— BIOLOGY 3 11 Punjab Curriculum & Textbook Board, Lahorerved|with Punjab Curriculum and book Board, Lahore i Spots Ministry of Education, ent of Pakistan, Islamabad, vide letter No f.5-8-2002 dated 15-1-2003 CONTENTS a ‘PageNo Chapter : Page No “18 Fungi . 113 - 17-9 Kingdom Plantae 131 10 Kingdom Animalia 167 11_Bioeniergeties 206 12 Nutrition 234 13 Gaseous Exchange 259 14 Transport 278 Glossary i Authors Prof. Dr. Javed Iqbal Prof. Dr. Shahida Hassnain Mr. Zia-ul-Islam ‘Mr. Amjad Tariq ‘Mr. Shah Nawaz Cheema Mr. AR. Saced | Mis:Rehana Johar ist: Aisha Waheed Mee Qamar Qazi Art Press, Lahore. hid Bashir Printers, Lahore. ‘Robiela Shabbir lition, Impression No.of Copies Price 34th 7,400 161.00RELEVANCE OF QURANIC INJUNCTIONS IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY fe 2018 ells ES There are numerous Quranic injunctions that emphasize the study of Biology. These describe the study of organisms and their different aspects of life. Modern biologists believe that life had originated in oceans first and then migrated to land. The Holy Quran says : EBB SSS oth HES eas ges! OB IEE 558 Belli Gs lass “Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were _ of one piece, then We parted them. And We made every living thing of water? Will they not then believe?” (Al-Quran 21:30) About the origin of life, it is suggested that life must have begun with some simple cell and with the passage of time it evolved into the plants and animals of today. If there is to be a spontaneous appearance of life, the beginnings Tust involve some chance association of atoms. The Holy Quran describes the origin of life as : oygritaHie) “Lo’ We created them of plastic clay” Meh ySesnse Gh tors Wes "Ae StH, ate Eas Gas ee ES “O mankind’ Be careful of your duty to your Lord Who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate and from them twain hath spread abroad a multitude of men and women.” _(Al-Quran 37:11) (Al-Quran 4:1)LE =- It is believed that the primitive earth had an atmosphere of methane, ammonia, water-vapour, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen. These simple substances gradually combined into complex molecules which served as models for organizing chemical substances around them. In this respect Quran emphasizes : OMI eeu G1 bind 6 Edi Gy Shi595 255 “See they not how Allah produceth creation, then reproduceth it? Lo! For Allah that is easy”. (Al-Quran 29:19) At so many different occasions Quran stresses the study of different branches of Biology such as Anatomy, Taxonomy, Embryology, Ecology and Morphology. Some of these verses are: Baby Sieg SM goth ios UE Metg itis SO HOGG PSs NG 35 3b fod Lai epl5 595 Bs GARE se 38S FES Jo ue dys las NS pth Si OSG GS he 5 SH GS hoe 5 PIAL £58585 ESB 5555 SERN OS SEs SII GS5 “© mankind! If ye are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, the lo! We have created you from dust, then from a drop of seed, then from a clot, then from alittle lump of flesh shapely and shapeless, that We may make (it) clear for you. And We cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time, and afterward We bring you forth as infants, then (give you growth) that ye attain ‘your full strength. And among you there is he who dieth (young), and among you there is he who is brought back to the most abject time of life, so that, after knowledge, he knoweth naught. And thou (Muhammad) seest the earth barren, but when We send down water thereon, it doth thrill and swell and put forth every lovely kind (of growth). (Al Quran 22:5) peeps et Balas sieatss “And He is Who hath produced you from a single being”. (Al-Quran 6:98)6355 Kid yesSUHlS wok B25 “And all things We have created by pairs, that haply ye may reflect. (Al-Quran 51:49) SAAS iy BS AB 5 Sl pang ales “And there is not a moving animal in the earth, nor a flying creature flying on two wings, but they are genera like unto you”. (Al-Quran 6:38) dete d BS ck POH ES SL SNGp2 SIG SNsh5 oasis a5 CN Seale eye JEN G23 CIES aha Sale gales SATS G5 I CHM lB SG LOLs sn ORSIS EI Ose PD GEOL “And He it is Who sendeth down water from the sky, and therewith We bring forth buds of every kind; We bring forth the green blade from which We bring forth the thick-clustered grain; and from the date-palm, from the pollen thereof, spring pendant bunches; and (We bring forth) gardens of grapes, and the olive and the pomegranate, alike and unlike. Look upon the fruit thereof, when they bear fruit, and upon its ripening. Lo! herein verily are signs for people who believe”. 