CHUYÊN ĐỀ: CẤU TẠO TỪ [ WORD FORMATION]

BÀI 2: TIỀN TỐ PHỦ ĐỊNH

 Tổng quát:
dis- agree -> disagree
mis- understand -> misunderstand
un- interesting -> uninteresting
in- ability -> inability
il- legal -> illegal
ir- responsible -> irresponsible
im- polite -> impolite
- Phần lớn từ phái sinh và từ gốc có chung một tiền tố phủ định, ví dụ:
- approve (v) -> disapprove (v)
- approval (n) -> disapproval (n)
- approving (adj) -> disapproving (adj)
- Đôi khi động từ, danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ phái sinh từ cùng 1 gốc từ kết hợp với tiền
tố phủ
định khác nhau để tạo ra từ có ý nghĩa trái ngược, ví dụ:
- comfort (n) -> discomfort (n)
- comfortable (adj) -> uncomfortable (adj)
- fortune (n) -> misfortune
- fortunate (adj) -> unfortunate (adj)
- equal (adj) -> unequal (adj)
- equality (n) -> inequality (n)
- Có một số từ cùng là động từ, danh từ, hoặc tính từ, phái sinh từ cùng 1 gốc kết hợp
với các
tiền tố phủ định khác nhau để tạo thành từ có ý nghĩa khác nhau, ví dụ:
- able (adj) -> unable (not able) # disable (=handicapped)
- informed (adj) -> uninformed (not informed) # misinformed (=wrongly informed)
- used (adj) -> unused (not used) # misused (wrongly/badly used)
Các tiền tố phủ định:
1. Tiền tố “un-”
un + adj/adv
Ví dụ:
- attractive -> unattractive
- attractively -> unattractively
un + noun/adj
Ví dụ:
- certain -> uncertain
- certainty -> uncertainty
Tuy nhiên: able -> unable; ability -> inability, disability
un + verb
Ví dụ:
- lock (v) -> unlock
- dress (v) -> undress
2. Tiền tố “in-”
in + noun/adj/adv
Ví dụ:
- efficient -> inefficient (adj)
- efficiently -> inefficiently (adv)
- efficiency -> inefficiency (n)
in -> il trước “l”: legal -> illegal
in -> im trước “m-” hay “p-”: mature -> immature; patient -> impatient
in -> ir trước “r-”: responsible -> irresponsible
Lưu ý:
- Tiền tố in- không được dùng để tạo thành từ trái nghĩa của động từ.
- Tiền tố in- không được dùng để tạo thành từ trái nghĩa của từ bắt đầu bằng in-:
Ví dụ:
+ interesting -> uninteresting
+ interpret -> misinterpret
+ intergrate -> disintergrate
2. Tiền tố “dis-”
dis + verb
Ví dụ:
- agree -> disagree
- connect -> disconnect
dis + noun/adj/adv
Ví dụ:
- agreement -> disagreement
honest -> dishonest
- judgement -> misjudgement
Chữa bài tập:
1. Even though he’s twenty years old, he is rather (mature).____________
2. Thomas said that he is (able)________ to attend the meeting because he’s ill. I am a
little (doubt)__________ as to
whether this is true or not.
3. The student was very (nerve)_________ and answered the question
(correct)_________ but the teacher asked him to try
again.
4. He has become rich in a (honest)__________ way.
5. I didn’t correct your essay because your writing was simply (legible)__________.
6. The teacher expressed her (satisfaction)________ with Tom because he’s so
(obedient)__________ in class.
7. It was (responsible)________ of you to leave the baby (attend)__________.
8. Unfortunately, many climbers have been (success)_________ in their attempts to
climb Mt Everest.
9. I detest people who (treat)_________ animals or use them in (science)__________
research.
10. Driving at speeds of 150 kilometers per hour is not only (legal)_______ but also
(safe)_______.
11. Her (willingness)________ to help got her into trouble.
12. Why do you always have to (agree) ______with what I say?
13. She’s a very (patient)_______ person. She wants everything done immediately.
14. Don’t sit in that (comfortable)_________ armchair, sit here.
15. Are you sure you didn’t (understand)________ him? He can’t have said that.