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Use Of Static Mixer For Oxidation

And Disinfection By Ozone
a c b
Nathalie Martin & Catherine Galey
a
TRAILIGAZ - Compagnie de l'Ozone , 29/31, Boulevard
de la Muette, 95140 Garges-Lès-Gonesse, France
b
Compagnie Générale des Eaux , 52, rue d'Anjou,
75008 , Paris , France
c
Anjou Recherche - Centre De Recherche, Compagnie
Générale des Eaux , Chemin de la Digue - BP 76,
78600 , Maisons , Laffitte , France
Published online: 17 Oct 2012.

To cite this article: Nathalie Martin & Catherine Galey (1994) Use Of Static Mixer For
Oxidation And Disinfection By Ozone, Ozone: Science & Engineering: The Journal of the
International Ozone Association, 16:6, 455-473, DOI: 10.1080/01919512.1994.10555754

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.1994.10555754

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 OZONE SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 0191-9512194 $3.00 + .OO
Vol. 16, pp. 4 5 5 4 7 3 International Ozone Association
Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright O 1994

Use Of Static Mixer For Oxidation And Disinfection By Ozone

Nathalie Martin1 and Catherine Galey2

1. TRAILIGAZ - Compagnie de I' Ozone
29/31, Boulevard de la Muette
95140 Garges-Lb-Gonesse, France
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Anjou Recherche - Centre De Recherche

Compagnie GCnCrale des Eaux
Chemin de la Digue - BP 76
78600 Maisons Laffitte, France
2. Compagnie GCnCrale des Eaux
52, rue d'Anjou
75008 Paris, France

Received for Review : 24 April 1992

Accepted for Publication : 21 March 1994

Abstract
Ozone is used in drinking water treatment as a biocide, as an oxidant and as
a pretreatment in order to improve the performance of subsequent processes.
Increasing concern over the quality of drinking water has led to a number of
new stringent regulations in the control of chemical and microbiological
contaminants. Disinfection deals with the concept of "CT", which is the need
to maintain a certain minimum concentration for a given time. Under ideal
laboratory conditions, it is 0.4 mg O& for 4 min. In practice, since the
method for the CT determination has not been finalized by the EPA, "T" can
be the minimum detention time of 90% of total flow, and "C" can be a
measured ozone residual at the outlet of cells of the contactor. New standards
for micropollutants in drinking water imply an optimization of the ozonation
step, by improving the ozone transfer from gas to water, and the control of the
detention time as well as ozone residual within the contactor.
All these considerations have led us to use static mixers to transfer ozone into
water. This process enables us to control the ozone concentration in water and
detention time. It is a very simple system, with very low maintenance
requirements due to the lack of moving parts. Civil engineering is minimized.
A pilot scale study is presented here. It took place at the MCry-sur-Oise water
treatment plant, on a pilot plant working at 8-12 m3/h. It is composed of a
static mixer for the transfer of ozone from gas to liquid, linked to an air lift
to separate gas from liquid, providing ozonated water.
 456 N. Martin and C. Galey

The optimization of transfer waS achieved by studying the impact of water

flow, gas flow and ozone concentration in the gas. It is possible to reach 90%
of transfer in less than 15 s. Headloss (AP) across the mixer is a function of
gas and water flows and remains economically very acceptable as 0.15 bar for
12 m3/h.
Atrazine removal was studied using a static mixer, an air lift and a contact
pipe 80-m long, providing an optimum contact time phase, working as a plug
flow reactor. Ozone and H20d03treatments were compared. The maximum
reduction of atrazine concentrations (e.g., for an infinite contact time) is a
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function of the amount of transferred ozone, but H202influences the kinetics

of the reaction. In the presence of H20, with a ratio of H202 to 0, of 0.4
W/W,maximum elimination is reached in 2 min 30 s.

The effect of such treatments on environmental bacteria also was followed.

A counting of total germs at 20°C showed a decrease of 1- to 3-logs 10 after
1 min 30 s of contact time for about 2 mg/L of transferred ozone. No
significant difference between treatments with or without H202was shown.
The same conclusions were obtained from heterotrophic plate counts (37°C)
and epifluorescence counting?..

Introduction
For conventional treatments of water with ozone, different types of reactors are used:
turbine reactors for preozonation, bubble reactors equipped with porous plates for
interozonation or postozonation.

