Headquarters of The United Nations

Headquarters of the United Nations - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Unit...
Coordinates: 40°44′58″N 73°58′5″W
Headquarters of the United Nations

The United Nations is headquartered in New York
City in a complex designed by a board of architects Headquarters of the United
led by Wallace Harrison and built by the Nations
architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. The
complex has served as the official headquarters of
the United Nations since its completion in 1951. It is
in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on 17
to 18 acres (6.9 to 7.3 ha) of grounds overlooking
the East River. Its borders are First Avenue on the
west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street
on the north, and the East River to the east.[4] The
term Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym
for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as
a whole.[5]
Viewed from Roosevelt Island in 2008; from left
The headquarters holds the seats of the principal to right: Secretariat, Conference Building, and
organs of the UN, including the General Assembly General Assembly. In the background are the
and the Security Council, but excluding the Empire State Building, Tudor City, and other
International Court of Justice, which is seated in the high-rise buildings.
Hague. The United Nations has three additional
subsidiary regional headquarters, or headquarters
districts. These were opened in Geneva
(Switzerland) in 1946, Vienna (Austria) in 1980, and
Nairobi (Kenya) in 1996.[6][7] These adjunct offices
help represent UN interests, facilitate diplomatic
activities, and enjoy certain extraterritorial
privileges, but do not contain the seats of major
organs.
Although it is in New York City, the land occupied Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
by the United Nations Headquarters and the spaces Alternative names Headquarters of the
of buildings that it rents are under the sole United Nations
administration of the United Nations and not the
Arabic: ‫ﻣﻘﺮ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
U.S. government. They are technically
Chinese: 联合国总部⼤
extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the
U.S. government. However, in exchange for local 楼
police, fire protection, and other services, the United French: Siège des
Nations agrees to acknowledge most local, state, and Nations unies
federal laws.[8] Russian: Штаб-
квартира
None of the United Nations' 15 specialized agencies Организации
(such as UNESCO) are located at the headquarters. Объединённых
However, some "autonomous subsidiary organs",
Наций
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such as UNICEF, have their headquarters at the Spanish: Sede de las

UNHQ. Naciones Unidas
General information
Architectural style International Style
Contents
Location New York City
History (International territory)
Planning Address 760 United Nations
Site Plaza,
Design Manhattan, New York
Proposed alternatives City, (10017-6818)
Previous temporary sites United States
Construction Coordinates 40°44′58″N 73°58′5″W

Opening Construction started September 14, 1948[1]
Early years Completed October 9, 1952[2]
Refurbishment Cost $65 million
International character ($630,000,000 adjusted
Extraterritoriality and security for inflation)
Currency and postage Owner United Nations

Radio Height 155.3 meters
Structures (510 ft)[2]
General Assembly Building Technical details

Conference Building Floor count 39[2]
Secretariat Building Design and construction
Dag Hammarskjöld Library Architect Board of designers
Other buildings mediated by Harrison
Proposed tower & Abramovitz
Art collection Main contractor Fuller, Turner, Slattery,

and Walsh[3]
Relocation proposals
Public gatherings
In popular culture
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Other sources
External links
History
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Planning
Site
The headquarters of the United Nations occupies a site beside the East River between 42nd and 48th Streets,
on between 17 and 18 acres (6.9 and 7.3 ha)[a] of land purchased from the real estate developer William
Zeckendorf Sr.[11] At the time, the site was part of Turtle Bay, which contained slaughterhouses and tenement
buildings, as well as the original Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory.[9] By the 1910s, there was also a pencil
factory and a gas company building in Turtle Bay, on the site of the current UN headquarters. The
development of Sutton Place and Beekman Place, north of the current UN site, came in the 1920s. A yacht
club on the site was proposed in 1925, but it proved to be too expensive.[11]
In 1946, Zeckendorf purchased the land with the intention to create an "X City" on the site.[10] This complex
was to contain an office building and a hotel, each 57 stories tall, and an entertainment complex between
them. The X City would have also had smaller apartment and office towers.[11] However, the $8.5 million
($74 million in 2019) for X City never materialized, and Nelson Rockefeller purchased an option for
Zeckendorf's waterfront land in Turtle Bay. The purchase was funded by Nelson's father, John D. Rockefeller
Jr. The Rockefeller family owned the Tudor City Apartments across First Avenue from the Zeckendorf
site.[10] The city, in turn, spent $5 million ($43 million in 2019) on clearing the land.[9]
Design
While the United Nations had dreamed

