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A Single Phase Transformer Equivalent Circuit for Accurate Turn to Turn Fault
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Conference Paper · May 2016

DOI: 10.1109/IranianCEE.2016.7585591

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2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)
A Single Phase Transformer Equivalent Circuit for
Accurate Turn to Turn Fault Modeling
Mohammad Gholami, Ehsan Hajipour, Mehdi Vakilian
Electrical Engineering Department
Sharif University of Technology
Tehran, Iran
Gholami_mohammad@ee.sharif.edu
Abstract— Recently, an increasing concern has been raised about
turn-to-turn faults (TTFs) in power transformers, because these
faults can lead to severe transformer insulation failure and
consequently, its outage. Generally, it is impossible to
experimentally analyze the transformer behavior under such
faults, since the implementation of those experiments may be
substantially destructive. Therefore, computer-aided models
should be developed to investigate the performance of
transformer protective relays under turn-to-turn faults. So far,
existing transformer models are mainly formulated to implement
in the EMTP-based softwares. However, most of power system
protection engineers and researchers develop their protective
algorithms in other softwares, such as MATLAB. In this paper,
two simplified and accurate equivalent circuits of single phase,
two winding transformer (under TTF condition) are proposed.
These equivalent circuits can be simply simulated in any desired
software. This accurate model closely translates the state-of-art
existing TTF models into a comprehensive equivalent circuit.
However, precise estimation of its parameters requires a
supplementary finite element analysis. This paper employs some
justifiable simplifications to the accurate model and results in a
simple TTF equivalent circuit. The parameters of this model can
be obtained by employing just the transformer routine test
datasheet. The simple equivalent circuit is simulated under
several turn-to-turn fault conditions and its accuracy has been
validated.
Keywords- BCTRAN routine, equivalent circuit, transformer
modeling, turn-to-turn fault (TTF).
I. INTRODUCTION
The development and validation of protective algorithms
for a digital differential transformer relay require a precise
model of transformer. This model must allow simulating all the
possible fault situations which threaten the reliable and secure
performance of the protective relays. In particular, it must
allow the simulation of internal faults [1].
The turn-to-turn faults are realized by some utilities to
require provision of some additional transformer protection.
Consequently, substantial efforts are concentrated (in the past
years) on the subject to analyze the transformer performance
under this fault condition. The turn-to-turn short circuit tests
are usually avoided due to the large currents involved in those
faults, and can imply a significant transformer failure [2].
Therefore, mathematical models are the only desired way to
978-1-4673-8789-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
study features of a turn-to-turn fault and to investigate the
effectiveness of the protection algorithms.
Existing transformer model during turn-to-turn fault
conditions (TTFC) can be categorized as follows:
A. [Z]-based Model
These transformer models are introduced based on the
EMTP BCTRAN software routine. These models modify
the resistance and the inductance matrixes of BCTRAN
routine to simulate the TTF [1], [3]-[8]. To incorporate this
transformer model into the nodal solution of the transient
programs, the inverse of the impedance matrix [Z] should
be calculated. However, due to strong coupling among
transformer windings, [Z] is an ill-conditioned matrix, and
its inversion either does not exist or introduces errors [9].
B. [Y]-based Model [10]
This modeling approach is based on the leakage
parameters which can be obtained using: 1) factory test
report and 2) transformer design information. Once the
leakage reactances are calculated, the TTF model shall be
represented by an inverse inductance matrix [10]. The main
drawbacks of this model can be summarized as: i) The
model has been mainly proposed to implement in the
EMTP software and it is difficult to simulate it in any other
software, such as MATLAB; ii) In this model, it is
impossible to access to the transformer internal variables
(such as flux linkages) [2].
Equivalent circuit model is the basic tool for analysis and
calculation of the power system. For the power transformers,
the T-type or Γ-type equivalent circuit provides a clear and
simple representation of single-phase transformer, and is
generally applied in the power community [11]. However, none
of the existing equivalent circuits is capable to simulate the
turn-to-turn fault. In this paper, firstly, an accurate equivalent
circuit is presented to model the single-phase transformer
during TTFC. This model is extracted based on the relation
between [Z] matrix and the equivalent circuit model of
transformer during normal condition, employing the rules of
consistency, leakage and proportionality to the faulted winding
sections. The accurate model can precisely evaluate the TTF
currents, however, estimation of its parameters are very
difficult and need supplementary finite element analysis. For
2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