To achieve a good disinfection of filtered water, U.S. EPA fixed a reduction of 1-log
for Giardia lamblia and 3-logs for viruses which involves C*T values depending on
the temperature of the water to be treated where C (mgL) is an ozone residual and
T (min) is a characteristic time: with bubble columns, the contact chamber is not a
plug flow reactor and the homogeneity of the ozone concentrations dissolved in water
is not perfect. To evaluate the C*T value of such a reactor, tracer studies have to be
conducted to determine T,, for different operation conditions and measurements of
ozone concentration at the end of each compartment are compulsory to evaluate the
average residual of ozone in each cell.
Another approach is to adjust the design of the reactor to the C*T concept in order
to achieve a better homogeneity of residuals and a plug flow reactor.
To obtain also a good reduction of micropollutant concentrations, like Atrazine and
Simazine, combined oxidation processes with ozone and hydrogen peroxide are now
widely used. Conventional bubble columns are used to realize this oxidation by
adding hydrogen peroxide at different possible locations in the reactor. In this case,
a better homogeneity of the two liquid phases and gas phase and the obtention of a
plug flow reactor would be helpful.
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 457

Design Of The Reactor

In order to achieve a plug flow reactor, it is easier to work with a monophasic reactor
which is described below as a "contact-reactor". In order to achieve a real homogene-
ity of residual, gas and liquids have to be quickly mixed together to realize the gas
liquid transfer in a "transfer-reactor". Between the "transfer-reactor" and "contact
reactor", gas and liquid need to be separated in order to feed the contact reactor with
a monophasic liquid with a "gas-liquid separation reactor" (Figure 1).
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TRANSFER SEPARATION CONTACT

REACTOR REACTOR REACTOR

Figure 1. Schematic design of the reactor.

ADVANTAGES OF THIS DESIGN

For disinfection, the homogeneity of the dissolved ozone in water is perfect and all
the water is treated the same way. As the reactor is plug flow, or is well-known, the
concentrations of ozone in water need just to be followed along the contact reactor
to calculate continuously the C*T value. The hydraulic behavior also depends only
on the liquid flow rate and does not depend on the gaslliquid ratio as can be the case
with conventional bubble columns.
For oxidation, if hydrogen peroxide is injected in the raw water to be treated, the
homogeneity of hydrogen peroxide, water and ozone is perfect and all water is treated
the same way. The plug flow reactor also is the best reactor to achieve a fixed
decomposition of pollutants.
Let us consider two monophasic reactors, a plug flow reactor (PFR) and a perfectly
mixed reactor (PMR) with the same volume (V) the same flow rate (Q), the same
concentration of ozone or hydroxyl radicals (Ox) at the inlet of the reactor, and the
same concentration of pollutants (P) at the inlet of the reactor.
For a PFR:

where z is the residence time (s = VIQ), and k is the kinetic constant.

 458 N. Martin and C. Galey
For a PMR:

For any value of kz, the plug flow reactor is more efficient. For example, with a
value of kz = 5, the reduction is 99.3% for a PFR which has to be compared to 83%
for a PMR.
Pilot Plant Study
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In this study we focused our attention on the performances of a "transfer reactor"

combined with a gadliquid separation reactor. For oxidation and disinfection testing,
we connected the above pilot-plant to a perfect "contact reactor".

Material And Methods

MATERIALS
The pilot plant used is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Schematic design of the pilot plant.

"The transfer reactor" is a static mixer manufactured by SULZER in vertical position,

in which the total water and gas flows are mixed together. Static mixers commonly
are used for gas-liquid mixing in different fields of industry, but are not widely used
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 459

in water treatment. Compared to conventional mechanical mixing devices, static

mixers are composed of mixing elements which are maintained motionless in a pipe.
These motionless elements produce mixing by dividing the main flow in other partial
flows which are again combined and again divided. An example of a static mixer is
shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3. Example of a static mixer.

The main characteristics of static mixers are:
o plug flow behavior
o radial intensive mixing
o in-line setting up in a pipe
o continuous operation
o compact design
o easy scaleup
o no mobile parts (important due to the corrosive environment)
The "separation reactor" is a cylindrical reactor equipped with a cylinder which
enables a recirculation of liquid and bubbles. In this study, we did not try to optimize
the design of this separation reactor with respect to its dimensions. The maximum
 460 N. Martin and C. Galey

water depth is 1.50 m. The water level is adjusted with the two valves on the two
pipes connected at the outlet of the "separation reactor".

