Grammar Basic

Handbook
“grammar basic”

Oleh :

FEPY SISILIAY

Brilliant English course 2015

Flamboyan street no 127B, tulungrejo, pare, kediri

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 1

 Grammar Basic

BAB I

TENSES

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja yang perubahannya tergantung waktu dan sifat kejadian.
Berdasarkan waktu kejadiaan, tenses dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi empat macam :

1. Present tense : untuk waktu yang sedang terjadi

2. Past tnse : untuk waktu yang sudah terjadi
3. Future tense : untuk waktu yang akan terjadi
4. Past Future tense : untuk waktu yang akan terjadi dimasa lampau.
Sedangkan berdasarkan sifat dari kegiatan bisa dikelompokkan menjadi empat bagian :
1. Simple tense : untuk kegiatan yang tidak sedang dalam proses
2. Continuous tense : untuk kegiatan yang sedang dalam proses
3. Perfect tense : untuk kegiatan yang sudah selesai
4. Perfect Cont Tense : untuk kegiatan yang dimulai sebelum suatu saat tertentu, dan
pada saat tertentu kegiatan masih berlangsung

Sifat
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Waktu
I have been eating
I eat getuk I am eating getuk I have eaten getuk getuk
S + have/has + been +
S + V1(s/es) S + to be + Ving S + have/has + V3 Ving
Present
S + do/does + S + to be + not + S + have/has + not S + have/has + not +
not + V1 Ving + V3 been + Ving
do/does + S + Have/has + S + been +
V1 Tobe + S + Ving Have/has + S + V3 Ving
I ate getuk I was eating getuk I had eaten getuk I had been eating getuk
S + was/were +
S + V2 Ving S + had + V3 S + had + been + Ving
Past S + did + not + S + was/were + not S + had + not + been +
V1 Ving S + had + not + V3 Ving
Was/were + S +
Did + S + V1 Ving Had + S + V3 Had + S + been + Ving
I will eat I will be eating I will have eaten I will have been eating
getuk getuk getuk getuk
Future S + will/shall + S + will/shall + be S + will/shall + S + will/shall + have +
V1 + Ving have + V3 Been + Ving
S + will/shall + S + will/shall + not S + will/shall + not S + will/shall + not +

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 2

 Grammar Basic

not + V1 + be + Ving + have + V3 have + been + Ving

Will/shall + S Will/shall + S + be Will/shall + S + Will/shall + S + have +
+ V1 + Ving have + V3 been + Ving
I would eat I would be eating I would have I would have been
getuk getuk eateng getuk eating getuk
S+
would/should S + would/should + S + would/should + S + would/should + have
Past + V1 be + Ving have + V3 + Been + Ving
Future S+
would/should S + would/should + S + would/should + S + would/should + not +
+ not + V1 not + be + Ving not + have + V3 have + been + Ving
Would/should Would/should + S Would/should + S Would/should + S +
+ S + V1 + be + Ving + have + V3 have + been + Ving

1. The Simple Prsent Tense

Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatn yang biasa dilakukan berulang-ulang dan
merupakan kebenaran umum.
Rumus :
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + O
(-) S + do/does + V1 + O
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + O + ?
Ex : (+) She speaks English everyday
(-) She does not speak English everyday
(?) Does she speak English everyday?

Time Signal :

 Always (selalu)
 Usually (biasanya)
 Every ...... (setiap ....)
 Today (hari ini)
 Once...... (sekali dalam .....)
 Often (sering)
 Seldom (jarang), etc.
2. The Present Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat
dibicarakan.

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 3

 Grammar Basic

Rumus : (+) S + to be (is/am/are) + Ving + O

(-) S + to be (is/am/are) + not + Ving + O
(?) To be (is/am/are) + S + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She is speaking English now
(-) She is not speaking English now
(?) Is she speaking English now?
Time Signal :
 Now (sekarang
 At present (saat ini)
 Right now (sekarang ini)
 This morning (pagi ini)
 At this moment (pada saat ini)
3. The Present Perfect Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah terjadi tanpa diketahui
waktunya dan biasanya berdampak saat ini.
Rumus : (+) S + have/has + V3 + O
(-) S + have/has + not + V3 + O
(?) Have/has + S + V3 + O
Ex : (+) She has spoken English just now
(-) She has not spoken English just now
(?) Has she spoken English just now?
Time Signal :
 Already (sudah)
 …just (baru saja)
 Just now (baru saja)
 …yet (belum)
 For…(selama)
 Since…. (sejak)
4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang berlangsung selama
beberapa waktu sampai sekarang.
Rumus : (+) S + have/has + been + Ving + O