of constructing an independent city for
its new world capital, multiple
obstacles soon forced the organization
to downsize their plans. They
ultimately decided to build on
Rockefeller's East River plot, since the
land was free and the land's owners
were well known.[11] The diminutive
site on the East River necessitated a
Rockefeller Center-type vertical Map of the United Nations headquarters in Dutch. The green
complex, thus, it was a given that the rectangle is the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, the purple
Secretariat would be housed in a tall rectangle is the Secretariat, the blue trapezoid is the
office tower. During daily meetings Conference Building, and the grey shape is the General
from February to June 1947, the Assembly Building
collaborative team produced at least 45
designs and variations. Rather than
hold a competition for the design of the facilities for the headquarters, the UN decided to commission a
multinational team of leading architects to collaborate on the design. Harrison was named as Director of
Planning, and a Board of Design Consultants was composed of architects, planners and engineers nominated
by member governments. The board consisted of N. D. Bassov of the Soviet Union, Gaston Brunfaut
(Belgium), Ernest Cormier (Canada), Le Corbusier (France), Liang Seu-cheng (China), Sven Markelius
(Sweden), Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), Howard Robertson (United Kingdom), G. A. Soilleux (Australia), and
Julio Vilamajó (Uruguay).[12][11]
Niemeyer met with Corbusier at the latter's request shortly after the former arrived in New York City.
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Corbusier had already been lobbying hard to promote his own scheme 23, and thus, requested that Niemeyer
not submit a design, lest he further confuse the contentious meetings of the Board of Design. Instead,
Corbusier asked the younger architect Niemeyer to assist him with his project. Niemeyer began to absent
himself from the meetings. Only after Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz repeatedly pressed him to
participate did Niemeyer agree to submit his own project. Niemeyer's project 32 was finally chosen, but as
opposed to Corbusier's project 23, which consisted of one building containing both the Assembly Hall and
the councils in the center of the site (as it was hierarchically the most important building), Niemeyer's plan
split the councils from the Assembly Hall, locating the first alongside the river, and the second on the right
side of the secretariat. This would not split the site, but on the contrary, would create a large civic square.[13]
After much discussion, Harrison, who coordinated the meetings,

determined that a design based on Niemeyer's project 32 and Le Corbusier's
project 23 would be developed for the final project. Le Corbusier's project
23 consisted of a large block containing both the Assembly Hall and the
Council Chambers near the center of the site with the Secretariat tower
emerging as a slab from the south. Niemeyer's plan was closer to that
actually constructed, with a distinctive General Assembly building, a long
low horizontal block housing the other meeting rooms, and a tall tower for
the Secretariat. The complex as built, however, repositioned Niemeyer's
General Assembly building to the north of this tripartite composition. This
plan included a public plaza as well. The UN headquarters was originally
proposed alongside a grand boulevard leading eastward from Third Avenue
UN Secretary-General
or Lexington Avenue, between 46th Street to the south and 49th Street to
Dag Hammarskjöld in the north. These plans were eventually downsized into Dag Hammarskjöld
front of the General Plaza, a small plaza on the south side of 47th Street east of Second
Assembly building Avenue.[11]
(1950s)
Wallace Harrison's assistant, architect George Dudley, later stated: "It
literally took our breath away to see the simple plane of the site kept open
from First Avenue to the River, only three structures on it, standing free, a fourth lying low behind them along
the river’s edge...[Niemeyer] also said, ‘beauty will come from the buildings being in the right space!’. The
comparison between Le Corbusier's heavy block and Niemeyer's startling, elegantly articulated composition
seemed to me to be in everyone's mind..."[14] Later on, Corbusier came once again to Niemeyer and asked
him to reposition the Assembly Hall back to the center of the site. Such modification would destroy
Niemeyer's plans for a large civic square. However, he finally decided to accept the modification; together,
they submitted the scheme 23–32, which was built and is what can be seen today.[15] Along with suggestions
from the other members of the Board of Design Consultants, this was developed into project 42G. This late
project was built with some reductions and other modifications.[16]
Proposed alternatives
Many cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site, prior to the selection of New York City.
The selection of the East River site came after over a year of protracted study and consideration of many sites
in the United States. A powerful faction among the delegates advocated returning to the former League of
Nations complex in Geneva, Switzerland.[17] A wide variety of suggestions were made, including such
fanciful suggestions as a ship on the high seas to housing the entire complex in a single tall building. Amateur
architects submitted designs, local governments offered park areas, but the determined group of New York
City boosters that included Grover Whalen, Thomas J. Watson, and Nelson Rockefeller, coordinated efforts
with the Coordinator of Construction, Robert Moses, and Mayor William O'Dwyer, to assemble acceptable
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interim facilities. Sites in San Francisco (including the Presidio) and

