllarge of 15.31comec, in <lfder to make the pla.1t
.Me 0.90 41UI 3181.27 2175992 4.8 10444761 wor1<s as a base load stalion.
Jutv 0.90 416.91 3181.27 22S1209 4.8 111605802 .
Aug 0.90 418.91 • 3181.27 2248525 4.8 1079292Q b) when 0 e 20 m'l sec
Sop 0.90 416.91 3181.27 2170552 4.8 10418649 .
Oct 0.90 418.91 3181.27 2248525 4.8 1079292Q ••
Nov 0.52 419.09 1861.89 1257812 4.8 P = 7J r QH
60.'7496
Dee 0.39 420.07 1403.25 1017916 8.4 8550492 P = 0.75x9.81x20x20
SUbTotal 3627,017 15~502 103.890.156
P = 2940KIY
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P=qyQH SoTotat 11ow available tor power generation fer peak tine of 6 hour =
[o) With pondage (aSSilmlng no loss) Power devsloped due to this discharge I.e firm power, because discharge is firm
The plallt Is used as a peak load plant operating 8 hours a day. So total volume stored during (24-8 P=qrQN
hour) = 16 hours when plant Is operating = (12 X 16 X 60) m> · P=0.8x 9.8lx 55.51x t6
= 6.912 X10'm3 =6963KW
· 6.91 2xiO' Hence, the firm power de~ped by the plant If pondage during rest hours is allowed = 6963KW
Rate of now available from poodage = m' I sec = 24m3/sec
8x60x60
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Solved Examplei 4-12 b) If the plant is de$if1ned fer e pealdng p/ad with 6 hour pea/Ong (motrW!g 2 hour Mid ewnong 4
houtj. The plant 1183 three set of units (IJJtbine and genem1olj sud! SO% ofaVBBabls tlow is used in
A runoff IMK planlls insl816d on a river having a minimum now of1 Sm'lsec. if the plant is used as offpeak hout ie. pl8nJ opersted during offpeak hour. If total evaporation and otller loss is
a peak load plant opera1ing only for 6 hours daj/y (i.e 6 hours pealdng p/anl). Compute the linn stored water.
5"of the
The percentile d lime in X· axis and power generated in Y-axis is plotted lo gel povtef genetation
• Rs 3,151,953.00 a.rve. The power dura1ion curve drawn from above da1a is shown in figure below.
Total revenue in one day with pealdng =6.755.42 x 16x 6 + 41,156.33 x6x 12 The area under !he povtef duration curve gives energy generated. So the energy under different
area is calculated and summed up lo gellolal energy.
• Rs 3,906,841.12
Beoefit from peaking (" one day)= 3,906,841.12 • 3,151,953.00 = Rs 756,866.12 E, ~ 1- 0 X 41 .472 + 4 !.4?2. 365 X24 •3.644GWII
100 2x1000
Solved Examples 4-14 E2 ~ 10- l x 4 1.4?2+ 4 1.472 X365X24 • 32.696GWh
From the following data of the flow at a given are for an average year. Cornp~ta and d~aw. the 100 2x1000
power duration cl/MI. Assume an average avsilable ne1 head of 10m ~nd combmed efflci~ncy of E = 20 -tO x 4 1.472 + 4 1. 472 x365x24 =36.329GWIJ
89%. Determine primary and secondary energy aveileb/8 during e year ff the plan/ capaCity IS fixed 3
100 2x1000
at power corresponding to tile flow available for 25% of time.
Flo'N
_ 25 - 20 x 41.472+41. 472 x365x24 • 18. 165GWh
(m'lsec) 900 600 soo •so 400 350 340 300 280 200 140 100 E. tOO 2x1000
"time 1 10 20 30 40 50 so 70 80 90 93 100 - 30-25 X 41.472 + 39.289 x365x24 a l7.687GWh
Solution E, 100 2xt000
Head = 10m, overall eff.;lency =89% E - 40 -30 x 39.289 + 34.924 x365x24 = 32.505GWh
The power (installed capacity of the plant is fixed based on lhe 25% of time availabi!ity of now so • 100 2xl000
a, =475nl'isec. (by inear lnte<poiation) E = 50-40 .. 34.924+30.558 ,.365 x24 ·28.68 \GWh
Power (illstalled capacity), P = '1 r Q H So P = 41 .472 MW 1
100 2x1000
•
Detailed calculation is shown in table below E = 60-50 x 30.558 + 29.685 ..36544 = 26.387GWh
' 100 2x1000
Solved Examples 4· 15
_ 70-60 x 29.685 + 26. 193 x365x24 = 24.474GJVI! Draw a flow duration curve from the st111am /low recoo1 from the proposed power development site
E, - 100 2x1000
.. i the a~ helld ;, 80m atKJ the maximum discharge capadl.y is 6() mYsec, determine linn afKi
secondary energy 81 the site if overall efficiency is 7~
10
70
It:I: 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1=I ~ I~ I
Solution
60 Calculation table for flow duration curve:
~so Month Dischll!llO Dlsoha<Qe in descending order Rank {n) %of time (NN)
..
Pow•r Duration Curve
~
"
~
~
2. '''
1 Jan
Feb
37
35
84
65
1
2
8.33
16.67
30 '' J,lar 31 82 3 25.00
''
'' IAor 25 51 4 33.33
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20
•'• '#
::1
May 19 .... 5 41.67
• b1 37 41 6 5000
'
10 ••'
. 7 58.33
..
i .U 65 37
•
0 • Ailg 84 37 6 66.67
.. so 60 70 100
0 10 2.0 Sop 62 35 9 75.00
"Time
Oct 51 31 10 83.33
_ 80 - 70 x 26.193+ 24 ·447 x365x24 = 22.18GWh Nov 44 25 11 91.67
5
••- 100 2xl000 Dec 41 19 12 100.00
Olsdlarge In
~~~~me li::
r:
descending Energy
Month tliocharge ordor Rani< (n) I (GW)
Jan 37 84 1 8.33 36.73 26.81
feb 35 65 2 16.67 36.73 26.81
Mar 31 62
60
3 2500
26.52
36.73
36.73
26.81
4.87
i:i
';:' JO
36.73MW
I
I
I
/(IWef DuratiOn CUrve
12 100.00 11.63 9.83 50.00 58.33 66.66 75.00 83.33 91.66 100.00
r 232.96 "'imt
The peteenlie of time In X· axis and power generated In Y-alds Is ploUed to get power generatiof
Fmenergy = IOO-O x~x365x24- 101 88GW!l
curve. The area under 1lle power duration curve gives energy generated. 100 1000 .
E1 - 8.33-0 x36.73 +36.73 x365x24 = 26.81G1Yh Secondalyenergy = tolal energy - finn energy= 232.96-101.88 GWh •131.08GWh
100 2xl000
E1 -1 6.67-8.33 x36.73+36.73 x365x24 .. 26.810Wh
100 2xl000
E 25.00-16.67 36.73+36.73
,- 100 x lxlOOO x365x24 "'26.810Wh
E = 26.52-25.00 x36.73+36.73 · _
, 100 2xiOOO x3 65x24 - 4.810Wh
E 33.33 -26.52 36.73+31.22
,- 100 x xl x365x24 = 20.29GII'h
2 000
E 58.33-50.00 25.10+22.65
I- IOO X 2xl()()() X36SX24 •17.4JGIWI
Solved Examples 4-16 :
Apower development sne has the following avemge estimat9d !Mir flows. If 8515KW is generatoo
I
[ 0 + (67. 7;- 59.41) 66.6~ ~ 1 .52 )·[ {67.76 - 594 I) ;(67.76 - 47.04) 75.~~6.67} I
conUnuously rhlllUghou/ the year Mit 70% effidency and avemge ha9d oll8.3m, wflar will the
)+
-
stomge requlromenls? [ (67.76- 47.04);(67.76-32.11) r3.3~~5.00
Jan Feb .... I A~:r IMay i Jn .kJ IAuv ls.p Oct Ntw Dec
[ (67.76-32.11);(67.76- 24.31)rl.6~~83.33 )·
r
Flow
{111m') 349 378 286 154 126 63 86 63 189 257 286 2fJ6
Solution [ (67.76- 24.31);(67.76 - 23.52) 100~~~.67)
PowergenooJted =8515KW, Head = 18.3mand Overaa efficiency= 70%
= 10.7243 x365 x 24 x 3EOO m' =338.203x10' m'
For the installed capacity lo be illCreased uplo 85\SkW, the discharge to be maintained Is
P : 9.8 1x10% xax 18.30 => 0 =67.76 m'lsec
...
160
r·
Qin
Aow Q descending Rank %of time
Month IIIO'm'l Oeys I (m>/sec) order I (n) I !riNl POIW!r
120
Jan 349 31 130.30 156.25 1 8.33 19.64
/
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..
130.30 2 16.67 16.37
Mar 286 31 106.78 110.34 3 25.00 13_87 •
;'i
I AI>< 154 30 5941 106.76 4 33.33 13.42 "'
0
~
~
N
s•
Percentage Time ----+
Nov 286 30 110.34 24.31 11 91.67 3.05
Dec 256 I 31 95.58 23.52 12 100.00 2.96 Thls can be calculated In a simple way as shown in table below.
From monthly 'ldume, mean monthly discharge is cal~lated as {for month ol JanuafY) Oeslon 0 Adua!Q Oetlolt Percentile time Area Area x365x24lC3600/100
67.76 67.76 0 61.52
a- 349xro' • l30.30ml / sec 67.16 59.41 8.35 66.67 21.50 6 78063420
31x24x3600
67.76 47.04 zo.n 75 121.1)8 38,162,70081
The des9l cSschalge a =&7.76 m'lsec wllk:h is available 1n sts2% of time. So 1o maillain the 67.76 32.11 35.65 &333 234.78 74.040ffi1.93
installed capacity of 8515KW c:onsmuy, the discharge cJ 67.76 sholtf be malnlalned kJr lhe
remairing penod. The -.olu'ne of low d!Nalion curve givers slotage 'Jilbne required 1o mainlaln the 67.76 24.31 43.45 !11.67 329.65 104 020.549.92
design inslalled capadly. 67.76 23.52 4424 100 365.23 11517M!!).I4
ToCalsloraae IWCiunmenl lm'l 338,203,006 99
Solved Examples 4-17
The effectiVe him of 100m llfld overs" effiCiency of 85% are MWmed constant. If the stream
diWiarge Is set to be 10<m'lsec. caJctJiate Q the amual firm enelg)l and seoondary 60019)1 2.500
p<Odi.Jced by 1M p/8111$.1/) If the firm~ Is to be incteased to 416.923MW. wflllt ls the 111!1011111 of
$IMlge requitement?
~ ~ 1:1:1 : I :J I J: I ~ ~ ~ ~ l;ol:l: 1
: 1: I i -2000
Sohrtlon o l SOO
!!'
~
• 300 11100
1000
4 33.33
40.74
1000
1000
833.85
833.85
&08.71
541J)8
Or ll1is can be calculated in simpler way
May 320 900 5 41.67 900 750.47 &1.25 Des9l FITD Secondaty
Jla1
.hi
Aug
Sep
11100
2000
2510
2000
500
320
-
300
300
6
7
9
a
50.00
58.33
66.67
75.00
500
320
300
300
416.93
286.83
250.16
250.16
428.10
249.57
188.70
162.61
Month
Jan
Feb
Dey
31
28
Flow
100
120
~
100
120
Power
(MW)
83.39
100.06
power
(MW)
83.39
83.39
=
0
16.677
local
energy
62.04
67.24
Secondary
enerav
0
5.20
Mar 31 140 140 116.74 83.39 33.354 88.85 24.62
Oct 900 140 10 83.33 140 116.74 133.92
Apr 30 300 300 250.16 83.39 166.77 180.11 118.07 .
Nov 500 120 11 91.67 120 100.08 79.13
May 31 320 320 286.83 83.39 183.447 198.52 136.46
Dec 300 100 12 100.00 100 63.39 66.96
Jun 30 1800 1000 633.85 63.39 750.485 600.37 539.33
r 4367.16
JUI 31 2000 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 820.36 556.35
Aug 31 2510 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 620.36 556.35
SEll 30 2000 1000 833.85 83.39 750.465 800.37 538.33
Oct 31 900 900 750.47 83.:39 667.08 558.35 496.31
Nco 31) 500 500 416.93 83.:39 333.54 300.19 236.15
Dec 31 300 300 250.16 83.:39 166.77 186.12 124.08
365 r '080.93 3336.47
Here, If firm energy Is to be set in 416.9 MW, from foonula 0. • 499.97 m11sec
So Power (lnsta'led capacily), p 'I yOH
Q
Dec 12 219 50
Jan 7 226
S0Mm 1
Feb 5 231 M w::....- - - - . J
Mar 4 235 oto-X~--~------~------~------~--~6~Mon~~·h~·------,
Api 3 238 • 8 12 16
May 2 240 - T~~tnein Months - - .
20 24
12
If a mass curve is conslrueled wflh the given llow and il the CIR!lulative demand lile Is
superimposed on 11. nwill be obset'ied lhal there Is no !rough followi11g the first ridge point Hence
we would adopl the sequent peak algorithm using two cycles of the given dala. The WOif<ing of the
method Is given in lable below.