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 4

 Grammar Basic

(-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving + O

(?) Have/has + S + been + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She has been speaking English for 2 hours until now
(-) She has not been speaking English for 2 hours until now
(?) Has she been speaking English for 2 hours until now?
Time Signal :
 For an hours until now (selama 1 jam sampai sekarang)
 Since 7o’clock until now (sejak pukul 7 sampai sekarang)
 For….. until now (selama….. sampai sekarang)
 Since….. until now (sejak…. Sampai sekarang)
5. The Simple Past Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang terjadi diwaktu tertentu dimasa
lampau.
Rumus : (+) S + V2 + O
(-) S + did + not + V1 + O
(?) Did + S + V! + O + ?
Ex : (+) She spoke English yesterday
(-) She did not speak English yesterday
(?) Did she speak English yesterday
Time Signal :
 Yesterday (kemarin)
 2 days ago (2 hari lalu)
 Last year (tahun lalu)
 Last….(….lalu)
 This morning (tadi pagi)
 ….ago (…lalu)
6. The Past Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung dimasa yang
lampau.
Rumus : (+) S + was/were + Ving + O
(-) S + was/were + not + Ving + O
(?) Was/were + S + Ving + O + ?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 5

 Grammar Basic

Ex : (+) She was speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday

(-) She was not speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday
(?) Was she speaking English at 7 o’clock yesterday?
Time Signal :
 At 7 o’clock last night (pukul 7 tadi malam)
 At…o’clock….
7. The Past Perfect Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sudah terjadi diwaktu lampau saat
ada peristiwa lain terjadi dimasa lampau juga.
Rumus : (+) S + had + V3 + O
(-) S + had + not + V3 + O
(?) Had + S + V3 + O + ?
Ex : (+) She had spoken English
(-) She had not spoken English
(?) Had she spoken English?
Time Signal :
 Past Perfect when Simple Past
 Simple Past when Past Perfect
8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa
waktu dimasa lampau ketika ada peristiwa lain yang terjadi pula dimasa lampau.
Rumus : (+) S + had + been + Ving + O
(-) S + had + not + been +Ving + O
(?) Had + S + been + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She had been speaking English
(-) She had not been speaking English
(?) Had she been speaking English
Time Signal :
 Past Perfect Continuous when Simple Past
 Past Continuous : hanya sedang dilakukan
 Past Perfect Continuous : sedang dilakukan selama beberapa waktu
9. The Simple Future Tense

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 6

 Grammar Basic

Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasa yang akan
datang dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type I.
Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + V1 + O
(-) S + will/shall + not + V1 + O
(?) Will/shall + S + V1 + O + ?
Ex : (+) She will speak English tomorrow
(-) She will not speak English tomorrow
(?) Will she speak English tomorrow?
Time Signal :
 Tomorrow (besok)
 Next week (minggu depan)
 Next time (nanti)
 Later (nanti)
 Next…
10.The Future Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang
akan datang.
Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + be + Ving + O
(-) S + will/shall + not + be + Ving + O
(?) Will/shall + S + be + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She will be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow
(-) She will not be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow
(?) Will she be speaking English at 7 o’clock tomorrow?
Time Signal :
 At 7 o’clock tonight
 At…oclock….
 At…. Tomorrow morning
 At the same time next week
11.The Future Perfect Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah dilakukan dimasa yang
akan datang.
Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 + O
(-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + O
Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 7
 Grammar Basic

(?) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + O + ?

Ex : (+) She will have spoken English
(-) She will not have spoken English
(?) Will she have spoken English?
Time Signal :
 By…next…
 By the end of this month (sampai akhir bulan ini)
 By the end of…..(sampai akhir….)
12.The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah sedang berlangsung
selama beberapa waktu dimasa yang akan dating.
Rumus : (+) S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O
(-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + Ving + O
(?) Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She will have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week
(-) She will not have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week
(?) Will she have been speaking English for a week by the end of this week?
Time Signal :
 For…by…next…
 For 2 weeks by the end of this week
 For…by…the end of…
13.The Simple Past Future
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasa lampau
tetapi batal (seharusnya dilakukan) dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type II.
Rumus : (+) S + would/should + V1 + O
(-) S + would/should + not + V1 + O
(?) Would/should + S + V1 + O + ?
Ex : (+) She would speak English yesterday
(-) She would not speak English yesterday
(?) Would she speak English yesterday?
Time Signal :
 Yesterday
 Last night

