QUARTER1-MODULE 2:Method of Philosophizing

 Lesson 2.1- Distinguish opinion fromtruth

 Lesson 2.2 – Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth
 Lesson 2.3 –Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the
methods ofphilosophizing

MODULE OVERVIEW:

Hi, welcome to Senior High School!

You must have been experiencing a lot of adjustments now that
classes are on again! Well I want to let you know we are happy to see you and we will
help you get through with your new learning adventure. Through this module, your
learning ride will be easier and morefun!
While the world is still facing and battling against this COVID 19 pandemic, it has
become difficult for us to do face-to-face conversation. However, it does not mean we
have lost the capacity to reach out to others. We continue to find ways to
communicate. Yes, we are constantly in a state of giving and receiving information.
Problems arise when one does not receive or understand, the message sent in the
communication process as it was intended or when one subconsciously sends a
nonverbal message that contradicts with the spokenword.

This module will help you understand the importance of good communication skills at
home, school, and at work. It will also provide you with opportunities to continually
improve in the acquisition and application of communicative skills through active and
interactive engagement in the activities prepared foryou.

This module, as crafted by the Department of Education, contains essential learning

competencies necessary for the development of clear and effective communication.
The lesson jump-starts with the basic definition of communication, down to its function,
nature, elements, andprocesses that will help you achieve your role as an effective
communicator. Hence, this module contains thefollowing:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After going through this module, you will be able to demonstrate various ways of doing
philosophy and evaluateopinions:

1. Distinguish opinion from truthPPT11/12-Ic-2.1

2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truthPPT11/12-Id-2.2
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizingPPT11/12-Id-2.3
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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
Crriculum Guide, Books https://www.teachstarter.com/au/teaching-resource-collection/fact-and-opinion/
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/prek-12-subject-area/test-preparation/Type- of-Resource/Rubrics
Short story author: Lovella D. Tompong

GENERAL INSTRUCTION:
To attain the goals of this moduled of the following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module.Useaseparatesheetofpaperinansweringtheexercises.

2. Don’t forget to answer Pre-Assessment before moving on the other

activities included in themodule.

3. Read the instructions carefully before doing eachtask.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.

5. Finishthetaskathandbeforeproceedingtothenext.

6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it

If you have encountered any difficulty in

answering the task in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher/ facilitator.
Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through thismaterial, you

will experience meaningfullearning
and gain deep understanding of
therelevant competencies.

You can do it !
 Week 3

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from
our previous lesson.

Direction: Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them
on the space provided.

Plato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy Holistic Thinking

Love of wisdom Karl Jaspers Partial Thinking Reflection Love

1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the

ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern allthings.
2. The Greek term,philosophia, means .
3. The Greek word,philos,means .
4. The Greek word,sophia,means .
5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about
by man’s sense ofwonder.
6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense
of difficult lifeexperiences.
7. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts,
feelings, and actions and learn fromexperience.
8. Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why peoplephilosophize.
9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at
problems andsituations.
10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of asituation.

Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of
this module.
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INTRODUCTION:
(HOOK ACTIVITY)

Direction: Choose five words you found inside the box. Write down other related words or
ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you choose. Write you answer on the
space provided.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

INTERACTION:

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

The study of this subject is an initiation to the activity and process of philosophical
reflection as a search for a synoptic vision of life. At the end of the course, you should be
able to reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view, acquire critical and
analytical thinking skills and should be able to apply this critical and analytical thinking skills
to the affairs of daily life and become truthful, environment-friendly and service-oriented.
Actively committed to the development of a more humane society and articulate their own
philosophy oflife.
Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences,
assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree
with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to mean being in accord
with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined
in modern contexts as an idea of "truth to self", orauthenticity.

Propositions is a statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not
carry truth.Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the
 product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.

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Facts are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful.Claim is a statement that is not
evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that any claim can be proven by verification
andexperimentation.

Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts.There are several views regarding
truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. But as a philosopher,
we do not assume that every statement is true. Remember the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes
traced the need to philosophize to doubt.

In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means that
every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.Philosophers
always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or
value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since it is true
knowing that we are able to determine what is true.

Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the
truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.A beliefistrue
ifitcan bejustified orproventhrough the useofone’ssenses.
Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.Getting consensus or
having people agree on a common belief is another way of determining what is true. Although this approach
has certain limitations. Getting everyone to agree on something may not take that belief true.
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test to
determine truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement through
an action.

Lesson 2.2
Methods of philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth

The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a
systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner.

Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of

philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;

1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain indispute.

2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, orfaith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to humanbeings.

The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question

is critical thinking.

Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to

questions of very general interest.

Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving
claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation.

The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence-
based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by
 facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or
observation
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Lesson 2.3
Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations Using The Methods
of Philosophizing

A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing

conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic,
dialectic, scientific, and historical.

When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and
opinion. How do we know if something is true?

Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is

said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in
order to understand themselves and the world much better.

