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Anaerobic Digestion of a Mixture of Cattle and Pig Slaughterhouse Waste

Poster · October 2018

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 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF A MIXTURE OF CATTLE AND PIG SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTES
Oscar Daniel Valmaña García 1,2 , Kelly Critina Rosa Drudi 2 , Gilberto Martins 2
1 Facultyof Chemical Engineering, University of Guayaquil, Av. Delta and Av. Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador (oscar.daniel@ufabc.edu.br; oscar.valmanag@ug.edu.ec)
2 Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil

INTRODUCTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2. Results of the experimental BMP tests and non-
linear regression tests (n=3; ±SD*).
Anaerobic digestion technology is an appropriate Slaughterhouse Wastes Evaluation and Characterization 𝑌𝐶𝐻4 A (SE) 𝜇𝑚 (SE)
alternative solution for the treatment of wastes (NmLCH4 (NmLCH4 (NmLCH4
λ (SE)
The daily average production of the slaughterhouse is (days)
from the slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse from gVSo-1) gVSo-1) gVSo-1 d-1)
14 bovines and 8 porcines. Three groups of residuals
Naranjito municipality in the Guayas province in 214.46
were identified: 1) Blood, rumen, belly and bowels Experimental n.d. n.d. 13
Ecuador still lacks the adequate waste destination. ±8.89*
The municipal authorities identified the need for (BRBB), 2) manure (M) and 3) wastewater from carcass 228.74 14.31 13.56
washing (WCW). Their weighted average daily flows Gompertz a 207.00
more sustainable management and treatment of (6.99**) (0.54**) (0.21**)
urban solid wastes and wastewater in the canton were estimated in accordance with subspecies, weight 206.72 15.48 14.35
Logistic b 201.15
(Solano, 2013). and daily average of slaughter. Figure 2 show pictures (7.27**) (1.05**) (0.39**)
of the wastes. Richards c 206.99 n.d. n.d. n.d.
The objectives of the research were to estimate
the easily-biodegradable residual biomass and A: maximum methane potential accumulated at an infinite digestion time; 𝜇𝑚 :
maximum methane production rate; λ: adaptation period or Lag phase; a: R2 =
preliminarily calculate its biochemical methane 0.998; b: R2 = 0.992; c: R2 = 0.998; n.d.: not determined; *SD: standard deviation
potential (BMP) and the kinetics of anaerobic of methane yield; **standard error
degradation of the selected waste mixture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Representative individuals of each subspecies and
weight were selected through a non-probabilistic
sampling of daily slaughter quota. After slaying the
selected individuals, their residuals were
measured volumetrically and gravimetrically.
A wastes mixture with similar proportions and
characteristics to the one studied by Álvarez and
Riera (2004) was prepared (particle size ≤ 10 mm).
The methodology described by Esposito (2012)
was used to evaluate the BMP of the mixture. The
tests were performed in mesophilic conditions
(30.5 ± 4°C), in laboratory batch reactors and in
triplicate for 33 days (Figure 1) .
Figure 1. Experimental set-up used for the BMP test:
a) scheme by Esposito (2012); b) adaptation
according to Esposito´s methodology (2012).
Filtered cattle manure, matured for 10 days was
used as inoculum. The physico-chemical
characterization of inoculum and mixture were
made in triplicate according to of Standard
Methods of the American Public Health
Association (APHA). A ratio of 0.24 gVS
substrates/gVS inoculum, was used, according to
VDI 4630 (2006) (≤ 0.5), to prevent inhibition of
the process.
To evaluate the kinetics of anaerobic degradation of
the mixture, a non-linear regression by the Quasi-
Newton method of least squares (t-test, α = 0.05)
was performed on the average curve of methane
yield (𝑌𝐶𝐻4 ). For this, the STATISTIC 12.0 program
and the modified sigmoid functions Logistic,
Gompertz and Richards were used.
Figure 2. Some residuals evaluated in the
slaughterhouse: a) wastewater from carcass washing; b -
c) bovine manure; d) bovine belly; e) bovine bowels; f)
porcine bowels.
BRBB totalized 417 kg/d (5.52% of porcine blood,