The "contact reactor" is a long pipe of 80 m (diameter 100 mm) in which the
Reynolds number is high to assume a plug flow behavior.
The main characteristics are given in Tables I, 11, and 111.

METHODS
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The parameters listed below have been adjusted:

o Water flow rate (ai,)

o Gas flow rate (inlet-outlet) (Q,,)
o Concentration of ozone feed gas (C,, ).
o Ratio of hydrogen peroxide to dissolved ozone.
TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATIC MIXER
Length = 0.85 m Diameter = 0.089 m
Headloss for 10 m3/h = 0.08 bar

TABLE 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEPARATION REACTOR

OUTSIDE CYLINDER INSIDE CYLINDER
I 1

A Diameter 0.19 m
Length = 2 m
I
Diameter 0.1 m
Length = 0.65 m
I
Water level = 1.5 m Position from bottom = 0.1 m
Contact time = 15 s (at 10 m3/h)

TABLE 111. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTACT REACTOR

Pipe diameter = 0.1 m
Length = 80 m
Speed = 0.35 m/s Contact time = 3.8 min
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 461

The following parameters have been calculated:

o Transfer efficiency, T %

o Dissolution efficiency, D %
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o Headloss through the static mixer (AP)

A measurement of pressure before the static mixer also is registered (in dynamic and
in static conditions). The difference of pressure in dynamic and static conditions is
the head loss evaluation.
o Oxidation efficiency versus atrazine and simazine.
o Disinfection efficiency versus heterotrophic plate counts and epifluorescence.

Results And Discussion

OZONE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY
Evaluation Of The Headloss Of The Static Mixer
Figure 4 shows the influence of the water flow rate, the gas flow rate, and the height
of water in the "separation reactor". We can observe that the influence of the gas
flow rate is not important compared to the influence of the liquid flow rate for the
range of gasniquid ratio used for this study. With an increase of the gas flow rate,
for a same liquid flow rate, there is less room for the liquid passing through the
elements. The microturbulence is increased due the increase of the local liquid's
velocity which involves an increase of dissipated energy in the system.
In a first approach, the headloss can be good correlated to the water flow rate Q as
shown in Figure 5.

Efficiency Of Ozone Transfer And Ozone Dissolution In Water

Figures 5, 6, and 7 show the evolution of the transfer efficiency, for three values of
the water flow rate versus the gas flow rate and the ozone concentration. It appears
that on each curve of Figures 6, 7, and 8 the curves corresponding to different
concentrations are overlaid on one another, which means that the influence of
concentration of ozone in the gas phase is not really an important parameter. It is
important to 0 b s e ~ ethat the ozone dose also is changing at the same time.
 462 N. Martin and C. Galey ,
I
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Figure 4. Evolution of headloss vs Q,, Q,,, hbight.

*h=ljkrn
*rnoyenne

Figure 5. Evolution of headloss vs water flow rate.

The decrease of transfer efficiency is correlated to the gas flow rate: between 10 and
20% of reduction of efficiency for a gas flow rate increasing from 0.2 to 1-1.5 Nm3/h,
as shown in Figure 9. There is also an increase of transfer efficiency with an increase
of the flow rate due to the increase of the mixing correlated to the headloss, as shown
in Figure 10.
I

Due to the increase of transfer efficiency with the increase1of water flow rate and
decrease of the gas flow rate, there is a decrease of the effibiency with an increase
of ozone dose applied to water for a given gas concentratibn. To obtain the best
behavior, it appears that it is important to work at the maximum acceptable water
flow rate and reduce as much as possible the gas flow rate dith an increase of ozone
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 463

concentration in feed gas for a given ozone dose. The driving force is increased and
the k,a also is increased.
Transfer efficiency : Qwater=8m3/h
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0
0,2-0,4 0,4-0,6 0,8-1,O 1,Q1,2
Qgas (Nmtlh) (range)

Figure 6. Transfer efficiency at Q, = 8 m3/h.

