Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Smart grid technologies and applications

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Smart grid technologies can be defined as self-sufficient systems that can find solutions to problems
Smart grid quickly in an available system that reduces the workforce and targets sustainable, reliable, safe and
Self-sufficient systems quality electricity to all consumers. In this respect, different technological applications can be seen from
Structure of the smart grid the perspective of researchers and investors. Even though these technological application studies con-
Energy efficiency stitute an initial step for the structure of the smart grid, they have not been fully completed in many
countries.
Associations of initial studies for the next step in smart grid applications will provide an economic
benefit for the authorities in the long term, and will help to establish standards to be compatible with
every application so that all smart grid applications can be coordinated under the control of the same
authorities. In this study, a review has been made of technological methods of data transmission and the
energy efficiency in smart grids as well as smart grid applications. Therefore, this study is expected to be
an important guiding source for researchers and engineers studying the smart grid. It also helps trans-
mission and distribution system operators to follow the right path as they are transforming their classical
grids to smart grids.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Traditional electrical distribution systems have been used to
transport electrical energy generated at a central power plant by
increasing voltage levels and then delivering it to the end users by
reducing voltage levels gradually. However, smart power grids are
needed in the electricity market nowadays. Since, smart power grids
offer the opportunities for monitoring the distributed energy gen-
eration by means of remote reading facilitates and for load shedding
in an emergency case [1]. In addition, the demand prediction is made
by utilizing historical energy generation and consumption data and
the balance between energy supply and load demand is ensured
accurately demand response management [2,3]. Particularly, remote
control and reading are quite widespread in the smart grid applica-
tions. As a result, the data density has increased steadily and this
increase has brought in different data transmission methods. In this
regard, data rate, data transmission range, cost and reliability have
been taken into account in the preference of different data trans-
mission methods by users. The usage areas of data transmission
methods can be summarized as the remote monitoring of electrical
measurements and the periodic controls of automation-made de-
vices, machines and systems [4–8].
In addition to the data transmission methods, the commu-
nication technologies and the security issues have been in-
vestigated for different perspectives in the smart grid environment
[9–14]. It is obvious that any network problems can be solved with
smart metering [15,16]. Smart metering and data management
along with bidirectional communication provide a number of fa-
cilitates in the generation, transmission and distribution of energy
[17–19]. For instance, power outages can be avoided by applying
the consumer threshold for energy usage in case of the lack of
energy and it can be possible to prevent subscribers being without
power by reducing downtime caused by overload [20–23]. Apart
from these, energy storage is another form of network balance by
regulating energy supply and load demand in each hierarchical
frequency control in micro-grid networks [24]. With the storage of
renewable energy, DC power is considered as an energy supple-
ment to make the network stable in AC power interruptions
[25,26]. The energy storage applications have also been conducted
for different smart grid purposes by electric vehicles, renewable
generation systems, electricity markets, energy policy and power
system management [27–43]. In addition, intelligent transformers
can be operated in an effective manner in order to provide effi-
cient energy protection and the algorithms can be improved for
the detection of cyber-attacks that cause to the power outages in
the smart grid environment [44–47].
On the other hand, caution mechanisms should be improved
against cyber-attacks in order to provide a secure environment for
smart grid users [48,49]. Information encryption and decryption
techniques should be implemented between manufacturers and
consumers in smart grids [50]. For instances, a private collection
protocol based on cryptographic methods was implemented for
supporting both spatial and temporal aggregation of the electricity
usage in the smart grid [51]. Many system parameters such as the
comparison of system clocks and the replacement of data points
can be involved in the security applications [52,53]. Apart from
these research areas, there have been many smart energy man-
agement strategies for different countries in the literature [54–61].
Unlike the studies in the literature, in this study, a compilation
of smart grid activities regarding data transfer methods, network