Determination of storage by the sequent peak algorithm
Rllnoff, v,
Monlh Demand, D. (V..O) L (v 1- 0 1) Remarl<s
Mm' Mm'
Jan 22.8 37.7 ·14.9 ·14.9
Feb 18.3 37.7 ·34.3 ·34.3
Mw 37.7 37.7 ~8.3 ·58.3
~ 11.4 37.7 ·84.6 ·84.6
Excepl ln the month of May, the natural flow Is more than 18.5 Mm' in all the monlhs. Therafor? the
May 9.1 37.7 -28.6 ·113.2
rtparlan release will be equal to 16.07 Mm' In May (whlcllls the nalural flow) and 18.5 Mm''" all
ol11er months. These are shown In column (5). JUn 13.9 37.7 ·23.8 ·137.0
Jul 91.4 37.7 53.7 ·83.3
The runoff of coemdent Is 0.35 In the absonca of the resetVolr only 35% of rainfall on the waler
spread area becomes runoff which is already Included In the monthly runoff of volumes. Bul when Aug 102.8 37.7 65.1 ·18.2
the reservoir is built 100% rainfall on the water spread area became runoff. Thus the additional Sej) 68.4 37.7 30.7 12.5
volume of water added 10 the storage when the reservoir is bufll has to be eslimated as (H).35) x Oct 41.1 37.7 3.4 p,
15.9
Ax P, and laking A in km' and Pin mm, il is equal to 0.004875 P mHiion m>. These volumes due to
rainfall are 9Mll1 in column (6). The mon!Ny demands are shown in column (3). Thus (column (3) •
, Nov 32.1 37.7 ~-8 10.3
column (4) + oo1wm (5) • cokJmn (6)), which is enlered in column (7) indicates the net dema!ld In Dec 27.4 37.7 ·10.3 0.0
~tonlh Runoff, V1 Demand. o, (VrO.! 2:: (v D ,) Remal1<s
Monlhs J F M A M J J A s 0 N 0
1- RoWin cumec 110 90 70 50 30 25 65 220 300 190 115 110
Mrn' Mm> monlhs
Jan 22.8 37.7 · -14.9 -14.9 Cumulali'le ftow 110 200 270 320 350 375 440 660 960 1150 1265 ~375
Feb 18.3 37.7 ·19.4 -34.3 In cumec monlh
Mar 13.7 37.7 -24 -58.3 Plot llle mass curve; Months against cumulative inflow Is plotted to get mass curve of inflew.
f i.4 37.7 -26.3 -84.6 Unfforrn demand line or demand curve (UDL) corresponding Ill 85 m'isec is plotted as a line MN.
""'
May
~un
9.1
13.9
37.7
37.7
-28.6
-23.8
-113.2
-137.0 To
The sloj)e of the line MN gives the uniform demand.
Draw two tangenls at A and R (point on oonve~ and concave depressions, respectively), parallel to
the demand line MN. The vertical distance between these two tangents i.e., RC = 185 cumec
Jul 91.4 37.7 53.7 -83.3
month Is llle required reservoir capacity.
Aug 102.8 37.7 65.1 -18.2
Sep 68.4 37.7 30.7 12.5
1400 1- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - -.
0<:1 41.1 37.7 3.4 15.9 p,
Nov 32.1 37.7 -6.6 10.3
Dec 27A 37.7 -10.3 ' 0.0
=15.9 - (- 137.0)
= 152.9Mml
The Jlood hydrograph given in the problem may be written as months against volume an~ Reservoir capacity" RC =185 cume<: month
cumulative lnnow or volume lor plotting the mass.Olirve. The discharge of eve<y month in m3/sec or
cumec is multiplied by 1 month to convert the cumec into volume cumec month. = (185 X30.4 x24 X60 X60) rn'
1 oomec month= 1x30.4 x24x 60 x 00 =.2.626.560 m' = 48,59,13.60 m' =485.9136 x10' m'
For example, disehatge of January 110 m'Jsec (cumec)" 110 cumec mootll "(110 x2626,560)'m' = 485.9136 MH!ioo m'
Again if 85m3/sec is drawn for power production·in 12 months (January to December), then total = 48591.36 X 10' m'
volume drawn =48591.36 ham
= 85 cumes x 12 monltfs =1020 cumec month.
sx = 516
X =1032 m'isec
1400
The aSSI.Illpbon of X< 90m1/sec is Incorrect so, assume wrthdrawal rate is below 110 m'lsec.
r
z~
1200 Anatyllcal method 10 calrulale the 19Ser¥0ir capacity
• Flow in flow
~ 1000 cumec lllrwil For m«Voir capacity 270, lei
• months t.riform lflilhdtawal rate X<11 0
~
IOOllne
Oeficil in Cumulalive Oeficil In
800
! Moolh
Jan 110
storage
.
deficit
.
I storage
.
Cunutative defiCit
.
1 600
85
~ Feb 90 85 . . (X-901 (X-901
~ Mar 70 85 15 15 (X-701 .J..2X-16QL
400
Aor 50 85 35 50 D<·5Ql. _flX·211l)
200 Mav 30 85 55 105 _(l<_-30) _(4X-24Pl
Jun 25 85 60 165 (X·251 _(SX-265)
Jul 65 85 20 185 (X~SI
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0 _(6X·3301
0 2 3 • 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IAoo 220 85
Sep 300 85
When reseMlir capacity is fixed at 270 a.wnec monlh. from lowest point R, dtaw a ~ ine RF = Oct 190 85
270 cumec month 1o a scale.
No-1 115 85
Join A. F. and ex11!11d lo point G slope ollhe line AFG is the IJ1itonn rate of withcrawaL (Note, lhe
extended line AFG cut the mass il1low rur;e again so the resetYOit gets lull again at 1t1a1 point of Dec 110 85
intetsedlon). From flgtlre, the point G is intersected at1200, so lhe rumulawe demand of 1200 is Then maximum cumulative deficit is (x • 90) +(x • 70) + (x ·50) + (x • 30) + (x • 25) + (x· 65) wllich
lor 12 months so demand rate is Is equal to the reservoir capacity so,
0=~ = 100 m3 /sec (x· 90) + (x • 70)+ (x · 50)+ (x-30) +(X· 25) +(x· 65) = 276
12
6x=270+330 =600 = x =100 m'isec
Or from analy1ical method, let the uniform withdrawal rate is below 90 In first trial when reserve~
capacity Is 270 rumec month then. So! ved Examples 5·5 :
Let X= actual rate of withdrawal (X< 90), then there will be deficit In March. ~. May, June and Water turbine of powemouse of a hydropower scheme has an output of 7005 kW working uncler a
July month. The deficit be (x • 70). (x ·50), (x . 30), (x • 25) and (x· 65) respectively. head of 24 m with an overall efficiency of 85 per cent The in"ow of the reservoir during a year is
gN8nbe/ow
Then, rumula~ve deficit be (x • 70), (x • 70) + (x • 50), (x • 70) + (x • 50) + (x • 30), (x • 70) + (x • 50)
+ (x ·30) +(x ·25) and(x· 70) +(X · 50)+(x· 30)+ (X· 25) + (x-65). Month J F /.1 A /.1 J J A 0 s N 0
In/low In 38.8 41.2 34.3 30.8 27.4 33.1 45.7 34.2 35.4 377 40 36.6
The maxknum rumutalrve deficit lril be in the month of Jliy which Is equal 1o fhe teSei\'Oir cumec
capacily, so monlh
(X· 70) + (x ·50)+ (X -30) • (X · 25) + (X-65) = 276
Find {I) Reservoir csptdy ro satJsfy the unifonn demand of water.
SX-240 =276
(iQ The total quanlityof waterwasted during U1e year. Take 1monlh =30.4 days.
Solution:
Using power equation in kW, P = 9.8lQH7J
7005 = 9.81' x Qx24x0.85
Q= 35 mlfsec which is lhe unifprm deman~.
Reservoir capacity is estimated by analytical method as shown in !able
Soluti011:
= (69.11 +69.M+ 70.96 • 74.15) years= 284.()6 years
Cotrespooding trap efficiency given= 96 per cent= 0.96 Regulated llowdlschatge, Q ~ P • 2SOxtOOO - 162.73m 3 / sec
9.81x f/XH 9.81X 0.87XI80
Capacity.lnftow ratio at !he end of lntefval = a~• =0.4 f
6 )
Cooespooding trap efficiency= 0.95 Reservoir Volume = 3500 milioo cubic meter =3500xl 0 m
0 96
nme taken to empty the resorvow whe<1 coottnuoosly used !of power generation =
Ave1age trap efficiency,= · • 0•95 • 0.955 6
2 _ ResetVOir volume = 3SOOxt0 • 2 t 508019.42sec • 248.93d8ys
! Q 162.73
Volume.sediment deposited annually till 20 per cent ls filled • ( ~s X0.9SS) percent Mm'.
1 Therefore, regtJiatlon lime= 365 - 248.92 =116.08 days
4
No. ofyea!S to fill20 pel))ent of capaclty01'4 Mm> = .= 69.11 years
m1 xo.9SS
In tl]e 2"' lntefVBI
Base widih of elementary profile = i Le. Self weiStJt W =8280 KN adS lh~ CG ol
the dam body.
l
Distance from water surface up to which Too
Ills slope is vertical weighl'of the dam body act as vertical Ioree. !Ql- )11-1 R
A s..:Heei::::::._ __ _~Bj,
= 102961.8 - 2.87> 2
35891.52 A L-~--~------~8
1\o a[(~xlxl5xl}
981
Since ~ =!2_=6.33m ReslAtan1 cuts wftllin · t ~000]
3 3
middle lhird so !he dam Is stable (or safe against
crushing). Or middle tlllrd rule: When resetvolr Is full,
v.t.oo the resultant passes wllhill lhe middle lhird
L.f-'r'----r-'.-----"8 KN
•73.575 KN
PH=
15
LH =1103.625KN,P"acts 3 mfrom(base)~ortoe.
. L,Positive moment
Factor safety agamst o~rtumlng =~ .
t:
~ Negavve moment
11
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Now ladef of safety against sliding= asswning 11 =0.7$ = 19140+858.375 =1.448 < 1.S : . Unsafe.
8289.45+5518.125
~ de'leloped
= 0.75xl427.1 =MS9S< 1
1103.625 lellhe redan! ol 81 forces acts at a distance xfrom !De. Then
Hence, lhele eXistS a possibii ty ol siding. i = L,M => X s (19140+858.375)-(8289.45 +5518.125)
or i"'• 6190 8
· "' 4.338m
1427. 1
Whefe B is base widltl of the dam = 13m
q is the permissible shear stress= 14 KN!m' The dislanoeof xfrom oentre • .!!-
2
4.338 : 2.162m
0.75x l427.1 + 13x 1400
. . Shear friction factor =
11
OJ.§ZS :. eccentricity o • 2.162 m.
=17.46 > 4, safe. The reservoir is full at upslream race so the maximum normal stress will be oocurTed at toe and
minimum at normal slress heel. So tile oompressive stress ·at toe and heel w1q be
Clllculalioo of moments ollhe toroes about heel
Considering O'I9I1Umllg moments as negative ('w) and resloring moments as positive (..-e) P.= Lv(1•
B
68 )
B
and P•• L,v(,-
B
68 )
B
respectively
.
Due to self weight Now compressive stress at !De Is
Moment=
P. = L,v
B
[l+668 ] => P• -~[1+
13
6 2 62
" .1· ] => P;2J9.317KN 1m2
13 J •
fiQure and calculation is dooe in table.
Compresslvestressatheel=
~::V [
- - 1-
6e1=--
-
1427.1[ 6x2.162]
1- =0.2364KNim2
8 B 13 13
vhth vertical and a Is the angle made by the upstream slope vAth vertical
2
We know 1+ tan2 a = sec a
H1
l +CtsY =sec' a
2 dimenSions upw~ rd
1
clockwise anlldockwlse
Shear stress at toe =P. tano =(219.317 x .,. +ve towa rds
(d/sl
.....
Solved Example 7-4 (a) weight of dam
6x5Sx24
-- --- ----
A concrete dam as shown in figure ofgiven profde 6m
1+--i
' I WI
~ 23.00 tB2t~·OL
Is proposed by a deslg~r for implementation. The l2_ 1{2l<20x 40x24 9600 __E.33 1279~.00
unft shear resistance and angle of shearing
W2
--- ----· -
~
resistance Is 500 KN!nJl and 3f!l respectiVely. Unit
W3 I/2JfAQx20lC9.81
!!!! Uplift ~ress ure
3924 li67
- 26173.08
'
findings do you implement II? Wllat measure do
you recommend to implement it? "'" - 1 t!:
f 1
PI
P2
(e) Wate! preHure
1/2. 490.SJ<SO
1/2. 392.41<4')
, _ _...P.~
·1848.00
-- ------
16.67
13.33
·204415.88
-
104613.84
l~l
Solution:
Here, •
Sun of forces~•nd moment$
-- _, ____
Unit ShearresistanceT, =500 KNim' (!)to (31 21444 336301.08
32
B= ~·
30 Normal stress at toe,
=25.35m
~G -k ./2.4- l
p = L v(l+6e)= 5222.36 ( 1+ 64.23)• 412.26KNhn 2
H 30 •IJ>! B B 25.35 25.35
Considerillg friction coefficient, B = :) k = =30.61 m
p. G- 0.70.J2.4 - I Principal stress at 10&;
Take B = 30.61 m (maxfrnool of two case$). Pmax =P0 _.,.(1+tanl8)e P•Joo s.clti= 412.26XSec14Q.2" =706.67 KN!m>
1200
Agai1 imllilg OOght:
q
I = • 50.997> Hl 0Idam. Shear stress at 108,
y.(G-k+l) 9.8(2.4-1+1}
f', = p..... lanl/= 4f2.26Xfan 40.20": 348.39 KNfm2
TalOng B = 25.35 m.
