Master TOEFL SJ UT ay fe g [ntepmediate (CEFR Level B1) Language Form and Meaning — Grammar (ees aniatE NEA XUAT BAN TONG HOP Trew aye Per nes rune deanMaster TOEFL Junior Intermediate (CEFR Level B1) Language Form and Meaning Richie Hahn NTV Cong ty TNH NHA xXUAT RAN TONG HOP Nhan Tri Viét ‘Tada PHO uO CHE MINEMaster TOEFL Junior Intermediate - Language Form and Meaning Copyright © 2014 by WorldCom Publishing Inc. Vietnam's edition © 2014 by Nhan Tri Viet Co., Ltd This edition is published in Vietnam under a license Agreement between WorldCom Publishing Ine. and Nhan Tri Viet Co., Ltd,, through KL Management, All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievat system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Preface Each book in the Master TOEFL Junior series includes a carefully researched and detailed guide to each part of the TOEFL Junior Test. This series was clesigned to give test takers the skills and knowledge needed to obtain a high score on the TOEFL Junior Test. I have geared this guide towards students who wish to assess their grasp of the communication skills necessary for participating in an English language learning environment, The TOEFL Junior Test provides parents and educators with objective information about improvements in a student's English ability over time. It also serves as @ comprehensive measurement that can be helpful in gaining students admission to selective educational programs. This book will be a great assat to EFL students who wish to enter middle schools and exchange programs across America. | wish to acknowledge the enthusiastic efforts of my writing assistant, Emma Siemasko. Lastly, I'd like to thank my family for being there while this Master TOEFL Junior series was being put together. | could not have done it without the love and support of my wife, Bora Lee, and our new baby, Si-woo Hahn, Richie Hahn faContents Introduction of the TOEFL Junior Test 005 Overview of FM 007 Official Examinae Score Report _ ont Diagnostic Test pve O13, Sentence Formation Unit 1 Subjects & Objects 024, Unit 2 Complements 032 Unit 3 Subject-Ver Agreement 038 Chapter Test 046 Verb Forms Unit 1 Basic Verb Forms & Simple Tenses 050 Unit 2 Continuous & Perfect Tenses 056 Unit 3 Passive Voice 062 Unit 4 — Modal Auxiliary Verbs 070 Unit 5 Conditionals - 080 Chapter Test 086 Verbals Unit + Infinives oo 090 Unit 2 Gorunds 100 Unit 3 Participies 110 : Chapter Test eons 120 z Actual Test 123 = Answer Key 139Introduction to the TOEFL junior Test AE ai suite) agile Nii laa reg Basic Overview The TOEFL Junior test was made to measure a non-native English speaker's ability to understand the English used in a North American educational environment (age range of 12-17). The test is divided into three sections: Listening Comprehension (42 questions), Language Form and Meaning (42 questions), and Reading Comprehension (42 questions). itis 10-minute muttiple-choice test. What You Can Expect During the Test The test will be done at a secure testing center. The testing center will have one or two testers who will watch test takers. The testers will check your identification to be sure you are who you say you are. The testers will then explain how to do the test, and give you the materials to do the test. The testers cannot help answer any questions as you do the test. » Test takers can take notes on their test papers during the test. At the end of the test, the testers will take your papers. Students who are caught trying to bring notes from outside into the testing center will be disqualified. Also, students may not leave the test center with any notes or information found in the test booklet. Consequences may include not getting a test score. These rules exist so students do not give TOEFL Junior exam infor- mation to future test takers. Test takers cannot have any electrical devices on during the test. Leave them at home or turned off in your bag. If a test taker is caught using an electrical device, they could be kicked out of the test center. Electrical devices include cell phones, MPS players, radios, calculators, pocket computers and electronic dictionaries. At the start of each section, students will be given instructions for that section. All the information needed to finish the test is in the written instructions provided by the test center. Go to the bathroom before the test. You cannot leave the test room until your break,The Structure of the TOEFL Junior Test Total 126 Questions = 3 Sections x 42 Questions Time Given = 110 Minutes ‘The TOEFL Junior is a paper-based test. Hof of Gee Shee! Geet gael cr eCuuT) eee 55~65 Listening ‘Comprehensi ‘omprehtension a5 60-120 Language Form and Meaning 79 120-200 Reading Comprehension 200~420 Why Take the TOEFL Junior Test: The TOEFL Junior test: Offers an objective measure of a student's English proficiency. Provides scores that can be used as a placement tool for students on exchange programs or entering into other programs aimed at increasing English proficiency, Provides test takers with the fundamentals of the much more difficult TOEFL iBT test. Can indicate where a student requires more practice in a particular area of English. Helps with decisions regarding readiness to study abroad. Informs educators of where a student needs to be instructed. Gauges a test taker's improvement over time.Overview of LFM RU PIC CCM tra cug imate ce) amet tela ets The TOEFL Junior test is used to judge whether or not a non-native English speaking student has the skills appropriate for learning in mid-level English learning environments. Mid-level English learning environments include middle school and high school in North America. 