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.002
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
500 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
infrastructure, energy supply and load demand, energy efficiency,
load flow, power quality and intelligent network applications have
been reviewed in a comprehensive manner and the importance of
smart grids has been highlighted for the purpose of giving direc-
tions for researchers, engineers and power system operators as
well as policy makers, consumers and prosumers.
2. Data transmission methods
Data transmission methods are mainly used in mobile computers,
mobile phones, additional hardware of computers, remote monitor-
ing and periodic measuring. They are used in many fields such as
vehicle tracking and the remote control of automated devices, ma-
chines or systems (smart home applications). The data transmission
intensity increases through the use of data transmission methods at
home or at work. This process refers to new research on secure, ef-
ficient, and reliable communications issues [62–64]. Broadband over
Powerline (BPL) technology can be considered as one of the data
transmission methods for AMR (Automated Meter Reading) in terms
of data rate and data transfer distance [65]. With the spread of the
Internet network, connection of WiFi-based WSN (wireless sensor
networks) and the AMR system in smart grid to the Internet has
many advantages [66]. However, the measurement via radio signals
to read the values in real-time was found to be closer to the real
value. As an example, the design of next-generation AMR's network
architecture based on WiFi WSN facing the Smart Grid in an in-
telligent community is shown in Fig. 1 [67].
Understanding the importance of remote data reading is mak-
ing the advantages of automatic meter reading methods increas-
ingly common. With the reduction of the cost of data transmission
methods in the future using the different transmission methods in
intelligent networks given in Fig. 2 [68] that presents the possible
benefits procured by intensive telecommunication infrastructure
usage for:
 Automated Meter Management and Distribution Management
for the regulated market (monopoly)
 Management of energy consumption and innovation and new
business for commercial companies.
Fig. 1. Architecture of AMR system based WiFi WSN [66].
Meter reading made by the vehicle where there is limitation of
data transfer is illustrated in Fig. 3. The methods used for meter
reading are not conducive to application areas as they limit the
remote control and monitoring system. Only the use of different
communication methods for AMR meter-reading process can be
used in natural gas, water meters and electricity meters in addi-
tion to detecting the faults [69].
As reading with a vehicle limits many applications, remote-
monitoring systems should be used. In the event of extending the
field of application, the bandwidth and data transmission rate is
100 Mbps in a medium network to address data transmission
density as power generation and distribution in the future will be
established on detecting the mains with sensors and commu-
nication of sensed data [70]. Therefore, it will also contribute to
how communication technologies play a role in the implementa-
tion of intelligent networks and how transmission and distribution
of energy production can be managed from a single center [71].
The measuring of different physical sizes in such a case will cause a
high concentration in the data stream.
In order to eliminate data density in the smart grid, the basic
OFDMA multi-channel communication line may be needed. While
providing multiple accesses, communication between multiple
networks can be established [72] or planning can be done to
manage the data traffic in the smart network. One of the re-
commended methods for making monitoring and control opera-
tions in intelligent networks can be the split of data traffic density
estimation into zones [73]. In this case, the network management
issues only performed in local regions that can be seen from a
central location will facilitate the operation. On the other hand, the
intelligent network of the future will have many functions with
the coordinated operation of the local regions. Different applica-
tion standards are formed considering the characteristics of local
regions [74].
When assessing communication between devices, the speed,
the distance of data transmission, the power consumption and the
cost are analyzed [75]. In terms of performance, usage according to
constantly evolving technology and the advantages and the dis-
advantages of wired and wireless communication methods are
taken into consideration as shown in Fig. 4 [76]. As seen in Fig. 4,
generation domain shares information with the regional system
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516 501

Fig. 2. Telecom benefit on four axes [68].

operator with the help of information exchange with the control

Fig. 3. Drive-by meter reading [69].
operator, the power market and the control center. In case of lack
of generation or generator failure, immediate actions need to be
taken by the regional system operator and the power market.
Transmission domain is typically regulated by the regional system
center.
Several of these communication methods have short distance
data transmission with the use of wireless sensors at different vol-
tage levels [77]. Due to purchase of the electricity network by all
subscribers, the PLC, which uses power cables for data transmission
at the same time as energy transmission, is a cheaper system [78]. In
the long term, PLC will be a cheap and convenient method for
communication in OG-AG networks [79]. Today, the most common
GPRS modems are the most preferred method in the market with
high data transfer rates from long distances. It will be convenient to
use communication methods at different speeds for different appli-
cations with the classification of smart grid applications in order to
use a method at an optimum level when evaluated in terms of the
data speed, the distance and the price [80].
During studies for the improvement of smart grid data trans-
mission methods, the parameters to be considered must be ex-
pressed clearly [81]. A standard can be achieved by specifying the
limits of the application form by regulations and protocols. A

Fig. 4. Smart grid framework [76].

502 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 5. Smart grid architecture increases the capacity and flexibility of the network and provides advanced modern communications technologies through sensing and
control [84].
design can be made within the framework of IPv6 Routing Protocol
for the Advanced Metering Infrastructure application, which is one
of the protocols for smart grid applications [82]. In order to di-
minish a problem in reading data transmission methods, the smart
meter reading process should be a confidential and reliable system
[83]. By conducting the risk analysis, it should be considered that
additional software can be made to recycle the data perfectly from
the sensors and then these procedures implement methods of data
transmission standards [84]. Fig. 5 shows smart infrastructure
included sensors, communication and computing capabilities.
Each components of system are linked to provide interoperability
distribution, transmission and consumers such as residential,
commercial and industrial sites [85]. Methods used for commu-
nication have a wide application field intensity according to the
distance and data transmission intensity. These methods are
shown in Table 1.
In order to find opportunities in real life applications of the
designed model, a module must be determined for data trans-
mission to be carried out smoothly in the smart grid [86]. While
the use of PLC data concentrators necessitates the installation of
the concentrator at the LV transformer, at higher voltage that may
not be desired or necessary. Consider the scenario in Fig. 6. Smart
Grid appliances in the LV network generate, conservatively, 1 kbps
of data on average throughout the day. If there are 100 homes on
the LV transformer, this represents 100 kbps on the PLC channel. If
the MV substation is serving 10 LV substations, the throughput to
the MV concentrator is 1 Mbps. While it is easy to achieve 100
kbps on LV PLC, megabit communication on higher voltages is
often problematic.
Table 1
Smart Grid Communication Technologies [84].
Technology Spectrum Data Rate
GSM 900–1800 MHz Up to 14.4 Kpbs
GPRS 900–1800 MHz Up to 170 Kpbs
3G 1.92–1.98 GHz 2.11–2.17 GHz 384 Kpbs-2
(licensed) Mpbs
VIMAX 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz Up to 75 Mpbs
PLC 1–30 MHz 2–3 Mpbs
ZigBee 2.4 GHz-868–915 MHz 250 Kpbs
3. Intelligent network infrastructure
Smart grid infrastructure covers the following; the manage-
ment, the protection, the information and communication sys-
tems, the energy efficiency, the emissions, the power quality and
the security of supply. Although there is a wide range of topics,
network automation should be managed well to be aware of
changes at each point in the network made by the parties. Dif-
ferent data can be achieved by the same hardware though the data
obtained from the network may be different. Or data can be
evaluated in different units by developing common equipment to
obtain data. While the billing department is reading the index, the
failure team constantly monitors the mains voltage. Two different
units can obtain these values from the counter. Partnering a study
by determining the intended application to be conducted in the
network application will reduce investment costs and making all
hardware work in coordination with the rest provides long-term
benefits.
Although the concept of the smart grid is well understood by
the parties, today the necessary equipment and infrastructure for
implementation is not available [87].
Fig. 7 illustrates a flow diagram for transmission application. In
this flow diagram, definition of actors are required for application.
And also this diagram shows relationships across a main part of
infrastructure. Each use case application descriptions, information
on the definition and application of the actors needed for the
application are determined using this flow diagram [88]. Thus,
although there are different approaches to finding solutions to
topical applications, in the long run it is important for the
Coverage Range Applications Limitations
1–10 km AMI, Demand Response, HAN Low data rates
1–10 km AMI, Demand Response, HAN Low data rates
1–10 km AMI, Demand Response, HAN Costly spectrum fees
10–50 km (LOS) 1–5 km AMI, Demand Response Not widespread
(NLOS)
1–3 km AMI, Fraud Detection Harsh, noisy channel
environment
30–50 m AMI, HAN Low data rates, short range
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516 503