Facsor of sa"'Y aga11st siding.
8=
5
~an-•(~~ )=40.20. _ P L V _ 0.7x5222.36
- LH - 4414.50
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~x2.4x9.8 1x30x30.6J
Hydrostatic pressure fonce. ( P )=~r H 2 • ~x9.81 x307 = 4414.50 KN Weightoldam(W)= 1-Gr HB = =10801.23KN
X=·LM
2 30
Distance of the rewltant from the we
'
"£..,"'"v • 441 12.88
5222.36
=8.45 m "'1.4 630S.97x - x30.61- 4414.50x -
X = ~= 3 3 • l3.41m
£.., v 6305.97
E~ntricity e= ~-X=~L8.4S• 4.23m
Eccentriclty, e = ~-X =
30 61
' 2 2 · - 13.41 = t.895m
2 2
I
(~imum/ minimum stresses) P... ~V (I±~) Wlofdam(W)= '2Gy H8 = I x2.25x l000x 20x l4.9 =335.2tonnes
Normal stress 2
66 6305 97 Upliftforce(\J) = ~KrH8 = ~x0.4Sx l000x20xJ4.9•76tonnes
Normal stress alloe, "'•·""'= LV
8
( 1+ )=
8 30.61
6 1895
· (1 + " • ) = 282.53KNim>
30.61
: . Net ver1ical force, ~)' • W-U =335.2 • 70" 268.2 toones
PlincipaJ slress at toe;
2
P- =P• .,.(I+tan 0)-P• ..,.Sec fJ 2
whet89=1arr 1
( 30.61) =45.576"
3()
Hyaoslatic pressure force, ( I' ) =ir H2 =~xl000x20 2 =200 toones
:. Net horizontal Iaroe, L H • P =200 lOMaS
=282.53Xsect45.57SO = 576.67 KNJm2< 1200 KNJm2 sare.
Shear sti8Ss at toe. Net moment about toe, ). M• ""V x!.
~ "" 3
8-"""H H3x
Hence safe.
LH 4414.50
Distance of the resultant from the toe. X • ~M • 1333
=4.97m
Solved Example 7-7 :
""v 263.2
Find the minimum safe width lor an ehlmenlal)l trlMgiJI(Ir pro/i/e lor e gra~y dam of 20m height
considering seff weight, hydrostatic pressure end uptin pressure only. Assume the spei:ific gravity of
Eccentricity, e=%-;X= 1 ~9 -4.97 • 2.48m
the dam materilllto be 2. 25 end upli" file/or K ss 0.45. Calculate the pnncipaland shear stresses at
the toe of the dam. Take, the aHowsbls oom(lfeSslve sl!ess for the material of. the loundavon as Normal stress at toe,
50/<f]/cm>. Also calculate the limiting height of the dam that can be reised.
P. _ L V(I+6e)_268.2(t
••100 - B 6~4.48) =3Stonnesm
B -14.9 +14.9 I 2
Solution:
Height ot water (H) =20m
tan a = ~~: = 0.145,Sec 2a a l.SSS
Specific gravity (G) =2.25 "
Uplift seepage coefficient (k) • 0.45 Plinclpal stress at toe;
2
Sale compressive stress in masonry ( o-, ) .so Kg/ern' P,., = P.,.,.(l + tan a) R Pn,rooSec 2 a • 36000xl.SS5 • 56000/(g I m2
The base width of elementary triangular profile B. Minimum base width neoded avoid tension In the $11ear stress at toe,
dam is given by, ·
P, =P0 ,,., tana ~ 36000x0.74S • 26800kg/m 2
B= _ H_ = 20 = 14.9 m
,/G- k J2.25 - 0AS 17
Again,&milingheigllt= • = SOxJo• =178.5m
TalUng B= 14.9 m. r (G- k+ l) 1000(2.2S-0.4S +I)
Momenubout. toe KN"m
Forces KN
So_lved Example 7-$ :
Oescr1ptlons and
For a gravity dam of drainage gal/91')' 8S shown In l/guf6, calcul81a (a) Maximum vel1ic81 stress at
the heel and toe of the dam (b) Major prlnc/pal stf6ss at the toe of the dam, (c) The intensity of shear
stress on a hotizontal plane near the toe, (d) Check the stabillly of dam.
U• l,.m
dlmet~ s1on•
...
upward
l'lotltont•l
...... lOWirdS
(d/1)
I.e \Itt ltm
dockwlse
·Ill! ...
antlclockwls~
(Take permJssjb/e comprassive stress for dam Is 2500 Kfllml, tan; = 0. 75. and uml weight of
cooctete 23.5KN/ml negled the earthquake afled 1 WI
(o) welahlol dom
IWIQJ.S
---
--
118<4 53.00
- Glnll.OO
6m
r----4
_2_ _ Wl
3 W3
1/2 ><7Sx50><23.S
1/2-.c9~.!.._
-~5
117.71
--
-
3:1.1)
LU
t4£8ti03.U
156.58
(b) Uplift preuure
7 __!!.!_
Ul
JOO.I4'!_ - ·2<06.72
5&.1l6x4l ·:WSl8
- ...!!:!!....
2..00
· l.lS1410M
-61*)6.12
-
l
6 Ul 1/2X24..-a ·SI07.s2 32.00 -- 6 <
7 U4 1/2o483.96d · 1935.84 5:1.1) •10l2311.3S
2 (C) W~tet PIUSUrw
\13 a Pl 1/2 • 7&UOooliO 31392.01) l6.67 -837226.6<
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l B•56m
.Sum of fotu"s •nd momenu
(I) 10 (3)
ill to (7)
(I) to (9)
560lo.la
4l04U7
43048.17 3JliS.I2
Where w, and Wt are weigt1t or dam body and w, IS ~ht of water supp<lfted on downstream face.
OistaMe or the resultant !rom the toe,
- ~43l03S.lS
-1319259.79
1096491.71
2096ot91.71
209681-4.87
Solution:
Here, r.= 23.50 KN/m'. p ~ tan¢ = 0.75 X" LM = 177585.08 =18.06 m
L:v 43048.87
Consider 1m loogth of dam.
Eccentrici1y, e ~ ~-x ~ 56 - 18.06 •9.94m
2 2
a) Normal stress (Vertlcat stresses) at heel and toe
49.97
p = ~:V(I± 68) = 43048.86 ( ! ± 6x9.94) ,'-[?----......,_;......_-=-...,=-"'7"iToe
.....::0:::::::
.. - 03 •a a s6 56 Heol
PH 1587.43
p ~ _ 43048.87 j 1_ 6x9.94 ) •· 49_97 KN/m2
.,_ 56 "\. 56
and. p•Joo =43048.87
56
(I+6x9.94). =1587.43 KN/m2.
56
SoluUon:
Height of wa1er (H) = 35 m
b) Major principal Slre$Se$ at tee Base widltl ol dam (B) =26 m
Upift pressure intensity k = 0.5
P_ •.,. = P••Sec20-PTan1 0
Coellicienl ollndion, IJ = 0.75
P~r 11'•9.81 x6•58.9KN/m2
f{)S = ~• 2096844-87 : 1.59 > 1.50 safe. Let the resultanl of al foo:es ac1s at a dis1ance ; from Joe. Then
FQS
~ 13192$9.79
Factor of safety against slilfong,
F 31215.42
The.distancs or fron1 Clllltre = ~ - = 26 _ 9J)6
x x
2 2 . '
Solved Example 7-9 :
:. eccentricity e • 3.93 m.
Water stands on the upstream skill of grevUy dam of triangular section up to the tun .height o/35 m. , B ' 26
The base width of the dam Is 26m. The uplifl pressure lfllenslty K may be assumed to be 0.5. Show Also, 6 =6 = 4.3Jm
/hal
a no tension exists 8llyWhefe 8/ong the base of the dam
b. the dam Is safe against sliding Here, es 8
c. the maximum~ sttess in the bod)' of the dam Is tess t1tsn the elfowable CJIJShing 6
&IIBSS oflhe materla/11 kgficm1, and
d. the dam Is safe again&! avertuming
Sale 8galn$l tension.
o.
Take the coefficient o1 bfalon bel11'1100 base and foundation 8$ 75 and the oo/1 weight of matelial of
thed8m8$2~. Fac!or of safety agaNI sliding FOS ~ Jl LV
, LH
0.75 ><864500 = 1.05 > 1. So safe against sliding.
= 612500
Maximum allowable crushing stress of material =11 kglcm2
P.~ ~v[t+~]
p ~~[1 + 6x3.93] =li3405.19kgUm2=6.34 kgflcm' <11 kgUom' Ok.
• 26 26
End of Gravity Dam
For overturning,
2 H
M .,!ltf/ltr.II('C =U x- x26+Px-
3 3
35
-_ Z27500x3.x
3 26+ 612500x 3 = 11089166.67 kg'm
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FOS -
- IL;Mo
MR = 18928000 = 1.7<1.50
11089166.67
y = ~2xxo H ol Or i e Hf - (1 .50+A}1 I)
'k 2x(Lo - 2A}
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~ ~4.98X+6.20
Anoel1er equation
11.7m 5m
HFL C r~ m:,s[ 1+ 2J03klg( H2: 6 )]----(i)
Lo • cH1 +2X3+6+ 32x2-LSx2
13m 15m - 0.44 0.44
G• I = I - 0.377
GL I l H-. • • , • • ••• •
1+- - 1 + -
2m.,, 2x3
39m
BOrn
20m ==:j Lo e0.377X30+6+6+ 2X32- 3
=84.3 1m
~ ,.
12131:6
'(
;.
(
,j ~... ·I ~Lo-2.1 l
~X 2 +y 2 •
r.J
x0 =
X=
Jx
L.., y= H,
2
+y 2
t+X0 wiRbeforpoint A
-x • J62.925 2
+25 2 -62.925 =4.78m=h1
Equting (I) and (i) and soMng lot .1
q- K(H~ -hl)
24
2
ISXIO... (zs 4 782 ) = 7. 18xi 0-3m3 /sec= 7. 18Jillsec
- ·
2x62.925
Again we 1\ave,
Jx 2 + y 2 • x+ x0
2
x +y
2
= X 2 +2XXo+ l~
lllhet8 x0 = 4.78m
=8.96%10- 3 m3 1'* • 8.96/ir/ sec From the aboYe equation ciffenlnl poilt can be takM and co -onli1ate of plveatic line can be
Solved Example 8-3 found out and dt8w
X 0 5 10 15 lll 2S 30 35 40 45 !0 56 fjQ- 62Sl
An eatlhen d9m of homogenous maleriB/s, with drafn pipe is give below. Oelermlne the OOOidlnate
ol p/rfe8lic line and specific Wow disdla"l'l passing through the body of dam. y 4:1& &A 10.&a 12.1 \4.8:1 11!.18 17.6 18.9 21).13 31.28 22.38 23.04 2442 2S
t -
Hi mte3
7 . ~=2 numbers ol polentiBI drops end 4 nvmbef of flow channels are obtained. The dam has a horizontal
nner of 30m length at the downstream end end coeffiCient of penneabllay of dam material is SxiO"
em/sec. Drawing the secJ/on of dam body showt09 the above conditions, colculole the discharge
K,,~~-~~,,, , , ,...hr~...~.
per meter length of the dam.
Number of potential drop • 10
Number of flow channels •4
!- tOm -I The dischaf1]fl pef m runs of the dam, 0 = K H !!J..
N•
E= O.~ m O.~ = 0.377
Where
1+- - 1+--
2m., 2x3 K =5><l0... cm/sec
cH1 =0.371x2S 9.42Sm H = 22- 2 u 20m
~ =9.42S+I.SX3 + 6 + 26.Sx2- 10=62.925m N1 =4, N• = 10
20..25m~
ae =2. Detemrine the plrealic 1ne ofttis dam seam & 6scharge I)BS$ing tlwuglllhe dam.
