ReWZ—)| Chapter 15 Polymers Solutions (Set-1) SECTION -A 4. Natural rubber. 2. Polymers are classified into following classes (Elastomers (i) Fibres (ii) Thermoptastic (wv) Thermosetting plastics 3. Glyptal 4. Teflon (Polyetrafluoroethene) (PTFE). 5. Phenol and formaldehyde. 6. Answer (2) Buna-S is addition polymer of 1,3-Butadiene and styrene. 7. Answer (4) Cross-linked polymers have 3D-network stucture. 8. Answer (4) on ( CH, — CH=CH — CH, — CH, — GH gis Buna-N 9, Answer (4) To improve the qualty of natural rubber vuleanisation is done. In vuleanisation, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bonds. 40. Answer (1) Bakelite is a cross-linked polymer. 11. Answer (C) Interparticle forces of attraction in bakelite is covalent bond, 12, Answer (D) Teflon is a thermoplastic polymer. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345620 Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) 13. Answer (A) Monomer containing double bond show addition polymerisation. 14. Answer (A) Yes, Durability of polyethene is a problem because it does not decompose. 15. Answer (8) Polybutadiene is addition chain growth polymer of CH, = CH ~ CH= CH, Buna-S is Co-polymer of butadiene and styrene. 16. nCH,=CH-on PMO, toy, cn Veeyaise” Poumon a Poynton) 17. The impurities present in the monomer can act as chain transfer agent and may combine with the free radical to stow down the reaction or even stop the reactions in free radical polymerisation reaction. 48. Enzymatic hydrolysis and to some extent by oxidation 49. Sulphur cross-links are introduced between the chains that increases hardness and elasticity. ° 20. ~0-cH cH, 0 -E (or), 6 i i (i) -O-CH,-CH, 0-¢-{O)-e= 21. (i) Polymethyimethacrylate (i) Polyvinyl chloride (i) Polyacrylonitrile (w) Butadiene styrene rubber = ‘ Ne Soak CO et teenth Nylons Nylon-6, 6 is the condensation polymerisation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid under high pressure and temperature nHOOC -(CH,),COOH = + =——nH,N(CH,),NH, 553k High pressure H H e 9 Lou t Baw fh Nylons, § ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Solutions of Assignment (Set-t) (Level!) Polymers 21 24, Terylene is synthesised by the interaction of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, nHO - CH, -CH,-OH + nHOOC ¥Y-coon Ethylene glycol Terephithalic acid i i foron-on-8€ 4 Terylene or dacron Its a condensation copolymer. 25. (i) Chain-growth polymerisation This mode of polymerisation leading to an increase in chain length or chain growth takes place through the formation of either free radicals or ionic species. E,g., : Formation of polythene nc, +CH,- CHE (H,CO,0 Poa ation (i) Step-growth polym: The product of each step is a bi-functional species and the Sequence of condensation goes on. Therefore, each step produces a distinct functionalised Species and is independent of each other, this process is called as step-growth polymerisation nHO - CH, - CH, =OH + nHOOC {pr o00n q q ood c Tetylene or dacron 26. Bakelite is obtained by the condensation reaction of phenol and formaldehyde in presence of either an acid or a base catalyst, o OH ‘ Itis a cross-linked polymer. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345622 Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) 27. Elastomers are rubber-ike solids with elastic properties and the polymer chains are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces, nCH,=CH-CH=CH, + AG.H.CH=CH, 41, 3 Butadiene: Styrene | CH, fo, ch= cnx, —cr, ou} Buna-S 28. G(s) a (0) ar ain pobmers OH 29.) CH,-GH-CHCOOH & CH,~CH,~CH~CH, -COOH Hiro ba (i) H.N-CH,COOH & —H,N(CH,),COOH Yes, Non 2.ylen 6 fan atestngpovanide cope. 20. () Hexamatyene diamine and adic acd (Calc (i) Metin and omy bylon 6,6 and Nyon 6 are pyamides 21. Coplymer cn be formed by both aon and condenstonpobmeratn m= roriecno PARES Fey, Vrs a ee) Iti se fer makin an coats, han aga shower cunsine, vy! oong and water pps te 33, Nylon-6, means that itis a condensation polymer of only one type of monomer molecules containing six carbon atoms, j.e., caprolactam, Nylon-6, 6 implies that it is a condensation polymer of two types of monomer molecules each containing six carbon atoms, i.e., adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. 