LIMB ORGANOGENESIS

I. Overview of Limb Bud Development

A. Appearance of the small limb bud
B. Overview of development at embryonic days 9.5-10
C. Overview of development at embryonic days 11.5-13.5
II. Gene Regulation
A. Hox transcriptional regulators
B. MicroRNAs in hindlimb bud positioning
C. FGF & TBX5 in nascent limb bud formation
D. Pathways involved in limb bud development
III. AP Axis
A. Transcription factors
B. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway
IV. Models of PD Patterning and Limb Bud Outgrowth
A. Progress zone model
B. Two-signal model
V. Self Regulatory Signalling System
A. SHH and AER-FGFs
B. Greml​ transcription upregulation
VI. Coordination of Axes and Signalling Centres
A. SHH activation
B. HAND2 + GLI3R expression
C. T-box transcription factor (TBX3)
D. Cytochrome P450 26B1 (CYP26B1)
VII. Spatiotemporal Dynamics
A. Spatiotemporal dynamics and context-dependent functions of signalling
pathways
B. SHH expression
C. BMP4 & BMP Receptor 1
VIII. Hox Genes
A. HOXA and HOXD Gene Clusters
B. Regulation of spatiotemporal expression of 5’HOXD gene cluster
C. Topological Chromatin Domains
1. T-DOM
2. C-DOM
IX. Data Driven Simulations
A. Data-driven simulations
B. French flag model
C. Turing’s reaction-diffusion model
D. Polydactyly
E. Simulations
F. Sox9 expression
G. Evaluation of different aspects of limb patterning
 H. Crossover model

X. Molecular Insights
A. Molecular insights into the fin-limb transition
B. The AER in paired fin fishes vs. tetrapods
C. The AEF
D. GLI3 in fin vs. limb buds
E. Actinotrichia
F. Actinodin genes in tetrapods
XI. Tetrapod Evolution
A. SHH expression
B. Digit reduction in ungulates
C. BMP signalling
D. Digit loss in pigs
E. Mechanisms regarding alterations in digit patterning and reduction