Solution:
OIRElRIX
NI.J
l'l• 7m .~15
.. L
e RL: 197.5
•••
•
• 3:1
l----bb 64.775n. - - -.&..- ' !Qim---1 H= 19.5:
•
•
'-- - - -- -- - -l 42!m-- - - - - - - - - - 1 •
••• t.: 178
Solu!lon. We haw lhe equation:
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,_
57.25 71i8
10 X011 =X, j(
20 108.05 10.39 t
8=--- '
• • • •J •
oosa Now draw the transfooned dam section with homogeneous dam material of permeabllty K. ~ •
Now llis parabola his 10 be c:orred8d al entry lWld exit as expanded. AI entry the p1veatic line is analysis should be done as per the enalysis of 1l1e preYioos section.
started from fhl point Bil such was #lilt l beccmes r911ar9e to upslream lac:e. AI exit knaoW1g
a, lhe point Kis plolled & plnatic line BlK is c:ompeted. a = tan- 1 - 1- = 21.8•
2.S
Hence. lhe seepage cilcharve t11ro191 clam can be Olll1pUied by HB=L=90rn
q=K.Xo
A8 =0.3L = 0.3x90 =27m
~sxl01 x2.S4 m3 /m/s Honzontal distance betmlen A10 F =82.5+1200+99- (9G-27) =131 8.50m
~ l2.7x!0-6 m3 /1/ m Taking tile focus Fat the ~s~eam .'~ ~s.lli~'Of\gil\, The equaU9n oflhp biise ~r~ [s.giv~.
Sol~ Eample e.7 by ~X2 + yz • X+ Xo WMre x., = distance or the point ()c,y) from the directrix calle~ fo~l.
··~.~
Determine the seepf196 dlschllrge for the 88/then dam having 33m height with 3m width distance
linp6Mous central core"" shown In figure. Take top width of the dam Is 7 mand freeboard 3m. AI polnl A, when X • 1318.50, Y=H = 30
The ccefflclenl ofpeTTTI$Ibllily of dam msterl8/ls 4xt(}' mfsec and that of lmpeiVIous core is 4xt(}'
rr¥.!ee. lhe ups/rNm and downslr8am sJooe Is 3:1 an 2.5:1 resoectiV9/y. :. ~1318.S 2 t30 2 • I318.5+X 0
Solution :. X0 : 0.34m
Hence seepage disc:harge from the body of 1l1e jlam is
q ~ K.Xo
Place intake sil (lop) level 30cm below lhe nocmal water level, and assume veloclty of water at So effective opening arna of trashrack IS 83.33% of 329m' =2.74m'
intake Is 0.9mlsec lhen. Hence approadl velocity
Q 1.74 2 0 1.74
Cross sectional area 11!qUired = A = - ~- = 1.93m
v 0.9 v.o • - • -
A., 2.74 =0.635 mlsec
1\ssumedepdl cllntlke as 1.0m, lhen length of intake IS 1.93m'l1m = 1.93111 Now, lhe loss through the trasllrack is calculated umg the foorula
Hence adopt 1m wldlh by 1m depth 2 numbef of Intake openings.
Now che(k doscharge carrying capacity of Intake in given NWL c:oodltion and flood condition, by
h, j !.)
'\a
413
~slna
2g
using tile formula
Q ~ AC J2g(h, - h0 ) h, • 2.42(
20
100
)•/3 °·2x9.81
635 2
sin70 •
Here, the intake Is assumed roughly finished concreteintake so take C =0.6
= 0.00546m
A•(1+1)x1 m'=2m' = 5.46mm •
hr· ho. =3317.5 • 3317.3m =0.2m Hence tile velocity lhrough the Intake is within tile limH or 0.6 to 1.5 mlsec henoe ole aoo lhe
Q= 2x0 6-t2x9.81x0.2 =2.37rn'/sec leadloss through the trasll rack in normal water level period hence adopted. The trash rack width is
Whidlts great• than the des91 cl intake heooe <*- 3.1m and depth c12m (1m sUbmetged depth and 30cm below the Intake boCtom level to maJdmum
uplo the HFL) lnc:tined al 10• with horizontal is JXoposed.
Intake IIM!IIIeWI = 3317.5- 0.3- 1.0 =33162 m amsl ('oml:h is 1.2m aboYe the rM!f bed lewl)
The trash rack gat clogged 111quenlly so alklwance IO< dogg1ng should be pr!Mded, i.e the
designed area shotAd be greater than the required area.
Solved Example g.2 CALCULATION
Design a bottom I drop rock (Tyro/yen type) Intake for lkls/gn discharge 0.87m'lsec lot a small
I
hydropower project. The crest level of the weir Is 1767.70. 0/her data are mentioned within the
cslculalion part.
Initial water depth at u/s of Intake
ho{2LJ'
C.,L 0.17 m
Solution
Area of now u/s of tnlake A= I.Jc h, 1.01 m>
Intake is located al lhe bottom ot the river and draw water al the righl bank ollhe river wl1ll
trashrack, stoplog and gates. Velocity of water at u/s of Intake VA/A 0.86 mls
BcaDm Intake channel of ~et~gth em
and wldll11m shaR be coosWded. The cresllevel ollhe trash vz
rack ollntaka shal be below 30cm ollhe crest level ollhe weir I.e 1767.70 and floating load that hv= ..L
Velocity head at intake 2g 0.04 m
may remain allhe trash rack. The design dischatge for lntaka Is 0.87m'lsec.
vz
One i1taka gale shal be installed a11he Slaftlng pcjnt of intlke canaiiD oonb'ollhe ftow dumg ~
llood c:onditiou. The size at an intake ~ Is 1.0m • 0.90m wi1h Invert level at 1766.43 m.
hE•h0 +hv=h0 +1g 0.21 m
Tolal head indudi"Q velocity head
Design cfiSCilalge a. 0.87 ~ 2
Clear~ ol traslvaclt bar A IS mm Generaly 61o 15 mm Design head
h•-1;;
3 0.13
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Tllc:kJie$$ ol trashraclt bar T 20 mm 50 mm wide ftat MS bar Centre lo centre diS!anc:e between bars d = B+I 35 mm
Ang.e of ioclinalion with horizonlal 8 8 degree s
a -2~
c • 06-Cos
Intake length l 6.00 m Correction factor for submergenoe . d
0.27
Weir c:oeffident c. 2.1 For round ovedall
2
Contractioo c:oefficieol M 0.63 For square bar QA =3CJJbLJ29h
Discharge through Intake 1.08 m3fs
Width of intake chamber opening 8 1.00 m Additional discharge Or{OrO.)IQ, 23.8%
Function of trashrack opening X 0.927 Foc~=8' . (by changing L)
Must be >20%to 111c:0rporate chocking
Intake c:anal deplh D1 0.27 m Trial
Intake chamber stope s. 1/250
Manning's ooeff!Cienl N 0.015
Numericals on settling basin
S.No v, (mm'sec:) Re c. v,
Solved Example 10-1
1 32.53 7.23 4.78 30.06
Design Ana/yt/cal method for 0.2mm di&meter of parlicle, T=25'C, 5=2.65. Calwlate !h9 settling 2 30.06 6.68 5.09 29.11
velocity (fal velodlyJ (Vi. 3 29.11 6.47 5.23 2873
Note; The dynamic viscc6ity or ~viscxlsily {p)ofwater ai20'C 0.01 PQse = 1 Centipoise
= •
5
28.73
28.57
6.38
6.35
5.29
5.31
28.57
28.51
[1 ~ = 1gm/ (seo-cm) =0.1 kW(seo<n) = 0.1 Nsecfm') 28.51
6 6~ 5.32 28.A8
7 2848 6.33 5.32 28A7
Kinematic vfscosily is (11 - P) whose uni1ls rn?-/sec
p 8 28.47 6.33 5.33 28-47
V1 = 28.47mmlsec
Hence forwaler et 20'C, 11 • 11 .. O.Olkg /(see- m) • lxl0-6m 2 /sec • lmml/sec
P IOOOkg l m' But this theoretical analysis Is for lruly spherical particles. Therefore, for actual shape sediment
laking 65% of theoretical velocity= 2a.47x 0.65 = 18.5mmlsec = 1.85cmlsec.
~ -41 8(S- I)Ol 31+70 Solved Example 10·2
I 100
Determine 8 length of 8 settling tank for design discharge 5 m'Jsec, to settle O.Smm diameter of
Where, t Is in centigrade
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particle, water temperature T=25'C, 5=2. 65, take depth of settling basin liS 3.2m.
v1 =418(2.6S - IX0.2)1 lx~~ 70 40mm/sec v, = 4t8(S - I)D2 31 +70
100
V1d 40x0.2 _ 8.S I 'lhete, I is in c:en6grade
Reoolfsnurnbef(Re)•-;;- • 0.9xO.OixiOxiO
{The Ylsrosity of liquid decreases wllh lhe increase of temperalun!) '11 = 418(2.6S - I)(O.S)1 3x2S+70 -2SO.OltMJ / sec
100
Renold's nurnbef lies between 1 to 1000, which indicates !he now is lranslstlon, so
Reoolfsnumber(Re)• v, 0 -
250.0lxO.S - 138.90
v1 = i.l...(S - 1)0 0.9x0.0 lxiOxlO
11
3 Co Renold's number lies between 1 to 1000, which indicates the t1ow Is translsUon, so
24 3
Where, C0 s-t~t 0.34
Re v Re
v, . i..£..cs - 1)o
3 C0
3 1 53 Where, 111 = fal velocity. which can be computed tern Iallie klr walet temperam1s•c and
Lenglh ollhe lank L • I X Vc • 1.1 X l6.48m particle size 0.3mm. lhe fal velocity is 52.3&nmlsec. and Assume depih ol basin D =3m
100
By assumilg tllrbu!ent flow, Now lenglhofbasln L ,.!!!..,. 3.0xO.Z4 -13.75m
The 1a1 vtlocity of lhe perticle Is reduced by tile n.tolence ef!OO lhis resulls In larger basin lenglh (}) 0.05236
to settle lhe targeted particle In a desired limit. Widlh of setUing basil (B) is calcUlated from.lhe computed horizontal component of velocity and
given discharge
The faQvelocity IVJ • Ill - Ill'
Q=VxA
. IVJ = c~-a v
6: 0.24xBxH
0.1 32 0. 132 0 073 Here, H =3.0 (assumed), so solving the above equation, B = 8.33m
Where, a •7if • ./3.20 = .
Hence provide settllllg basin of lenglh 13.75m and width 8.33m and depth 3.0m. The ca~ity of
Relaldlng velocity% 1»'• aV = 0.073x31.1tcmlsec = 2.27cm/se<: lhe settling basin Is l X 8 XH = 13.75 X 8.33 X3.0 = 343.61 m3
So flllal fall vmcily = OJ- ol- 6.133- 2.27cml se<: =3.863cm/se<: Hwe con!ldtr !bt turbyltnet e!fed
32 Considering tutbulence ~eel, lhe fall velocity is reduced and lhe length of setting basin is
Tome required to settle lhe particle coosidelilg turbUent e"ect. 15 !!_ ,. · .. 83 sec
v, 0.03863
~IOL • ~
ti) - (iJ'
lengthollhe tank L• I xVc ~ 1.1 x8J :25.82m
3
1
100
length ollhe basin by M.A Ve!blov's method
L A_l y 2 (./H - O.l)l
7.StOJ2
3 Considering turbulence effect
H2V
L _, - ..p.__.;.-:-:- Considerillg turbulence effect. the fall velocity is reduced and the length of settling basin is
w../H-O.l32V changed to L = - -
HV
l m-ol
L- 3.02x0.24 = ~ • 21.38m L
HV
0.052 M - 0.132 X 0.24 0.058 0.132V
w- - -
Hence pro~ seltiing basin of length 21 .4m and width 8.4m and deptll3.0m size consiCering the .JH
l
SolVed Example 10-4 H2V
L - -.,;.:...-'---
Compute the dimension of penodlc type SGfflll1g basin for s hydropower plant ~ and w.JH - 0. 132V
itithoiA ~the turbulence elfel;t using lhe simple aeltbng u-y rih lhe data gwn llebw.
.!
Tate sell.fng ve1oaty ollhe padjcle = 6cm'5ee, ~ dfsch8tge = ~~ particle diameter lobe L 2.4 1 x0. 196 • 0.728 = IO.S6m
n;moyed = 0.2mm, depth d basin= 2.4m. 0.06J2.4 - O.J32x0.196 0.067
Solution Hence JXOvide selling baSI1 of length 11m and wicftll 11m and deptll 2.4m size consldemg the
turllulenoe effect In !his case also. the width • equalleng1h so rooltiple chambels sel1ling basin
m= full wlcx:ily of lafgel se<iment partide =0.06m/sec shal be oonslructed to maintain the U8 ratio for effecting sellling of particles.
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11 = 1- (l + m' As · "'1
,-v
/•I
lxl/8=375
0 or, l'= 375 x 8 =3300
So, lenglh of the basin (L) =57.44m
where, V0 • ~ • mIs lhe performaoce coefficient (0.17 for very good) Hence, for 111e breadll1 olthe basin, B = 57.4418
• So, Breadth of the basin, (B)= 7.18m
Where. A, Is the plan area, ro is the particle faDvelocity and Q is lhe discharge.