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 8

 Grammar Basic

14.The Past Future Continuous Tense

Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang
lampau tetapi batal (seharusnya sedang terjadi).
Rumus : (+) S + would/should + be + Ving + O
(-) S + would/should + not + be + Ving + O
(?) would/should + S + be + Ving + O + ?
Ex : (+) She would be speaking English
(-) She would not be speaking English
(?) Would she be speaking English?
Time Signal :
 At 7 o’clock yesterday
 At…last night
 At the same time time….
15.The Past Future Perfect Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah dilakukan dimasa lampau
(seharusnya telah terjadi) dan digunakan untuk conditional sentence type III.
Rumus : (+) S + would/should + have + V3 + O
(-) S + would/should + not + have + V3 + O
(?) Would/should + S + have + V3 + O + ?
Ex : (+) She would have spoken English
(-) She would not have spoken English
(?) Would she have spoken English?
Time Signal :
 By…next…
 By the end of last week
 By…the end of…
16.The Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang berlangsung selama
beberapa waktu dimasa lampau (seharusnya telah sedang berlangsung).
Rumus : (+) S + would/should + have + been + Ving + O
(-) S + would/should + not + have + been + Ving + O
(?) Would/should + S + have + been + Ving + O + ?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 9

 Grammar Basic

Ex : (+) She would have been speaking English

(-) She would not have been speaking English
(?) Would she have been speaking English?
Time Signal :
 For…by…next…
 For 2 weeks by the end of last week
 For…by…the end of…

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 10

 Grammar Basic

BAB II

QUESTION WORD

Cara membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan question word, yaitu :

1. QW yang menanyakan subyek, caranya :

 Ganti subyek dengan kata tanya, dengan cacatan :
a. Simple Present : V1 ditambah s/es (tanpa do/does)
b. Simple Past : langsung V2 (tanpa did)
c. Jika ada kata bantu, pilihlah kata bantu tunggal : is, was, has, will
 Rumus umum : QW + auxiliary (tunggal) + verb….?
 Examples :
a. Who eats friend rice every morning?
b. Who stayed in the bed until lunch time?
c. Who will go to Surabaya tomorrow?
2. QW yang menanyatakan selain subyek, caranya :
 Selalu menggunakan kata bantu, dengan catatan :
a. Auxiliary harus sesuai dengan subyek (am I, are you,…)
b. Letakkan subyek setelah auxiliary
c. Setelah auxiliary pertama jika ada beberapa auxiliary
 Rumus umum : QW + auxiliary + Subject + …. + verb….?
 Examples :
a. What is the girl buying now?
b. What do they do everyday?
c. What time will we have been studying grammar?
No. QW Function Examples
1. Who (siapa) Untuk menanyakan subyek Who will you have been
berupa orang picking up?
2. Whom (siapa) Untuk menanyakan obyek Whom did he visit yesterday?
berupa orang
3. What (apa) Untuk menanyakan subyek What has eaten a mouse?
berupa benda

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 11

 Grammar Basic

4. What (apa) Untuk menanyakan obyek What will he buy tomorrow

berupa benda night?
5. What (apa) Untuk menanyakan verb What do they do?
6. How (bagaimana) Untuk menanyakan cara How did you go to Surabaya
atau keadaan last night?
7. Where (dimana) Untuk menanyakan tempat Where does she usually eat?
8. When (kapan) Untuk menanyakan waktu When has she taken a bath?
9. Whose (milik siapa) Untuk menanyakan Whose cloth is this?
kepemilikan dan dapat Whose is this book?
diikuti oleh bendanya
(boleh jamak atau tunggal)
10. Which (yang mana) Untuk menanyakan pilihan Which bag do you want?
dan dapat diikuti oleh Which do you like, a blue cloth
bendanya (boleh jamak or a red cloth?
atau tunggal)
11. What + noun(s) Motor apa… What motorcycle hit it?
Kamus-kamus apa… What dictionaries do you want?
Sepeda motor jenis apa… What kind of motorcycle have
you bought?
12. What time Jam berapa… What time is it?
13. What date Hari apa… What date today?
14. How old Berapa umurmu.. Haow old are you?
15. How far Untuk menanyakan jarak How far is Pare from
Surabaya?
16. How long Berapa lama… How long have you been here?
17. How often Berapa sering… How often do you go to
abroad?
18. How many times Berapa kali.. How many times do you
always eat for a day?
19. How deep Berapa dalam… How deep is this well?
20. How wide Berapa lebar… How wide is this street?
21. How high Berapa tinggi (benda) How high is this building?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 12

 Grammar Basic

22. How tall Berapa tinggi (orang) How tall are you?
23. How much Berapa harga… How much is your bag?
24. How many + nouns Berapa banyak… How many pens do you have?
25. What color Warna apa… What color is your house?
26. Why (mengapa) Untuk menanyakan alasan Why are you sad?
27. How fast Berapa kecepatan… How fast were you driving the
car?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 13

 Grammar Basic

BAB III

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Auxiliaries Verb adalah kata kerja bantu dan memainkan peranan penting untuk
penguasaan bahasa Inggris baik secara aktif maupun pasif.

Macam-macam axiliaries yaitu : be, am, is, are, dll, dimana untuk golongan ini telah
dibahas dalam tenses. Selain kata kerja bantu yang telah dibahas dalam tenses masih banyak
yang lain, yaitu : can, could, may, might, must, have to, has, to, need, dare, used to, be able
to. Untuk golongan ini biasa disebut “Modal Auxilaries”.