34. Polymer Monomers Classification (a) Teflon Tetrafluoroethene Addition homopolymer (CF, = CF,) (©) Bakelte Phenol (CyH,OH) & Condensation copolymer Formaldehyde (HCHO) (0) Natural nibber 1, -Butasiene Aekiton homopolymer (CH, = CH- CH=CH.) 35. On the basis of the source from which they are obtained, polymers are broadly divided into the following three classes: () Natural polymers (i) Semi-synthetic polymers (ii) Synthetic polymers ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Solutions of Assignment (Set-t) (Level!) Polymers 23 36. On the basis of molecular force, polymers are classified into four types: (Elastomers (i) Fibres (ii) Thermoplastics (wv) Thermosetting polymers a cl coo ge (Ethylene glycol) ‘COOH —H,O Glyptal is a condensation polymer but neoprene is an addition polymer. 38. (a) The repeating structural unit of the givenpolymer contains only one type of monomer unit, i¢., vinyl cyanide, therefore it is a homopolymer. (©) Since the monomer contains a doublé bond afid the polymer does not, therefore, it is an addition polymer. 39. Terylene contains ester Functional groups which are’polar in nature. Therefore, the intermolecular forces of attraction involved in terylene are strong dipole-dipole interactions as shown below. irda \, * In ec Buna-S does not have polar functional groups. It has only non-polar hydrocarbon chains and hence has only weak Van der Waal forces of attraction, 40. Polymers are macromolecules containing repiating units. Ex. : Polythene, polystyrene ete. On the basis of structure, polymers are classified into linear, branched chain and cross-linked polymers, Ex. : PVC, amylopectin and bakelite On the basis of synthesis, polymers classified into chain growth and step growth polymers Ex. : Polymerisation of ethene is chain growth and polymerisation of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine is step growth polymerisation. On the basis of molecular force, polymers classified into elastomers, fibres, thermoplasticity and thermosetting polymer. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345624 Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) 41. Addition polymerisation involves successive addition of monomer unit to the growing chain carrying a reactive intermediate such as free radical, carbocation or a carbanion, Condensation polymerisation involves repeated condensation reactions between two bifunctional or trfunctional monomer units usually with the elimination of small molecules like HO, NH,, alcohol etc. cn HEN Patymeriston Peoide v a“ tc CH, ton 42. ‘CH-CH, Polymerization cHecH, Permads a 43. (Copolymers : It contains more than,éne monomers. (i) Elastomers : Weakest molecular force. (ii) Natural polymers: Natural rubber found in nature. (w) Biopolymer : PHBV is bipolymer. (¥) Homopolymer : Contains only one monomers. 44. () Polyesters : Polymers which have, ester linkages are called polyesters and are prepared by the ‘condensation polymerisation of diacids with thiols, Ex: Terylene or Dacron (i) Polyamides : Polymers having amide linkage are called polyamide. Ex: Nylon 6, 6 and Nylon 6, 10 (ii) Thermopiastics Polymers : Polymers having intermolecular forces of attraction are in between elastomers and fibres are called thermoplastics Ex. : PVC, Polypropene, Teflon ete (v) Thermosetting Polymers : They have extensive cross linking and three-dimensional network polymers. Ex. : Bakelite, Melamine formaldehyde resin etc. 45. () Buna-S : Itis copolymer of styrene and butadiene. It is very tough and good substitute for natural rubber and used for the manufacturing of tyre, making floor tiles, foot wear component etc. BunaN : Itis obtained by copolymerisation of 1, 3-butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a peroxide catalyst. It is used for making oil seal, hoses and tank lining etc, (i) Terelene : It is polyester and prepared by the condensation polymerisation of diacids with diols. Terylene is the best known example of polyesters. Glyptal : It is alkyl resin and its monomer is ethylene glycol and phthallic acid. It is used in the manufacture of paints and lacquers. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Solutions of Assignment (Set-t) (Level!) Polymers 25 46. (i) Nylon 6, 10; nNH, ~(CH,),—NH, + nHOOC ~ (CH,), - COOH -an- 1940 I fou = (CH), -NH-G- (CH), Hh Nylon 6, 10 i i (i) Nylon 6, 6 : NHO -C — (CH,), - C— OH + nH,N — (CH,), — NH, ~(2n~1)H,0| High pressure polymerteation I C- (CH), 6- NH (CH), NH Nylon 6,6 4 N (i) Nylon 6 : 5S yh co, Sopa ase i Caprolactam E-Amino caproic acid Nylon-6 (wv) Nylon-2-nylon-6 : nH.N— CHy— COOH + nH,N(CH,);-COOH yee E-Amido eaptoie acid (a= 7) Ho n f icing nn con.-¢ 8 § Nylon2-nylon-6 47. There are two types of polythenes (Low density polythene (LDP) : itis prepared by heating ethylene to 350 — 570 K under a pressure ‘of 1000 - 2000 atmospheres and in the presence of trace of oxygen or peroxide. It occurs by free radical mechanism. It is used in packing materials, as insulator for electrical wires and cables, in the manufacturing of squeeze bottle and flexible pipes. (i) High density polythene (HDP) : Its prepared by co-ordination polymerisation of ethene at 333 ~ 343 K and 6 ~ 7 atm in the presence of Ziegler-Natta catalyst [(C,H,),Al + TiC) 339-343, 67am ACH, (CH Te, +CH,— CHA, Itis chemically inert but has greater toughness, hardness and tensile strength than low-density polythene. Itis used in the manufacture of containers, houswares, toys etc. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345626 Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) 48. Phenol-formaldehyde resion : It is obtained by condensation of phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or a base catalyst. The initial product is linear polymer called novolac which is used in pains. Novolac on heating with HCHO undergoes cross linking to form an infusible solid called bakelite. OH . ", or, CH,OH a o-Hydroxymethyl phenol CH,OH OH CH,OH _Polymerisation * ad Novolac (linear polymer) HoH oH oH OH 40, oO _§ CH; cH. “Copoymarsaton” CH,OH cH, CH, cH, oO FOr cH, cH. OH oH oH Bakelite (Cross-linked polymer) 49. Plastics which do not soften very much to workable extent on heating, can be made soft by the addition of some organic compounds which are known as plasticizers. For example : Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is extermely stiff and hard even white het. However addition of di-n-butyl phthalate, a plasticizer makes it soft and workable. Difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers Thermoplastic Polymers Thermosetting Polymers ()_ These soften and melt on heating ‘These donot soften on heating but rather become hard. These start burming, when prolonged heatingis done (i) These have usually linear structure, These have three dimensional cross linked structures (ii) Theseare formed by addition polymerization. These are formed by condensation polymerization. (iv) These can be remoulded and reshaped, Example: Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Nylon etc These notbe remoulded or reshaped, Example : Bakelite, Urea-formaldehyde resin ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Solutions of Assignment (Set-t) (Level!) Polymers 27 50. Polymerisation reactions are mainly of two types (@) Addition polymerisation or chain growth polymerisation (b) Condensation polymerisation or step growth polymerisation {a) Addition Polymerisation : This involves successive addition of monomer units to the growing chain carrying a reactive intermediate such as a free radical, a carbocation or a carbanion. This type of polymerisation is also called chain growth polymerisation because it takes place in stages leading to increase in chain length and each stage produces a reactive intermediate for use in the next stage of growth of the chain, 2g, () Polythene is an addition polymer of ethene (i) Polyaerytonitrle is an addition polymer (HC = CH,) of acrylonitrile (CH, = CH — CN) () Condensation Polymerisation : Mainly occurs when both reacting molecules are bifunctional they undergo a series of condensation reaction with elimination of water to form polymers, Each step produces a distinct bifunctional compound and not reactive intermediate hence the process is called step growth polymerisation. 2g..