(i) Jurists Related with Analytical School:

Jeremy Bentham was the real founder of the English Analytical School. Later on, Austin took over
the analytical method. Other chief exponents are Sir William Mark by. Amos, Holland, Salmond and
prof. Hart.
(ii) Scope of Analytical Jurisprudence:
According to salmond, scope of analytical Jurisprudence lies as follows:
(i) Analysis of the concept of law.
(ii) An examination of the relation between civil law and other forms of law.
(iii) An analysis of the ideas of state, sovereignty and administration of justice.
(iv) Study of sources of law.
(v) Investigation of the theory of legislation, judicial precedents and customary law.
(vi) An inquiry into the scientific arrangement of law into distinct departments along with an analysis
of distinctions on which the division is based.
(vii) An analysis of the concept of legal right.
(viii) An investigation of the theory of legal liability in civil and criminal cases.
(ix) An examination of other relevant legal concepts.
(iii) Importance of Analytical Jurisprudence:
The analytical jurisprudence brought about precision in legal thinking. It provided us with clear,
definite and scientific terminology. It deliberately excluded all external considerations which fall
outside the scope of law.
II. Historical Jurisprudence:
Historical jurisprudence deals with the scientific study of evolution and development of principle of
law. Historical jurisprudence is the history of the legal principles and conceptions of legal system.
(i) Jurists related with Historical jurisprudence:
Historical school was headed by Savigny, Montesquieu, Rousseau etc..
(ii) Scope of Historical Jurisprudence:
The scope of historical jurisprudence is as under:
(a) It deals with law as it appears in its various form at its several stages of development.
(b) It deals with the origin and development of those legal conceptions and principles which are so
essential in their nature as to deserve a place in the philosophy of law.
(c) It seeks to show the conditions that gave rise to the legal conceptions, to trace their spread and
development, and to point out those conditions and influences which modifying them in the varying
course of their existence.
(iii) Importance of historical jurisprudence:
The contribution of historical school is that law cannot be understood without an appreciation of the
Historical jurisprudence is a movement for fact against fancy, a call for a return form myth to reality.
III. Ethical jurisprudence:
Ethical jurisprudence deals with the law as it ought to be in an ideal state. It investigates the purpose
of law and the measure and manner in which that purpose is fulfilled. It concerns itself with the
relation of law to certain ideals which law is meant to achieve.
(i) Jurists related with Ethical Jurisprudence:
The chief exponents of ethical jurisprudence are Bentham, Hobbes Kant etc.
(ii) Scope of Ethical Jurisprudence:
According to salmond, a book of ethical jurisprudence may concern itself with all or any of the
following matters:
(a) The concept of law
(b) The relation between law and justice
(c) The manner in which law fulfills its purpose of maintaining justice.
(d) The distinction between the sphere of justice as the subject-matter of law the other branches of
right with which law is not concerned and which pertain to morals exclusively.
(e) The ethical significance and validity of those legal concept and principles which are so
fundamental in their nature as to be the proper subject-matter of analytical jurisprudence.
4. Other Kinds of Jurisprudence:
At present time, following are also regarded as different kinds of jurisprudence:
At present time, following are also regarded as different kinds of jurisprudence:
I. Sociological jurisprudence
II. American Realism
III. Comparative realism
IV. Comparative jurisprudence
V. Synthetic Jurisprudence
I. Sociological Jurisprudence:
The sociological school devotes its attention not to the ethical content and of law but to the actual
circumstances which give rise to legal institutions and which condition their scope and operation.
(i) Jurists related with sociological jurisprudence:
The chief exponents of sociological school are Montesquieu, comte, spencer , duguit etc.
(ii) Scope of sociological jurisprudence:
The scope of sociological jurisprudence lies as under:
(a) It was attempted to study to study law as seeking social origin of law and legal institutions.
(b) Testing law as a given social phenomenon.
(c) Judging law by its social utility.
II. American Realism:
The realist movement is a part of the sociological approach. It differs from the sociological school as
it is a little concerned with the ends if law. It concentrates on a scientific observation of law in its
making and working. The American realist movement is a combination of the analytical positivist and
sociological approaches. The advocates of the realist movement concentrate on the decisions gives
by law Courts. They not only study the judgments gives by the judges but the human factor in the
judges and lawyers. They study the forces which influence judges in reaching their decision.
III. Scandinavian Realists:
The Scandinavian realists have played a vital but important part in the total rejection of natural law
philosophy. They deny that rules of conduct can be compellingly deduced form immutable and
inalienable principles of justice.
IV. Comparative Jurisprudence:
The comparative method considers the development of two or systems of law. By comparing the
notions and ideas prevailing in any one system with those in another, it discovers those rules which
are common to the legal system studied.
V. Synthetic Jurisprudence:
Knowledge is a synthetic whole and cannot be divided into water tight compartments. The necessity
for synthetic jurisprudence arises from the fact that it is necessary to determine the truth form all
aspects and form different angles. According to Dr. Sethna jurisprudence is the study of fundamental
legal principles including their philosophical, historical and sociological basis and an analysis of legal
concept. Prof. hall, Julius stone and Dennis Llyod are great advocates of synthetic jurisprudence.
5. Conclusion:
To conclude, I can say that there are many approaches of studying jurisprudence. Jurisprudence is a
part of history, economics, sociology ethics and a philosophy of life. It has been classified into
different kinds by various jurists. Apart from traditional approaches the new approaches are
empirical and priori. The former proceeds from facts to generalization and the letter starts with a
generalization in the light of which facts are examined.