the sake of simplicity, some reasonable assumption has been R w , P = R P , Rw , S = R S

applied to the accurate equivalent circuit and the simple
equivalent circuit has been obtained. Parameters of the simple nP n
X l ,P = X P − X PS , X l ,S = X S − S X PS (2)
model can be easily estimated through transformer routine nS nP
tests. Using a wide range of simulation, this paper shows that nP n
the simple model can be employed to investigate the X m ,P = X PS , X m ,S = S X PS
performance of the protective relays during internal nS nP
transformer faults.
These equivalent circuit parameters would be used in the
II. THE PROPOSED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELS following sections to estimate the transformer equivalent
circuit during TTFC.
A. Normal Condition
In this part, the matrix model and equivalent circuit of a B. Turn-to-Turn Fault Conditions
single-phase transformer under its normal operating condition According to figure 2, in order to model a TTF, the
are introduced as follows: corresponding winding is divided into three sub-coils [1]. In
1) Matrix Model: The relationship between the terminal this paper, it is assumed that TTF is happened to the
voltages and currents of the transformer can be expressed transformer secondary winding.
based on the [Z] matrix as follows [12]: IP IS
V P   R P + jX P jX PS  I P  + +
s1 If
 = R S + jX S   I S 
(1)
V S   jX PS VP f VS

where VP, VS, I P and IS are primary and secondary windings - s2 -

voltages, and the primary and secondary windings currents, Figure 2. A transformer with a TTF on its secondary winding.
respectively. R P , R S , X P and X S indicate the self-resistance and
self-reactance in the primary and secondary winding; X PS is
the mutual reactance between the primary and secondary In the steady state condition, the transformer with a TTF on
winding. its secondary winding can be described by a 4×4 [Z] matrix.
Reference [1] showed that the transformer voltages and
2) Equivalent Circuit Model: Figure 1 shows the currents have the relationship as described in (3):
transformer equivalent circuit in normal conditions. Parameters
of this model can be obtained by means of the data acquired V P   R P + jX P jX Ps 1 jX Pf jX Ps 2   I P 
V   jX R s 1 + jX s 1 jX s 1f jX s 1s 2   I s 
through short circuit and open circuit tests [13].  s1  =  Ps 1
(3)
V f   jX Pf jX s 1f R f + jX f jX s 2 f   I f + I s 
IP Rw,P jXl,P Rw,S jXl,S IS     
V s 2   jX Ps 2 jX s 1s 2 jX s 2f R s 2 + jX s 2   I s 
+ +

VP jXm,P nP nS VS where R i and X i are the self-resistance and self-reactance of

- -
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer
where RW , X l , X m , n P and nS are winding resistance, leakage
reactance, magnetizing reactance, turn number of primary
winding and turn number of secondary winding, respectively.
Note that, in both models the excitation losses (core losses)
were neglected. Instead, shunt resistances can be externally
added across on windings to model the excitation losses. These
shunt resistances are additional branches which cannot be
directly included in the impedance matrix representation of (1)
[12].
The parameters of this equivalent circuit as presented in
this matrix formulation through the following equations:
secondary winding sub-coils; X Pi is the mutual reactance
between the primary winding and secondary winding sub-coils
( i = s1, s 2, f ). The subscripts of s1, s2 and f represent the
upper healthy portion of the secondary winding, the lower
healthy portion and the shorted turns of the secondary winding,
respectively.
The parameters of this matrix can be evaluated by
modification of [Z] in normal condition (equation (1))
according to formulas introduced in [1], [3]-[8]. This matrix
model of turn-to-turn faults had been validated with
experimental tests and it is an accepted model for the
transformer during TTFC [1], [3]-[8].
C. Proposed accurate equivalent circuit of transformer
during turn to turn fault conditions
By summing the corresponding rows of the secondary
healthy sub-coils in equation (3), the total secondary terminal
voltage can be evaluated.
2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