Modal Past Similar

Will Would Be going to
Shall Should Be going to
Can Could Be able to
May Might Be allowed to
Must - Have to/has to/had to
Need - -
Dare - -
Used to - -
Pengguaan Modal :

1. Modal tidak bisa ditambah akhiran ing atau s/es.

Examples :
 I can speaking English (False)
I can speak English (True)
 Ana will writes a letter for her brother (False)
Ana will write a letter for her brother (True)
2. Kalimat yang menggunakan modal selalu diikuti oleh bare infinitive (Verb-1 tanpa to).
Solusinya dengan mengganti modal tersebut dengan similiarnya.
Example : I want to can go to Surabaya (False)
I want to be able to go to Surabaya (True)
3. Dalam membentuk Yes/No question kita letakkan modal di depan subyek.

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 14

 Grammar Basic

Example : Could you help me?

4. Kalimat negative yang menggunakan modal, tinggal meletakkan not setelah modal.
Example : You will not go to Singapore
5. Modal tidak boleh bertemu dengan modal lain. Solusinya dengan diganti dengan
similarnya.
Example : She will can speak English well (False)
She will be able to speak English well (True)
6. Jika modal sendirian dapat diganti dengan similarnya.
Example : Ayla must sleep in her bed (True)
Ayla has to sleep in her bed (True)
A. CAN
a. Kemampuan (untuk present dan future)
Ex : Shanaya can sing Dangdut son
b. Ijin
Ex : Dita can help me if she isn’t busy
c. Kemungkinan
Ex : Don’t forget to close the wolf, it can bite you
d. Sebagai kata kerja biasa yang berarti mengalengi
Ex : I can fish (Saya mengalengi ikan)
e. Sebagai kata benda yang berarti kaleng
Ex : Prajna buys a small can (Prajna membeli sebuah kaleng kecil)
B. COULD
Permintaan halus
Ex : Could you help me, please?
C. BE ABLE TO
Digunakan sebagai pengganti can/could
Ex : Aquino be able to buy a big blue house
D. MAY
a. Ijin agak formal
Ex : May I borrow you pen, please?
b. Kemungkinan
Ex : It may rain tonight
E. MIGHT

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 15

 Grammar Basic

a. Ijin (untuk masa lampau)

Ex : She said that I might stay at her house
b. Kemungkinan (juga berlaku untuk present dan future)
Ex : It might rain this afternoon
F. MUST
a. Keharusan
Ex : You must come on time!
b. Kesimpulan
Ex : you look pale, you must be sick
G. HAVE TO/HAS TO
Have to/has to menunjukkan suatu keharusan, jadi hampir sama dengan must,
bedanya :
a. Must : keharusan yang datang dari dalam diri pembicara
b. Have to : keharusan yang disebabkan dari luar
Ex : You must go now (I wan to go to bed)
c. Has to : dipakai untuk subyek orang ketiga tunggal (He, she it. Ana, Ani)
H. HAD TO
Had to adalah bentuk past dari have to, sehingga kegunaannya sama. Jika membuat
reperted speech maka baik must maupun have to berubah menjadi had to.
Ex : John said that I had to stop smoking
I. NEED
a. Kata kerja biasa yang artinya membutuhkan
Ex : I need your help
b. Kata kerja bantu
Ex : I needn’t go to doctor
Note :
Perlu diingat bahwa needn’t adalah bentuk negative dari must atau have to/has to. Jadi
bilamana berubah bentuk negative dari kalimat :
I must go menjadi I needn’t go artinya saya tidak harus pergi
I must not go artinya saya dilarang pergi
J. DARE
a. Digunakan dengan infinitive tanpa to (anomalous finite)
 Cukup berani melakukan sesuatu

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 16

 Grammar Basic

Ex : Dare you jump down from the top of the that wall?
 Cukup tak tahu malu melakukan sesuatu
Ex : How dare he says such rude things about himself
b. Digunakan sebagai non anomalous
 Cukup berani melakukan sesuatu
Ex : He didn’t dare (to) go
 Menantang
Ex : He dared me to jump over the stream
 Menghadapi
Ex : He will dare any danger
K. USED TO
Used to digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lampau tetapi sekarang tidak.
Ex : She used to cry when she was child
She didn’t use to cry
Used she to cry?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 17

 Grammar Basic

BAB Iv

PART OF SPEECH

The eight parts of speech :