Fig. 6. Zero-configuration VPN with two clients and NAT traversal by mediation server [86].

Fig. 7. Example of information flow diagram transmission application use cases for one utility roadmap development [87].
504 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516

Fig. 8. Illustration of intelligrid methodology used to develop requirements and specifications for the smart grid infrastructure [89].

operation of the system that microstructures support the macro-
structure. A vision of integrated communications and information
management methodology can be called the smart grid develop-
ment approach [87]. Defining the requirements of advanced power
system applications and technologies was improved with the In-
telligent Grid program at the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI). The methodology is improved as an IEC Publicly Available
Specification (PAS) given in Fig. 8. The requirements for the tech-
nologies and systems supporting the application is defined to help
the development of use cases for critical applications [89].
In addition to the advantages of smart grid applications to the
users, encountered problems and challenges should also be men-
tioned [90]. When assessing different studies as part of a whole,
although each study contributed to another, they also gave new
ideas and experiences. The hardware needed and the problems
that may arise while operating this equipment as a whole must be
considered. Also, in addition to this hardware a remote switching
system should be used to maneuver. It defines the smart grid
communications architecture framework with its key segments
and constituent elements. Fig. 9 shows the building blocks of an
end-to-end smart grid communications system, including the
terminologies used to define the multiple network segments and
boundaries for proper interoperability. It also shows SLA (Service
Level Agreement) performance metrics compliance at the interface
boundaries [91].
In practice, the delivery of energy quality criteria to be followed
can be limited to the current, the voltage, the frequency and the
harmonics. As other physical quantities are derivatives thereof we
can limit the structure of the sensor. Besides, location of a contact
or temperature of a point may also be required. Although there are
various applications, the sensor structure used to measure the
physical size should be designed with reference to the analysis
tools of the distribution system [92]. Sensor applications have a
wide range of applications, but more will be addressed by the
bridge conductor also used for the monitoring of vibration occur-
ring in the current situation with intelligent sensors [93]. In this
case, power lines and poles can be converted to an application
using the smart grid. At the same time this can give an idea about
the buildings. Any machine can be monitored in real time with the
wireless sensor and the received data can be used to reduce

Fig. 9. End-to-end smart grid communications architecture [91].