() Nylon-6, 6 (i) Bakelite Mechanism of free radical polymerisation This type of addition polymerisation is generated by an initiator. Initiator produces radical through decomposition t-butyl peroxide is generally used as initiator. Mechanism Chain Initiation Steps : i i fi 1 eve chy valent] zost20, Benzoyl Peroxide INITIATOR) CH, Lo . En, + dh, £6H, + oH cH,- oH, Chain Propagation Steps w™ fx . é CH, — CH, — GH, + H.C £ 6H,» CH, - CH, CH, - CH, CH, —> C,H, — (CH.— CH,}, CH, - 6H, Chain Termination Steps : (a) By combination of free radicals CH. CH, ~ CH,}, CH, ~ CH, + H.C ~ CH.£CH, ~ CH,4, CH, 4 C\H,£CH, ~ CH, }; CH, ~ CH, - CH, - CH, CH, - CH, },C/H, Polythene. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476234562B Polymers 51 (b) By disproportionation of free radicals C,H.4CH, — CH}, CH, - CH, Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) | Dispreportonaon + C\H.4CH, —CH,}, CH, - CH, C,H. CH, - CH,3;CH,CH, + C,H.CH, - CH,3, CH = CH, Polythene (polymer) Polythene (polymer) () Low Density Polythene (LDP) LDPE (i) High Density Polythene (HDP) HDPE Polymer Monomers Classification | Uses () Bakelite Phenol (©-o4} Condensation | Used for making combs Copolymer | electrical switches and Methanal (HCHO) phonograph records fl (i) Neoprene | cH,=G-cH= Addition Used for manufacturing (Chioeprene) Homopolymer | conveyor bel, gaskets and hoses (ii) Buna-N Addition Used in making oil seals copolymer, | and tank ining et. CH, = CH-CN (Actylonitiiey oH (w) PHEV | Condensation | Used in speciaity packaging CH, - CH— CH,COOH copuaynsr or orfhopaedie devices and (@-Hydroxybutanoic acid) in controled drug release CH, - CH, Ve —CH,COOH OH (3-Hydroxypentanoic acid) © bp | oH.-cH, Condensation | Manufacture of paints and copolymer | lacquers OH OH pow a {Exmjtonogyeon cooH (Priva oc SECTION - B ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Solutions of Assignment (Set-t) (Level!) Polymers 29 10. 1" 12, 2. 14. 45. 16. 17. Starch, Cellulose PHBV is prepared by condensing 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid, Answer (3) Ziegler-Natta catalyst (EtyAl and TiCl,) at a temperature of 333 K to 343 K and under a pressure of 6-7 ‘atmosphere used to produce high density polythene. Answer (2) Neoprene is a polymer of 2-chloro-buta-1,3-diene, cl I Palymersation CH, =C—CH=cH, —mersston, Loy, Neoprene Answer (8) Dacron or terylene is polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid Answer (8) Yes, Its the condensation polymer of adiplé acid and hexamethylene diamine. Itis a polyamide Charle's Goodyear. ‘A polymer formed by polymerisation of two or more different monomeric units is called copolymer such as Buna, Polymethylmethacrylate tion or Acrifon. ‘The monomer of natural rubber is isoprene having the structure cH, CH, = C-CH= CH, ‘The IUPAC name is 2-Methyl-1, 3-butadiene Nylon 6, 6. Its monomers are Adipic acid HOOC CH, COOH and Hexamethylene diamine H.N-¢CH, }; NH, Organic compounds which when added to plastics make them soft and workable are called plasticizers, eg. cresylriphosphate. a I +CH,-CH, +, pve nc, Peroxides HCI Both are copolymers, whereas Buna-N is a copolymer of 1, 3-Butadiene and acrylonitilie. Buna-S is a copolymer of 1, 3-Butadiene and styrene. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345630 Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level) 18. 19, 20. 21. On the basis of intermolecular forces, the polymers are classified in following classes (Elastomer (i) Fibres (ii) Thermoplastics (i) Thermosetting plastics The properties of natural rubber are improved by adding sulphur to it. Rubber containing about 5% sulpher is called vulcanized rubber and that containing 20 - 25%, sulphur is called ebonite. About 30% sulphur is added for making it fit for construction of battery cases. Vulcanisation was first carried out by Good year (1839). Vulcanized rubber contains bridges /e., cross-linked at the site of double bonds and allylic C-atoms. It is iniciated by free radicals. cH Ges cH = CH -C = CH- CH, - CH, -G ~CH—CH, -CH-CH-CH,— 8s s $ ~GH-C=CH~ CH. CH ~G-CH~ GH. GH, C- CHSC, on, bu oa It is an elastomer obtained from latex ((Colloid)], @ milky liquid collected from bark of rubber tree. It is soft and sticky. it becomes brittle at low temperature. it has low tensile strength and is attacked by oxidizing agent Chemically itis linear cis-polyisoprene, The corresponding synthetic polymer is transisomer commonly known as gutta percha, Poly:cis