1. Noun (kata benda)

a. Proper noun adalah jenis nama orang, tempat, negara, dll. Contoh : Mohammad,
Indonesia, Sunday, etc.
b. Common noun adalah nama kelompok atau jenis benda, perbuatan, gagasan (kata
umum). Contoh : boy, chair, conversation, communication, etc.
c. Material noun adalah benda bahan-bahan baku (zat). Contoh : fish, stone, cement,
sand, etc.
d. Collective noun adalah nama benda kumpulan/kelompok. Contoh : people, family,
couple, stc.
e. Abstract noun adalah kata benda abstrak. Contoh : beuty, honesty, kindness, etc.
Noun juga dapat digolongkan menurut jumlah bendanya, yaitu :
a. Countable noun (benda yang dapat dihitung)
Countable noun hampir selalu mempunyai tunggal dan jamak, dan dapat diikuti
dengan kata-kata seperti one, two, a few, dan many. Hampir semua kata benda untuk
countable noun mempunyai akhir jamak atau “es”.
b. Uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung)
Uncountable noun hanya mempunyai satu bentuk, dan bentuk ini biasanya
membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal dan dapat diikuti dengan kata-kata seperti much, a
little, some, dll. Contoh : water, milk, rice, money, honey, etc.
2. Prounoun (kata ganti)
Pronoun dapat dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa tipe, yaitu :
a. Personal pronoun (kata ganti orang)
b. Possessive pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan)
c. Reflexive pronoun (kata ganti mandiri)
d. Demonstrative prounoun (kata ganti penunjuk)
e. Interrogative prounoun (kata ganti penanya)
f. Relative prounoun (kata ganti penghubung)
 Demontrative Pronoun

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 18

 Grammar Basic

a. This, these, that, those

Contoh :This is my book and that is yours
This/these : digunakan jika bendanya dekat dengan pembicara
That/those :: digunakan jika benda jauh dari pembicara.
b. One, ones
Contoh : I like only red one but she likes those green ones.
One : untuk menggantikan benda keadaan tunggal
Ones : untuk menggantikan benda keadaan jamak
c. Another, the other, others, the others
Contoh : I don’t like this pen, I want another
Another untuk menggantikan benda tunggal tak tentu
The other untuk menggantikan benda tunggal tertentu
Others menggantikan benda jamak tak tentu
The others menggantikan benda jamak tertenru
d. Some, any, all
Contoh : she aks me for some flowers but I don’t have any
 Interrogative pronoun
Interrogative prounoun adalah kata ganti yang dipakai untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.
Terdiri dari what, who, where, when, how, dll.
 Relative pronoun
Relative pronoun adalah kata ganti penghubung dengan arti yang dan menggunakan
kata-kata who, whom, which, whose, that, dll.
Contoh : The man is my father. He loves me so much.
The man who loves me so much is my father
3. Verb
Verb (kata kerja) yang berkaitan dengan obyek digolongkan menjadi tiga tipe :
a. Transitive verb yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan obyek dalam kalimat aktif.
Misalnya : buy, borrow, bring, dll.
Contoh : She buys a book
b. Intransitive verb yaitu kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan obyek. Misalnya : go,
come, arrive, stay, dll.
Misalnya : they will come here tomorrow morning

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 19

 Grammar Basic

c. Linking verb yaitu kata kerja yang tidak menjelaskan adanya kegiatan. Misalnya : be
(is, am, are, was, were), become, seem, dll.
Misalnya : You are my friend
My elder brother became an engineer in 2013
4. Adjective
Adjective adalah kata sifat yang selalu menerangkan kata benda. Adjective
dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu :
a. Limiting adjective (LA) : adjective yang menjelaskan Head dengan cara membatasi.
Anggotanya yaitu :
1. Article (kata sandang)
 Definite article (article yang jelas) misalnya “the” yang bermakna “itu”.
 Indefinite article (article yang tidak jelas) misalnya “a” atau “an” yang
bermakna “se”. “a” biasanya diikuti suara konsonan, sedangkan “an” diikuti
suara vocal/vowel.
Examples : I have a book. The book is expensive. (Saya punya sebuah buku.
Harganya mahal)
2. Demonstrative acjective
Yaitu kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai adjective. Anggotanya adalah :
 Singular : that, this
 Plural : those, these
Example : That is expensive (Itu mahal)
3. Possessive (kepemilikan)
Possessive adjective merupakan kata sifat yang berkaitan dengan milik.
Contohnya : It is my book
Her house is big
4. Indefinite quantity
Menyatakan jumlah yang belum jelas.
 Banyak : many (plural), much (uncountable noun)
 Sedikit : few (plural), little (uncountable noun)
 Beberapa : some (plural and uncountable noun), any (plural and
uncountable noun), several (plural)
 Setiap : every (singular), each (singular)
Examples : Some crocodiles (beberapa buaya)

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 20

 Grammar Basic

Little salt (sedikit garam)