 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
energy consumption and cost. Changes to be made on the machine
when done within a program, and benefits of the products pro-
duced will be in a standard manner [94]. Besides the application of
bi-directional flow of energy production, the transmission and the
distribution continuity, and being cheap, how-to data manage-
ment responses were measured on the basis of micro-grid net-
work primarily in the formation of a structure that can heal itself.
Systems working in coordination will consider many factors [95].
A key enabler of the smart grid is the two-way communications
throughout the power system, based on which an advanced in-
formation system can make optimal decisions on power system
operation [96,97].
When designing a network, what needs to be done to make the
network design with self-renewing reliability and energy man-
agement should be observed [98,99]. This operation is gradually
received while scheduling is performed with parameters [100].
The benefits provided: proximity to the source of production of
the consumer and intelligent control centers to prioritize the re-
sources with less logic, converting the smart transmission net-
works into smart grids and smart transformer and a different vi-
sion bringing high quality and cheap energy supply [101]. Fig. 10
shows the vision of a smart transmission grid. The transmission
grid existed is important stressed from different toughness and
demand of the environment, customers, and the market, as well as
existing infrastructure issues. These requirements will be more
important and crucial than ever and expand the existing trans-
mission network and quickly take to improve their function to
apply emerging technologies with smart features. Therefore,
Fig. 10. Vision of a smart transmission grid [101].
505
digitalization, flexibility, intelligence, resilience, sustainability and
customization are provided as a roadmap for research and devel-
opment using the smart features of the transmission network. In
addition, power system simulators, communication network si-
mulators, and combined power and communication simulators
have also important place in smart grid area [102–104].
In addition, all application data is saved in the data cloud.
Stored data are read as needed. It is important to store the data
obtained by zones to reduce the complexity of the applications
and data traffic information [105].
Microgrids generates electricity from small distributed sources
such as wind parks and solar farms near consumer in order to pre-
vent transmission and distribution losses. Fig. 11(a) illustrates the
distributed co-generation and the distributed wind farms in Den-
mark [7], which made up 52.6 per cent of the gross electricity gen-
eration in 2000. Fig. 11(b) shows the project vision of DESERTEC,
which will connect the large renewable energy sources throughout
Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Large-scale integration of
renewable and distributed energy sources is an increasing challenge
to any market model worldwide. In the long-term, renewable energy
sources will replace fossil fuel energy production. At the same time,
the trend of energy production is high-voltage direct current trans-
mission lines, or so-called super grids. Fig. 11(c) shows the concept of
a SuperSmart grid. The SuperSmart grid concept emphasizes the
need of grid ICT interconnections of resources than solely in the
distribution system. [106].
Fig. 12 shows data and information flow separated from the
control flow. The rationale behind this separation is that the
506 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 11. a) Distributed Generation in Denmark b) Large-Scale Distributed Generation DEERTEC. c) The Concept of Super Smart Grid [105].
legitimate parties in events will trigger actuators. The emphasis is
on the specific characteristics of cloud computing, which result in
an Internet-scale platform and can facilitate the data intensive
needs of the smart grid use cases detailed in Section II. Fig. 13
depicts the model of ubiquitous data storage and data access for
the Smart Grid Data Cloud.
Information may be needed for identification of many of the
problems in the distribution network so it is important to work in
coordination with each other to obtain the necessary information
from the network devices that are used [107] (Figs. 14 and 15).
The technical integration activities includes two main chal-
lenges and requirements. First one of them is hardware such as
real-time notifications, control and process integration [103]. The
other one is data such as bulk and transaction based data exchange
amongst different applications. Network monitoring can be done
in five steps [108].
 Materials
 Superconductivity
 Distributed Generation
 Energy storage
 Power electronics
Microelectronics (Grid Friendly Appliance) to produce higher
power densities, greater reliability and power quality, enhanced
electrical efficiency that produces major environmental gains and
improved real-time diagnostics. Table 2 summarizes such devices
in five groups. New methods and algorithms monitor power
Fig. 12. Data and information flow separated from the control flow. Sensors and other data sources can be managed by a service provider [105].
system components enabling rapid diagnosis and timely, appro-
priate response to any event. It consists of devices and algorithms
that will analyze, diagnose and predict conditions and determine
and take appropriate corrective actions to prevent faults. Fig. 16
shows this control component present in all parts of grid.
4. Supply and demand in the smart grid
Supply-demand balance is a parameter to be considered to
ensure the protection of frequency standards. While the frequency
is important in terms of the manufacturer for the provision of
energy demand, for distribution companies the voltage parameter
will be monitored for detecting the remaining subscribers. Man-
ufacturer of frequency control for past consumption can be con-
sumed with the day ahead forecasts made with energy estimates
of past consumption records must be kept under control. Supply-
demand balance towards concern for the sustainability of the
energy and ensuring increasingly complex systems work in co-
ordination with each other can be resolved by the intervention in a
hierarchical order with an analytical framework [109]. Integration
of all types of energy storage and other resources such as plug-in
electric vehicles (PEVs) to counter the variability of renewable
resources (e.g., wind, Fig. 17) are important for sustainability of
energy.
When energy production is considered, transmission and dis-
tribution as a whole, studies conducted in many universities are
expected to capture stability in distribution networks and supply-
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 13. The model of ubiquitous data storage and data access for the smart grid data cloud [105].
Fig. 14. Smart Grid Solution [107].
demand balance by giving direction to the smart grid [110]. While
doing frequency control with power plants of 100 MW installed
capacity, frequency oscillations will be minimized with the
emergence of different solutions of developing technology. The
