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Why automation?
Earlier, we are looking into the face of future when we talked about automated
devices, which could do anything on instigation of a controller, but today it has
become a reality.
1. An automated device can replace good amount of human working force,
moreover humans are more prone to errors and in intensive conditions the
probability of error increases. Whereas an automated device can work with
diligence, versatility and with almost zero error.
2. This is why this project looks into construction and implementation of a system
involving hardware to control a variety of electrical and electronics instruments.
Home/office automation is the control of any or all electrical devices in our home
or office, whether we are there or away. Home/office automation is one of the
most exciting developments in technology for the home that has come along in
decades. There are hundreds of products available today that allow us control
over the devices automatically, either by remote control; or even by voice
command!
What can be automated?
This circuit enables one to utilize a telephone for remote switching ‘on’ and ‘off’ of
any electrically operated device. It does not require any physical connection to
the telephone lines or lifting of the handset. The circuit is only acoustically
coupled to the telephone instrument. Consequently, . The switching operation is
performed by making use of coded telephone ring signal.
While designing it has been ensured that the circuit is free from any false
triggering by normal telephone ring signals. Since the instrument has no
hardwired connection to the telephone line it does not affect the normal operation
of the telephone set. To avoid false triggering, suitable reset feature is
incorporated in this circuit.
3. A voice controlled device works on a single voice and cannot be used by any
other person and have a certain range of working.
PROJECT WORKING
This unit talks about how the different units of the project working. How Relays and
Transistors can be interfaced to your telephone and can be used to turn ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’
your home appliances such as bulbs, tube lights, lamps or heavy-duty motors.
The output of the BCD to Decimal decoder circuit is active low; therefore,
we convert this low signal into high signal with the help of inverter circuit. In this
project we have used hex inverter circuit, which is IC 4049. Hex inverter circuit
converts at a time six input signal. Since we have ten outputs in this circuit,
therefore, we have used two hex inverter ICs. Output of the inverter is high now.
Output of the IC 4049 is in the form of pulse signal, now to convert the
pulse signal into toggle signal we have used a flip-flop. The flip-flop used in the
circuit is IC 4013. This IC is a dual flip-flop IC since it has two inputs and two
outputs. These flip-flops are of D-type, i.e., the input data appears at the output
at the end of the clock pulse. This means that when the output of the previous
stage is low, the output of the flip-flop is low and when the output of the previous
stage is high then the output of the flip-fop is high. If we use ten outputs of the
4049 and want all the outputs connected to flip-flop then we have to use
minimum five flip-flop ICs in the project
When the circuit is used to switch the relays from the telephone instrument
to which it is connected physically, the mode of operation of the telephone line
can be changed by using the star button. But when switching is done from some
other telephone instrument the working of the circuit is a little different. In that
case a coupler circuit assists the working of the project. This coupler circuit
consists of an optocoupler IC 417, a timer IC 555 and a decade counter IC 4017.
tones at the same time. These two tones are taken from a row
group and another from the low frequency group are used to
that
The frequencies are chosen such that they are not the
and 1336Hz. Pressing digit 8 will produce the tone taken from
'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'. These frequencies have the same column
structure. Each flip–flop has independent Data, (D), Direct Set, (S),
Direct Reset, (R), and Clock (C) inputs and complementary outputs
Logic state is retained indefinitely with clock level either high or low;
information is transferred to the output only on the positive–going
edge
power
sixteen
data from one of the strobe inputs with the other strobe
input low. When either strobe input is high, all outputs are
implementing
Features
Y Decodes 4 binary-coded inputs into one of 16 mutually
3 levels of logic 19 ns
Strobe 18 ns
provide logic level conversion using only one supply voltage, VDD.
The input–signal high level (VIH) can exceed the VDD supply voltage
for logic level conversions. Two TTL/DTL loads can be driven when
V, VOL _ 0.4 V,
devices;
operation.
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
Description
TYPES OF RELAYS :
• Electromagnetic Attraction Type : These relays are actuated by DC or
AC quantities.
• Electromagnetic Induction Type : It’s operation depends upon EMI
phenomena.
• Thermal Relays : It’s operation depends upon the heating effect of
electric Current.
• Distance Relays : It’s operation depends upon the ratio of voltage to
current.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY :
These relays are electromagnetically operated. The parts of these
relays are an iron core & its surrounding coil of wire. An iron yoke
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, the yoke being shaped so
that the magnetic circuit can be closed by a movable piece of iron called
the armature, and a set of contacts. The armature is hinged to the yoke
and is held by a string in such a way that there is an air gap in the
magnetic circuit. Figure shows the principle of operation of this relay.
When an electric current flows in the coil, the armature is attracted to the
iron core. Electrical switching contacts are mounted on the armature.
When the armature coil is energized, these movable contacts break their
connections with one set of fixed contacts and close a connection to a
previously open contact. When electric power is removed from the relay
coil, spring returns the armature to its original position.
Standard voltages for D.C. relay are 6,12,24,48 & 110 volts and for A.C.
relays are 6,12,24,48,120 & 240 volts.
FEATURES
• Low current (max. 100 mA)
• Low voltage (max. 65 V).
APPLICATIONS
• General purpose switching and amplification.
DESCRIPTION
NPN transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
PNP complements: BC556 and BC557.
RECTIFIER DIODE
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Rectifiers 1N4001G to 1N4007G
FEATURES
• Glass passivated
• High maximum operating
temperature
• Low leakage current
• Excellent stability
• Available in ammo-pack.
DESCRIPTION
Common
The main requirements for a suitable LED material are:-
Cathode
1) It must have on energy gap of appropriate width.
LED CONSTRUCTIONS: -
Anode
Connection
Common
Cathode
The main requirements for a suitable LED material are:-
LED CONSTRUCTIONS: -
The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives
the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of
zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives
tolerance (gold ±5%, silver ± 10%, No colour ± 20%).
RESISTANCE
Black----------------------------------------0
Brown--------------------------------------1
Red------------------------------------------2
Orange-------------------------------------3
Yellow--------------------------------------4
Green---------------------------------------5
Blue-----------------------------------------6
Violet---------------------------------------7
Grey-----------------------------------------8
White---------------------------------------9
The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives
the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of
zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives
tolerance (gold ±5%, silver ± 10%, No colour ± 20%).
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are
magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the
primary and secondary windings.
Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a
quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal
crystal oscillator.
Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy
are the primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and
accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without resorting to some
I won't be discussing frequency sythesisers and direct digital synthesis (DDS) here. They
This is a typical example of the type of crystal oscillators which may be used for say
The transistor could be a general purpose type with an Ft of at least 150 Mhz for HF use.
The turns ratio on the tuned circuit depicts an anticipated nominal load of 50 ohms. This
(highly recommended) I would simply maintain the typical 7:1 turns ratio. I have
included a formula for determining L and C in the tuned circuits of crystal oscillators in
case you have forgotten earlier tutorials. Personally I would make L a reactance of
around 250 ohms. In this case I'd make C a smaller trimmer in parallel with a standard
fixed value.