Marin County in California; St. Louis, Missouri; Boston,
Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Fairfield County, Connecticut;
Westchester County and Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New
York; Tuskahoma, Oklahoma; the Black Hills of South Dakota; Belle
Isle in Detroit, Michigan; and a site on Navy Island straddling the
U.S.-Canada border were considered as potential sites for the UN
Headquarters.[18][19] San Francisco, where the UN was founded in
1945, was favored by Australia, New Zealand, China, and the
Flags of the member states,
Philippines due to the city's proximity to their countries.[18] The UN arranged in alphabetical order
and many of its delegates seriously considered Philadelphia for the
headquarters; the city offered to donate land in several select sites,
including Fairmount Park, Andorra, and a Center City location which would have placed the headquarters
along a mall extending from Independence Hall to Penn's Landing.[18] The Manhattan site was ultimately
chosen over Philadelphia after John D. Rockefeller, Jr., offered to donate $8.5 million to purchase the land
along the East River.[20] Robert Moses and Rockefeller Sr. convinced Nelson Rockefeller to buy the land after
the Rockefellers' Kykuit estate in Mount Pleasant, New York was deemed too isolated from Manhattan.[21]
Previous temporary sites
In 1945–46, London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall, and the
Security Council in Church House. The third and sixth General Assembly sessions, in 1948 and 1951, met in
the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Prior to the completion of the current headquarters, the UN used part of a
Sperry Gyroscope Company factory in Lake Success, New York, for most of its operations, including the
Security Council, between 1946 and 1952.[22][23] The Security Council also held sessions on what was then
the Bronx campus of Hunter College (now the site of Lehman College) from March to August 1946.[24][25]
Between 1946 and 1950, the General Assembly met at the New York City Building in Flushing Meadows–
Corona Park, which had been built for the 1939 New York World's Fair and is now the site of the Queens
Museum.[26][27] The Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World's Fair station as United Nations
station.[28]
Construction
Per an agreement with the city, the buildings met some but not all local fire safety and building codes.[12] In
April 1948, U.S. President Harry S. Truman requested that Congress approve an interest-free loan of
$65 million in order to fund construction.[29] The U.S. House of Representatives authorized the loan on
August 6, 1948, on the condition that the UN repay the loan in twelve monthly installments between July
1951 and July 1952. Of the $65 million, $25 million was to be made available immediately from the
Reconstruction Finance Corporation.[30] However, the full loan was initially withheld due to a case regarding
UN employee Valentin A. Gubitchev and a KGB spy Judith Coplon, who had been charged with espionage
and were set to go on trial in March 1949. The House was loath to distribute the full $65 million because the
government was concerned that the UN's proposed headquarters would grant diplomatic immunity to the two
individuals. The UN used the Reconstruction Finance Corp.'s $25 million as a stopgap measure.[31] The
resulting case circumscribed the immunity of UN employees.[32] To save money, the UN considered retaining
an existing building on the Manhattan site, which had been slated for demolition once the headquarters was
completed.[33] Until 1950, the UN refused to accept private donations for the headquarters' construction,
citing a policy that prohibited them from accepting donations.[34]
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The groundbreaking ceremony for the initial buildings occurred on September 14, 1948. A bucket of earth
was removed to mark the start of construction for the basement of the 39-story Secretariat Building.[1] Fuller,
Turner, Slattery, and Walsh, a consortium of four contracting companies from Manhattan and Queens, were
selected to construct the Secretariat Building, as well as the foundations for the remaining buildings.[3] In
October, Harrison requested that its 58 members and the 48 U.S. states participate in designing the interiors
of the building's conference rooms. It was believed that if enough countries designed their own rooms, the
UN would be able to reduce its own expenditures.[35] The headquarters were originally supposed to be
completed in 1951, with the first occupants moving into the Secretariat Building in 1950. However, in
November, New York City's construction coordinator Robert Moses reported that construction was two
months behind schedule. By that time, 60% of the headquarters' site had been excavated.[36] The same
month, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously voted to formally thank the national, state, and
city governments for their role in building the headquarters.[37] The formal $23.8 million contract for the
Secretariat Building was awarded in January 1949.[38]
A prayer space for people of all religions was announced on April 18, 1949. Until then, the UN had avoided
the subject of a prayer room, because it had been difficult, if not impossible, to create a prayer room that
could accommodate the various religions.[39] Two days after this announcement, workers erected the first
steel beam for the Secretariat Building, to little official fanfare. The consortium working on the Secretariat
Building announced that 13,000 tons of steel would eventually be used in the building, and that the steelwork
would consist of a strong wind bracing system because the 72-by-287-foot (22 by 87 m) structure was so
narrow. The flag of the United Nations was raised above the first beam as a demonstration for the many
spectators who witnessed the first beam's erection.[40] The Secretariat Building was to be completed no later
than January 1, 1951, and if the consortium of Fuller, Turner, Slattery, and Walsh exceeded that deadline,
they had to pay a minimum penalty of $2,500 per day to the UN.[41] To reduce construction costs, the
complex's planners downsized the Secretariat Building from 42 stories to 39 stories.[42]
The cornerstone of the headquarters was originally supposed to be laid on April 10, 1949. However, in March
of that year, Secretary-General Trygve Lie delayed the ceremony after learning that Truman would not
present to officiate the cornerstone laying.[43] Seven months later, on October 11, Truman accepted an
invitation to attend a cornerstone-laying ceremony, which was planned to occur on October 24.[44] At the
ceremony, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey laid the headquarters' cornerstone.[45]
In June 1949, UN officials wrote a letter to the American Bridge Company in which they expressed intent to
buy 10,000 to 11,000 tons of steel. This steel would be used to build the rest of the complex, as well as a deck
over FDR Drive on the headquarters' eastern side. To fit in with the accelerated schedule of construction, the
steel would have to be delivered by September.[41] The project also included a four-lane, $2.28 million
vehicular tunnel under First Avenue so that traffic could bypass the headquarters when the UN was in session.
The tunnel started construction on August 1, 1949. The tunnel involved two years of planning due to its
complexity.[46] Property inside Tudor City, just west of the headquarters, was also acquired so that two streets
near the UN headquarters could be widened. The expanded streets were expected to speed up
construction.[47] In October 1949, contracts were awarded for the construction of two vehicular ramps over
the FDR Drive: one to the north of the UN headquarters, and one to the south.[48] Another contract to
redevelop 42nd Street, a major corridor leading to the UN headquarters, was awarded in December of that
year.[49]
The Secretariat Building was ceremonially topped out in October 1949 after its steel framework had been
completed. The UN flag was hoisted atop the roof of the newly completed steel frame in celebration of this
event. The installation of the Secretariat Building's interior furnishings proceeded quickly so that the building
could be open in January 1951.[50] In February 1950, the UN invited companies from 37 countries to bid on
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$2 million worth of furniture for the Secretariat Building.[51] A month later, the UN announced that it would
also be accepting all donations from private citizens, entities, or organizations. This marked a reversal from
their previous policy of rejecting all donations.[34] A $1.7 million steel contract on the United Nations
General Assembly building, the last structure to be built, was awarded in April 1950.[52] At the time, the
building was not expected to be complete until 1952 due to a steelworkers' strike, which had delayed the
production of steel.[53] The first pieces of the platform over the FDR Drive was lifted into place the same
month.[54] In June 1950, Norway proposed that it decorate and outfit the complex's Security Council
chamber, and the UN unofficially accepted the Norwegian offer.[55]
In December 1949, Robert Moses proposed placing a playground inside the UN headquarters,[56] but this
plan was initially rejected.[57] The UN subsequently reversed its position in April 1951, and Lie agreed to
build a 100-by-140-foot (30 by 43 m) playground at the northeast corner of the headquarters site.[58]
However, the UN did reject an unusual "model playground" proposal for that site, instead choosing to
construct a play area similar to others found around New York City.[59]
Opening
The first 450 UN employees started working at the Secretariat Building on August 22, 1950.[60] The United
Nations officially moved into the Secretariat Building on January 8, 1951, by which time 3,300 employees
occupied the building.[61] At the time, much of the Secretariat Building was still unfinished, and the bulk of
the UN's operations still remained at Lake Success.[62] A centralized phone-communications system was
built to facilitate communications within the complex.[63] The UN had completely moved out of its Lake
Success headquarters by May.[64] The construction of the General Assembly Building was delayed due to a
shortage of limestone for the building, which in turn resulted from a heavy snow at the British limestone
quarries that were supplying the building's Portland limestone.[65] The erection of the building's framework
began in February 1952.[66] The Manhattan headquarters was declared complete on October 10, 1952.[2] The
cost of construction was reported to be on budget at $65 million.[67] In 1953, twenty-one nations donated
furnishings or offered to decorate the UN headquarters.[68]
A new library building for the UN headquarters was proposed in 1952.[69] The existing UN library, a 6-story
structure formerly owned by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), was too small. The NYCHA
building could only hold 170,000 books, whereas the UN wanted to host at least 350,000 to 400,000 books in
its library. The new facility was slated to cost $3 million.[70] By 1955, the collection was housed in the
Secretariat Building and held 250,000 volumes in "every language of the world", according to The New York
Times.[71] The Dag Hammarskjöld Library Building, designed by Harrison and Abramovitz, was officially
dedicated in November 1961.[72]
Early years
The gardens at the United Nations headquarters were originally closed to the public, but were made publicly
accessible in 1958.[73] By 1962, the United Nations' operations had grown so much that the headquarters
could not house all of the organization's operations. As a result, the UN announced its intention to rent office
space nearby.[74] The Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
moved to leased office space in 2 United Nations Plaza three years later.[75] The East River-Turtle Bay Fund, a
civic group, proposed that the United Nations purchase a 3-acre (1.2 ha) tract located to the south of the
headquarters, on the site of the Robert Moses Playground and the Queens–Midtown Tunnel ventilation
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building between 41st and 42nd Streets.[76] The northern portion of the United Nations site remained largely
undeveloped through the mid-1960s; a proposed skyscraper by Wallace K. Harrison was scrapped after the
UN ran out of money and had to borrow $65 million from the United States government.[77]
A radical proposal for redeveloping the area around the UN headquarters was proposed in 1968. It entailed
closing First Avenue between 43rd and 45th Streets; constructing a new visitor's center with two 44-story
towers between 43rd and 45th Streets; and connecting the new visitor's center with the existing headquarters
via a public park.[78] This plan was presented to the New York City government in 1969, but was ultimately
not acted upon.[79]
The UN staff continued to grow, and by 1969, the organization had 3,500 staff working in the New York
headquarters. The UN rented additional space at 485 Lexington Avenue and in the Chrysler East complex,
located three blocks west of the headquarters. It also announced its intention to build a new storage building
between 41st and 42nd Streets. None of these properties would receive the extraterritorial status conferred on
the original headquarters.[80]
Refurbishment
On July 28, 2007, UN officials announced the complex would undergo a $1 billion renovation starting in the
fall. Swedish firm Skanska AB won a bid to overhaul the buildings which including the Conference, General
Assembly and Secretariat buildings. The renovations, which were the first since the complex opened in 1950,
were expected to take about 7 years to complete. When completed the complex is also expected to be more
energy efficient and have improved security.[81] A temporary $140 million "North Lawn Building" was built
to house the United Nations' "critical operations" while renovations proceeded.[82] Work began on May 5,
2008, but the project was delayed for a while.[83] By 2009 the cost of the work had risen from $1.2 billion to
$1.6 billion with some estimates saying it would take up to $3 billion.[84] Officials hoped the renovated
buildings would achieve a LEED Silver rating. Despite some delays and rises in construction costs, renovation
on the entire UN headquarters progressed rapidly. By 2012, the installation of the new glass facade of the
Secretariat Building was completed. The new glass wall retained the look of the original facade but it is more
energy efficient. The renovation of the Secretariat building was completed, and the UN staff moved into the
new building in July 2012.[85][86]
Alternative sites were considered as temporary holding locations during renovations. In 2005, officials
investigated establishing a new temporary site be created at the old Lake Success location. Brooklyn was also
suggested as a temporary site.[87] Another alternative for a temporary headquarters or a new permanent
facility was the World Trade Center site.[88] Once again, these plans met resistance both within the UN and
from the United States and New York governments and were abandoned.[89]
By September 2015, the renovations were nearly complete but the cost had risen to $2.15 billion.[90]
Demolition of the North Lawn Building began in January 2016. The building was replaced with an open
plaza, and most of its materials were to be recycled.[82]
On March 10, 2020, the UN closed to general public following due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[91] It was
later announced that the pandemic also forced cuts to staff at the building.[92]
International character
The UN identifies Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish as its six official languages.
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Delegates speaking in any of these languages will have their words simultaneously interpreted into all of the
others, and attendees are provided with headphones through which they can hear the interpretations. A
delegate is allowed to make a statement in a non-official language, but must provide either an interpreter or a
written copy of his/her remarks translated into an official language.[93]
Extraterritoriality and security