main characteristic is to possess a self-healing feature while re-
lying on more renewable energy based generations systems such
as wind and solar. Also, the smart grid has to operate in a highly
efficient manner, with high reliability and enhanced power quality.
This key feature offers a lot of advantages and future perspectives
in the power energy domain. Customers will have better control
and responsibility toward their power consumption. Due to its
self-healing action, long outages will not occur. Smart Grids will be
more efficient and economical than the existing power system
because they will facilitate more renewable energy source in-
tegration [111]. Fig. 18 is an overview of smart grid key functions.
Monitoring and forecast of the supply-demand balance can be
done in order to maintain the balance of supply and demand in
507
energy production and consumption in the smart grid [112].
Storing energy with photovoltaic cells and PV power units offers a
wide range of opportunities in the network control in the provi-
sion of supply-demand balance in the micro-grid network [113].
The status of materials that are used in power generation and
distribution of transmission is important for continuity of elec-
trical energy. Also, energy can be used efficiently by coordinating
production, transmission, distribution and storage [114].
5. The efficient use of energy with smart grid
Providing security of supply in the network raises the issue of
energy efficiency. The customer also has great responsibility
alongside energy efficiency starting from subscriptions until de-
livery to the subscriber in an optimized way. Subscriber will
contribute to this process by the selection of equipment and using
it at convenient times. Keeping in mind the balance of the entire
system constructed by the network structure will reveal itself.
Consumers would support more longevity of the network and the
effective protection minimizing technical losses by changing ha-
bits and drawing energy from the network over time.
Average energy consumption from the mains supply and de-
mand of energy taken under the energy efficient use of resources
can be done with smart grid management [115]. Fig. 19 schema-
tically shows the traditional utility environment in terms of the
flow of power and information. Power flow is almost unidirec-
tional from centralized supply sources (power plants) to demand,
and information flow is from lower voltages to higher operational
centers.
When this structure is discussed in terms of power generation
transmission distribution, energy- efficiency is available with the
smart grid giving priority to renewable energy sources [116]. In the
case of the production of renewable energy more efficiently, the
use of energy storage is an alternative idea. A crucial application
area for ICT in distribution grids is the fostering of demand-side
management (DSM) and demand response programs. It is of vital
508 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 15. Smart Grid Conceptual Diagram [107].
Table 2
Modern Hardware for Smart Grids [108].
Group No. Group Name Technology
1 Power Electronics  Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Devices  DVAR or DSTATCOM
 Static Voltage Regulator (SVR)
 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
 Solid State Transfer Switch
 Dynamic Brake
 AC/DC inverter
2 Superconductivity  First Generation Wire
 HTS Cable
 Second Generation Wire
3 Distributed Generation  Micro turbine
 Fuel cell
 PV
 Wind Turbine
4 Distributed Storage  Nas Battery
 Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB)
 Ultra Capacitors
 Superconducting Magnetics Energy
Storage (SMES)
5 Composite Conductors  Aluminum Conductor Composite Core
Cable (ACCC Cable)
 Aluminum Conductor Composite Re-
inforced Cable (ACCR Cable)
 Annealed aluminum, steel supported
(ACSS)
interest to distribution grid operators to know about the actual
grid load and to reshape it if it imperils grid stability. Various
price- and incentive-based demand response programs have been
developed in the past. Fig. 20 gives an overview of program de-
signs ordered by the time frame of their application. A widespread
cable-based technology in Germany is the European Installation
Bus (EIB/KNX). Introduced in 2007, it is the only worldwide-ac-
knowledged technology platform for building services engineering
[48]. KNX is capable of linking all sensors and actors with uniform
standards and interfaces and sending control commands for these
components. Fig. 21 illustrates the possibilities provided by KNX
system.
Giving priority to renewable energy sources will reduce carbon
emissions. The balance of supply and demand in the network can
be met by storing the energy while providing priority to renew-
able energy sources. The grid will gain a dynamic structure by
providing a controlled flow of power in distribution networks
[117].
It allows applications in terms of distribution, transmission and
management and also to give priority to renewable energy sources
for continuity of the energy [118]. Producers and consumers
working together will provide flexibility to the structure of supply
and demand. A study has been conducted in methods of com-
munication and smart home consumers of renewable energy
sources for environmental work [119]. In Fig. 22, each power
generator is interconnected with an adapted power supplier,
which has the proper capability of interpreting the real-time price
signal received from the energy web infrastructure [55]. In order
to match the consumption and generation, the participant strategy
is adapted. In the power market model, each electricity user has
the option to become a power generator. The electricity price is
generated in real-time and sent to every participant by utility
operators using the smart grid communication infrastructure from
the electricity market. The electricity flows generated by the par-
ticipants are monitored in real-time mode by utility operators who
also operate the real-time metering infrastructures such as auto-
matic meter reading (AMR) or AMI for establishing the energy
demand and supply balance. The historical records of both power
consumption and generation with their corresponding price are
periodically sent to the related offices of the participants for fi-
nancial settlement.
Consumer profile may also change in the near future. The
electric vehicles expected to be in everyday life will be a huge
burden on the network. Electric vehicle must be charged, energy
must be efficiently used in coordination with the network and
energy demand must be planned [120]. The overload in the net-
work will occur. The resources will be used more efficiently by
creating a standard between resources and buyers for the smart
grid [121]. In addition to providing the energy supply-demand
balance, market parameters created by consumers in the free
market affect the smart grid [122]. Energy trading can be done by
using cheaper energy for autonomous consumers in the free
market, using or storing energy for this purpose when it is in-
expensive and planning to sell when expensive [123]. Through
different pricing demands made on the one hand while balancing
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516 509