jM 1
V P   R P + jX P  I P 
'
jX PS jX Pf
V  =  jX ' R S + jX S
 
R f + jX Sf   I S  (4) (1 − α S ) Rw,S IS
 S  PS IP Rw, P jX l , P jM 2
jX 1
V f   jX Pf R f + X Sf R f + jX f   I f  +
nS-nf jM 3
+ +

where: VP jX m , P E nP IS+If α S Rw,S jX 2 If VS

'
X PS = X Ps1 + X Pf + X Ps 2 +
- - nf Vf
X Sf = X s1 f + X f + X s 2 f - -
Figure 3. Accurate equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer with a
Now, by using equation (2) we can rewrite the equation (4) TTF on its secondary winding.
as follows:
where:
1) Primary winding voltage: n
nS − n f nf αS = f
VP = ( Rw, P + jX l , P ) I P + jX m , P [ I P + IS + ( I f + I S )] + nS
nP nP (nS − n f )2
nf X 1 = X S − 2X Sf + X f − X PS
j( X '
PS − X PS ) I S + j ( X Pf − X PS ) I f n P nS
nS n f2
 X2 =Xf − X PS
n P nS
V P = (Rw , P + jX l , P )I P + jX m , P [ I P + I S' + ( I f + I S )' ] + n − nf
n n (5) M 1 = X Ps 1 + X Ps 2 − S X PS
'
j [X PS − X PS − (1 − f )X PS ]I S + j [ X Pf − f X PS ]( I S + I f ) nS
nS nS n
M 2 = X Pf − f X PS
where I ' is the secondary current referred to primary side of nS
transformer. n (n − n f )
M 3 = X s 1f + X s 2 f − f S X PS
n P nS
2) Secondary winding voltage:
This equivalent circuit of transformer will be verified with
 Shorted sub-coil: the existing [Z] matrix model of the transformer in section III.
Assume that:
D. Proposed simplified equivalent circuit of transformer
n − nf n during turn to turn fault conditions
E = jX m , P [I P + S I S + f (I f + I S )] (6)
nP nP According to [7] and [14], for large transformers which
Then, the shorted sub-coil voltage can be calculated as have a primary winding tightly coupled to a secondary
follows: winding, it is a good approximation to assume that leakage flux
n n n2 between primary and secondary windings are equal to zero.
V f = f E + [ f Rw ,S + j (X f − f X PS )] ( I S + I f ) + With this assumption, the new elements of [Z] matrix can be
nP nS n P nS (7) evaluated without solving nonlinear equations described in [1].
n n (n − n f )
j [X Pf − f X PS ]I P + j [X Sf − X f − f S X PS ]I S The values of these elements are represented in equations (9)
nS n P nS [1]:
 Healthy sub-coil: ni 2 ni n j n
Xi =( ) X S , X ij = 2 X S , X Pi = i X PS (9)
nS − n f nS − n f nS − n f nS nS nS
VS − V f = E +[ Rw, S + j ( X S − X Sf − X PS )]I S +
nP nS nP
'
nS − n f n f (nS − n f ) where i = j = s1, s 2, f and i ≠ j
j[ X PS − X PS − X PS ]I P + j[ X Sf − X f − X PS ]I f
nS nP nS
By this assumption, the parameters X1 , X 2 , M1 , M 2 and M 3