Check the Basin width by the following equation
a. From Camp's graph B = 4.7501~
Hydraulic Radius (R) • Cross sectional area I Wetted Perimeter B• 4.75 X (5.5)1n =11.139m
Shear velocity Adopt smaller dimension lor easemootof the nushing purpose. So. basin wklll1 (B)= 7.18m
v• __ 4;.;;.2...,•,.,. c) For the depth of still/no basin.
lOOR,V. I) Calculate the limiting Dow velocity Min the~ by Vc =a >I d. where, d • size
where, vis the horizontalllow velocity. R is the hydraulic radius of particle lo be removed in mm. For particle cl sits 0.2mm diameter, tititing
Calc:Wte the ratio or particle 1a1 velocity and s11ear velocity (wlv')
velocity Vc = 0.44-/d = 0.44../0iO = 0.196mlsec. Adoptiog the horirontal
Calcu1a18 "' A, value and using lhese IWO values ilthe QlliPh, inlerpolate the eflicieocy. C01Tlp01180~ ol 'l9loc:lly 0.196m'sec, requied deplh of setlilg basin is
0
H • .fLs S.S ~3.90m
V.B 0.196x7.1 8
ii) IM from the Continuity Equation Ratio (w/V")• 0.0210.00556 = 3.59
Q=AxV
From the Camp's chart lor the sedimer~latloo of IUrbUient flow,
A=ON
EfficiencY (~) = 100'4
Hence, AdopllheHelghloflhe . _ H=Q/(VxB) = ~.51(0.15x7.18)=5.11m
basil (H) - 5.11m (Talce the maxrnum of bo4h) c) From Venet's !(!!!81ion
c) 9lmp!te tl!u!ld!n!OOI del)lh!! the basil ~
l-1)=8 0
Sed'IIMOI concenlr8Uon • 5l<g/m'
vdlere, 'l is the effiCiency otlhe basil
Density of seewnent • 2600kgim>
Detention ~me lor sediment= 6lvs (Given) wis the fall velocity
Q Is the design diSCharge
So, Sediment load • 0 X T XC
= 5.5x6 x60 xSO x 5 So Eff' • ... ~ - om.m
• 594000 k.g . laency ('l)" 7] • 1- e 0 o l - e 5.5 =0.7768=77.68%
7.2m
Sinoe, the above caJc:Uiaboo is ooosidered lor lhe case of rectangular baSe. we can recalculate ,-
the area for the baSe wlttllhe follooMng shape From -. l
5.011 To l>oadr""
From c:alculallon. the angle of indinalion ollhe slope = ~ when the area resembleS wlttl I ~
~
~
l
fedangU1ar base
2) Check the efficiency Zl»'o
r-...
a) From Hazen's &l!!!!ljoQ
Effir.l<lncy 11 • HI +mAs a>l(-Y.,)
Q
where, mIs the performance coefficient = 0.17 (for very good)
I) ~ 1- (1 t 0.17X412.5XO.Ol){-Yo.nl
5.5
Efficiency(~)= 73.71%
b) From camp's eq!!!!lioa
Cross sedlonal area (A.)= (B x H) = 7.18x 5.11 = 36.689m'
Well9d penmeter(P) = (2 x5.11 +7.18) = 17.4m
(Assume H as lrit the dear water he9\ll
HydraAic nldius (R) =A.JP =36.689/17.4 =21m
Hence. shear velocity (v') =v' - 4 '2 v - .2xO.IS ~ 0.00556
4
\OOR~ 100x2.1~
Solved Example 10.6
Find out t1Nl di~slon of ~nung basin for a high head project in Himelayan river which utffil& a Checking length of the basin using M. A Velikanov's Method
discharge of 60m11Sfe and gro-ss haad of 300m. The s&diment pertf<;les lllrger than 0.15mm
( ()) • !.Scm I sec) hed to be lt9p in the basin. Ccnsider effed of tvrbulence as weM as. Draw pian
I- ,tlvl(JH -o4 (m)
1
7.S lcv
ad Stldion of the basin 5howfng ma;or C001p00e111s.
" - CIOilec:ib! ooellki6w!t - 1.5
The projecl is ~ haad (300m) so !he paltic:fe 0.151ml panicle is latgeted to setue 111 ~ H=9m
basin.
1 l.s xo. ls (J9-o.2f o.3969
1 1
FJISI C8k:ula18 !he selling surface area.
Calculala surface area ~ 7.51 x0.01S 1 (m) • 0.0016897 = 234·88m
KO length of basin considering turlxllence effect
A1 s -
li!j
Consideling lllrbulence elf9d, L =...!!}!__
A, = the required surface area of a settling basill, w- al
w, = targ&l sediment particle size with a fall velocity, (read value lrom table) L~ HV
O. I32 V
Q = the design flow rate and OJ-J'fr"
K =ooefticienllo acoounl for turbulence (vallle of K is taken 1.2 to 1.5)
)
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Since !he Oow is gfllater, propose two chambers in a settling basin. So the flow In one cl13tnber is
3()m"sec L Hl V
Here, !he tatget pat1lcle is 0.15mm an lall vetocity is t;j.en so - OJJH-0.132 V
3
A e KQ • I.Sx30
L: 9 1 x0.17 4.59
0.015 =3000m>
o.olsJ9 - 0. I32xO.I7 0.02256 - 203 .4Sm
' OJ,
catculate l and 8 usirQ !he relation lJB =8 Chec* !he e1ficiency of !he pettic:le setued.
A, = LB c 8BB • 3000
Chec* !he e1'liciency olllle particle settled using Hazen'8 Cam • and
SoB = 19.36m do..sired pei'Centage of !he rtlcle HI • . . ; Ps Vetler's otller melhods. If
procedure changing the dn::!sions~ ed IS within the lllllH, the design is ok otherwise repeat the
Adopt width of 20m for aach chamber, then kMlg1h of chamber Is 160m.
Calculate the limiting flow velocity M in the basln by Compute the sediment depth In the basin
V• = a.J d, d = slzs of particle to be removed in mm Sediment depth Is calculated for desfgn dischar Q 3/ • •
and delentlon time for sediment T (generally Shr~ is :~~~~~~~~d;~~~~~:=lon C kglm'
whered lnmm 9
So, theorellcal value of sediment Load (in kg) =0 x T x C
For particle of size 0.15mm diameter, Umlting velocity Vc = o.«fd • 0.44JO:I5
Apply pecking factor of s&diment in submergence
So , Vc =0.#/d = 0.44JO.IS =0.17mlsec Volume of sediment = Secfiment load
So adopting !he horizontal ~ent of vetocity 0.17mlsec In !he settling basin, required de¢l is Density X packing fader
30 ,. 8,82m We have, besin plan area=~
H e.E...s
VB 0.17x20 So, depCh of secfimen~ H.= \'Illumed sedment l bam plan area
AdoptH=9m
The dep!h is found In ~ range so !he calo.dation can be revised by using !he lJB ratio 6.
Since, the above calallatlon is 0011sidered lor 1 - a ----1- B --1
the case of. roctangular base, we can
recalculate the area for the base with the
sloping shape with too angle of inclination of
the slope = 40' when the area resembleS with
rectangular base.
l
-
• :~
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.
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Numerica ls on Tunnel
Druolggmtnt gf El~ llY!IIIl!D ~y~
Solved Example 11·1 :
C•:~ry ~ischa~
~~
DiS<iiarge
Determine oplimum diameter of the he8d1'8C6 tunnel from the following data &oeedence- ·(m'lsec) (M Exceoctence m•lsec
Intake water level = 892.50m 5% 73.82 129.85 55% 11.36 19.98
Tailraoo water/eve/ = 675.301!1 10% 63.8<4 112.30 60% 9.50 16.71
Length of tunnel= 5197m IS% 58.14 98.75 66% 8.18 14.39
The momhly flow in IMK In m'l* Is If. 20% 49.72 87.47 70% 7.21 12.69
25% .0.67 71.54 75% 6M 11.37
.
11.89 21.60 50.06 68.29 62.01 35.86 17.42 9.81 6.49 5.08 4.91 6.89 30% 31.31 55.07 80% 5.83 10.26
The ~is designed bllsad oo o.,
ba$ls whkh Is equal to 28.06m'lsec. The-luttline, genetaJJx 35% 24.40 42.92 85% 5.33 9.37
and /nliiSfotmer efflciency is talten as 9~ 9114 lind 99% ~.20cm thick irrM RCC is
done by C25 oonaete, f(bn thick IMIIit1g PCC by C20 Cl0t1Q81e, tlkm thick 5()nm plain
ti 40'11. 20.10 35.36 90'lli 4.90 8.61
Sholaste, 10 em thick 5omm fibre Sholtctlle is done 10 gel the linisMd smace of the tvme/. 1be . lS% 1857 29.16 9511 4.4-4 7.80
rate of~ lem o/lltwfr is fiJen below SOli. 13.8<4 2A.35
Items Rare lhllt Flow Duration curve
TIJI1IIIl/ Excavation Cosl 4000 NRslm' 90
Rock Boll • S/roiCII!le 3500 NfWm1
I 1\
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80
IIMNIRCC 1950 NRshri' • 70
\.
I.,
Levelling PCC
Solution
1300 NRslm'
·I-r " '
li
,: 60
50
675.3
masl
masl f
5
.::;
• ~ 30
20
" 40
"\..
...........
......__
10
Gross head 219.65 m I
• Percentile time
M<9> 5.08 4.59 4.59 29 8.25 5.51 ,:{v + 2 x Fibte shottcteter • (o + 2x Fibteshottctete}(o~ tlltled RCC +LevelPCCJ
l'balp 4.91 4.42 4.42 30 7.94 5.55 8 2
610 31 11.14 6.04
Chain 6.69 6.20 = ~r(3.5+: xo.1f + (3.5+ 2x0.1)~.S+0.2 +O.t) • 5.97 +7.03 = 13 m>
T~Crt ....an and wei_,"'*"" 26.43 174.39
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~-:f.o_
J.Y~etD~~t~ntli' .\Wl<~i;~Qli]U[J~ ~'if1~ JOLS!; ;~;:J
: ~d.., ;~~~~,;,.;·· • ·· cost ~ Million NRs.•
2 32.08 81.36 113.44
2.1 33.89 62.72 96.61
2.2 35.74 48.94 84.68
2.3 37.64 38.61 76.25
2.4 39.59 30.77 70.35
2.5 41 .56 24.75 66.31 .
2.6 43,59 20.08 63.67
2.7 45.67 16.42 62.08
2.8 47.78 13.52 61 .31
2.9 49.94 11:21' 6{ 16
3 52.15 9:36 •. 61.51
3.1 54.40 7.86 62.26
3.2 56.70 6.63 63.33
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TunneiO timiz.atton ,,
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-£l'tCit9y t ese '
- - Tl.llnitl .c;OQ tiCt~~ment ,
- -SUm01 0051..
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:0c I' r' r-
t- r-
•E I'
! I' ~
75392857.7
l r-..
11214470.63 9359545.108
r- 1'- I'-
t- t-
t-
11.21 9.36 0
N
.;:; :;) ;l ~ ::l ::1, :; :I ~ ~
;;
"' " "
N
~ ~
Tunneldiilmeter
Hence total cost Is minimumat runnel diametec 2.9m so reoom(l'lended for imple~~~tion. ·
Numer ical on Canel design
b. For most economlceiTiiang!Aarsedlon. Z:1 = 1:1
&Jmmary ot PlllllQrties for tile most efficioot channel
A=Zf=yl
I.R~ II. Triangular P = 2y.rzr+i ,. z,fZy
Cood~ion: B = 2y Condition: Z:t = 1:1 R= AlP =y /2 ,fZ =0.353y
A= 8y='lf 2 1
A= Z'f= 'f Q = ~AR2/3s'l => 1 = - y (0.353y) 1 0.006S11
2 2 3 2
ft 0.01
p = 8+2y =4y 2y.rzr+f = 2,f7.y
p ; y=0.59m
R= AIP=yfl
R•AIP =yJ2,fZ = 0253fly c. For most economical Trapezoidal section
b) If Z:11$ not~ Hydraulic radius (R) = 0.290, y = 0.950 (tor maxlrmrn y=0.44m
discharge)
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R = 0.5x2.49 • !.245m
Q = l AR'I3S0 112 :o U .S= ~ 1S.326x1.24S213So
25
1 12
b)Q=3.91m'ls
n
Sloped channel (S) =0.0016 S.• 0.00026
C = 120 Solved Example 12-i
Oep4h (y) = ? An krigalion (;81111/ /Iss a t1sc11a19e of !lm'/$ec. AlanlitJgs n for lhll ~~is 0.025
$Ide $lope is taken 2H : tV. Design the sedion tor ..::onomic (OO(flio<l if lhll bed M!pa IS 0.0016.
A=by=1.8y
p = b+2y = 1.8+2y Solution:
R = ~ =~ 0 =10m3 1&«
1' t .S•Z)'
n ~ 0.025
Q = AC,jRS0 z: 1=2H : IV,i.e.,z • 2
3.91 = 1.8yx120 ..!:!!L o 00'16 5 0 = 0.0016
t.8+2)' .
Solution:
Again AR2/3 =...£.._ J0x0.025 _ 6_25 1.736y 2 "-] 4.359y +7 =0
.Js; .Jo.oo16
'
Soh-ing y = 0.25mand7.7m
Wilen y =0.52 m,B=13.2m
(B+zy)y{ (B+zy)r J21l = 6.25 Wilen y = 7.7 m, B= • ve so this y is neglected.