Fig. 16. Control center in all parts of the grid [108].

Fig. 17. Example-variability of wind resource output [109].

Fig. 19. Power and information flow under the smart grid [115].

Fig. 18. Key functions of smart grid [110].
the load on the other hand, the behavior of customers within the
smart grid is determined [124]. Load demand balancing will
minimize the losses occurring in the network [125]. The ad-
vantages can be seen in several simulations. The losses in line
trumping will occur and we will see the benefits of more efficient
use of energy [126]. Figs. 23 and 24 show residential load curves
for a typical weekday in a summer and a winter month,
respectively.
510 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 20. Role of demand response in electric system planning and operations [116].
Fig. 21. Integration of applications in buildings through KNX [116].
6. Load flow in smart grid
Load flow in the network increases the capacity of the line in
addition to easing the work of peak hours. In addition, the more
stable current drawn from the line, the fewer technical losses
occur in the line. Avoiding fluctuations from sudden changes of
load will contribute to the quality of energy. Otherwise, sudden
overloading or unloading of the grid cause technical losses to in-
crease and sudden changes in voltage damage the structure of
materials. In this case, life of equipment used in the grid will de-
crease. Smart grids provide a stable structure by considering all
these issues mentioned for the grid. In addition, using the demand
for load in a balanced manner with applications of intelligent
network can reduce system overload [127–129]. Awareness of
smart grids increases the use of energy systematically in an effi-
cient way [130]. Measures can be taken in addition to the
protection method of conductors consisting of fault mitigation and
protection and monitoring of load flow control [131]. The wireless
communication distance between concentrator and UGPSSM is
relatively short because concentrators can be deployed at strate-
gically placed locations along the distribution system as illustrated
in Fig. 25. For this reason time latencies introduced by the com-
munication system will be very short and they will not deteriorate
the performance of the system. Also, unlike traditional analog
transmission via wires, digital transmission is immune to data
distortion.
The effect of attracting customers from the network load in the
future should also be considered. Charging of electric vehicles will
engage distribution networks as it will draw a higher rate of load
from the grid in the future [66].
Peak hour load should be taken under control by making
changes in energy tariffs to prevent the overload condition of the
grid in peak hours. In addition, there should be different applica-
tions in the grid to provide maximum power in balance [132,133].
Distribution of power in balance increases the power capacity of
the grid. To control the power flow in the grid, some simulations
should be done before applying some experiments. At the equili-
brium point, the demand distribution over time slots of all users is
shown in Fig. 26. Notice that the demand concentrates in the time
slots preferred by the user, i.e. those with higher natural con-
sumption. This can be expected,
If it is necessary to monitor the power used in peak time, a
remote meter reading application at specified time periods could
be a solution [134,135]. Likewise, failure analysis, advanced control
systems and automation systems can be done with the line [136].
Common behaviors of defective regions can be simulated in MA-
TLAB and then standards for common problems can be achieved.
[137].
7. Power quality criteria
One of the most important outcomes targeted in Smart Grid is
to transfer high-quality energy to the consumers. Electric power
parameters are desired within the specified limits. It will con-
tribute in a positive way to identify and to eliminate the source of
the effects observed in the network and will offer many oppor-
tunities to examine problems and their effects. The new solutions
with regional characteristics will emerge when smart grid struc-
ture is reduced to micro grid structure considering buyers and
producers in the network. Through different network structures,
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 22. Web infrastructure energy [119].
Fig. 23. Load curve by type of feed for one of 780 homes (summer) [124].
Fig. 24. Load curve by type of 780 homes for one feeder (winter) [124].
the provision of energy is possible with smart grid design mini-
mizing loss of quality with no power interruption. The smart grid
in the energy production distribution can be achieved by design-
ing all applications made on its behalf [138]. Advance interactions
511
of agents such as telecommunication, sensing, control, and opti-
mization shown in Fig. 27 have been identified to achieve adaptive
interaction, adaptability, self-healing, efficiency and reliability of
the electrical grid.
A solution can be found to determine the location of the
measurements made on the network by giving an IP number to
each device on the network [139]. The provision of energy quality
criteria can be controlled by monitoring the network [140]. The
standard issue of security has been developed in North America by
regarding the system that increases the efficiency of the dis-
tribution network and prevents power outages as a whole [141].
8. Smart grid network applications
There are many different smart grid applications in the world.
Authors established a small size smart grid application at Gazi
University in Ankara, Turkey with solar, wind, battery storage
system and diesel powered micro grid generation connected to the
grid. Authors also visited a large size smart grids application center
that was set up on Jeju Island in South Korea. There are also
continuous studies to build a smart building at JRC in Petten, the
Netherlands that consists of solar panels, diesel generators, battery
storage system, remote monitoring, smart communications, smart
metering and energy saving systems.
Real smart grid applications are available in the USA [142]. The
legal arrangements have been done to make changes in power
distribution in India. Studies towards the establishment of an
electricity distribution network fulfilling all expectations from the
target area of the smart grid of energy quality, continuity of supply
and customer satisfaction are underway [143]. It is worth con-
sidering being flexible by calculating the point to reach while
many stakeholders in the design of networks carry different
thoughts and make expensive investments. A risk analysis should
be done at some point by developing flexibility roadmaps, effec-
tive planning and creating consensus [144]. IEC61850 and
IEC61970 have been presented as two basic standards of power
512 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516

Fig. 25. WiFi based WSN architecture of the AMR system [130].

smart grid applications in China will start in 2020 after defining

Fig. 26. Demand of each user with the proposed demand management scheme,
over the 24 one-hour time slots [131].
grid automation, but a joint study has not been made with dif-
ferent standards. Communication and protection have been dis-
cussed with existing standards [145]. The Chinese government
supports smart grid applications. There are some pilot applications
for energy saving and continuity of energy flow. However, final
the difficulties faced [146]. Energy security and sustainability ap-
plications for smart grid applications to be done under the brand
micro converting, allow an algorithm to be generalized to net-
works of practice [147]. Software has been developed and stan-
dardized after obtaining real time values of automatic distribution
system in South Korea and then real results were obtained by
applying the present studies to the local region. The current sys-
tem has been tested by detecting the problems encountered in the
application [148].
Visualization techniques in the smart grid allow an opportunity
to observe the behavior of the system [149]. There are available
simulation programs developed for smart grid communications
[150]. Some applications are defined in a detailed manner to be-
come a standard for smart grid applications [151]. Smart grid
power quality expected from self-controlling to ensure the balance
of supply and demand is expressed in five steps in the practice
[152]. Southern California Edison (SCE) is now investigating
methods to assist its customers in managing their energy usage
and taking full advantage of all the Smart Grid has to offer cus-
tomers. Edison's goal is to enable customers to be active partici-
pants and make the best decisions for reducing their energy use
and lowering their power bills (Fig. 28).