The site of the UN headquarters has extraterritoriality status.[94] This
affects some law enforcement where UN rules override the laws of
New York City, but it does not give immunity to those who commit
crimes there. In addition, the United Nations Headquarters remains
under the jurisdiction and laws of the United States, although a few
members of the UN staff have diplomatic immunity and so cannot be
prosecuted by local courts unless the diplomatic immunity is waived
by the Secretary-General. In 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan
waived the immunity of Benon Sevan, Aleksandr Yakovlev, and
Vladimir Kuznetsov in relation to the Oil-for-Food Programme,[95]
and all were charged in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York. Benon Sevan later fled the United
States to Cyprus, while Aleksandr Yakovlev and Vladimir Kuznetsov
decided to stand trial.[96]
United Nations Security officers are generally responsible for security View from First Avenue towards
within the UN Headquarters. They are equipped with weapons and the library, Secretariat and
handcuffs and are sometimes mistaken for NYPD officers due to the General Assembly buildings
agencies' similar uniforms.[97] The NYPD's 17th Precinct patrols the
area around and near the complex, but may only formally enter the
actual UN headquarters at the request of the Secretary-General.[98]
Journalists reporting from the complex often use "United Nations" rather than "New York City" as the
identification of their location in recognition of the extraterritoriality status.[99]
Currency and postage

