ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.

IMPROVEMENT THE OPERATION OF STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

USING ADAPTIVE SCALAR STABILIZER
ПОДОБРЯВАНЕ НА РАБОТАТА НА СТАТИЧЕН УПРАВЛЯЕМ КОМПЕН-
САТОР (СУК) ЧРЕЗ ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕ НА АДАПТИВЕН СКАЛАРЕН СТА-
БИЛИЗАТОР
N. Djagarov, M. Kolcun, Zh. Grozdev, M. Bonev, P. Valkov, L. Beňa, D. Hlubeň

Abstract: Static Var Compensators (SVC) has an essential role in improving the stability of
system at weak transient disturbances in the interconnected electric power systems. Further-
more, the introduction of adaptive control into managing controllers led to significantly im-
prove the operation of power systems subjected to various disturbances such as three phase
short circuit, voltage sags, change of the load, switching of powerful inductive or capacitive
loads, etc. This article presents the development of a new type adaptive stabilizer for SVC as
presented detailed results of the simulation of system means with adaptive stabilizer. To prove
the effectiveness of the work results are compared with the identical system but with a con-
ventional PI-regulator.
Keywords: Adaptive Control, FACTS, STATCOM, SVC, TCR, TSC.

Резюме: Статичните управляеми компенсатори (СУК) имат съществена роля при по-
добряване на стабилността при слаби смущения и преходни процеси във взаимосвър-
зани електроенергийни системи. Освен това въвеждането на адаптивно управление в
контролерите за управление довежда до значително подобряване работата на електро-
енергийната система подложена на различни смущения като трифазно късо съедине-
ние, провал на напрежението, изменение на товара превключване на мощни индуктив-
ни или капацитивни товари и др. Тази статия представа разработване на нов тип адап-
тивен стабилизатор за СУК като се представят подробни резултати от симулацията на
работата на системното средство заедно с адаптивния стабилизатор. За доказване на
ефективността на работа резултатите са сравнени с идентична система, но с конвенци-
онален ПИ-регулатор.
Ключови думи: Адаптивно управление, FACTS, СТАТКОМ, СУК, ТРР, ТПК

I. INTRODUCTION figuration depends on several factors: reactive

Thyristor-controlled static compensators
are widely used in both industry and electric-
ity transmission systems. In power industrial
manufacturing (e.g. electric arc furnaces)
static var systems are well established means
of reactive power control and reduce the volt-
age fluctuations caused electric arc furnaces
[1]. These static compensators applied in the
distribution network are able to provide volt-
age regulation, regulation of reactive power
and improve the natural characteristics of the
electric transmission line as a whole [2, 3].
Another important reason for their deploy-
ment is damping of system fluctuations,
which plays an important role not only in
improving the transmission capability, but
also in stabilizing the system in critical emer-
gency situations, particularly in poorly con-
nected systems.
In practice many configurations of static
Var systems are possible. The choice of con-
power requirements; harmonic generation and
cost [4]. Most of static var compensators fall
into one of the following categories:
- Thyristor–controlled reactor (TCR);
- Thyristor–switched capacitor (TSC);
- Thyristor–controlled reactors and thyris-
tor–switched capacitors.
The specification of a particular SVC
(static VAR system) and its control system
characteristics requires careful evaluation of
both voltage steady-state and transient re-
sponse characteristics for all the possible con-
figurations as well as power factor require-
ments [5].
For any SVC configuration, the firing an-
gle control of the thyristor banks determines
the equivalent shunt admittance presented to
the power system. The input signals to the
SVC controller are the bus voltage change
and auxiliary signals such as speed, or other
 ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.
measurable signals at the voltage controlled
bus of the system.
With the conventional SVC controllers, the
gains and time constants and various regula-
tor parameters are designed by a trial and er-
ror method. Further as the system operating
conditions change, these parameters need to
be updated to ensure the effectiveness of the
SVC controller.
This article proposes an adaptive modal
stabilizer, which identifies control system in
real time based on estimated parameters and
variables of model than calculates control
signal.
IІ. STUDIED SYSTEM
In the paper is presented Static Var Compen-
sator (SVC) realized from one module module
thyristor controlled reactor and three modules
thyristor switched capacitor (1TCR-3TSC) –
Fig.1. The thyristor controlled reactor continu-
ously regulates reactive energy by adjusting
magnitude of current controlling thyristor firing
angle. In this way the inductivity of reactor is
controlling. The firing angle can be change from
90º to 180º relation to voltage of compensator,
Infinity buses
TCR TSC1
Fig.1. Diagram of the studied system.
thereby it has possibility to fully change during
one period from main frequency. On this way is
ensuring very fast and smooth regulation of
absorbed or injected energy from or to power
system. The effective capacitive impedance of
the compensator is varying according to number
of parallel connected condenser groups. The
thyristor controlled reactor as thyristor switched
condenser are connected in delta as in such
manner the harmonics which is multiple to three
remain closed in delta decreasing inserting of
higher harmonics into network.
III. ALGORITHM FOR ADAPTIVE
CONTROL
The basic function of the adaptive control is
continuously identifying in real time control
object by linear model from low order and crea-
tion of control signal. In studied system is used
conventional PI-regulator and scalar modal
adaptive stabilizer. On the inputs of adaptive
stabilizer is feeding discrete sample from output
of PI-regulator and voltage vector from measur-
ing point. The scalar adaptive modal stabilizer
identifies in real time control object on the basis
of estimated parameters and variables of the
3-phase
RL
load
Тr
TSC2 TSC3
 ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.