Fig. 27. Smart Grid intelligent automation functions [138].

 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
Fig. 28. Home area network [152].
Efficient use of energy can give priority to renewable energy
sources, or RES. The contribution of RES to the network is recorded
with a smart meter [153]. During the day, existing energy sources
will be used at an optimum level by prioritizing forms of energy
that cannot be stored or do not harm the environment. For ex-
ample, if one uses solar energy during the daytime, the energy
available from the sun cannot be used.
Meter reading information, by looking at the energy con-
sumption and efficient use of energy controlled power flow rout-
ing tree, helps to create the next strategy. The consumption is
under control by likening the distribution network to a tree.
Transmission and distribution of energy generation in the in-
telligent network in a house is the next coordination with de-
termination of the load characteristic controlled [154]. At each
point of measurement techniques, by making smart grid voltage
drop and losses claimed from the customer, the line charge status
can be assessed by looking at the records. The stable load flow will
contribute to minimum levels of technical losses in the network.
Load flow occurrences will be monitored regularly with the load
profile of smart meters. The losses that occur in the network are
avoidable [155]. Cheap energy supply tariff prices can be generated
by looking at the counters in the counter data to make real-time
assessment of prices and tariffs. Prices need to be kept under si-
multaneous recording. When determining the price for the re-
sidential subscriber distribution companies, the price offered free
to consumers looking for the cheapest possible energy is created.
Thus, by taking advantage of special tariffs customers with chan-
ging consumption habits will be able to get energy cheaper. Acting
on this point at a time when energy is cheap is set out in the offer,
hence the chance to make savings [156]. Network storage appli-
cations in supply-demand balance in the running time of peak
loads and the use of renewable energy efficiently create many
advantages. Although there are differences in practices, there are
some applications to establish the infrastructure of a smart grid in
Sweden, such as use of smart metering, storage servers and si-
multaneous remote reading meters [157]. Benchmarking relates to
losses that occur in the network. When losses are classified,
technical losses refer to the requirement of grid maintenance.
To reduce the technical losses occurring in line and to prevent
the unlawful use of energy, besides smart meters, it is necessary to
look at the social and cultural behavior of customers. [158]. Tra-
ditional structures of society will also help to reduce losses. Smart
metering system is able to read all required data from the grid.
Remote smart metering system can also act as a sensor. Use of
smart metering in smart grids gives large application opportu-
nities. The application field of smart metering can be extended
such as by using smart meters in the grid as sensors to detect
problems and variations. [159]. Although smart metering systems
513
are increasing day-by-day, functionality of metering should be
extended as an analyzer in the grid as a part of the smart grid
application [160].
9. Conclusion
This study presents an overview of existing research about smart
grid technologies and applications of the smart grid on going re-
searches. Many applications in the grid such as the data received
from any point on the network, the losses occurring by remotely
accessed networks, the failures, the charge density, the disorder in
power quality criteria (phase unbalanced, voltage drop, voltage rise,
harmonics, power outage), the billing, analysis of the line in terms of
technical aspects and then the balance between supply and demand
have been introduced and highlighted in this paper in order to solve
the problems occurring in power systems easily. However, only these
kinds of applications will start the infrastructure of smart grid ap-
plications in the future and then provide opportunities for companies
to make investments in the right direction.
The key focus of the papers in the literature is to provide se-
cure, energy efficient, and cost effective power supply to con-
sumers by utilizing the renewable energy sources and distributed
generation integrating on-site generation strategies. Especially,
several topics have significantly highlighted of the smart grid in
the literature such as real time communication, demand side
management, dynamic pricing, distributed generation, and de-
mand management. As a result of these additional request, elec-
tricity networks are at an increased risk of cyber-attacks. So, some
papers have been researched cyber security and information se-
curity to obtain sustainability and quality of electricity supply
while increasingly distributed and renewable energy sources are
connected to the grid. The resulting evolvement of so-called smart
grids strongly depend on the availability of sensitive and reliable
measurement data for monitoring and control of these grids. So,
the papers given in the literature has been focused on these re-
quirements that include a significant communication infra-
structure, which is used to collect usage data and monitor the
operational status of the grid.
This literature review have also provided a comprehensive in-
formation for future smart grid going on research works on energy
management, information management, and security. In the lit-
erature, smart meters are important topic in smart grid to collect
real time data and execute the instructions from control center via
sensors such as current, voltage to get user friendly network.