were simplified as follow:
nS − n f ' n − nf
V S −V f = E + j [X PS − X PS − S X PS ]I P + n
nP nS X 1 = (1 − α S ) 2 [ X S − S X PS ] = (1 − α S ) 2 X l , S
n − nf (n − n f ) 2 nP
[ S Rw ,S + j ( X S − 2X Sf + X f − S X PS )]I S + (8) nS
nS n P nS X 2 = αS [ X S −
2
X PS ] = α S 2 X l , S
n (n − n f ) nP
j [X Sf − X f − f S X PS ](I S + I f )
n P nS M1 = M 2 = 0
n
Therefore, figure 3 shows the accurate equivalent circuit of M 3 = α S (1 − α S )[ X S − S X PS ] = α S (1 − α S ) X l , S
nP
transformer when the nf turns of secondary winding become
Therefore, the simplified equivalent circuit of transformer,
shorted.
2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

when the n f turns of the secondary winding were shorted, can Z line1 = Z line 2 = 0.0733 + j1.1526 Ω
be obtained as shown in figure 4. S Load = 70MVA
(1 − α S ) Rw,S j (1 − α S )2 X l ,S IS PFLoad = 0.95Lag
IP Rw, P jX l , P
+
+ + nS-nf jα S (1 − α S ) X l ,S B. Turn to turn fault conditions
In order to verify the accuracy of equivalent circuit
VP jX m , P E nP IS+If α S Rw,S jα S2 X l , S If VS parameters and the simplified equivalent circuit of transformer,
+ a TTF with fault resistance (Rfault) of 0.1Ω was applied to 25%
- - nf Vf of the transformer secondary winding. According to [1], [7]
- -
and [15], the modified equivalent [R] and [L] matrixes are
Figure 4. Simplified equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer with determined as follows:
a TTF on its secondary winding.

This simplified model will be validated by evaluation of the 0.2055 0 0 0 

[Z] matrix model of the transformer in the following section. In  0 0.0372 0 0 
addition, it is necessary to evaluate the error of the simplified [ R] = 
 0 0 0.0186 0 
model as a function of the percentage of shorted turns.  
 0 0 0 0.01850 
III. SIMULATION AND RESULT
131.9051 31.5429 15.74 15.6757 
A. Description of the test system  31.5429 7.5458 3.765 3.7501 
Simulations were carried out based on a single-phase [ L] =  
 15.74 3.7650 1.8789 1.8713 
transformer. The modeled transformer data are given in Table  
I.  15.6757 3.7501 1.8713 1.8639 

TABLE I. TRANSFORMER DATA

The parameters of this proposed equivalent circuit can be
calculated as follows:
Rated power 100 MVA
Frequency 50Hz 1) Accurate equivalent circuit:
Core type transformer -
Primary voltage 132.8 KV
Secondary voltage 63.4 KV α S = 0.25, X 1 = 1.0923, X 2 = 0.1338
No load (exciting) current 0.428% M 1 = -0.1009, M 2 = 0.1009, M 3 = 0.2645
No load (excitation) loss 45.343 KW
Winding resistance (HV side) 0.2055 Ω
Winding resistance (LV side) 0.0742Ω 2) Simplified equivalent circuit:
Short circuit impedance 8.74%.

(1 − α S ) 2 X l , S = 0.9873
By calculation of the equivalent model parameters for the
transformer under its normal operating conditions, using α S 2 X l , S = 0.1097
equation (2), the [Z] ([R] + jω [L]) matrix model can be α S (1 − α S ) X l , S = 0.3291
obtained as follows:
By using the [Z] matrix, accurate equivalent circuit and the
Rw, P = 0.2055, Rw, S = 0.0742, X l , P = 7.7012 simplified equivalent circuit, the terminal current of the faulted
X l , S = 1.7551, X m , P = 4.1432e + 04 transformer are shown in figure 6 and figure 7.

M atrix Equtions Equivalent Circuit
0.2055 0  131.9051 62.9587 
4
x 10
[ R] =   [ L] =  
1
Primary Current (A)

 0 0.0742  62.9587 30.0615  0.5

Figure 5 illustrates the test system and its parameters are: -0.5

-1
Zline1 Zline2 (a)
-1.5
0 50 100 150

132.8 KV/63.4 KV Time (ms)

132.8 KV 100 MVA Load
Single Phase

Figure 5. The test system.