isoprene Reactivity towards cationic polymerisation increases as the stability of intermediate carbocation increases. Since the stability of carbocation increases in following order H,C -8H-COOcH, < HC - GH — cl < CH, — GH —CH, < H.C -CH—CH, Therefore, reactivity of corresponding alkenes towards cationic polymerisation increases in the same order: H,C = CHCOOCH, B > C ‘Answer (3) ‘The example of natural biopolymer is DNA ‘Answer (2) PVC monomer is gy ‘Answer (1) Buna $ do not stand for natural rubber. ‘Answer (2) Rubber + S __vutansaton_ Vulcanised rubber Answer (1) Polypropylene is chain growth polymer. ‘Answer (1) Sulphur (vulcanisation) Answer (1) Dacron is a condensation polymer of HO — Terephthalic acid Answer (3) In this step free radical adds to another monomer, Answer (1) By definition Answer (4) Polymers have high molecular weight. Answer (3) 5% sulphur is used in vulcanisation process. Solutions of Assignment (Set-2) (Level) Lo) at Hoo SrSolutions of Assignment (Set-2) (Level!) Polymers 35) 2 22. 23, 24, 25. 26. 2. 28. 29. 30. 31 Answer (1) Monomers of Buna S are Butadiene & styrene ~- Oo Answer (2) {NH ~CH)),- NH~G— (CH). CT. is a copolymer 6 8 Answer (2) Zeigler - Natta Catalyst is R,AI/ Ti Cl, Answer (1) Natural rubber contain Isoprene unit r~ Answer (4) Orton isa polymer of acrylonitrile (Vinyl eyanide) CH = CH - CN -ECH,— CH 4; orton cN Answer (2) In nylon 6,6, the intermolecular force present is H-bonding ‘Answer (3) Both neoprene and PVC are chlorinated yo Neoprene & -£-CH—cHI. Pvc a & Answer (2) Glyptal is a polymer of phthalic acid and glycol. Answer (4) a Az monomer of (Neoprene) Answer (1) OH Answer (1) Terylene is currently used as a tyre cord. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-4762345636 Polymers 32. 33. 34, 36. 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. a 42, 43, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 Answer (2) ncF,—=cr, —Povmenston, fcr, crt Teflon Teflon is a fly fourinated polymer, Answer (1) PHBV is biodegradable polymer. Answer (2) Monomer of nyon 2 nylon 6's gleine and aminocaproicaci Answer (3) nn G-NH—cH}, ts monomeric units er - Urea and formaldehyde Answer (4 Melamine resin is obtained by reaction of melamine with formaldehyde. Answer (3) ° ey —+Nylon 6 Caprolactam Answer (3) Phenol formaldehyde resin is called bakelite. Answer (1) ‘The monomer units of PHBV are 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoie acid, Answer (2) Cis ~1, 4 polyisoprene is known as natural rubber, Answer (2) Melamine resin is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery. Answer (3) Terylene is an example of polyester. Answer (2) Fact. Answer (4) Nylon threads are made of Polyamide polymers. Solutions of Assignment (Set-2) (Level)Solutions of Assignment (Set-2) (Level!) 10. ” 12, SECTION - B Answer (4) H | NO. 523-543 k HO caprolactam Answer (1) Homopolymers consist of only one type of monomeric species Polymer Monomer Pvc Vinyl chloride Tefion Tetrafiuoroethene Neoprene 2-chloro-1,3-butadione Answer (4) Bakelite (Polymer of phenol and formaldehyde) is used for maki Answer (4) 9 electrical switches) PHB and Nylon-2.Nylon 6 are biodegradable polymer. Answer (4) ‘An elastomer involves weakest van der Waals interactions. Buna-N is an elastomer Answer (3) Low density polythene is used in the ingulalion of electclty carrying wires Answer (2) Monomer of teflon is ttraftuoroethylene Answer (3) In condensation polymerisation small molecules like H,O or ammonia is removed. ‘Adon n CH= CHCN— “aston, Rekoninng Palmerston” [. cH, ff Orton Answer (1) Elastomers involve weakest van der Waals interactions. Neoprene is an elastomer. Answer (1) Novolac on heating with formaldehyde gives bakelte. Answer (4) Answer (2) Phenol formaldehyde resin is known as Bakelite. Polymers 37, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-4762345638° Polymers Solutions of Assignment (Set-2) (Level) 13. Answer (1) Natural rubber is polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-buta-1,3-diene) str ee h Terylene 15. Answer (1) ‘When glyptal solution having a suitable solvent is evaporated, it leaves a tough but non flexible film therefore used in manufacture of paints, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456