8+Zy~t+Z 2 Assuminga25per centFB, y = (0.52 +0.13)m
y =0.65 m
f(B + 2y)y~:: 6.25 .......... ................. (2) B=13.2m
8 +2y.J5
Solved Example 12·6
Now kvo equations (1) atid (2) and ~vo unknowns Band y,
. . Design a trapezoidal shaped practical canal.to'carry 100 cumecs at slo~e ol lJ.iooo: The s;ope is
Solving simultaneously, 1.5H: 1V. The value of n= 0.016. Assume limiting velocity as 1.5mlsec. · ·· ·
a.. 6m Solution:
y =0.962m.,1m 1
0= IOOctJmecs,S 0_.=., ,z = I.S,n =0,0I6,V"!' 1.5miS<l<: ,...
Provide a FB of 20 per cent. Full supply depth (FSO) = 0.962+0.962X0.2 =1.15 m 4000
,., ..
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Design a noo· erodible boundary irrigation canal laid on a slope of 0.0016 with discharge ·: .R=1.87m
9.1m31sec. A_
ssume Manning's n=0.015 with permissible velocity of 1.3 mlsec. , ' .!'ifl -·~ ,r
Solution:
cote =.!.= 1.5 => 0=0.59radian=33.8°
I
0=9. tm 1sec3 100
Q 2 A 6667
A=-=-=66.61m &P=- =--=33.6524m
V 1.5 R 1.87
50 =0.0016
n=0.015 A= By + y 2 (8+ COl0)
(1)
V=1.3m/sec. ·: 66.67 = By .., y2(0.59 +oot33.8°) " .
Assumesideslope0.5H:1VI.e.,Z = 0.5 p = 8 + 2y(Q +totO)
A= Q : 22=7m 2 =(B+ O.Sy)y
v 1.3 ·: 35.6524=B+2y(0.59+oot33.8°) (2)
By +0.5y2 =7 ................................. ...(1) Equation (1) and (2) and two unknown;s Bandy,
Solving simullaneoosly, B= 26.68 m =26.7 m
V=.!.(~)ws0 u 2 =>L3=-1 -(
n P
7
O.o15 8+2yJI +0.5 2
)m(o.0016)112 Y=2.15 m =2.2 m ·· .•
Solved Example 12·7
Simll!ifying B = 14.359- 2.36y .......................... (2) A lined rectangular channel with n = 0.015 is 4.5m wide and has a flow depth of 2m with b6d slOpe ·
of 1 in 1600. Retaining the rectangular shape of the channel section and the same (qlal ~.r~a :ol
Substituting this value of Bin Eq. (1) lining, to whal maximum extent can discharge be incteased wifhout chilnging the slope. •
Solu1lon:
Wodth (b)= 4.5m, llowdeplh (y) =2m, n = 0 015, bed slope (So)= 1/1600 Cost of excavation lor 1 m length= 9.756X1x 3p = 29.268p
A, =by: •.5x2 = 9 mZ p, =b + 2y = 4.5+2x2 = 8.5 m, R, =AlP= 918.5 = 1.058m Case b: Untd canal
Oiscllarge tlltough the chan!1el C=70
.!.A 1 R12/>S0 l/1. = - 1-9:r(LOSS)'I 3 ( 1/1600)112 = 15.57 m'ls
Q1 :
n 0..015 Q = ACJRS0 ~ 15 = 1.8284y2x7oJ~x ,.:.. ::> y= 1.94m
=
Secood case is the case o1 the economical dlamel. In this case b 2y and area ollining per
length is same 11 boCh cases. ~ h is freelloanl A= 1.8284x1.94'• 6.881mZ
=
P,+21l bz+2y:r+2h p=b + 2y( v"f+"ii) = 0.8284x1.94 + 2:c1.94(-'1 + t1) • 7.094m
8.5 = 4y2 ::> Yz = 2.125m ::> bz = 2y2 =425 For 1m lenglh, Cosl of excavation= 6.881x1x3p =20.643p
flo =b:!Y1 = 4.25x2.125 = 9.03 m1 Cost oflining • 7.094x1xp =7.094p
Pz= In+ 2yz• 4.25+2x2.125 =8.5m Tolalcost = 27.737p (<29.268p)
R2 =PJP2 = 9.0318.5 • 1.062m The lined channel Is more economical.
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d=900mm.= 0.9m.
Q = 9'10'1iVd<ly = 0.104 m'lsec.
Y K t.E mo 2.1*109 + .Ol2*2.1*1011
6
t=16sec. And increase in head In this case is 1z = P, = 2 · 4 6 • l 0 253.29m
L= 3:2 km = 3200m. r 98 t o
We know, V = 0/A Now to compare the velocity of p!essure wave in different cond'rtion the velocity of SO<Jnd wave for
elastic water column lheoJy is
And pressure head rise when the valve is gradually closed Is hd ~!!...
gt K
3200* 0.104 p
C = but for rigid water column theory the elasticity of pjpe material is
• 0.3'
(I + ~: )
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1C - -
30m
9.81 *16
Hence the pressure capacity of the concrete is only 25m but the developed pressure is 30m hence negle<:ted so •C ~ ~ . Hence from above ~o equatioos h is conduded that the velocity of
there is possibiftty or pipe buJSt.
pressure wave is high in rigid pipe..
Solved Example 13·2
Solved Example 13·3
A steel penstock 60cm in diameter has a shell thickness 1.2 em. the pipe Is requirad to design to
convey a discharge with a mean velocity of 2.1 mlsec. detlllmine the water hammer head, A900 mm. diameters/eel pipe cerrles water at the role of 1.5m~lsec. The pipe wall has a thickness
pressure rise due to sudden closure of the valve by using of 1 em. The elastic modulus of steel is 2.11 x 11J' kg/cm1 and the bulk modulus of water is 2.15 x
10' kg/em~ Determine lh.e increase in pressure if the valve at the end or 35 km. long pipeline is
• Rigid water column theory closed in a)3.5 seconds. b)B seconds
• Elastic water cofumn theory
Solution
Take K = 2.1' 1(}1 Nlmm', E = 2.1'10' Nlmm', Discuss the resun and write when the pressure wave
travel faster when the oioe is elastic or riflid? Data given:
Solution d = 900mm. = 0.9 m.
Q = 1.5 m31sec.
When the Rigid wafer column theo~y is used, lhe elasticity of pipe material Is neglecled so
t= 1 cm=O.o1 m.
So from the equation ·of pressure rise, P, V we have E = 2.11 x 10' kglcrn2= 9.81' 2.11 x 10" Nlm>
~G+,~)
K= 2.15 x 10' kglcrn2 = 9.81'2.15 x 10' Nlm2
L = 3.5 km = 3500m.
T= 3.5 seconds.
P, = VJK: = V.jKp =2.1·b.I*IO' *1000 =3 .04*10 N1m 6 2
We know.
Coosidering the elasticity of pipe matarial,-a_rod _;,_ _:-:'-:-:~-;---
_ wa_ter
K 9.81*2 . 15 * 10°
- looo
C= ~c = ~ ( o.9*9.81*2.15* 10' For ethyl ak:ohol, C G
K glq•Ar>l = l.ll 8* 10 9
t.;..;..c..::..::._.;....c._ = I I 90.3 7 m I sec
l + 0 .0 1*9 .8 1*2.1 1* 10' 0 P.,,.,.., 789
b) v.llen the elasticity of the pipe material is taken Into acoounl,
:. c =1048.20 m1sec. .---------,,---
The Ume required for !he preS$ure wave 1o travel from !he valVe to the inlet arod back to thevalve K .,, 2 . 075*10 '
Is; Forwatef C = -r---::1:7:------ ~ c ~ I 000 =
2l 2x3500 1 + DK .,.,. ) ~ 2 . 01s•1o• )
l,=c;= 1048.20 IE l' T o:oi •2.47 •to"
:. I.= 6.68 seconds. 1287.36 m/sec
Slnoe !he time of closure T = 3.5 seconds is leSS than I. (cnllcal closure of the valve), the valve
K rlspllo/ 1.118*10.
clo5ure is rapid.
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(Note; 11 time of valve closUre. t. < rrne laken fol the press1.119 wave lo travel twic;e the pipe length For alcohol C = 7 =
(IIaNe - reseMlir • vaNe), Clo5ure is tajlid. Else, closure Is gradual.) 1 + DK ,,,,.o, J 0 .3*1.118*10' )
IE + 0.01*2.47*10 11
Pr8$sure rise due lo instantaneous valve closure,
1.5 1116.95mlsec
z_ :v0J~
factor f for ll.rlnellllld the pensloclc In 0.018 and 0.01 rt$p(JCIJWJff. The IIClOUstlc WIMJ .elociy In
the penstodc 1$ 1370 m'5. In steady state, the head reseMJi" leY8I is 457.00 wflh 8 discharge ol
26.2 m'ls. Con¥~ute Ills WBier hemmer pre$$JX8 tor a sudden ®n.
Solution
Maximum wall!t hammer pressure, neglecting friction, is given by:
ho = CVo
g
P.0 = - - ·0.30
h,
- · 0.044
z.,.,6.48 where V0 s Volocfty of flow In the penstock,
Note: This case Is purely hypolhelical, as for such short penslocXs, sodden dosure Is out ol
z__ =6.4{J -~(0.044)+;(o.044)l) ~ z__ =6.64m question.
The !ridional head lo$S In 1he tunnel for steady flow is given by:
~maximum clolwl surge is calculated as
z __ aZ_(- 1+2Po) h _ j LV.'
1 2gD
z..._ • 6.84(- t+2x0.04)::::> z_..,.., =-6.24m Where Vo is the velocity In the tunnel.
The water level in surge lank will be befolv.reservoir level since z V 26.2 8 I
""'"""' 1s nega!fve. .. o • 11'14(4.22)1 • I. 7m s
Now, time of osellla!loo
1
.. ht _ 0.0 t8(2030Kt.87) a I.S4m
19.6x4.22
= 422.25Sec
Now ff we neglect tricOOnaJ effect. maximum up-surge/down-surge Is glvoo by:
.
m
z
"""
=Or tAsr
Asr g Ar
a V0 Ar tAs 1
Asr 9 Ar
.v.J LA,
g Asr
Net head
Ho
H,.,.
250
1.5 m
Head loss
4.2 m
r.sea of Headrece tunnel A.
0, 2.31 m
Oiamet.ec of headrace tunnel
:. Z =I.S? 2030 ,../4(4.22f •?.2lm
"'" 9.8 .. ! 4(15.85t CaiaJI<ItioO
PtelirrinaiY Asea of Surge shalt
p =~=~=0.213 4Sx2.31·~J • 2•933m2
• z_ 1.22
Asr- Ho
lo/
4SD,n
s 250
F<>r maxirMrn upwrge and c~owns~Jrge, wllh rriclion taken fn4o oonsldera1ion, ~.
Qiameter of Surge laM
Z• =l- (t-~P0 .. ~Pi )·7.22{t- 0.142+0.00S) s6.24m
Dsr = f4A = t.932m
f;;-
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z_ =Z.... (-1 +2P0 )•7.22(·1+0.426)•4.1Sm ...... •'·meier of wrge tank Dsr = 2.132m
Using factor of safety for Asr as 2 "'" ""'
Trne of oscitation, AI the s1a11 of lhe oscillation. maximum ampfrtude
zoJo (ts.8s)l .. 339Seconds. - Or t Asr = v.Ar JLAsr .v.~ LAr
9.8 (4.22)Z z,..- Asr g Ar Asr g Ar g Asr
(Note: the actual meaw.--t have Indicated values of l,r5.67 m and Z....,= 4.17m under lhe
condition given In lhe prOOiem).
Or
~
z,_ = v, ~~
Solved Example 13-8
The design dischatue olthe power plant is 5m'l~ and there was surge mass oscillation when the Or ~Asrl S 5.866XI325 = II.?Om
power plant was suddenly stopped. Hence, esJimste the upsurge and downsurge in a Surge tank in z""" = ~---
Asr A1g 5.866 4.2x9.81
the juncUon of headrece tunnel end penstock pipe. The length of the headmce tunnel is 1325m
with a cross ~Uon area o/4.2m2end the total heed loss In the hesdrace tunnel is 1.5m. Normal
; vet at intake is 632.6m msJ. A/so provide a minimum submergence seal of water to the crown of
the headrece tunnel which Is about 627msJ. Take 1.2m diamllter of penstock pipe.
Solution
Pc=~~~·0.128
Input z""' t l.70
627
7 38."8 4.57 0.33 3.83 ·1.57 He<1ce ttus is g<eater than 1.80m (requored l!lllll11um $Ubcnergence). Hence olt
7.5 44.18 4.27 0.35 3.32 ·1.27 (Tria12) Aivl upsurge level= 631.10 • 3.63m =634A2m
Considering freeboard 2m, top leve4 of su'981al1k =636 42m
_Now takllg mal 1' diameter of SU'98 tank es 5m and chec:t minimum submer,_,... I _.,ock
1nlel ' .-..- a ,..,. ~· Note: The neoessity of rteraoon arises dUe to lhe greater height of upsurge head. doWnsurge head
a11d also to maintain the submergence head. So the area of surge shaft was increased using the
Upsurge head from staOc level =5.44m
iteration.