Transfer efficiency : Qwate~lOm3lh

0 4 1

0,2-0,4 0,4-0,6 0,8-1,O 1,&I

,2
Qgas (NmJlh) (range)

Figure 7. Transfer efficiency at Q,,,,, = 10 m3/h.

The ozone dissolution efficiency (D %) is always lower than the ozone transfer
efficiency (T %) as the water which is treated is not a demand-free water and the
influence of water temperature is noticeable with a comparison at 10" to 15°C and 15"
to 20°C, as Table IV shows.
 464 N. Martin and C. Galey
Transfer efficiency :Qwatet=l2m3/h
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0 l I

0,2-0,4 0,4-0,6 ,O
0,8-1 1 ,O-1,2
Qgas (Nm3Iti) (range)

Figure 8. Transfer efficiency at Q, = 12 m3/h.

0i I
0.2-0.4 0,4-0,6 0,8-1,O 1 ,O-1,2
Qgas (Nm3lh) (range)

Figure 9. Influence of gas flow rate on the transfer efficiency.

TABLE IV. COMPARISON OF DISSOLUTION AND TRANSFER EFFICIENCY

Calculation Of K,a
The transfer of a gas to a liquid is expressed by Equation [ 5 ] :
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 465
Ozone transfer = Q1 (C1 out - C1 in) = K,a V AT, PI
where K,a is the transfer coefficient
V is the volume of liquid considered (here static mixer plus separation --
column volume)
rIn
is the logarithmic average
with
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- 1
AC, =
(Cl out - Cs'out) - (C1 in - Cs*in)

with C* the saturation concentration (liquid phase)

C* is related to the Henry's constant and the partial pressure.
In Equation [61, we can measure or calculate all concentrations : Clin, Clout, Cl'out,
Cl'in.

0 i I

8 10 12
Qwater (m31h)

Figure 10. Influence of liquid flow rate on transfer efficiency.

We will try to correlate k,a with the headloss and the gas to liquid ratio as follows:

as the two parameters AP and Qg/Ql are easy to achieve for any scale-up.
We may introduce a factor AM as below with Equation [8]:
 466 N. Martin and C. Galey

k,a = (QW) AM [81

AM =
- CI in
Clout-
*Ch
We also calculate for each water flow rate the factor p by finding a correlation
between the log (AM) and the log (Qg/Ql), which is a linear function with a
coefficient equal to P. For this we used Figures 11, 12, and 13. We obtain a
correlation with an exposant p equal to 0.75 to 0.80 (P = 0.8).
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To determine the coefficient a,we calculated an average AM for each water flow rate
and obtained the data plotted in Figure 14. The correlation is also K,a # (AP)'.'~
(Q~IQ~)~~.

- LOG (OgtQl)

Figure 11. Correlation: Log (AM) = f (Log [QgIQl]) (aiquia= 8 m3/h).

Figure 12. Correlation: Log (AM) = f (Log [QgfQl]) (aivia= 10 m3/h).

 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 467
QI=12m3/h
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4 4.5
2 2.5 3 3.5
- LOG (OglCI)

Figure 13. Correlation: Log (AM) = f (Log [QgIQl]) (aiquid

= 12 m3/h).

; i
-3 .2.8 -2.6 .2.4 .2.2 .2
LOG (dP)

Figure 14. Correlation of K,a with headloss (AP).

OXIDATION EFFICIENCY
Reduction Of Atrazine And Sirnazine Concentrations With Ozone And Ozone-
Peroxide Treatments
The pilot plant used is the one described above working at a water flow rate of 10
m3/h. The contact time is increased as a plug flow reactor has been connected to the
outlet of the gas liquid separation reactor. The pilot plant is located at MEry-sur-Oise.
Water is pumped from the river Oise: the treatment train is preozonation, storage,
flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation, GAC filtration, and chlorina-
tion. For this pilot plant, the dose of ozone applied is adjustable, and we use sand-
filtered water with the following water quality characteristics:
 468 N. Martin and C. Galey

Water Oualitv:
TOC = 2.5 to 3 m g L
Alkalinity = 250 mg& as CaCO,
Temperature = 10°C
pH =7
This maximum reduction in atrazine concentrations depends mainly on the ozone
transferred to water, as shown in Figures 15 and 16.
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i
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Transfered ozone dose (ghn3)

Figure 15. Influence of ozone dose on maximum elimination of atrazine.