11 One of the purposes of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to measure a test taker’s grammar and vocabulary. A test taker’s abilities to use and recognize appropriate grammatical structures and vocabulary in English are important enabling skills. Though these enabling skills may not seem so important by themselves, they allow a student to be able to participate in an English learning environment. These skills are @ tool. Language Form tests students on sentence structure, verb form, modifier, relative clause, comparison, and word form. Language Meaning tests students on their vocabulary. 2 The second purpose of the TOEFL Junior Language Form and Meaning test is to measure how well a student can apply their knowledge of grammar and vocabulary to a variety of academic (exposition, biography, fiction) and non-academic (announcement, advertisement, correspondence) texts. Students need to be able to read a text and understand the meaning of it while grasping how the language form and language meaning contribute to the text. Students must be able to do this for a wide variety of school-related texts.Die sae ieee rect age eri Mur UT attcle The Language Form and Meaning test assesses the ability to demonstrate proficiency in key enabling skills such as grammar and vocabulary in context. Topics or Subjects Found — a School Curriculum 4 Passages Word Count | Re _ fiers || \ © Exposition | @ Biography | | — @ Fiction | | 8 Questions /Passage 120-170 | | @Histony | | | @ Language | Passage | © Magazine artiste | | “Type | ee _ | Form and Meaning in a Range | | |_of School-based Texts Word Count | i 7 an | i | @ Announcement i Non-academic | @ Advortsament | | @ Correspondence |. 4~6 Questions /Passage 60-120 | @ Instruction i | | } | © Student language | aaa 4 — | Sentence structure | Verb form | } / I aed | i Moditior | | Language Form Be : | Question Type Relative clause \ Comparison | | i Word form S| | Language Mesning Vocabularyetme eet ry Here are the seven different types of questions on the Language Form and Meaning test, grouped into two different categories. This book will look at each type of question, and provide grammar points on how to answer each question type and test material to practice with, For now, here is a surnmary of the question types: Language Form 1, Sentence structure ~ Asking about the way a sentence is put together 2. Verb form ~ Asking what form of the vero should be used (past, futura, present, etc.) 8. Modifier ~ Finding the correct adjective, adjective phrase, verbs, or adverb that modifies a noun, or the correct adverb or adverbial phrase that modifies the entire sentence 4, Relative clause — Finding the correct relative clause based on the relations! ‘two sentences: between 5. Comparison — Finding the appropriate comparative (more, better, bigger) or super- lative (the most, the best, the biggest) phrase in a sentence 6. Word form — Finding the appropriate word forms based on the grammar of the sentence and text B. Language Meaning 7. Vocabulary - Finding the appropriate noun, adjective, modifier, preposition, or conjunction for a given sentence10 ALE Leen ia stole lg This book contains seven parts. 1 The Orientation ~ This portion of the book 2 The Diagnostic Test ~ This section of the book will assess your current grammatical knowledge and vocabulary. The diagnostic test tells you your strengths and also what you should focus on to improve your skills. Additionally, the diagnostic test gives you a grade you can refer back to once you have taken the practice tests. You'll be able to see how much your skills have improved since you began this book. 3. Grammar Points ~ Each unit has grammar points to help you understand the types of grammatical questions that will be on the test. The grammar points in this book are based on the knowledge necessary to score well on the test. This information may be a review or may be brand new. Either way, it's important to understand these particular grammar points before taking the test. 4 The Guided Exercises ~ Each grammar point has a practice test with 4 questions. ‘These tests might be an announcement, a set of instructions, an e-mail, or an advertisement where the test taker needs to fill n missing portions by choosing from multiple choices. 5 The Unit Tests ~ Each unit (containing 5-10 grammar points) has a unit test with 8 questions. These tests are similar to the previous practice tests, only they have more questions and cover more grammar points. Unit Tests are usually a student essay, an article from a magazine, or a passage from a textbook. 