Downsurge head from static level • 3.40m
Normal level at intake= 632.6 m msl (GIVen)
Due to head loss, static level at surge tank= 632.6 •1.sm = SJI.IOm
But crown level of the tunnel= 627 .OOm
Calculate submergence head
M'•m•mum
· v~
submergence head, h.., • J.S 2g" or l.SDP,wllichever Is greater.
WhaM, V =velocity of penstock and 0, Is diameter of penstock
Fore/Jay design: AJ state the basic principle of the Forebay design. B) C81culate the required Bl CalculaUon of !ho sly of the Forebay:
dimensions of the Forebey using the following d818:
a) Forebay d/SCharve (Clr ) is taken as twice the power plant (design) discharge (0.). During dosing
• Design cfsdwge of the po- p/anl is ~~ oltlle valve, there will be bacldlcM ocwred from tile pens!OCk and tile disd1alge from conveyance
• Use the du>gtl ~of the Fotebay as hoft:8 the design disdlarge of the power plad. system is also conthue for short time.
• Sp/llftay in the Fotebay has a fmlted head of O.lm and 8SSIHII8S • as the $hatp CIIJS!ed
a.= 2x1cm'lsec • 20mllsec
WllK.
Tlrne for detention (!) =44sec.
• Use the down surge height of the Fcnbay is as 4m in depth. Volume required lor tile Faebay (V-) =?
• Use the sullmergence head as 1.5 limes the velocity head of penstock end the opltnwm V-=Or't
size of penstock is taken as 2.am die. and the velocity is ffmlted to 3.18nVsec in the v_•• 20'44• ssom>
penstock.
• Detanlion time of the water now In the Forebay is limited to 44 sec. of the Forebay b) Actual depth of the Forebay Is calculated as considering the following:
discharge. I) down surge depth Is taken as 4m
• The Forebey Is located to the adjacent to the desanding basin having width of 10m. ii) Calculate lho submergence head from the following equation:
Solution: ..,z
hrub• 1.5
A! Statement of the basic design principle: 29
Whefe; V= 2.83nVsec
The required amount ol water ..mlcll is laken from tile ff'lel oonlains sit amount In a c:ertaiA
pertelllaqe. Those amounts of sil wil damage tile wrtline runner. The sllloed ..mlcll oontai'ls hard 3.182
ab<asiYe maleroats suc:h as quat1z and sica and etc. are abrasNe lo expet~SM~ turtline runner. In
h.,.•= 1.5 2 • 9.8 1 - 0.78m
order lo remove those paltide$, tile water llow In tile system must slowdown In lhe Fombay Basin
1o seUle In Its 11oor which sholAd be nushed out pericldically.
iii) Take lhe diameter of lhe penstock as 2.0m
iv) CalcUlate the actual depth of 1he Forebay as fO:Iows 0
hc.ota-r -;:; hdow'f\SVrll + hrub + hdta of~
!
h, = 4 + 0.78 + 2.0 • 6.78m
c) Take the v.4dth of the Forebay as equal widlh or 1he desandi1g baSA:
W=1()n .li
...,
g
E
- FU'&bay T "* -
d) Cak:Uate the leng1h olthe Fetebey
Use the volUme as calculaled above and celaJ!ate the required leng1h,
... Sjllldy
'
VtiOtui'M' = L • W • hcortll
L= Vrol.o'
e-: 10111
W * h.r,cal
000
PLAN ' Flushlrq """ (800nrn dla.
Time taken to reacn the generated pressure wave from the surge tank and to re1\Jm bale to the Where, is OOITOSion allowance is taken as 0.2cm
gale Mllimum lhic:kness (1)
2L 2xSOO
r; 7 ; .,.06* I=_E_
940 288
But. the time ol gate closure {T.) Is greater than T, the closure Is slow clceure. So l=d•20
hd K, tv 400
- =-'-:J: vKa
ho 2
Solved Eumples 14-2
2
A penstock carries 8 m21see of w81er al head of 25 m. The oost of pipe Is given by 35 hd' Rupees
where, K1 e(..!:YR..)
gh T per meter whero, h denoles hell<l and d denotes diameter of the penstock. Annual nxerJ chs~ges
0
are 8% of the pipeline oost. The head loss in lricJion is 0 025 ml m oflenglh of penstock pipe.
· ~
2
1 12.1d
Where, V=V0 ; Q • = 7.96m/see
A fx0.42 , _ .. =80% anrJ selling (enerpy) price Is 70 rupees/kw annum. Caicutstslhe most economical
or
diameter penslock.
2
So K -( soo X 7.96 ) SoluBon
' a- 9.81xl00x40
For 1 m ot pipe,
e O.OJOJ
Cost of pipelne :35 hd' : 35 X 25 X d 1
So, hd =!i :J: .JK; _ _ _(i)
h0 2 Annual fixed cost :..!...x 3Sx2Sxd 2
100
0.0250'
• IIY 12.1 d5
O= AxV
_ 0.8x9.8 1x8x0.025xd 1 _ 8.3 kw liD'
0 =-x V
12.1xds ds 4
Apenstod( of~ capacity 5 cvblc meters per second is fund ' . Solved Examples 14-4
with dynamic heed of 45 m over the Iurline Def,_.:.. it . IOI}Ifl9 for a hydtopower station
. · ~ .... ~ s econcxmc diameter. The static pressure is a penstod( is 17.60 kg/em' and Allowabl& hoop site~ is 1020 kg/em' with
D1schargo capacily (Q,) =5 melers joint efflciency 85%. Calculate wan thickness it Internal radius of a pipe Is 60 em (Assume 20%
Dynamic hood (lid =45 m dYnamic head}
Economic diameler (D) =7 Total pressure In lhe pipe (P) =17.60 + 20% of 17.60
USBB me!l!od =21.12 kg/an'
v"" = 0.12s.J2ijH Design s!tess (allowable hoop slress) ( cr•) =1020 kg/em'
""l x""4"'
=0.125"f..2-x"""9."8:- S Joinl efficiency ( '/) =0.85
=3.714 m/Stlf International Radius (R) =0.60m =60an
Wallhidcness (I) =?
/>& per ASME. equation
PR +O.lScm
u.,-o.6P
_ _.::.2:.:1..::12:c.xc:6.0_--:-
,:. + 0. 1S • 1.63 em
I020x0.8S-0.6x 2J.12
Solved Examples 14-5 Where, P = 9.81 t}QH
735.50
A penstock pipe of /ntern81 radius 125 em WO/Idng und&r staUc head of 150m. C8/culate wall
thickness it the alloiVable stress in the penstock pipe is 1200 kg/em' and Joint efficiency 90%. 9.81 x l000x0.9x25x265
135 .50 = 79527.02 HP
lnremal radius (R) = 125 em
Head orwater(Static) H.= 150 D 0.62x(79527.02f35
Dynamic Head (H.) =Add 35% of static head as a dynarroc head =35% x 50= 52.50 - 265"-'5 = 0.86 m
So, Pressure(!') =P =n Ho + H4) C) Fonn JNN GuidefllleS
: 1000(150+52.50)
= 202500kg I m1 • 20.2Skg I cm 2
1Je ~ i
5.2.0/ _ 715.2 X 2.5J
H. -y 265 - 226 m
Joint eflicieucy ( 11) = 0.90. Solved Examples 14-7
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Design (allowable hoop) $lteSS (u,) = 1200 kg/em' A pens;x/(, llilh an lntema/ dlame!er of 1 20 ~"""'-· •
~an'. There 1$ _ • .....,, of 20 • m. _,....,. water Ill a head equiv8/ent to 17.6
a ,___,, per cent ~sa In the /)f8$SUr8 dua to trans;ent oonditions.
Walllhid<nes$ I PR + 0 IS
CT0 '7 - D.60P · The design stress and the effiCiency of the joint may be assumed to be 1020 kglcm> and 85
20.25xl25 percent respectively. Calculate the approlifnsie wall thiclmess of the penstoct required.
- 1200x0.90 - 0.6x20.2S +0.1Sa2.S2 em Ans Solution
Solved Examples 14-6 Here total pressure intensity, p • 11.6• 20% of 11.6 • 17.6 +3.52 • 21.t2kg/cm 1 including
Calculate the ecooom1c diamater of penstock ff ~lg d' surge pressure
and·overan efficiency 90% n lScharge as 25 rrr'lsee, net /lead is 265 m
Design stress ,s= 1020kgicm 1
A) Using USBR Fonnula
Joint efficiency, n = 85%
v = 0.125,fi9ii
Internal radius , R= 60 em
= 0. 12S·h x 9.81x265
=9.01 mlsee Wall thickness, I= s,- (o. pt0.15om
6
v =~=2
0 2 t.l 2x 60 1267.2
A= 77 m1 = +0. 15cm = +0. 1Som ~ 1 .485+0. 1 5cm
9.01 . 1020x0.85 - 0.6x21. 12 866- 12.67
f4A t x 2.77
D=v~= t =1.635cm
J< = 188m
I
Hoof 1 Oiscfl3"!111 ~ loss lt!e Enelgyloss
~!ooel' diY' (m'ls) (lit) (kW) {I.'Mt) (NR$'k\'t11) COSl
100000.00
I \ --- - - -- - -·--::. ·
-
Kartrik
Mangsir
30
30
8.00
4.45
0.01
0.00
0.81
0.14
581.49
100.08
4
•
2325.97 .
400.33
60000.00
""~ "Pennock(Ott
The crest level for a d8m spit/way has been kept at 1100.00 in whil& lhe maJdmum W918f level in Solved Example 15-3
the raservoir is to 1110.8Cm. Calculate the maximum discharge tiJrough the overllow splhay, find out the dischatge or a siphon spillway from following dala:
wtlen the flow llllces place lhtough Sl'lltlls cl12.2m width each, at the crest cl the ~-
Number ol siphon LQ1s = 4
Solutlon Atea at llvoa1 in ~ = 3
Elfedive lenglh ol Sllhev crest L = 5xl22 = 6lm Ful18$eMW ievej = 150m
Maxin'un head du~ ftood on the crest H = Ill 0.80 - Ill 0.0071 ,. I0.80m RL Of centre ol outfel = 128
Assume a value o1 ooefliclen1 ol diSCharge Cas 2.3, maximum diSCharge: Tailwater level on DIS side during rains = 130m
3
O= CL Hl
Tailwatet level during wlnler = 125 m
Discharge coefficient = 0.60.
0 =2.3x61x(t0.8)'·s •2.3x61x35.8 Solution.
0= 5020cumec.
Case 1. In rainy days outlet remains s~bmerged and hence discharge depends upon tile tan water
The maximtJm design dischatge value adllally adopled Is 5100 cumec level.
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=Hel1d of wat8f over the crest ot ogee $pillway is 3m and ooe"'-'--· c1 ,_,~ Is
100n tong and ........, c1 the
Solution
·~~..
· """"'" -~,... 2.5: weir is
crest allow the base of the 8()fJf08Ch ch8nnslls 10m width oi
dJennei 1$ 8qiJ8/ to the length cl the wet. Find otA the ~ pess~ng. over the
O=CA/iih • O.soxJ2gx20
= 35.7Sa.mec:$
Oisdlarge ofbJr urils =4x37.5 = 152 Cumecs.
Solved Example 1$-4
11 The siphon spillway (Escspe) ptOVkJed In a /rydfopl:1wef ptojec1 channel has 27 V9flts of size 3m x
0 =CLH 'l.
1m each. The mBllimum ras9Mlir /evel is exped.ed to be 1161.00 wnems under the design flow,
ElfeQ of approaell Vefoeily and end oonuaclions has been negiedad, the ta/lw9ter Jeveii88Chas 1155.00. The crest of the siphon spillway. Also celcUI8re the head over
the crest of an Ogee spillway escape which could be 8/lemetlve/y provided to discharge th& same
0 =2.Sx 100x3312 • IJOOcumec. flowovar ffscrest ofth& 81 mlength. Take 2.2.
Velocity of aJ)Ilfoech
Solution
v- 0 1300 Total lhroatareaolslphon A• 27(3xl) = 81 sqJII
• Headx widthofchannel m {10 +3)100 - lm
Operating head h • ll6 1.00-llS5.00~6.0m
y2 w
H, =...!..a-•O.OSm c. = 0.62
2g 2x9.8J
H =h+ H, • 3+0.05•3.05m Oisdlarge J1vo191 the siphon ~ o= cd. AJ2i.
0 =0.62x8 1.J2x9.81x6 a 545cumec.
or (with additional two Wlces ol1 m x 1.6m , the ac:tua1 disdlarge lllrough the siphon ~ is
600cumec).