PI Uref
regulator
On/OFF signal
ВCmax for TSC’s
Umea Scalar Modal Adap- x̂(k ) BSVC
tive Stabilizer kT DB
ВLmax Firing angle for
TCR
αTCR

Fig.2. Block diagram of adaptive control for SVC

model and create control signal. This obtained The vector estimate â is calculating by fol-
signal control thyristor regulated reactor. On lowing expression:
Fig.2 is illustrated a block-diagram of the adap- Y12 .aˆ = Y2 − V1 (5)
tive stabilizer. The initial steady state vector x̂ (0 ) estima-
The observed system might be present by a
tion is calculated by the optimal estimator of
following type of a linear model in the state
following type:
space describing from following differential
xˆ (0 ) =Y 1 (6)
equations [6,7]:
x(k + 1) = A.x(k ) + b.v (k ) (1) The current state vector is estimated by full
optimal singular adaptive (OSA) observer
)
y (k ) = c t .x(k ) (2) xˆ (k + 1) = F.xˆ (k ) + b.v(k ) + g.y (k ) (7)
v (k ) = u(k ) + z (k ) x(0)=x0, k=0,1,2,….; xˆ (0 ) = xˆ 0 ; k=0, 1, 2, …,
where: x(k), x(k+1) are an unknown current where:
state vector in two neighbor moments of sam- ) )
ple; x(0) is an unknown initial state vector; u(k) F = A − g .cT (8)
is an input signal; z(k) is a limited input se- gT = [g1 , g 2 ,...g n ] (9)
quence for identification; The determination of formulate problem with
On the equations (1) and (2) corresponds fol- the help of suggested algorithm exist only if
lowing difference equation ‘’input-output” matrix Y12 is singular
Y( z ) h1zn−1 +h2zn−2 +....+h1n−z +hn detY12 ≠ 0 (10)
W( z ) = = (3)
V( z ) n− 1
zn −anz −....−a2z −a1 The stabilizing signal BL is calculates by us-
A, b and c are unknown matrices and vectors ing of astatic scalar modal stabilizer with scale
of the following type: factor k0 from following type:
⎡0 1 0⎤ k (k ) = [k1 (k ), k2 (k ),....kn (k )] (11)
) ) )
A = ⎢⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ ; b t = [0,0,1] ; c t = [1,0,0 ] Az = A − b (k − 1).k (k ) (12)
−1
⎢⎣a1 a2 a3 ⎥⎦
( ) ) −1 )
k0 (k ) = ⎡cT I n − Az .b (k − 1)⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
(13)
(4)
)
The input/output data are shaped in following BL (k ) = k0 (k ).yref + k (k ).x (k − 1) (14)
matrices and vectors. where: yref is reference signal given from the
⎡ y(0)⎤ ⎡ y(3) ⎤ ⎡ v(0) ⎤ operator.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Y1 = y(1) ; Y2 = ⎢ y(4)⎥ ; V1 = ⎢v(1)⎥ ; ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ IV. CONTROL OF CONDENSER MOD-
⎣ y(2)⎦ ⎢⎣ y(5)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣v(2)⎥⎦
ULES ABD YHYRISTOR REGULATED
⎡ y(0) y(1) y(2)⎤ REACTOR.
⎢
Y12 = ⎢ y(1) y(2) y(3)⎥ ⎥ Switching of the condenser groups is per-
⎢⎣ y(2) y(3) y(4)⎥⎦ formed by distributing block (Fig.2.) by definite
methodic characterized by parameters of com-
pensator [8]:
 ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.