6 The Chapter Tests ~ There are 3 chapters with 3-5 units each. At the end of each chapter, there is a chapter test with a passage containing 8 questions, These chapter tests contain material from the chapters’ units, along with the grammar points within those units. 7 The Actual Test ~ The last section of this book is your chance to see what you have learned and how much you have improved. It will give you a feeling for what you should expect in the Language Form and Meaning section of the TOEFL Junior test.Official Examinee Score Report | Internationally Verified Report Card _ The TOEFL Junior test provides test takers with a report card that indicates their scaled score for each section (ranging from 200 to 300) and the total score, which is a sum of the 3 section scores and ranges from 600 to 900. | Global Index Report This segment of the report allows you to compare your TOEFL Junior score against a sample of ETS native Engish speaking scores. The Lexile Measure is the standard method of assessing reading abilty all over the world. It measures the general abilities of a test taker in understanding and translating English passages created by Metametrix, |_CEFR: Common European Framework of Reference _ ‘The TOEFL Junior test is now used in accord with the Common European Framework of Reference. ‘The TOEFL Junior was endorsed in 2000 by the European Council for use within Europe. The TOEFL. Junior provides test takers with a total index and details of their score based on each section of the test (listening, language form and meaning, and reading). |_ Rating Certificate — This is an official level rating certificate. The first 3 levels classify a test taker's English ability as, s gold (1), silver (2), or bronze (3). The last two levels do not reward a medal grade. Giobai Standard Al-around English Ability Test * Shows a student's likely level in the U.S. Grading System and CEFR * Scores are widely accepted for studying abroad. Test Optimized for junior High Level Students | * Test scores accepted and recognized both domestically and internationally * Widely accepted as an objective measure of a student's English ability * Tests logical thinking and reading | ‘comprehension skis, "Tests the test taker's English speaking ability in secondary school rovides an I * Provides students with an English reading ability index * Recommends customized reading books to improve a student's reading ability 1Diagnostic Test |Language Form and Meaning eras 3 5 rE Lee colo Muse Nate reer sin Stage ateci tt Rea eae Tete cmt aonccti Masuli am A Mamas crc oe Selena Choose the word or words in euch box thet cortectly complete each sentence: Mark the letter of Ge eee os | PR aE Vela (cu ol Here are two sample questions: (A)still B) very 1, The concept of gravity is! (¢) never | Felatively new. It (D)often (A) was (B) being | 2 | (c)has been | *ovt 300 years since Isaac Newton watched apples (D)had been fall from a tree, which Jed him to develop his theory. The correct answer to Sample 1 is (A), “still.” The correct answer to Sample 2 is (C), “has been.” ‘GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE Diagnostic Test com wow.nhantrivietriviet.com www.nhant DET tito clg Questions 1-4 refer to the following announcement. (A) has (B) has had (©) was had (D) will be having 1. To celebrate the coming of summer, the 6" grade class ‘on Tuesday. It will be at 10:00 AM on Eisenhower Street. All students will be allowed to come (A) of | (B)to (Oby (D) from 2, and watch. The entire parade was planned (A) quite excited event (B) a quite excited event (C) quite an exciting event (D) quite an excited event 3. It should be (A) come everyone (B) come to everyone (© everyone will come (D) everyone who comes (GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE Master TOEFL Junior Intermediate + Language Form and Meaning aparade the 6! grade students and their parents. |The 6! graders will be throwing candy toQuestions 5-8 refer to the folloy g set of instructions. 5. Sports Day will be held at Hyde Park. (A) Get (B) Getting (©) Toget (D) To have gotten to Hyde Park from our school, 6. you should first take a left. Keep walking straight (A) once. (B) until (©) before (D) after the road splits. (A) get 71. Then, take aright and walk for 4 or S blocks. When you | (>) 29% there, (© will get * (D) will have gotten (A) Always to bring is best (B) I's always best to bring 8 the gym teachers will tell you what to do. in case you get lost. (C) Bring itis always best | fiend with you (D) Best it is always to bring ntriviet.co “Anewer Kay p, 120 est "7Questions 9-14 refer to the following student essay. (A) use (B) using (©) being used (D) to being used 9. Social networking sites are now widely by schools (A) Any (B) Both (©) Each (D) These 10. and businesses, sites are used because they can give a lot of information out to many people. Most middle school students use social (A) that is why (B) why is which (©) which is why (D) which are why 1. networking sites, our school has decided to use them. 18 Master TOEFL Junior