Solved Example 15-6
For an spillway, Design a suitable section for the IJllerflow spillway porlion of OOIICieta gravity dam having
) downsi!Bam face sloping at a slope of 0.7H: 1V. The design disc/talpe fw /he sp/IM'ay Is
Q :CLH1 BOOOm'ls. The height of/he spillway a8SI is kept at RL 204.00. The average nver bed level at the
site is lOOn. Thespillwsylenglhconsistsof6 spans hiMig a c/ear'lllidh of10 m each. Tbiclu>ess
=(2..)~ -(~)113
d eaclt pier may be taken as 2.5m.
h CL 2.2x81 Solution
EJ!edive length ol spillway
Or h=2.l2m
(The head ovet the crest of slpllon spillway= 1161.00-1159.00 = 2.00m) !., =L-l[N.Kp +K,jH,
Solved Example 1S.5
Assuming 90' cut wale! nose piefS and rounded abutment
A slp/ICI1 spillway has the fOllowing cross sectioo al ft throal.
Height of the throat=1.5m Kp = 0.01,K1 • 0.1
Width of the throat =4m
Number of pier, N =5
AJ the d&Si9n flow, the tsll water &levaUon is 7 m below the summit of the siphon snd head water
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elevation is 2m above the wmmiL (i) Taking coefficient of discharge as 0.6, dstsnnN!a /he capacity Lo =60-2 (5x0.0 1 ~ O. l]xH,
of /he siphon. (ii) Determine the head that would 18Quir9d on an ogee splifwlly 3.5 on long to
cischarrJa this /low, If the coeltici$nt of Mcharg9 is 2. 25. (Iii) What length of thi$ 0968 weir would Again Qa C L, H,
:112
be requited to disdllltpe $01719llow will ahead of2.2 on /he a8SI
Solution:
S0003 2.2x(60-(2(Sx0.01+0.1)) H, ) H/
12
47.8=2.25 L .2.2m
:.L=6.2m
vl .
:. H. ~ - •0.043m whid1ls negllgib4e so call be neglected for fuMer caiCIJiat•on so H. can be
t /( c ) Origin and apex of'"'"
2g
laken negledlng the velocity head.
•[;,LX~
.......Iv···-~ Tongentl'oft
LSS xo.s' 1
a-
21.6 0.7
:. X = 22.4m. Y• 14.6m
Solution
And spedftc discl1arge, q = 9.8 =~
4.0
• 20 m1 1sec
J1+8F,2 • 2yl +I
y,
.,. • 9.93m
r:-:::T 2x3.8 1
"1+...,-=--+ I
•
Jt+8F12 • 8.6 3 ''1
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Awfying Bemoullls equational botrl section (~ctlon 3 Is al dam location and section tis at Initial
F 12..(8.6)1 - 1 ~9.12 depth location)
8
FI ~3.2 P vz P. v2
-J+ -l +Z1 .......
" I
+-+Z
Now F 1 e ~, Where V, initial Velocity of tlow.
r 29 r 2g 1
Vgyl Considenng the stillng basin ftoor as datlrn, P, and P2 81$ boCh atmosplleric pressure and the
approiiCh velodty at near the dam is smal so v, can be neglec:ted.
V, = F,Jgy1 =3.02 J9.81x1 =9.4Sm/sec
vl
30+4.54 -.:L
Hence. Dlsdlarge over spillway, Q=V1 x y1 x L•9.45 x I x 110 = !040m3 /s 2g
Solved Example 16-2 V1 .. 26.03m/sec.
Design a sJH/Ing basin using following data light of the crest abo1!e the downstresm bed Is 30 m. Hence lhe veloclly or now at initial depth point Is 26.03 mlsec, now initial depth.
Design discharge BQm!/sec, Wldlh of canal 4 m. dis bed slop II 500, ma!<lng Is roughness q 20
Coelficienl 0.016 & C.= 0.7. Yt-=-=> rs • -
v, 26
Sollrtlon y1 =0.17m.
Here. ~ of water through spillway = 80 m'/sec. Head OVfll aes1 is calculated using loonula,
0 7
y, =Y
; [-I+ JI +SF1' ]•
2
·; [-I+ JI+8x(9.47) ]=9.93m
P =B+2y =4+2y
3 '' 2
n =0.016 '1
Applying Bernoullrs equallon between seclloo 3-3 & as bed level as datum (section 1-1)
1 8y. !> I
_
80 =--(8y. { - Z ) S0 z
o.o16 8 + r. P. v' P.
.2.+- 3-+Z3 =.:..L+-+ Z1
v, •
r 2g r 2g
so = o.~l6(4r•{ 4:~~j(s~i V3 -
Q
-
300
8L 10x5.95
=S.OOmls
Solution:
vl o'
36 = Yo + ~
2.1 '" Yt + -
Zgyf
Head uJs (h) =100 - 85 =15m
100m::..L--I
Tal water depCh =9t· 85 =5m 36 = y
l
+ b9.1tyf
6.1.39'
Depth bef0f8 jump IY•l =qrv, = 16.29115.88= 0.975m Tailwaterelevation =102 + 5.627 =107.627m
F.rl -- ...!!....
Solved Example 16-7
.fiii -- :;;..l6.1t
uo:,,s=5.27 Aft~ lowing CMK the COtW:t8le splfway of a dam, 252 wls lhefl PB$$6$ ewer a level concrete
As F• is in~ U and 9, $leady ;.rnp ocx:urs. apron (n= 0.013). The veltdy of the wal~ fA the bottom of the S{lillway is 12.61M and the width of
apron is 54m. Coodbioo w1 ptOduce a lryhJjc jump, the deplh In the channel below the apron
Y2 = y; (- l+ Jt +SF!,)= o.~s ( -1+ v"l,...+,...Sx:-::5"".2"'7"'1) =6.8m being 3m. In Older that the fvmp be COI1tained oo the apron. (a) how long should the aptOn be bti/1
{length ABC)? (Use dit8CI Slep mtlhod to CtXIJ{XAe AS and /Jyi1IMc jump equation 1o COI17j}IJie
BC) (b) How much enorgy is lost from the fool ofthe spillway (A) 1o the dis olthe flii7YI (C).
Solution Formula used In tho table
Velocity at 1 (V a) =12.6 mls Loss of energy be~ A and c; = ? v=OJA.E=y•'Mo.s, = ~:~ .s, =Hcs,)1_ , + (s,),]
Width of apron (b) : 54m n = 0.013
11 " = .!f.:!l::1
s.-r,
Oe¢1 at 3 (y,) = 3m
length of~ (BCj. 6(~ = 6(3-0.43i =15.42m
1.8l1gth of apron= AB+BC = 11.54+15.42 =·26.96m
va t2.61:
e. = y, + ;.~..
~
.. 0.37 + - =8.462m
2%9.81
Ec =y3 +."l
2g
• 3 +~
2r9.8t
•3124m
.
Oisc:ltarge pet unit width (q) =0/b=252154 = 4.67 ml/s/m Neglec/ energy los$ rue
to flow o\'llr spillway. Height of the Ctest sbol'll DIS bed level = 3.
Oe¢t at 1 (y 1) = ofV, =4 67112.6 =0.37m dlsdlarpe = 80 m'ls, wlclth o/ canal = 10m, head O'lef the etesl level = 2.47m. Explain the
lotmation condition of repeled and Sl1bmefged jump for the sbo\'llflow condilion.
"
m; = ..nttOJt
.... -- ...!!.._ .... =661 Solution:
As Fra>1, the ftow at 1 is supen:rilcal.
Discharge (0) =80 ml/s
Velocity at3 (V,) =tW>• 4.6713 = 1.56mls
Width or cana1 (bl =10m
F.., = ~ 1.5' - 0 267
.J~Ya ~ /9alxi - . y, =?
As Fr1<1, the now at 31s subctitlcal. As lhe flow changes from supercriUcal to subcritlcal, hydraulic 'h" 7
jump win occur. As the floor is horizontal. H3 pf91ile wilt occur before the jump.
SpeCific energy at uls o( spillway (E,) =
Finding Yl 5.47m (negleCting ve/ocliy head) •
~ '
5.47 = y, + ::-::~~~
2g I
...
:b9J1 ( 1~1al'
0.43 23.22 100.44 0.231 10.85 6.433 0.140 0.176 11.54 11.54
5.47 =y, +- .
J.U
2 0 2
Applying Bemoual's equalloo between sedion 1-1 & 2-2
Headlostin<bfttube •0.2x2."' .2xJ -0.092m
2g 2><9.81
-x31 D- 84.60x0.679xJiSo
o~~v, ~-n-x9.43 a66.66m3 /see. 1.407 = I.SOm. If N, is computed by
4 500
Elficiency olllxtJintJ • Power OutpJI •
y QH
2850
9.81x66.66x5.20
_ 83 .80" Settlnc of turt!ine H1
NJPHP
Ns =-y- (by taking PIn HP)
Solved Examples 17·3 2 1
H•
A proposed byrJrorJo<wer dew/opmetlt having net bead of ISO m design~ o/25 m"ls«;, t:Tc • 0.62s( ..!!J_) or o.043i!:!.!..)
going to use Francis tur!Jine. Taking turb/1'19 efffciency 0.81. Calculate specific speed snd tutblne 380.78 \.100 2
=
120 50
" • 21.983 = 22No.
,,
=299• 110 · 187rpm
272.94
190.361.34
Cooected synclwonouS speed N = 1N20 f _ 120 x50 _ m.?Jrpm. 1201 120x50 32Nos
Noo!pole{N,l=N· s 32.08=
p 22 187
120x50
Cooecled(Spedfocspeed) N = N./P = 212.73xJt3J97.356 • 483 _63 rpm Con'edled (N)- 32 - 187.50 lpnl
1
' H' ' (28.30)51'
N.fP
84 60 Conecled N, • H'l• •
Diameter of 1he lurbine D • • ; ../H
N
N ~ 187.80./190,361.34 = 22 9.64rpm = 230rpm
• (110)514
So, diameter of je~ d = J¥- = r· 06
: X
. 84.6;-'H
Diameter of tvrtine D- N lakll,dD s Is ~ D= 1Sx0.288m • 4.32m
If N, is computed by ·
432
,..__ ;=0.0197 N,l/3 +0.0275
... ~e. Numberot bucltetofru~ (Z) =15+ .£. 3 15+ -22.S0 • 23Nos
2d
; • 0.0197 x(230)113 +0.0275 • 0.767 Ns = N,j i*' (by u~in8 Pin HP)
2x0.288
=0.62{3~:7S
rrD
For Francis turbine
"· 187.5./190.261.34 "' 229.58 Where, V= 118ngentai Sj)eed and ; = speed ratio wl1ose value Is betwl!en 0.431110.48
Ns - ·s
Where N. for P In KW 110 4 V• ¢../2gH= 0.46hx9.8lx312.50 • 36.02mlsec
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N./P 187.5.J,.,.t4'"'t""
f)~
36;-;.9,-;-
6 • 19829 2
N, = Hsr• • (110)5'4 ' 229.58 So, N = 60 V K 60x 36.02 = IS9.24rpm.
de =0.032 ( 100) =0.168 ff D ,.x 4.32
1
No of poles N 1201 _ 120xSO = 37.68 • 38
~ =062
vc
-198.29)
-
. { 380.78
~ 0.169 P
&
N 154.24
Seltingoftll!bine, H, ~(H. - H, )- uJf c (IO - O.I69xl10)• - 8.S9m So, Corrected N 120f _ 120x50 - IS81pm
Np 38
Hence 111 aVOid c:a'idalion. ,.,.,1lh8 tll!tJine 8.59m below lhe 1ai1 wa\Qf leW!.
Power (P) •q9.8l QH =0.8Sx9.81xSx312.SO
7 357 5
A Kaplarlt!J(bjne Mner Is to be desrgne~ t~ de~ ·nov:
ratio Is 0.6S, end overall efficiency is Where, Pis JlOMr and ~Pis taken in HP, the specific speed is obtained in MKS unils and ff Pis
head Is 5.5m. Assume that the speed ra!i0_.~!:., of the tiKlrfer. Find the diameter of the runner,
09
taken in kilowaiiS, tile ll*iflc speed is obtained in S.l Units
60%. The <iameler of bOSS Is 11'J" of the ,_,~er
is speed 8l1d is specific speed. Solved E.umpiH 17-11
Shall PtM'8f p =7J,57 .S KW In a Hydlopowe~ pin. the Kaplan llMiliJe has the follow6lg dat&
Head H= 5.50m Q Operating head= 22.5 m
Qveral1 eftidency = 60% ii) OJJtptA power at this head= 126 MW
ikJ Disdtaf98 at this head= 615m'l s
Speed Ralio = ; c J~~ " 2.09 iv) Speed= 66.2 rpm
,_....,~~
v) Runner tip~o-Up diameter, D =9.3 m
so 01
~;~2gH. • 2.09·hx9.81XS .SO =21.71mlsec vi) Hvb Diameter D, =4.3 m
viQ Number of Blades =6
'i
Flow Ratio, -jftH •0'68 Calcu/8/e the speed roUo, the now raoo
and the overall efficiency and the maximum suction drah
head. Assume H,.H, = 10 m. (Hint: Take criJiall cavitaUon flldor for Kaplan turbine
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We have,
rQH
Power (P) ~ 75"•
!OOOx615x22.S
Of, 168,900.8 = - 75 "·