Qualitative inorganic analysis

SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

ORIGINAL SOLUTION
Nessler's reagent HgO·Hg(NH2)2 1540 °C
Pb2+, Ag+, Hg 22+, Hg2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+ yellow to brown ppt.
Higher oxidation zone
(melting zone) 1550 °C

HCl (3 mol/L) Higher reduction zone

1560 °C FLAME COLORING
520 °C
Lower oxidation zone
PRECIPITATE SOLUTION 1450 °C
Lower reduction zone
PbCl2 AgCl Hg2Cl2 300 °C
2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 5+ 3+ 5+ 2+ 4+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +
white ppt. white ppt. white ppt. Hg , Bi , Cu , Cd , As , As , Sb , Sb , Sn , Sn , Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH4+

H2O (100 °C) Sodium Potassium

H 2S
yellow violet
(in acidic medium)

AgCl Hg2Cl2 PRECIPITATE SOLUTION

Pb2+
white ppt. white ppt.

HgS Bi2S3 CuS CdS As2S3 As2S5 Sb2S3 Sb2S5 SnS SnS2 Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
K2Cr2O7 black ppt. brown ppt. black ppt. yellow ppt. yellow ppt. yellow ppt. orange ppt. orange ppt. brown ppt. yellow ppt.
NH3 (conc.)
Calcium Strontium Barium
NH4Cl + NH4OH brick red crimson red apple green

HgNH2Cl + Hg 0 Ag(NH3)2+ Pb PbCrO4

yellow precipitate
KOH (3 mol/L)

PRECIPITATE SOLUTION
black precipitate II a subgroup II b subgroup
HNO3 (conc.)
HgS Bi2S3 CuS CdS Fe(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
AsS43-, AsO2- , SnS32-, SnO32-, SbS43-, SbO2- brown ppt. grey-green p. white ppt.
black ppt. brown ppt. black ppt. yellow ppt.
Copyright © 2005-2017 Eni Generalic, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Split, CROATIA

AgCl H 2S
HCl (6 mol/L) NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %) (in basic medium)
white precipitate HNO3 (3 mol/L)

Determined in the original solution

As2S3 As2S5 SnS SnS2 Sb2S3 Sb2S5 PRECIPITATE SOLUTION
yellow ppt. yellow ppt. brown ppt. yellow ppt. orange ppt. orange ppt.
Hg(NO3)2·2HgS Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+ Fe(OH)3 CrO42-, Al(OH)4- CoS NiS MnS ZnS Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
black ppt. brown ppt. black ppt. black ppt. pink ppt. white ppt.
HCl (conc.)
HAc + Pb(Ac)2 NH4Cl
NH3 (conc.) (NH4)2PO4 (0.5 mol/L)
HNO3 + HCl (1:3) HNO3 (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %) HCl (0.5 mol/L)
SnCl2 NH4SCN + NH3 (conc.)

0
Bi(OH)3 Cu(NH3)42+ , Cd(NH3)42+
As2S3
yellow ppt.
As2S5
yellow ppt.
3+
Sb , Sn 2+
Cr
PbCrO4
yellow precipitate
Al(OH)3
white precipitate PRECIPITATE SOLUTION

Hg2Cl2 + Hg white ppt.

Fe(SCN)2+ CoS NiS Mn2+, Zn2+ Ba3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4 Na+, K+, NH4+
grey precipitate
HAc + Fe(CN)64- KCN + H2S NaNO2 + rhodamine B HCl + HgCl2 blood red coloration black ppt. black ppt. white ppt. white ppt. white ppt. white ppt.
HNO3 (conc.)
SnO22- NaAc + AgNO3 Zn-uranyl acetate Na3Co(NO2)6
NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %) CH3COOH (conc.)
HNO3 (conc.)

Cd
Cu2Fe(CN)6 Sb-rhodamine 4+
CdS Sn K2CrO4
reddish brown ppt. yellow precipitate pinkish-red coloration grey ppt. Hg2Cl2

Bi0 Ag3AsO4
chocolate brown ppt.
2+
Co , Ni 2+
MnO2 Zn(OH)3
-
2+
Sr , Ca , Mg2+ 2+
Na-uranyl acetate
pale yellow precipitate
K
K3Co(NO2)6
yellow precipitate

Ba
brown precipitate
brown ppt. BaCrO4
yellow precipitate
NH4SCN NH3 (3 mol/L)
+ amyl alcohol + dimethylglyoxime H2S NH3 (conc.)
HNO3 + NaBiO3

Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4

1
1
1
H
IA
P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S 18 VIIIA
2
He
Co(SCN)42-
deep blue coloration
Ni-dimethylglyoxime
red precipitate
MnO4-
violet coloration
ZnS
white precipitate
white ppt. white ppt.

CH3COOH (conc.)
white ppt.

1.008 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026 (NH4)2SO4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.0122 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 Heating in the water bath
Test tubes
11 12
Periodic table of the elements 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ca2+, Mg2+
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar SrSO4
VIIIB white precipitate
22.990 24.305 Online calculators 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.948
(NH4)2C2O4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Downloads Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 www.periodni.com 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Mg2+
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe CaC2O4
J. Meija et al, Atomic weights of the elements 2013, Pure Appl. Chem., 88, 265-291 (2016) white precipitate
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 NaOH + quinalizarine
6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Mg-quinalizarine
7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Separate the clear liquid from the precipitate blue coloration
(223) (226) (227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (285) (287) (289) (291) (294) (294) Bunsen burner