The currency in use at the United Nations headquarters' businesses is the U.S. dollar. The UN's stamps are
issued in denominations of the U.S. dollar.[100]
The complex has a street address of United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY, 10017, United States. For
security reasons, all mail sent to this address is sterilized, so items that may be degraded can be sent by
courier.[101] The United Nations Postal Administration issues stamps, which must be used on stamped mail
sent from the building.[102]
Radio
For award purposes, amateur radio operators consider the UN headquarters a separate "entity" under some
award programs such as DXCC. For communications, UN organizations have their own internationally
recognized ITU prefix, 4U. However, only contacts made with the UN Headquarters in New York, and the
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ITU count as separate entities. Other UN organizations such as the World Bank count for the state or country
they are located in. The UN Staff Recreation Council operates amateur radio station 4U1UN.[103]
Structures
The complex includes a number of major buildings. While the Secretariat building is most predominantly
featured in depictions of the headquarters, it also includes the domed General Assembly building, the Dag
Hammarskjöld Library, as well as the Conference and Visitors Center, which is situated between the General
Assembly and Secretariat buildings, and can be seen only from the FDR Drive or the East River. Just inside
the perimeter fence of the complex stands a line of flagpoles where the flags of all 193 UN member states, 2
observer states, plus the UN flag, are flown in English alphabetical order.[104]
General Assembly Building