5. Numeral (bilangan angka)
 Ordinal number (bilangan bertingkat) misalnya : first, second, third, fourth,
etc.
 Cardinal number (bilangan pokok/biasa) misalnya : one, two, three, four, etc.
b. Descriptive adjective (DA) : kata sifat yang mengganbarkan keadaan, sifat seseorang,
benda mati, atau binatang.
1. Character (sifat) : kind, cruel, arrogant, patient, etc.
2. Quality (kualitas) : smart, stupid, expensive, handsome, etc.
3. Size (ukuran) : tall, short, big, thin, small, large, etc.
4. Age (umur) : old, young, new, ancient, etc.
5. Temperature (suhu) : hot, cold, warm, cool, etc.
6. Shape (bentuk) : oval, square, triangular, round, etc.
7. Colour (warna) : red, yellow, green, blue, etc.
8. Nationality (kebangsaan) : Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese, etc.
Pola Noun Phrase :
LA1-5 + DA1-8 + Noun
5. Adverb
Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang fungsinya meneragkan verb, adjective, preposition,
conjunction other adverb. Adverb tidak dipakai untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun.
Misalnya : We study English seriously.
Adverb dikelompokkan menjadi lima golongan, yaitu :
1. Simple Adverb, dibagi menjadi lima :
a. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat)
Misalnya : here, there, somewhere, anywhere, etc.
b. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)
Misalnya : slowly, quickly, well, hard, etc.
c. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
Misalnya : now, tomorrow, yesterday, next week, etc.
d. Adverb of degree (keterangan tingkat)
Misalnya : almost, very, too, rather, etc.
e. Adverb of reason (keterangan alasan)
Misalnya : why, therefore, thus, due to, etc.

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 21

 Grammar Basic

Note : Tidak semua yang berakhiran “ly adalah adverb. Misalnya : lovely (yang
disayangi), friendly (ramah), weekly (mingguan), etc. merupakan adjective.
2. Interrogative adverb untuk menanyakan :
a. Time : When did you understand English?
b. Place : Where are you going?
c. Manner : How will you go to Mecca?
d. Degree : How is this coffee? (too hot)
e. Reason : Why are you absent?
3. Relative adverb sama bentuknya dengan Interrogative Adverb, hanya saja Relative
Adverb sebagai kata ganti penghubung.
Misalnya : I don’t know where Anton lives
Let me know she will set out
6. Preposition
Preposition adalah kata yang diletakkan didepan/sebelum kata benda atau kata ganti yang
menghubungkan dengan bagian kalimat. Seperti : on, in, at, under, etc.
7. Conjunction
Conjunction adalah kata penghubung
Misalnya : and, not only… but also…, although, etc.
8. Interjection
Interjection adalah kata seru dan ini berdiri sendiri dan tidak termasuk bagian dari kata
yang menggabung di sebuah kalimat.
Contoh : What a pity!
Dear me!
My good!
Ah!

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 22

 Grammar Basic

BAB v

QUESTION tag

Question tag adalah bentuk pertanyaan pendek (singkat) yang diletakkan diakhir kalimat
(statement). Fungsinya untuk meminta penegasan tentang sesuatu yang diragukan. Secara
garis besar, terdapat beberapa aturan untuk membuat question tag, yaitu :

1. Jika statement berupa positif, maka tag-nya berupa negative

Ex : You are my friend, aren’t you?
2. Jika statement berupa negative, maka tag-nya berupa positif
Ex : It is not hot, is it?
3. Negative tag harus disingkat
Ex :
Is not Isn’t
Are not Aren’t not
Will not Won’t
Was not Wasn’t
Were not Weren’t
Did not Didn’t
Should not Shouldn’t
Would not Wouldn’t
4. Khusus am not yang tidak bisa disingkat, harus diganti aren’t
Ex : I am your friend, aren’t I?
5. Kata-kata yang mengandung arti negative, menggunakan positif tag. Kata-kata tersebut
misalnya :
Seldom Never Scarcely
Rarely Hardly Few
Little No one Unusual
Absent Nothing impossible
Ex : She seldom visits her grandmother, does she?
Little water is in the glass, is it?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 23

 Grammar Basic

6. Jika kata few dan little menggunakan positif tag, berbeda dengan a few dan a little yang
menggunakan negative tag.
Ex : A few people came here, didn’t they?
A little progress has been made, hasn’t it?
7. Apabila kata kerja pada statement adalah bentuk simple tense dari to be atau have (yang
artinya mempunyai) bentuk tense itu juga digunakan pada tag.
Ex : My father has a beautiful new blue car, hasn’t he?
She looks tired, doesn’t she?
They didn’t know you, did they?
8. Apabila dalam kalimat menggunakan modal auxiliary, maka tag nya juga menggunakan
modal auxiliary.
Ex : We will go to Bali next year, won’t we?
She can’t help me, can she?
9. Apabila statement berbentuk perfect tense, maka tag nya juga menggunakan perfect(have,
has, had).
Ex : They have done their homework, haven’t they?
She had had breakfast, hadn’t she?
10. Adverb only boleh menggunakan positif tag maupun negative tag.
Ex : There are only twenty students here, are there?
There are only twenty students here, aren’t there?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 24