The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where

philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.

INTEGRATION (SYNTHESIS)

Lesson 2.1 Distinguish Opinion from Truth

Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states
fact or opinion.

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home toschool.

2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizzapie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it withme.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our policeforce

Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the
philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas or
information that are easily verifiable
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While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go

beyond providing facts. It also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a
certain claim is a fact.

Fact is something concrete that can be

proven. You can find facts in legal records,
scientific findings, encyclopaedias, atlases,
etc. In other words, facts are the truth and
are accepted as such.

Opinion is less concrete. It's a view

formed in the mind of a person about a
particular issue. In other words it is what
someone believes or thinks, and is not
necessarily the truth. Also, note in the
examples below how facts are the same for
everybody, but opinions can differ quite
widely.

https://study.com/academy/

 Examples of anopinion:

 Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the
opinion that French food isideal.
 Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the
opinion that reading isfun.
 Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer
hotweather.


FACT OPINION
 https://www.teachstarter.com https://hickslibrary.weebly.com
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NOTES TO REMEMBER

Opinions are statement that go beyond providingfacts.

A conclusion is a judgment based on certainfacts.
Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly explained byfacts.
Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement istrue.
Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion istruthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faultyreasoning.
Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, orunfair.

The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion
itself could still be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also
consider things such a person’s experiences and views.

Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements
that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may
contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the
validity of arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so
that we can objectively and critically examine points ofview.

Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public

opinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two
extremes (Plato)

Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is
the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle)

Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)

Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and

objectively (Kant)

An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are
absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand(Hobbes)

Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in
a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
(Freund)

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 The following are the examples of fallacies.

Fallacy Characteristics
Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
circular argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated
events
Fallacy of composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

The following are the examples of biases.

Bias Characteristics
Correspondence bias tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,
or attributioneffect without regard for the external factors or influence.
Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits
one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go
against it.
Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a
pattern to historical events.
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the
issue being discussed.
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

EVALUATE YOURSELF
Direction: Give a brief answer to the question. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. How will you determine the truth from an opinion?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 Week 4

INTRODUCTION:

An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.The ability to
determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser
decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which we find acceptable.

A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view that
can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problem.Philosophy can
help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we can use to form our own
views regarding certain matters. For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong
process of self- assessment that further consists of:

Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,

Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems.
Willingness to say “I don’t know.”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs

Adjusts opinion
Looks for proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

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 MOTIVATION:

Direction: Complete the table below. Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the
statement. Write your answer on the box provided.

I am alive

I have a body

I can breathe

INTERACTION:
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or
more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an
agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining
truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.

The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth
or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis
or theorytesting

Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and
construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTIVEREASONING INDUCTIVEREASONING

Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last
will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before
the specific or particular idea.

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Inductive Reasoning
 In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come first
followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa of the
deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea.

INTEGRATION:
Closure/Synthesis

ACTIVITY 1:
Direction: Read the conversation below and answer the following question. Write your
answer on the space provided.

Lover’s Quarrel

Shanon: Did you hear about what happened between Angel and her boyfriend?
Vanvan: What happened?
Shanon: They got a huge fight last night. Angel called me up. She was crying and
she said that Mike hither.
Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was
pretty shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand. He
said Angel just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Shanon: No! Angel said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend
herself!

Question 1: As friend of Angel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?

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ACTIVITY 2:
Direction: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer from the box and write your
answer on the spaceprovided

Doubt Truth Senses

Consensus Bias Opinion
.

 Philosophy is concerned with determining theconceptof . Truth

lies at the heart of anyinquiry.
 Inphilosophy,systematic is employed to help determine the
truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is
scrutinized andanalyzed.
 There are various philosophical views regarding truth. One perspective is that a belief
is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of
one’s , a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
Anotherwayofdeterminingwhatistrueisgettinga
orhaving people agree on a common belief.
Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to tests to
determinetruth.
 Opinions are statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or
perspective regarding certainsituations.
 Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are
phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Hence, some arguments may
contain fallacies which means they are products of faultyreasoning.
 or the personal views of the person presenting it affect the
way he or she seesreality

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 Post Assessment
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned.

Direction: Identify the following statement. Choose your answer form the box. Write
your answer on the space provided.

Facts Cultural of Bias Truth Framing Knowledge

Appeal to Tradition Fallacies Opinion Ad Hominem Conflict of Interest

1. It is the clear awareness and understanding ofsomething.

2. These are statements which are observed to be real ortruthful.

3. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain

matter.

4. These are arguments based on faultyreasoning.

5. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or

fidelity to an original orstandard.

6. A fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the argument

instead of the argumentitself.

7. A fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for
a longtime.

8. A kind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a problem

while ignoring otheraspects.
. 9. A kind of biases which a person or group is connected to or has a

vested interest in the issue beingdiscussed.

__________________10. Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural stand.

Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this module.

You did a great job it’s now time to go on to the next adventure…Good luck

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