The General Assembly Building, housing the United Nations
General Assembly, holds the General Assembly Hall, which
has a seating capacity of 1,800. At 165 ft (50 m) long by 115 ft
(35 m) wide, it is the largest room in the complex.[12]
The Hall has two murals by the French artist Fernand Léger. At
the front of the chamber is the rostrum containing the green
marble[105] desk for the President of the General Assembly,
Secretary-General and Under-Secretary-General for General
Assembly Affairs and Conference Services and matching United Nations General Assembly hall
lectern for speakers.[12] Behind the rostrum is the UN emblem
on a gold background.[106] Flanking the rostrum is a paneled
semi-circular wall that tapers as it nears the ceiling and surrounds the front portion of the chamber. In front
of the paneled walls are seating areas for guests and within the wall are windows which allow interpreters to
watch the proceedings as they work. The ceiling of the hall is 75 ft (23 m) high and surmounted by a shallow
dome ringed by recessed light fixtures. The entrance to the hall bears an inscription from the Gulistan by
Iranian poet Saadi.[107]
Original plans called for the back wall of the General Assembly Hall, behind the rostrum, to be adorned with
the seals of the sixty countries that were part of the UN in 1952. Though fifty-four seals were eventually
completed, these plans were scrapped in 1955 because Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld felt they would
distract from the purpose of the room.[108] The General Assembly Hall was last altered in 1980 when
capacity was increased to accommodate the increased membership. Each of the 192 delegations has six seats
in the hall with three at a desk and three alternate seats behind them.[12]
Conference Building
The Conference Building faces the East River between the General Assembly Building and the Secretariat.
The Conference Building holds the Security Council Chamber, which was a gift from Norway and was
designed by the Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg. The oil canvas mural depicting a phoenix rising
from its ashes by Norwegian artist Per Krogh hangs at the front of the room.[109]
The second floor of the building houses the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) chamber, which was a
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gift from Sweden. It was designed by Sven Markelius and was renovated in 2013.[110] This renovation added
a set of curtains named "Dialogos" by Ann Edholm.[111]
Secretariat Building
The 39-story Secretariat Building was completed in 1950.[112] It houses offices for the Secretary General, the
Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel,[113] the Under-Secretary-
General for Political Affairs and Office of Disarmament Affairs,[114] and the Department for General
Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM).[115]
Dag Hammarskjöld Library