0 4 4
0 1 2 3 4 5
Transfered ozone dose (gIm3)

Figure 16. Influence of the H,0.J03 ratio on the maximum atrazine oxidation.
These figures show that the hydrogen peroxidelozone ratio does not influence the
ultimate reduction of atrazine concentrations. The ultimate reduction in concentration
has been measured on samples collected after 4 min 30 s of contact time. These
different samples after 4 minutes of contact time still can contain ozone (0,) dissolved
in water which has not been consumed. We measure the ultimate reduction in
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 469

atrazine concentration as the residuals have not been eliminated (with bisulfite for
example) in these samples and there is a total consumption of ozone transferred to
water.
In order to reduce the size of the reactor, the ultimate reduction in concentration needs
to be achieved as quickly as possible, which means that kinetics need to be
accelerated : this is what is obtained by adding hydrogen peroxide, as shown in
Figures 17 and 18.

TT: Ozone dose (glm3) ; R : H202103 (glg)

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Contact time (s)

Figure 17. Reduction of atrazine concentrations vs time for two ozone doses with
or without hydrogen peroxide.

Contact time (s)

Figure 18. Reduction of atrazine concentration vs time for one ozone dose for
different H20403ratios.
The last two Figures (17 and 18) show that the ultimate reduction of atrazine
concentrations can be obtained in : 2 min 30 s for H20JO, = 0.4
3 min 10 s for H20403= 0.3
more than 5 minutes for H,02/0, = 0.1.
 470 N. Martin and C. Galey

These time values correspond in fact to the contact time needed to reduce the ozone
residual dissolved in water to zero, as shown in Figures 19 and 20.
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J
0 100 200 300 400
Contact time (s)

Figure 19. Evolution of ozone residual in water vs time for different hydrogen
peroxide to ozone ratios.
TT: Ozone dose (glm3) R: H202103 (gig)

0 100 200 300

Contact time (s)
Figure 20. Evolution of ozone residuals in water vs time with or without
hydrogen peroxide for two ozone doses.
If now we consider reduction in simazine concentrations, it appears that the oxidation
kinetics of simazine are faster than those of atrazine, as maximum oxidation is
obtained after 100 seconds.

DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY WITH OZONE AND OZONE + HYDROGEN

PEROXIDE TREATMENTS

Some heterotrophic plate counts have been carried during the experiments performed
to quantify the pesticide removals. Countings have been done after filtration of 100
mL of water through a membrane. Comparison with the epifluorescence method also
was possible.
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 471

From the different experimentations, no significant influence of hydrogen peroxide has

been observed, however the different experimentations showed a quite total reduction
for ozone doses between 2 and 4 mg/L.

Table V summarizes the HPC results for 20°C and 37°C. It is important to note that
the counts are not very high, even after sand filtration, as the population is between
200 and 1,000 per milliliter. As shown in Figure 21, the most significant reduction
of HPC levels is obtained in the first 30 seconds.
Table V. HPC 20°C; HPC 37°C - Reduction : ozone dose 3.5 mg/L; H20J03 ratio
= 0.2
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I
HPC @ 20°C
200 to 1000lmL
Contact Time
0s
HPC @ 37°C
10 to 20lmL
I
2 to lO/mL 30 s 0 to 2lmL
0 to 10lmL 1 min 30 s 0 to 2lmL

Counts for 100 ml

Time
Figure 21. Reduction of HPC 37°C with ozone and ozone + peroxide treatments.
Ozone dose : 5.8 mg/L; Ozone transferred : 3.7 mg/L; Ratio of
H,0J03 transferred : 0.4.
It is important to compare the C*T value obtained with hydrogen peroxide and ozone
to the C*T value recommended for the inactivation of 1- lo^ of Giardia cysts and 3-
logs of viruses at 15°C (0.95 mg/L x mink
As the contact reactor is plug flow, T,, is equal to the theoretical contact time and we
propose the following CT calculation:
o From time = 0 to 30 s, dissolved ozone residual decreases from 3.75 to 2 m@
(see Figure 17).
 472 N. Martin and C. Galey

o From time = 30 s to 1 min 40 s, residual decreases from 2 m a to 0.5 m a .