2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

1.5
M atrix Equtions Equivalent Circuit
Secondary Current (A)

2000

Error(%)
1

1000
0.5
0

0
-1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(b) Percentage of Shorted Turns
-2000
0 50 100 150 Figure 8. The error of the simplified equivalent circuit for different values of
Time (ms) % shorted turns ( RFault = 0.1 ).
Figure 6. Terminal current behavior of transformer with TTF occurred on 25
percentage of secondary winding using [Z] matrix model and the proposed 8
accurate equivalent circuit. a) Primary current, b) Secondary current.
6

Error(%)
4
M atrix Equtions Simplified Equivalent Circuit
x 10 4
1
Primary Current (A)

2
0.5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.5 Percentage of Shorted Turns
-1 Figure 9. Percentage of secondary current error in the simplified equivalent
(a)
-1.5
circuit for different values of % shorted turns ( RFault = 0.1 ).
0 50 100 150
Time (ms) In order to verify the effectiveness of the existing protection
M atrix Equtions Simplified Equivalent Circuit
algorithms introduced to detect turn-to-turn fault, they should
be investigated through low value of shorted turns. Therefore,
Secondary Current (A)

2000
it is very pleasure that the proposed model can estimate the true
1000 values of the terminal currents in the low values of the shorted
0
turns (less than 10%). In respond, figure 10 to figure 15 depict
the corresponding errors in the primary and the secondary
-1000 currents of the simplified equivalent circuit. In these cases, the
(b)
-2000 value of RFault varies from 0.01Ω to infinite and the shorted
0 50 100 150
Time (ms)
turns values are 2%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Fig. 7. Terminal current behavior of transformer with TTF occurred on 25 1.5
percentage of secondary winding using [Z] matrix model and simplified
equivalent circuit. a) Primary current, b) Secondary current.
1
Error(%)

As shown in figure 7, currents in both [Z] matrix model and

the proposed accurate equivalent circuit are in a very good 0.5

agreement. In addition, according to figure 8, the resulted

currents in the simplified equivalent circuit has a negligible 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
difference from the corresponding results of the [Z] matrix IFault /Inom,Sec (pu)
model.
Figure 10. Percentage of primary current error in the simplified equivalent
Now, using equation (10), the obtained errors of secondary circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 2%).
and primary currents in the proposed simplified equivalent 0.8
circuit for different values of fault current ( RFault ) and the
0.6
percentage of shorted turns ( α S ) can be calculated.
Error(%)

0.4

RMS ( x) − RMS ( xˆ )
% Error = × 100 (10) 0.2

RMS ( x) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
where: IFault /Inom,Sec (pu)
x is the obtained value from the [Z] matrix model; Figure 11. Percentage of secondary current error in the simplified equivalent
x̂ is obtained value from the proposed simplified equivalent circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 2%).
circuit;
RMS is the root mean square function.
Figure 8 and figure 9 depict errors of the proposed
simplified model in the primary and the secondary currents
when the number of shorted turns is varied.
2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

2 matrix, and its inversion either does not exist or introduces

large errors.
1.5
Simulation result shows that the [Z] matrix model and the
Error(%)

1
accurate equivalent circuit of transformer under TTFC
0.5 condition are in a very good agreement. In addition, the
simplified equivalent circuit of transformer under TTFC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 involves some acceptable error developed by this accurate
IFault /Inom,Sec (pu) model. Therefore, both of these novel models can be used in to
Figure 12. Percentage of primary current error in the simplified equivalent
investigate the protection algorithm for detection of the
circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 5%). transformer turn-to-turn faults.
2
REFERENCES
1.5
[1] P. Bastard, P. Bertrand, M. Meunier, “A transformer model for winding
Error(%)

