Advances in Pigment

Printing of Textiles
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January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 1

 Cave Paintings in Europe

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 2

 Pigment Dispersions –
Historical developments
• Over 3000 years old with mineral pigments and natural
polymers as binders and thickeners(starch glue)
• 1920's- Organic Pigment dispersions
• 1930's – Emulsion co-polymerisation
• 1937 – Pigment paste based on water in oil emulsion
• 1950 – Oil in water systems
• 1960 – Aqueous self cross-linking dispersions as binders
• 1990's – Ecological improvements(emissions)
• 2000's – Digital Printing

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 3

 The German Ban

• Mid 1980s

• Banned Amines

• DiChloroBenzidenes

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 4

 Components of a Pigment
Printing System
• Colour Pigment
• Binder
• Fixer
• Thickener
• Emulsifiers
• Softeners

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 5

Components of Pigment dispersion

• Pigment Powder (25-45%)

• Water
• Auxiliaries
– Emulsifiers,Dispersing agents (5-15%)
– Co-solvents(5-10%)
– Preservatives (<1%)
– Antifoam (<0.1%)

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 6

 Pigment Dispersions
availability as pigments
Chemistry C.I. (year of invention)
disazo diarylic pigments PY12, PY14, PY17, PY83 (1911) 1936 and 1958
disazo pyrazolone PO13, PO34 (1930) 1950s
naphtol AS grp. I PR2, PR8, PR12, PR112, (1920s) 1930s
naphtol AS grp. II PR146, PR170, PR210 1960s
phthalocyanine PG7, PBl15 1940s
dioxazine PV23 1952
quinacridone PR122, PV19 1960s

Pigments need to be ground to a particle size below

3µ to achieve high brilliancy and good color yield.
The right dispersing system is necessary to keep the
pigments dispersed in water without sedimentation
and without agglomeration of the particles (forming of
bigger crystals).

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 7

For Pigment dispersions, following need to
be within Limits
• Banned Amines
• PAH
• PCB
• COC
• Dioxines
• Heavy Metals
• Formaldehyde/
Preservatives
• APEO
January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 8
 Dyestone Colorants

"Dyestone® X Color" is neither pigment nor

dyestuff, but a patented new generation of
textile colorants that fully utilize micro-
encapsulating technology.

Matsui International's insoluble colors are

finely ground at the Nano-level and coated
with a water-soluble polymer on the surface
level and can be applied onto almost any kind
of textile substrate (cotton, polyester, nylon,
rayon, etc.) by both printing & pad-dyeing
process.

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 9

 Conventional Vs Dyestone
Binder

Pigment Pigment Pigment

FABRIC

Cross-Linking Agent
Water-soluble Polymer
Insoluble Colorant

FABRIC

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 10

 Binders
• APEO
• Formaldehyde
• Biodegradability
• Reduction in Free monomer
content
• Properties like more soft
and hydrophilic
• Combining binders and
thickeners
• External crosslinkers
January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 11
 Thickeners

• Hydrophobicaly modified
ASE
• No Mineral Oil, no fuming
• VOC free(High boiling oils)
• Rheology Modifier
incorporated to improve
electrolyte stability
• Good storage stability, to
settling
• High purity ,quick swelling

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 12

Developments in Fixing Agents
 Melamine resin fixing agent / contains
HCHO, higher etherification, thus:
- reduced HCHO content
- less HCHO emission during drying and
fixation
- reduced HCHO content on the fabric
- less reactivity
 Isocyanate fixing agent / HCHO-free
-cold fixing / not blocked / shelf life /
high reactivity
- hot fixing / blocked

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 13

 Summary
Besides the ever present demands for more economical products
and processes and the demand from retailers to close the gap
between pigment and dyestuff printing regarding end-user
properties the main challenges for pigment printing will be
the dramatically increase of ecological demands.
Binders: Apeo,formaldehyde free
reduction of rest-monomer content
biodegradability

Pigments: amine, RSL free

AOX free
restrictive use of presrvatives

Thickeners: oil free, VOC free

biodegradability

Auxiliaries: formaldehyde free

restrictive use of preservatives

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 14

 Importance of Pigment

Versatile- suitable for all substrates and machines

Low impact on water footprint

January 2014 Dr. Sanjiv Kamat 15

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