 Grammar Basic

BAB vI

Degree of comparison

The degree of comparison adalah tingkat perbandingan yang sering kita jumpai dalam
bahasa tulis maupun percakapan. The degree of comparison ini dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu :

1. Positive degree (tingkat setara)

2. Comparative degree (tingkat lebih)
3. Superlative degree (tingkat paling/ter)
Examples :
1. Positive degree
Amir is as old as I am (Amir seusia/sebaya dengan saya)
2. Comparative degree
Bill work harder than Joe Sanders (Bill bekerja lebih keras daripada Joe Sanders)
3. Superlative degree
Mohammad SAW is the best human being (Nabi Muhammad adalah manusia terbaik)
Positive Comparative Superlative
Yang terdiri dari satu suku Ditambah r/er : Ditambah est/t :
kata :
Rich Richer Richest
Slow Slower Slowest
Fat Fatter Fatest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Large Larger Largest
Big Bigger Biggest
Dua suku kata tapi diakhiri Ditambah r/er Ditambah st/est
oleh er/le/y/ow/some
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Simple Simpler Simplest
Happy Happier Happiest
Narrow Narrower Narrowest
Handsome Handsomer Handsomest

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 25

 Grammar Basic

Noble Nobler Noblest

Yang lebih dari dua suku Ditambah more : Ditambah most :
kata atau lebih :
Stupid More stupid Most stupid
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Delicious More delicious Most delicious
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
Useful More useful Most useful
Famous More famous Most famous
Tak teratur : Tak teratur : Tak teratur :
Good Better Best
Bad/ill Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Many/much More Most
Old Older/elder Oldesr/eldest
Near Nearer Nearest/next
Hind Hinder Hindmost
Fore Former Foremost
1. Positive Degree
As + Positive + as
Examples :
a. I am twenty year old
Dika is twenty year old
Answer : I am as old as Dika
b. Nita is as diligent as Kira
2. Camparative Degree
Comparative + than
Examples :
a. Rista is beautiful
Vita is not good looking
Answer : Rista is more beautiful than Vita
b. Kiki is cleverer than Abil

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 26

 Grammar Basic

3. Superlative Degree
The + Supertalive
Examples :
a. They are the most diligent student in their school
b. Passive voice is the most difficult lesson

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 27

 Grammar Basic

BAB vII

Conditional sentence

Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu Main
clause dan If clause. If clause berisi syarat/kondisi yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan yang
terdapat dalam Main Clause bisa terwujud. Dalam Conditional Sentence ada tiga tipe, yaitu :

a. Type I : Future Possible

b. Type II : Present Unreal
c. Type III : Past Unreal
Penjelasan :
1. Type I (Future Possible)
Berfungsi untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang besar kemungkinannya terwujud karena
syaratnya terpenuhi.
If + Simple Present, + Simple Future
Examples :
a. If I have much money, I will buy that car (Jika saya punya banyak uang, saya akan
membeli mobil itu)
b. If you study hard, you will be success (Jika kamu belajar dengan giat, kamu akan
sukses)
2. Type II (Present Unreal)
 Berfungsi untuk mengandaikan sesuatu keadaan yang berlawanan/bertentangan
dengan kenyataan sekarang.
If + Simple Past, + Simple Past Future
Examples :
a. If I had wings, I would fly
(kenyataan anda tidak punya sayap)
b. If you did not study hard, you would not pass the exam
(kenyataan anda sekarang belajar)
 Mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan kejadiannya dalam If
Clause
Example : If a burglar came to my house tonight, I would catch him (Tapi kita
tidak berharap seorang maling datang)

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 28

 Grammar Basic

Note : Jika If Clause merupakan kalimat positif, maka kenyataan/fakta yang

sebenarnya berupa statement/kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya.
3. Type III (Past Unreal)
Berfungsi untuk menunjukkan penyesalan dimasa lampau dan tidak mungkin terjadi
dimasa sekarang.
If + Past Perfect, + Past Future Perfect
Examples :
a. If they had been here, they would have gotten it
(kenyataan mereka tidak berada disini)
b. If I had driven a car carefully, I would have gotten an accident
(kenyataan anda sekarang tidak mengendarai mobil dengan hati-hati)
Note : Jika If Clause merupakan kalimat positif, maka kenyataan/fakta yang
sebenarnya berupa statement/kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya.
Kata-kata yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti “If”, yaitu :
1. Unless (Jika tidak)
Unless dipakai untuk keseluruhan tipe
Example : If you don’t study, you will not pass the exam
Unless you study, you will not pass the exam
2. But for (Jika tidak karena)
But for biasanya dipakai untuk tipe II dan tipe III
Example : If she didn’t meet you, she wouldn’t come here
But for you, she wouldn’t come here
3. Provide that (Asalkan)
Provide that dipakai untuk tipe II saja
Example : If you go home soon, You can go to the movie
Provide that you go home soon, you can go to the movie
4. Suppose/Supposing (Bagaimana jika…?/What if…?)
Suppose ini bisa dipakai untuk keseluruhan tipe. Dengan kata lain, suppose sendiri sama
dengan “If” = seandainya.
Example : What if he loves you?
Suppose he love you?
Supposing you didn’t have any money las night?