1
fault studies,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.
690-699, Apr. 1994.
0.5 [2] G. D. Gonzalez, J. Fernandez, P. A. Arboleya, “Electromagnetic model
of turn to turn short circuits in transformers," COMPEL The
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and
IFault /Inom,Sec (pu) electronic engineering, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2004.
[3] P. Bertrand, A. Devalland, P. Bastard, “A simulation model for
Figure 13. Percentage of secondary current error in the simplified equivalent transformer internal faults, base for the study of protection and
circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 5%). monitoring systems,” CIRED., 12th International Conference on
Electricity Distribution, vol. 1, pp. 1.21/1-1.21/5, 1993.
0.8
[4] R. K. Aggarwal and P. Mao, “Digital simulation of the transient
0.6
phenomena in high voltage power transformers with particular reference
to accurate fault detection,” International Conference on SIMULATION,
Error(%)

0.4 Conference Publication No. 457, pp. 390-397, 1998.

[5] H. Wang and K. L. Butler, “Modeling transformer with internal winding
0.2
faults by calculating leakage factors,” in Proc. 31st North American
0
Power Symposium, San Luis Obispo, CA, pp. 176–182, Oct. 1999.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
[6] B. Kasztenny, M. Kezunovic, Z. Galijasevic, D. Williams, “A new ATP
IFault /Inom,Sec (pu) add-on for modeling internal faults in power transformers,” American
Power Conference, Chicago, IL, Apr. 2000.
Figure 14. Percentage of primary current error in the simplified equivalent
circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 10%). [7] H. A. Darwish, A. I. Taalab, H. Labana, “Step-by-step simulation of
transformer winding faults for electromagnetic transient programs”, PES
3 TD 2005/2006, May 21-24 2006.
[8] G. Ghanavati, S. M. Kouhsari, A. Koochaki, M. Mahmoodan,
2 “Calculation of transformer internal faults in short circuit analysis,”
Error(%)

IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting – Conversion and

1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
IFault /Inom,Sec (pu)
Figure 15. Percentage of secondary current error in the simplified equivalent
circuit for different values of fault current (shorted turns values of 10%).
As shown in figures 10 – 15, the error in the primary and
the secondary currents of the simplified equivalent circuit
(when TTF occurred in less than 10% of the winding) are less
than 1% and 3%, respectively.
IV. CONCLUSION
Two novel equivalent circuits of a single-phase, two
winding transformers under TTFC have been proposed based
on the relation between the [Z] matrix model and the
transformer equivalent circuit during normal condition. These
models can be simply implemented in any transient
computational tools, such as MATLAB. In addition, these
models directly employ the [Y] matrix and therefore, they do
not deal with the [Z] matrix which may be ill-conditioned
Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 20-24 Jul. 2008.
[9] Q. Su Charles, “Electromagnetic Transients in Transformer and Rotating
Machine Windings”, July, 2012, p. 215-216.
70 80 90 100 [10] A. Avendano, “Transformer Modeling in ATP: Internal Faults &High-
Frequency Discretization,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, MI, 2011.
[11] S. JiaLe, X. LiQiang, J. ZaiBinT, “New equivalent circuit of three-phase
three-limb transformer based on magnetic circuit characteristics”,
International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and
Protection (APAP), Vol. 3, pp. 1678 – 1683, 16-20 Oct. 2011.
[12] H. W. Dommel, et.al, “Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference
Manual (EMTP Theory Book)”, Portland, OR, Prepared for BPA, Aug.
1986.
[13] P. S. Bimbhra, “Electrical Machinery”, 2003.
[14] P. Palmer-Buckle, K. Butler, N. D. R. Sarma and Alvin Kopp,
"Simulation of Incipient Transformer Faults," Proceedings of 1998
Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Notre Dame, IN, pp. 50-
53, August 1998.
[15] Kezunovic M., Kasztenny B., Galijasevic Z., and Williams D., “A New
ATP Add-On for Modeling Internal Faults in Power Transformers”,
American Power Conference, Chicago, pp. 1-5, 2000.
[16] Z. Gajic, “Differential Protection for Arbitrary Three-Phase Power
Transformers”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Lund University, 2008.

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