Nguyễn Quỳnh Hươnng – HW 5

1) Nothing happens
2) Aging is a chemical change because the cells in the body lose their ability to divide efficiently and
body metabolism decreases
3) There is room for only one additional electron within the valence shell of a fluorine atom
4) Potassium has 1 electron in its outer electron shell/ energy level. It either has to lose this one or
gain 7 more to obey the octet rule. As it is easier to lose 1 electron and formed an ionic bond
than it is to gain 7 from other atoms potassium will not for a covalent bond but will form highly
ionic compounds
5) Potassium has 1 electron in its outer electron shell/ energy level. It either has to lose this one or
gain 7 more to obey the octet rule. As it is easier to lose 1 electron and formed an ionic bond
than it is to gain 7 from other atoms potassium will not for a covalent bond but will form highly
ionic compounds
6) K is larger than K+ because K has an extra valence shell. K+ is larger than Ar
7) Water has hydrogen bonding, which is an intermolecular force of attraction, while methan does
not have it
8) Similar:
1. There is an attraction between particles of unlike charges.
2. A lattice structure is formed in the solid state: from 8 to 12 atoms/ions surround each
atom/ion
Different:
1. In an ionic bond the valence electrons are transferred from the metal only to the neighboring
nonmetal, but in metallic bonding the valence electrons of each atom/ion are free to move or
float around within the entire metal solid.
2. In an ionic bond there are positive and negative ions being formed, but in metallic bonding
there are only positive ions being formed
9) .
10) CaF2 is an ionic compound while SnCl4 is a covalent compound
11) Atoms with many valence electrons tend to have relatively strong forces of attraction between
their valence electrons and the nucleus. This makes it difficult for them to lose electrons. It does,
however, make it easy for them to gain additional electrons
12) The electrical force of attraction weakens with increasing distance. So the force of attraction
between a smaller sodium ion and a chloride ion is stronger than the force of attraction
between a larger potassium ion and a chloride ion. This explains, in part, why potassium chloride
crystals are weaker (softer) than sodium chloride crystals
13) The covalent bonds are much stronger. This can be illustrated by the example of H2O, whose
molecules are bonded to one another to form a liquid at room temperature but upon heating to
100 Celsius, the molecules of H2O separate to form water vapor