o From time = 1 min 40 s to 3 min 10 s, residual decreases to zero.
A minimum value of C*T can be evaluated as (2 x 0.5) + (1.16 x 0.5) = 1.58 m g L
x min, which is a lower value than the effective value which should be a real
integration of the concentration as a function of time curve.
In fact, after 30 s of contact, the curve below shows that the maximum reduction has
already been obtained. For this contact time, C*T is at least equal to 1 m g L x min,
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which is sufficient to achieve the inactivation needed of Zlogs of virus and 1-log of
Giardia cysts.
The value of 1.6 mg.min.L1 shows than even with hydrogen peroxide combined with
ozone treatment, it is possible to calculate C*T and have disinfection and oxidation
treatments in the same reactor.
As well, we did not observe any difference between the two treatments with respect
to the reduction measured by epifluorescence.

Conclusions
From this study, it has been possible to test the transfer efficiency of a static mixer
combined with a plug flow reactor.

It is possible to dissolve ozone in a very short contact time - about 15 seconds.

The maximum transfer has been obtained for the highest water flow rate tested (12
m3/h) and the lowest gas flow rates.
The maximum power consumption has to be taken into consideration for the design
of the dissolution system (0.15 bar headloss with this mixer operating at 12 m3/h).
With such a design, it is possible to perform in a short contact time, as well as
oxidation of micropollutants such as atrazine and simazine and also disinfection.
The scaleup of such a system has be realized as a 3,500 m3/h capacity (Melun
Arvigny) plant is now running using a static mixer dissolution system.

Key Words
Ozone; Ozone Contacting; Static Mixer; Drinking Water Treatment; Disinfection;
Oxidation; Advanced Oxidation; OzoneEIydrogen Peroxide; " C T Calculations;
Atrazine Destruction; Simazine; Pesticides Oxidation; Ozone Mass Transfer
Coefficient; Melun Arvigny Water Treatment Plant;
 STATIC MIXER FOR OZONE OXIDATION AND DISINFECTION 473

De faqon A respecter les contraintes CdictCes par 1'EPA en matiCre de dbinfection, par
l'ozone, nous avons rCfl2chi B un nouveau design de systCme de contact ozoneleau A
traiter de faqon B minimiser les court-circuits hydrauliques A homogtniser l'ozone
dissous au sein de l'ensemble de l'eau.
Ceci nous a conduit B envisager l'utilisation de mClangeurs statiques permettant de
maitriser residuels d'ozone dissous et temps de contact, tout en reduisant les
problCmes de maintenance.
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Nous presentons les rksultats d'essais rCalisCs sur un pilote situC 3 MCrylOise
fonctionnant de 8 21 12 m3/h. Les paramCtres de transfert, d'oxydation de micropollu-
ants, de dksinfection sont CtudiCs de prCs en fonction de differentes conditions
opCratoires. Ces essais ont conduit une rCalisation industrielle d'une capacite de
3500 m3/h.

Zusammenfassung
Um den strikten Bestimmungen der EPA in Bezug auf die Desinfektion mittels Ozon
gerecht zu werden, haben wir iiber eine neuartige Konzeption des Kontaktierungs-
systems Ozon Abwasser nachgedacht, das hydraulische By-Psse vermeidet und zu
einer homogenen Durchmischung des Ozons mit der gesamten Wassermenge fiihrt.

Dies hat uns zur Anwendung statischer Mischer gefiihrt, die es uns erlauben, sowohl
den Restgehalt an gelostem Ozon sowie die Kontaktzeit genauestens zu beherrschen,
und gleichzeitig die Warhungsprobleme auf ein Minimum zu reduzieren.

Die hier vosgestellten Versuchsergebnisse wurden mit einer Pilotanlage in MCrylOise

realisiert, die mit einem Durchsatz von 8 bis 12 m3/std, gearbeitet hat. Die
verschiedenen Parameter, wie der Ozoneintrag, die Oxydation der Schadstoffe, die
Desinfektion, etc... wurden detailliert in AbhZngigkeit der verschiedenen Betriebs-
bedingungen studiert.
Die erfolgreichen Versuche haben zur Realisierung einer GroBtechnischen mit einem
Durchsatz von 3500 m3/std gefiihrt.