The library was founded with the United Nations in 1946. It was
originally called the United Nations Library, later the United Nations
International Library. In the late 1950s the Ford Foundation gave a
grant to the United Nations for the construction of a new library
building; Dag Hammarskjöld was also instrumental in securing the
funding for the new building. The Dag Hammarskjöld Library was
dedicated and renamed on November 16, 1961.[72] The building was
a gift from the Ford Foundation and is located next to the Secretariat
at the southwest corner of the headquarters campus. The library holds
Dag Hammarskjöld Library
400,000 books, 9,800 newspapers and periodical titles, 80,000 maps,
and the Woodrow Wilson Collection containing 8,600 volumes of
League of Nations documents and 6,500 related books and pamphlets. The library's Economic and Social
Affairs Collection is housed in the DC-2 building.[116]
Other buildings
While outside of the complex, the headquarters also includes two large office buildings that serve as offices
for the agencies and programmes of the organization. These buildings, known as DC-1 and DC-2, are located
at 1 and 2 UN Plaza respectively. DC1 was built in 1976. There is also an identification office at the corner of
46th Street, inside a former bank branch, where pre-accredited diplomats, reporters, and others receive their
grounds passes. UNICEF House (3 UN Plaza) and the UNITAR Building (807 UN Plaza) are also part of
headquarters. In addition, the Church Center for the United Nations (777 UN Plaza) is a private building
owned by the United Methodist Church as an interfaith space housing the offices of several non-governmental
organizations. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) is located at 380 Madison Avenue.[117]
Proposed tower
In October 2011 city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build
a long-sought new office tower just south of the existing campus on the current Robert Moses Playground,
which would be relocated.[118] In exchange, the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade
along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway, a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle
pathway.[119] While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan, it needs the approval of
the United Nations in order to be implemented. The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had
11 of 30 9/1/21, 09:17
been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.[120]
Art collection
The complex contains gardens, which were originally private gardens
before being opened to the public in 1958.[73] The complex is notable
for its gardens and outdoor sculptures. Iconic sculptures include the
"Knotted Gun", called Non-Violence, a statue of a Colt Python
revolver with its barrel tied in a knot, which was a gift from the
Luxembourg government[121] and Let Us Beat Swords into
Plowshares, a gift from the Soviet Union.[122] The latter sculpture is
the only appearance of the "swords into plowshares" quotation, from
Isaiah 2:4, within the complex. Contrary to popular belief, the
Japanese Peace Bell, made out
quotation is not carved on any UN building.[123] Rather, it is carved
of coins donated by children
on the "Isaiah Wall" of Ralph Bunche Park across First Avenue. A
piece of the Berlin Wall also stands in the UN garden.[124]
Other prominent artworks on the grounds include Peace - a Marc

Chagall stained glass window memorializing the death of Dag
Hammarskjöld -[125] the Japanese Peace Bell which is rung on the
vernal equinox and the opening of each General Assembly
session,[126] a Chinese ivory carving made in 1974 (before the ivory
trade was largely banned in 1989),[127] and a Venetian mosaic
depicting Norman Rockwell's painting The Golden Rule.[128] A full-
size tapestry copy of Pablo Picasso's Guernica, by Jacqueline de la
Baume Dürrbach, is on the wall of the United Nations building at the Non-Violence sculpture in front
entrance to the Security Council room.[129][130] In 1952, two Fernand of UN headquarters
Léger murals were installed in the General Assembly Hall. The works
are meant to merely be decorative with no symbolism. One is said to
resemble cartoon character Bugs Bunny and U.S. President Harry S. Truman dubbed the other work
"Scrambled Eggs".[131]
Two large murals by Brazilian artist Cândido Portinari, entitled Guerra e Paz (War and Peace) are located at
the delegates hall. The works are a gift from the United Nations Association of the United States of America
and Portinari intended to execute them in the United States. However, he was denied a visa due to his
communist convictions and decided to paint them in Rio de Janeiro. They were later assembled in the
headquarters. After their completion in 1957, Portinari, who was already ill when he started the masterpiece,
succumbed to lead poisoning from the pigments his doctors advised him to abandon.[132]
Relocation proposals
Due to the significance of the organization, proposals to relocate its headquarters have occasionally been
made. Complainants about its current location include diplomats who find it difficult to obtain visas from the
United States[133] and local residents complaining of inconveniences whenever the surrounding roads are
closed due to visiting dignitaries, as well as the high costs to the city.[134] A US telephone survey in 2001
found that 67% of respondents favored moving the United Nations headquarters out of the country.[135]
Countries critical of the US, such as Iran and Russia, are especially vocal in questioning the current location
12 of 30 9/1/21, 09:17
of the United Nations, arguing that the United States government