Intermediate + Language Form and Meaning. | PART 2 * (A) blocking (B) applying (C) changing (D) breaking 12. Schedule is one of the reasons why our principal started using social networking. He wants to be able to tell students and parents if classes (A) cancels (B) canceled (© are canceling (D) are canceled LB. | Soon, most schools will use social networking websites. (A) communicate (B) communicated (©) communicating () to communicate 14, They are a great way Answer Key 140, (GOON TO THENEXT PAGEwww.nhantriviet.com 8 Questions 15-22 refer to the following passage from a book about animals. ‘What is a marsupial? A marsupial is a mammal that carries its babies in a small (A) in Bon ©by (D) with 15, pouch (A) clothed (B) prepared (©) developed (D) recovered 16. (A) by itself (B) of itself 17. is bom, it is basically still a fetus. It can’t stay warm (©) in itself (D) with itself its stomach, This is because their babies are not born fully When a marsupial’s baby is born, itis called a joey. When the joey so it needs to live and grow inside its mother’s pouch. Many joeys stay in their mother’s pouch for a full Master TOEFL Junior Intermediate + Language Form and Meaning. PART 2 - ° (A) will (B) may (©) must (D) should 18, year. Some joeys leave their mother’s pouch for short periods of time, (A) only returned to (B) to returning only to (©) only to return to (Dy have only retumed to 19, its warmth, The most famous marsupials are the kangaroo (A) native to both Australia (B) both to native Australia (C) native both to Australia (D) both native to Australia 20. and the koala, |. In fact, 70% of the world’s marsupials (A) live (B) lives (©) living (D) to live 21. in Australia and New Zealand, There is only one marsupial in North America, (A) that is (B) who is (C) where is (D) which is 22. the possum. ‘Answer Key 9.140 Diagnostic Test 24* Unit 2 Subjects & Objects © Unit 2 Complements * Unit 3 Subject-Verb Agreement * Chapter Test Sentence Formation oAiitenttec 23t.com Subjects & Objects ‘1 Subjects {EJ Using noun alternatives in the subject position 1, Noun phrases Most students like sports. Many people still don't know how to use the Internet 2. Pronouns He drives to his office every morning. They are able to harmonize with environments. 3. Gerunds A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing, e.g. walking. Handwriting is more personal than typing. Getting your letters makes someone smile. 4, To-infinit Examples of to-infinitives are to be, fo have, to bring, to steal, to hold, to dance, or to sing. To see is to believe. To master English is not easy. 5. Noun clauses What she said was sad. Whether you sink or swim is not my concern. [Ey Verbs cannot be in the subject position. Hurt your back is a serious matter. Hurting Drink water helps your health. Drinking Modifying a subject with a participle /participial phrase or a relative clause ‘Teens interested in their appearance want to lose weight. (Participial phrase) The foods we eat affect our well-being. (Relative clause) ‘OEFL Junior Intermediate + Language Form and MeaningGuided Exercise* ‘Questions 1-4 refer to the following advertisement. If you are a good student and would like to help people, you should become a tutor. (A) Many Yeoksan School young students are (B) Many young students at Yeoksan Schoo! (©) At Yeoksan school young students have @) Yeoksan School students many need tutors to help them with (A) You can do (B) That you can do (© What can you do (D) What you can do 2. their homework, is help these students. (A) Tutoring (B) To tutoring (©) Tutor students (D) Having tutored 3. is not only a great way to help other students, but its also good for making new friends. Tutoring sessions are scheduled after school from 3:00 to 5:00 P.M. (A) Anyone who interest (B) Anyone who is interesting (© Anyone who is interested (D) Anyone who are interested 4. should come to the information meeting on Friday, ‘September 8% at 3:00 in the school library.©2 Objects Using noun alternatives in the object position 1. Noun phrases My father planted a young oak tree in our backyard, 2. Pronouns My mom bought me this shirt yesterday. 3. Gerunds Congratulations on leaving our hospital healthy. | practice swimming for two hours every day. 4, To-infinitives You should remember to be on the bus no later than 5 P.M I'm planning to visit the elementary school | graduated from. 5. Noun clauses Scientists want to know what affects our personality. | heard that acne can negatively affect the quality of life. {5} Verbs cannot be in the object position. I'd like make-an announcement concerning the field trip. to make Children enjoy reac'comics. reading To-infinitives / Gerunds 1, want (plan, decide, intend, hope, promise) + to-v I hope to be chosen for the team. ‘They promised to send the money back, but they didn't. 2. finish (enjoy, give up, mind, consider, suggest) + v-ing She has finished writing his biography. Would you mind helping me out with something? 