You are on page 1of 3

!

"
# !

$% & #

'
( %
{
= ( # %∈ # ≤ ≤ #ϕ ( % ≤ ≤ϕ ( % }
= {(
# % ∈ # ≤ ≤ #ψ ( % ≤ ≤ ψ ( %}
) ϕ #ϕ ( ! ψ #ψ % [# ]( ! [ # ]%
* ϕ <ϕ ] # [ ( ! ψ <ψ ] # [%
' +
+ , , - !
. *
' , + !
" * ( !
%# / 0 0 +
( ! %1 +! + , *
+ ( ! %
0 !

2% 3 +

4
5 → )
= {( # % ∈ # ≤ ≤ #ϕ ( % ≤ ≤ ϕ ( %}
= {( # % ∈ # ≤ ≤ #ψ ( % ≤ ≤ ψ ( %}
) ϕ #ϕ ( ! ψ #ψ % [# ]( ! [ # ]%
* ϕ <ϕ ] # [ ( ! ψ <ψ ] # [ %! $ ,
,
ϕ ( % ψ ( %
( # % = ( # %
ϕ ( % ψ ( %

&
5 6 #
ϕ ( % ψ ( %
( # % = ( # % = ( # %
ϕ ( % ψ ( %
#
# !!! + , , - #

( # % = ( # %
=

. *
7 * , + 8
8 + !

4
( %" + ,
!
( %$ # , + -
∪ → !
$ ( # % = ( # % + ( # %

%$ ( % + !

+ µ( % = !

&% " !

5 → !7 9
: ; !
"
ε >:# , , ϕ #ψ →
* ∀ ∈ #ϕ ( %≤ ( % ≤ψ ( % (ψ ( # % − ϕ ( # %% <ε
4
" ,* 0 , # + 9

9( # % = { ϕ9 ( # % #ϕ ϕ≤ 9 }
= { ϕ9 ( # % #ϕ ϕ ≥ 9}
4
$ # ( # % = 9( # %
• 4
5 θ ( # %∈ / ( ( # %# ( # %% ∈ *
+
!
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
7 ( # %= − - θ ( # % ( +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + %
& # → #
( # % = ( ( # %# ( # %% ( # %
/
($ - %
• <,
7 ( # %∈ / ( # %∈ * +
( , %! & # → #
( # % = ( # % !
/

!
• 4
5 ω( # % = ( # % + ( # %
# ⊂ ( 8 %# ϕ [ # ]→
* ,
!& #
∂ ∂
( # % + ( # % = ( # %− ( # %
ϕ ∂ ∂
• $ ,
5 ϕ [ # ]→ (* %#
#− = +
$ ( %= =− = −
ϕ ϕ ϕ
5 +* = (θ % #
# + (θ % θ
ϕ

"# $
# 6 ,
3 * + !
< # 6 #
!& # + + * > ?
# #
+ + @

You might also like