could manipulate the work of the General Assembly through selective
access to politicians from other countries, with the aim of having an
advantage over rival countries.[136][137] In the wake of the Snowden
global surveillance disclosures, the subject of the relocation of the
UN headquarters was again discussed, this time for security
reasons.[138]
Among the cities that have been proposed to house the headquarters
United Nations Logo in
of the United Nations are Saint Petersburg,[139] Montreal,[140] Dubai, Headquarters
[141][142] Jerusalem,[143] and Nairobi.[134]
Critics of relocation say that the idea would be expensive and would also involve the withdrawal of the
United States from the organization, and with it much of the agency's funding. They also state that the
proposals have never gone from being mere declarations.[144]
Public gatherings
Large scale protests, demonstrations, and other gatherings directly on First Avenue are rare. Some gatherings
have taken place in Ralph Bunche Park, but it is too small to accommodate large demonstrations. The closest
location where the New York City Police Department usually allows demonstrators is Dag Hammarskjöld
Plaza at 47th Street and First Avenue.[145]
Excluding gatherings solely for diplomats and academics, there are a few organizations that regularly hold
events at the UN. The United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA), a non-
governmental organization, holds an annual "member's day" event in one of the conference rooms. Model
United Nations conferences sponsored by UNA-USA, the National Collegiate Conference Association
(NCCA/NMUN), and the International Model UN Association (IMUNA/NHSMUN) hold part of their
sessions in the General Assembly chamber. Seton Hall University's Whitehead School of Diplomacy hosts its
UN summer study program at the headquarters as well.[146]
In popular culture
Due to its role in international politics, the United Nations
headquarters is often featured in movies and other pop culture. The
only two films actually shot on location in the UN headquarters are
The Glass Wall (1953) by Hollywood writer/director/producer Ivan
Tors and The Interpreter (2005) by director Sydney Pollack. When he
was unable to obtain permission to film in the UN Headquarters,
director Alfred Hitchcock covertly filmed Cary Grant arriving for the
1959 feature North by Northwest.[147] In the 1976 comedy film The View of the headquarters in the
Pink Panther Strikes Again, the building is vaporized by Dreyfus 1959 MGM thriller North by
with a doomsday device. In the 1968 movie Destroy all Monsters, Northwest by Alfred Hitchcock
Godzilla destroys it with his atomic breath.
See also
Michael Adlerstein
13 of 30 9/1/21, 09:17
U Thant Island
UN Campus, Bonn, Germany
UN City, Copenhagen
References
Notes
a. Sources vary on whether the site is 17 acres (6.9 ha) [9] or 18 acres (7.3 ha).[10]
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Headquarters of the United Nations - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Unit...

Coordinates: 40°44′58″N 73°58′5″W

Although it is in New York City, the land occupied Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

such as UNICEF, have their headquarters at the Spanish: Sede de las

Construction Coordinates 40°44′58″N 73°58′5″W

Extraterritoriality and security for inﬂation)

Currency and postage Owner United Nations

General Assembly Building Technical details

Art collection Main contractor Fuller, Turner, Slattery,

While the United Nations had dreamed

After much discussion, Harrison, who coordinated the meetings,

interim facilities. Sites in San Francisco (including the Presidio) and

Previous temporary sites

Extraterritoriality and security

Currency and postage

General Assembly Building

Dag Hammarskjöld Library

been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.[120]

Other prominent artworks on the grounds include Peace - a Marc

of the United Nations, arguing that the United States government

31. "Spy Charge May Adversely Aﬀect Bills" (http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlig

93. "Oﬃcial language" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/oﬃcial-languages/)

115. "DGACM" (https://www.un.org/Depts/DGACM/). United Nations. Archived (https://we

124. "Piece of Berlin Wall, a gift of Germany, unveiled at UN garden" (https://www.un.org

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations&

This page was last edited on 16 August 2021, at 11:48 (UTC).

trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-proﬁt organization.

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