4 (Al-Quran 6:99) ‘The following verses urge man to study plants and animals. Kisesre SCO ams “And We send the winds fertilizing, and cause water to descend from the sky”. (Al-Quran 15:22)i oeetiotesbsiai or cteeiicaalsss has Rin ysainS| Med SLE pi Se hc ots “And Allah has created every animal from water : of them there are some ~ that creep on their bellies: some that walk on two legs and some that walk on four. Allah creates what He wills. Allah is able to do all things.” (Al-Quran 24:45) 28h Sy densi “Do they not look at the camels, how they are created”? RSS 2G HN Sis 2h OA os BA OBI GEG “Do they not observe the birds above them, spreading their wings and folding them in? None can uphold them except (Allah), Most gracious: Truly it is He that watches over all things”. (Al-Quran 88:17) (Al-Quran 67:19) bs esncites agora ct bgeceyuccty Bi AOE OUE Gis OSES SOL SISOS aces in Shaetys Meas SHS “Let man consider his food. How We pour water in showers. Then We Split the earth in clefts. And We cause the grain to grow therein. And grapes and ‘egetables. And olive and datepalm. And garden-closes of thick foliage. And fruits and grasses. Provision for you and your cattle. (Al-Quran 80:24-32) yerses have a special significance and importance for those in the who are influencing into the mysteries of nature and trying to Its secrets through perception and investigation.BIOLOGY AND SOME MAJOR FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION Boscsy is the study of living things. It is a branch of science and like other sciences it is a way of understanding nature. Biologists deal with the living part of nature and with the non-living things which affect the living things in any way. They strive to understand, explain, integrate and describe the natural world of living things. The literal meaning of biology is the study of life. It is very difficult to define life. There are certain aspects of life’that lie beyond the scope of the science of biology like the answers to the questions : what is the meaning of life? Why should there be life? These are the questions not usually taken up by Biologists and are left to philosophers and theologians. Biologists mainly deal with the matters relating to how life works. Life, for biologists, is a set of characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non-living objects (including dead organisms). Living organisms are highly organized, complex entities; are composed of one or more cells; contain genetic program of their characteristics; can acquire and use energy; can carry out and control numerous chemical reactions; can grow in size; maintain a fairly constant internal environment, produce offspring similar to themselves; respond to changes in their environment. Any object possessing all these characteristics simultaneously can be declared as aliving thing and is an object for biological studies. The science of biology is a very wide based study. It includes every aspect of a living thing. Therefore, volumes and volumes of information are available under this major head, It is but natural to divide this science into quite a number of branches for our, convenience of comprehending and studying biology. You are surely familiar, at this stage, with Ecology, Embryology, Physiology, Morphology external Morphology and internal Morphology or Anatomy), Palaoeontol6gy, Histology, Evolution, Genetics, Cell Biology, Zoogeography etc. These are branches of biology which deal with environmental relations, development, structure, functions, form and internal gross structure, fossil tissues, ancestral history, heredity and distribution of - animals in nature, respectively, In addition to these branches there are a number of other branches of biology such ds: Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Marine Biology, Environmental Biology, Freshwater Biology, Parasitology, Human Biology, Soci! Biology, Biotechnology, etc;