26 Master TC FL Junior Inter + Language Form and MeaningGuided Exercise* Questions 1-4 refer to the following notice from a school principal. ‘Students, it is important that you keep the bathrooms clean. The school (A) clean up) (B) cleaning up 1. custodians do not want all of your messes. think (C)to clean up (D) to cleaning up (A) to need your behavior changed (B) your behavior needs to be changed (C) need your behavior to be changed (D) change your behavior needed to be Please throw all paper into the trash cans. Lately, it has been found all over the bathroom floors. Also, please don’t write (A) write, (B) writing (C) written (D) to write 3. on the mitrors or bathroom stalls. [know you enjoy your names, but itis difficult for the school custodians to erase them. I want you to take this notice seriously. (A) take (B) taken (to take (D) taking 4, know you are good at responsibility for your actions, so please stop. Thank you. ‘Ariower Key p. 1403 Special Uses of “There” and “It” [El “There” and “it” as preparatory subjects 1. “There” as a preparatory subject There is a lot of noise here. There are several reasons for their behavior. 2. “It” as a preparatory subject It was thoughtful of you to remember my birthday. It does not matter whether it rains or not. 3. Emphatic “it”: It is/was ~ that ~ ‘Adam broke the window yesterday. © It is/was Adam who /that broke the window yesterday. © It is/was the window that Adam broke yesterday. © It is/was yesterday that Adam broke the window. (Gy “te” as a preparatory object Hind to talk to you difficult. [x] — [find it difficult to talk to you. [0] We all take it for granted that we can walk to school. Master TOEFL Junior Intermediate + Language Form and MeaningGuided Exercise* Questions 1-4 refer to the following e-mail from a student to a teacher. Dear Mr. Delaney, (A) itimportant e-mail (B) important to e-mail 1. I'm writing to you about next week’s exam. thought] (¢) important to email | YO" (D) itis important e-mail (A) tis (B) There 2 | (©) They are_ |# Umber of questions Ihave about what willbe on the exam, Fist ofall, (D) There are A) itis (B) it was 3. do we have to know dates or events? Far example, (c) snore jg |i. 1864 thatthe (D) there are Civil War started. Will we have to know this date or just information about the event? (A) Itis |) They are 4. | (6) There is _| Possible that "Ihave more questions before the exam. I'll e-mail you if I do. (D) Some are Thank you. James ‘Answer Key p: 140 29jet.com 30 Unit Test* ‘Questions 1-8 refer to following article from a history textbook. 1. 2 3. 4. Master TOEFL Junior intermediate + Language For ‘The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island in the New York City harbor. twas given to the United States by the French in 1886. by Frederic Bartholdi, who started Bartholdi enjoyed designing the statue. He wanted looked like (A) worked on (B) working on (C) to working on (D) being worked on (A) To design (B) Designing (©) It designed (D) It was designed itin the 1860s. (A) make (B) making (C) to make (D) to be made a face that (A) own his mother (B) own his mother’s (©) his own mother (D) his own mother’s ! During this time, and Meaning(A) it was (B) ithad 5, ‘a strong friendship between France and the United States. The French (C) there was (D) there were (A) give (B) given 6. wanted to celebrate this friendship by | (6 giving (D) to give Ait B)toit (©) them (D) it wo them 7. So they gave the American people a large gift. a large statue of Lady Liberty. The United States agreed that they would build the statue’s pedestal in exchange for the statue. When people came 8. by boat to the United States, (A) the thing seeing first (B) their first seen thing (©) they saw the first thing (D) the first thing they saw was the Statue of Liberty. ‘Many people cried at the sight of it because it symbolized American freedom. ‘riser Key p.140 = Formation 31Complements 41 Subject Complements [EJ Using nouns or adjectives in the subject complement position 1, Nouns as subject complements (1) Noun phrases This became my favorite song. / Starting a business can be hard work. (2) Gerunds One of the most noticeable changes is getting acne on your face. My hobby is playing computer games. (9) To-infinitives My job is to support my teammates. / My sole desire is to please him. (4) Noun clauses That's why you need to exercise to build up your muscles. That's what I'm always saying. 2. Adjectives and participles as subject complements (1) Adjectives: It was sunny and a little bit hot. / She was tired and sleepy after jogging. (2) Participles Why are you worried about your looks? / We are pleased to receive your e-mail [Adverbs and adverbial forms cannot be in the subject complement position. The food smelled so deliciousty. / That's very kindly of you. delicious kind A subject complement follows a linking verb. + A linking verb connects the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. Examples: be, remain, keep, stay, become, get, grow, turn, go, look, sound, smell, taste, feel ‘The international airport is pretty far from here. Eventually we became friendly. Have you ever thought about why foods taste different? ster TOEFL Junior intermediate « Language Form and Meaning