28.00% of cattle blood, 53.96% of cattle rumen and
bowels and 12.51% of belly and porcine bowels). M
totalized 423 kg/d (77.17% from cattle and 22.83%
from porcine), and WCW provided a total of 2710 kg/d
(25.09% from porcine and 74.91% from cattle). The
mixture was prepared with a ratio of 1:1:5 (M: BRBB:
WCW). The characterization is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Characterization of mixture and inoculum used
in the BMP experiment (n=3; ±SD).
TKN
pH TS (%WM) VS (%TS)
(%TS)
Waste 6.99 4.27 91.22 7.28
mixture ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.3
7.15 1.09 61.04
Inoculum n.d.
±0.01 ±0.04 ±0.02
TS: total solids; VS: volatile solids; TKN: total Kjeldahl nitrogen; TOC:
total organic carbon; SD: standard deviation; n.d.: not determined
Studies with similar mixtures are scarce in the
literature. Only one reference was found: the
experiment 7 by Álvarez and Riera (2004). Their mixture
ratio had been 1:1:6.5 (M: BRBB: WCW) with 4.63% TS,
83.70% VS (dry base) and pH = 7.7.
Methane Yield and the Kinetics of the Methane
Production
Figure 3 show the average curves experimental plot
of 𝑌𝐶𝐻4 and the regression curves. Table 2 reports of
average experimental 𝑌𝐶𝐻4 as well as kinetics
parameters for each regression model.
The experimental 𝑌𝐶𝐻4 obtained for the working mixture
(214.46 NmL CH4 gVSo-1) was slightly higher than the
yield obtained by Alvarez and Riera (2004) (190.12 NmL
CH4 gVSo-1 ) for 33 of the 90 day-long experiment of
these researchers.
Figure 3. Average curves experimental yield and
regression curves.
Substrates which degrade with difficulty
(biochemically complex substrates) exhibit a retarded
gases formation curve (VDI 4630, 2006). Despite the
similarity of the substrates of both works, the average
experimental 𝑌𝐶𝐻4 curve of the present research
showed 11 days of delay in relation to the yield curve
obtained by Álvarez and Riera (2004). The delay was
attributed to the acclimatization of the inoculum to
the substrate. In the investigation of Álvarez and Riera
(2004) they used an inoculum acclimated with bovine
manure for one year. For the present research no
inoculum was adapted to the substrate of study.
The modified Gompertz model reported the best fit
to the experimental data, with approximately 99% of
TOC
the prediction variability explained by the model (R2 =
(%TS)
0.998). Therefore, the values of A, 𝜇𝑚 and λ are valid
57.60
to describe the kinetics of substrate degradation with
±1.8
a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The Richards
n.d. model, although with results similar to Gompertz's,
was discarded following the Parsimony principle.
CONCLUSIONS
The slaughterhouse produces 3550 kg/d of wastes
potentially suitable for anaerobic digestion. The
mixture in use achieved a BMP corresponding to that
reported in the literature. However, longer tests and
co-digestion studies on other rich-in-carbon substrates
found in the region are necessary.
REFERENCES
Álvarez, A., Riera, T. 2004. Producción anaeróbica de biogás
aprovechamiento de los residuos del proceso anaeróbico, Instituto de
Investigaciones en Procesos Químicos (IIDEPROQ), La Paz, Bolivia, 2004.
Esposito, G., Frunzo, L., Liotta, F., Panico, A., Pirozzi, F. 2012. Bio-methane
potential tests to measure the biogas production from the digestion and co-
digestion of complex organic substrates. The Open Environmental
Engineering Journal, 5(1), 1-8.
Solano, R. 2013. Propuesta de un programa de gestión ambiental en la
municipalidad de Naranjito como medida precautelaría para preservar el
medio ambiente, a partir del año 2012 (Master's thesis, Universidad de
Guayaquil: Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo).
VDI 4630. 2006. Vergärung organischer Stoffe Substratcharakterisierung,
Probenahme, Stoffdatenerhebung, VDI-Handbuch Energietechnik,
Germany.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was supported by School of Chemical Engineering of Guayaquil University and Decentralized Autonomous Government of Naranjito, Ecuador. Special gratefulness for MSc. Francisco Cayambe and for MSc. Ricardo Baquerizo.
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