1. Determination of quantity - Bpu: devise.

B SVC 4. Calculation of signal BL, present the neces-
B pu = (15)
B SVC .X s sary conductivity of reactor:
1+
Ptnom ⎧0 ⇒ BL > 0 ⎫
where: Xs and Ptnom are losses and nominal ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
power of associated transformer Tr. BL = ⎨ B pu − i.B pu_C ⇒ B pu_L < BL < 0 ⎬
⎪ ⎪
2. Determination of next parameters: ⎪⎩ B pu_L ⇒ BL < B pu_L ⎪⎭
1 Pb (21)
Bm = (16)
2
3 U SVC After determination of control signal for
Bm is relative conductivity of compensator, SVC reactors BL follow transformation of spe-
bended to common basis power of system; Pb – cific values of BL into values of firing angle αTCR
basis power of system; USVC – nominal voltage for thyristors in degrees. This transformation is
of compensator. performed by next expression:
1 BL = (2 − 2α π + sin(2α ) π ).BLnom . (22)
B pu_L = − (17) where: BLpu - values of BL converted into real
ω.L.Bm
system in per units (p.u.); BLnom – nominal value
Bpu_L is relative conductivity of reactor from
of BL.
compensator bended to common basis power of
system:
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1
B pu_С = (18) For proving effectiveness of the investigated
1 system was created computer model in Matlab
.Bm
ω.С space. The results from performed investiga-
Bpu_С е is relative conductivity of the condensers tions are compared with system with identical
from compensator, bended to common basis parameters witch the control of compensator is
power of system; performed from conventional PI-regulator [9].
3. In each time the calculated quantity Bpu is Different disturbances causing transient proc-
feeding in inputs of comparing devices of all esses have been simulated. On the figures below
condenser groups which connected / discon- are illustrated part of parameters of system and
nected by following dependence: static var compensator as in steady-state mode
Ci_on = (i − 1).B pu_C ; (19) as in dynamic mode. On figures with solid line
are illustrated parameters with adaptive control
Ci_off = −1.hср + (i − 1).B pu_C ; i = 1,3 (20) and with dotted line – with conventional PI -
where: hср is necessary hysteresis of switching control.
UT [p.u..] UT [p.u.]
1.06
1
1.04
0.8
1.02
0.6

1
0.4

0.98
0.2

0.96
0
4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2
time [sec] time [sec]
Fig.3. Voltage of busses in connection node of SVC at three-phase short circuits in time 5,00 sec
and it’s disconnection from protection in 5,16 sec.
 ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.

UT [p.u.]
1.1

1.05

1 1
0.95

0.9
BL [p.u.]
4

0 2

-2

QSVC [MVA]
400

300

200
3
100

0
αTCR [deg]
180
160
140 4
120
100

5 5.05 ISVC
5.1 [p.u.] 5.15 5.2 5.25
4

2 5
1

0
Number of TSC
3

2
6
1

0
5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25
time [sec]

Fig.4. Basic parameters of SVC at three-phase short circuit and it’s disconnection from
protection: 1 – System voltage; 2 – conductivity of SVC; 3 – Reactive power of SVC; 4 –
Firing angle of TCR; 5 – SVC current; 6 – Number of connected TSC
 ГОДИШНИК НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – ВАРНА, 2009 г.
VI. CONCLUSION
The suggested fast scalar modal adaptive sta-
bilizer which calculates control signal for SVC
on the basis of estimated parameters and vari-
ables of identification model allows to effec-
tively controlling of parallel system compensa-
tor.
Thanks to use of minimal and direct methods
for identification and calculation is obtained
quickly and effectively manage, resulting in a
improving the stability of work of the power
systems as improving the quality of transitional
processes in comparison with conventional
regulators.
LITERATURE
[1]. R.L. Hauth, Human, T., Newell, R.J., "Applications of
a static VAR compensator in Western Nebraska," IEEE
Trans, on PAS, Vol PAS-97, No. 5, 1978, pp. 1955-64.
[2]. R.J. Newell et al., "Staged field testing of Victory Hill
static VAR control, IEEE Trans, on PAS, Vol. PAS-101,
No. 10, pp. 3761-3769.
[3]. Olwegard, A.L., Ahligron and H. Frank, "Thyristor
controlled shunt capacitors for improving system stability,
CIGRE paper 32 20, Sept. 1976.
[4]. R.T. Byerley, D.T. Pennariak, and E.R. Taylor, "Static
reactive compensation for power transmission
systems", IEEE Trans, on PAS, Vol.101, No.10, pp.
3997-4006.
[5]. L. Gyugi, and R. Otto, "Static shunt compensation for
voltage flicker reduction and power factor correction,
Proc. American Power Conference, 1976, pp. 1271-86.
[6]. Сотиров Л.Н., Избрани глави от съвременната
теория на управлението. ТУ-Варна, 1998, 281 с.
[7]. Nikolov N., Algorithm for Synthesis of Modal Adap-
tive State Controller, International Conference ‘Automat-
ics and Informatics‘ 07, proceedings vol.1, pp.I-13÷I-16,
oct. 3÷6, Sofia, 2007.
[8]. Girox P., Sybille G., SVC controller, Power System
Laboratory, IREQ Hydro-Quebec, www.mathworks.com,
2006.
[9]. Matlab & Simulink, Sim Power Systems Toolbox 4,
Reference, The MathWorks, 2006.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This publication is the result of the implementation of Join
Research Project: TU-Varna – TU-Košice: Utilization of
FACTS devices in electrical power system.
For Contacts: Research Team Bulgaria – Slovakia:
Nikolay Djagarov, Zhivko Grozdev, Milen Bonev, Petar
Valkov, Georgi Georgiev, Rumen Kirov, Michal Kolcun,
Jozef Rusnāk, Lubomir Beňa, Daniel Hlubeň, Alexander
Meszarŏs
Рецензент: доц. д-р инж. Росен Василев