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 29

 Grammar Basic

BAB viII

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice (kalimat pasif) yaitu kalimat yang obyeknya dikenai pekerjaan. Pola dasar yang
dipakai dalam kalimat pasif yaitu :

To be + V3

Aturan-aturan merubah kalimat dari bentuk aktif menjadi pasif

1. Kalimat harus mempunyai obyek (transitive verb). Jika tidak ada obyek maka harus ada
question word yang menanyakan obyek
2. Obyek kalimat aktif menjadi subyek kalimat pasif
3. Subyek kalimat aktif menjadi obyek kalimat pasif yang didahului kata “by”
4. Kata kerja yang dipakai adalah V3 yang didahului “to be”
5. Susunan kalimat disesuaikan dengan tenses
1. The Present Passive Voice
Active Passive
S Do/does + V1 Is/am/are + V3
C Is/am/are + Ving Is/am/are +being + V3
P Have/has + V3 Have/has + been + V3
PC Have/has + been + Ving Have/has + been + being + V3
Example :
a. Simple Present
 She writes a letter : A letter is written by her
 She does not write a letter : A letter is not written by her
 Does she write a letter? : Is a letter written by her?
 What does she writer? : what is written by her?
b. Present Continuous
 He is buying a car : A car is being bought by him
 Who is buying a car : Whom is a car being bought by?
c. Present Perfect
 She has seen them : They have been seen by her

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 30

 Grammar Basic

 Where has she seen them : Where have they been seen by her?
d. Present Perfect Continuous
 She has been drinking water : Water has been being drunk by her
2. Past Passive Voice
Active Passive
S Did/V2 Was/were + V3
C Was/were + Ving Was/were + being + V3
P Had + V3 Had + been + V3
PC Had + been + Ving Had + been + being + V3
Examples :
a. Simple Past
They spoke English : English was spoken by them
b. Past Continuous
What were they speaking : What was being spoken by them
c. Past Perfect
How had they spoken English? : How had English been spoken by them?
d. Present Perfect Continuous
She had been cooking rice : Rice had been being cooked by her
3. Future Passive Voice
Active Passive
S Will/shall + V1 Will/shall + be + V3
C Will/shall + be + Ving Will/shall + be + being + V3
P Will/shall + have + V3 Will/shall + have + been + V3
PC Will/shall + have + been + Ving Will/shall + have + been + being + V3
a. Simple Future
I shall see you : You will be seen by me
b. Future Continuous
He will be meeting you : You will be being met by him
c. Future Perfect
Who will have helped me : By whom shall I have been helped?
d. Present Perfect Continuous
She will have been singing a song : A song will have been being sung by her

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 31

 Grammar Basic

4. Past Future Passive Voice

Active
S Would/should + V1
C Would/should + be + Ving
P Would/should + have + V3
PC Would/should + have + been + Ving
Examples :
a. Simple Past Future
I would call you
b. Past Future Continuous
Should I be visiting you
c. Past Future Perfect
I would have read a book
d. Past Future Perfect Continuous
We would have been reading a book
5. Modal Auxiliary Passive Voice
Active
Passive
Would/should + be + V3
Would/should + be + being + V3
Would/should + have + been + V3
Would/should + have + been + being + V3
: You would be called by me
: Would you be being visited by me?
: A book would have been read by us
: A song would have been being sung by her
Passive

Can/could Can/could
May/might May/might
Must/had to Must/had to
+ V1 + be + V3
Will/would Will/would
Shall/Should Shall/should
Have to/had to Have to/had to
Examples :
a. She can speak English : English can be spoken by her
b. He will buy a book : A book will be bought by him

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 32

 Grammar Basic

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Akhlis, Nur. 2013. A Simple English Usage. Kediri : Effective English Conversation Course
(EECC).
Azar, Betty Schramper. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition.
New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
Hadi, S. English Map Concept. Kediri : Beswan.
Indayatun, Sri, S.Pd. 2002. The Relative Pronoun, The Gerund, The Participle, At Glance.
Kediri : BEC.
Shouman, Ibnu. 2013. Describing Picture Handbook. Kediri : Basic English Course (BEC).
Slamet, Hadi. 2003. Undang-Undang Tenses. Kediri : Basic English Course (BEC).

Fepy Sisiliay (2015) Page 33