As it is understood, the automation and the analysis of data
obtained from the smart grid will provide a road map to establish
the smart grid codes. To create a systematic in the smart grid
system, different units should be formed to monitor the voltage,
the frequency, the harmonics, the current limits specified in en-
ergy and the power cuts made in the form of monitoring. Never-
theless, this study has been intended to be an important directing
reference for researchers, engineers, and transmission and dis-
tribution system operators to move in the right direction as they
change their classical grids to smart grids.
References
[1] Bruno S, Lamonaca S, La Scala M, Rotondo G, Stecchi U. Load control through
smart-metering on distribution networks. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE
Bucharest PowerTech Innov Ideas Towar. Electr. Grid Futur.; 2009. p. 1–8.
[2] Maharjan Sabita, Zhu Quanyan, Zhang Yan, Gjessing Stein, Başar Tamer.
Demand response management in the smart grid in a large population re-
gime. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2016;7(1):189–99.
[3] Wen-Tai Li Chau Yuen, Hassan Naveed Ul, Tushar Wayes, Wen Chao-Kai,
Wood Xiang, Hu Kun, Liu Xiang. Demand response management for
514 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
residential smart grid: from theory to practice. Spec Sect Smart Grids: Hub
Interdiscip Res 2015;3:2431–40.
[4] Chang CJ, Chen CY, Chou I-T. The design of information and communication
technologies: telecom MOD strength machines. J Vib Control 2012.
[5] Hu Qinran, Li Fangxing, Chen Chien-fei. A smart home test bed for under-
graduate education to bridge the curriculum gap from traditional power
systems to modernized smart grids. IEEE Trans Educ 2015;58(1):32–8.
[6] Erol-Kantarci Melike, Mouftah Hussein T. Energy-efficient information and
communication infrastructures in the smart grid: a survey on interactions
and open issues. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2015;17(1):179–96.
[7] Spanò Elisa, Niccolini Luca, Pascoli Stefano Di, Iannaccone Giuseppe. Last-
meter smart grid embedded in an internet-of-things platform. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2015;6(1):468–75.
[8] Marnerides Angelos K, Smith Paul, Schaeffer-Filho Alberto, Mauthe Andreas.
Power consumption profiling using energy time-frequency distributions in
smart grids. IEEE Commun Lett 2015;19(1):46–9.
[9] Ancillotti E, Bruno R, Conti M. The role of communication systems in smart
grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges. Comput
Commun 2013;36(17–18):1665–97.
[10] Ekneligoda NC, Weaver WW. Game theoretic optimization of DC micro-grids
without a communication infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Clem-
son Univ. Power Syst. Conf. PSC 2014; 2014.
[11] Das S, Ghosh D, Ghose T, Mohanta DK. Simulation of wide area measurement
system with optimal phasor measurement unit location. In: Proceedings of
the 2014 Int. Conf. Signal Process. Integr. Networks, pp. 226–230, 2014.
[12] Lin Junru, Zhu Baohui, Zeng Peng, Liang Wei, Yu Haibin, Xiao Yang. Mon-
itoring power transmission lines using a wireless sensor network, Wireless
Communications And Mobile Computing, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput.;
2014.
[13] Hancke GP, Gungor VC. Guest editorial special section on industrial wireless
sensor networks. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 2014;10(1):762–5.
[14] Mudumbai R, Dasgupta S. Distributed control for the smart grid: The case of
economic dispatch, Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA),
Conference Proceedings University of California, San Diego February 9-14, 2014.
[15] Workers M, Forum C, Ground C. a Road Map To Integration. no. june; 2014.
[16] Khan MF, Jain A, Aranuchalam V, Paventhan A. Communication technologies
for smart metering infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE students’
conf. electr. electron. comput. sci.; 2014. p. 1–5.
[17] Gharavi H, Ghafurian R. Smart grid: the electric energy system of the future.
Proc IEEE 2011;99(6):917–21.
[18] Uludag Suleyman, Lui King-Shan, Ren Wenyu, Nahrstedt Klara. Secure and
scalable data collection with time minimization in the smart grid. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2016;7(1):43–54.
[19] Rietveld Gert, Braun Jean-Pierre, Martin Ricardo, Wright Paul, Heins Wiebke,
Ell Nikola, Clarkson Paul, Zisky Norbert. Measurement infrastructure to
support the reliable operation of smart electrical grids. IEEE Trans Instrum
Meas 2015;64(6):1355–63.
[20] Jang BW, Shin YS, Kang ST, Choi JS. Design and implementation of building
energy management system with quality of experience power scheduling
model to prevent the blackout in smart grid network, 16th International
Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, PhonixPark, Pyeong
Chang, South Korea, February 16-19 2014.
[21] Park N, Kim M. Implementation of load management application system
using smart grid privacy policy in energy management service environment.
Clust Comput 2014;17:653–64.
[22] Li Ding, Jayaweera Sudharman K. Distributed smart-home decision-making
in a hierarchical interactive smart grid architecture. IEEE Trans Parallel Dis-
trib Syst 2015;26(1):75–84.
[23] Bae Hyoungchel, Yoon Jongha, Lee Yunseong, Lee Juho, Kim Taejin, Yu
Jeongseok, Cho Sungrae, Bae H, Yoon J, Lee Y, Lee J, Kim T, Yu J, Cho S. User-
friendly demand side management for smart grid networks. In: Proceedings
of int. conf. inf. netw.; 2014. p. 481–485.
[24] Palizban O, Kauhaniemi K, Guerrero JM. Microgrids in active network man-
agement - Part I: hierarchical control, energy storage, virtual power plants,
and market participation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;36:428–39.
[25] Justo JJ, Mwasilu F, Lee J, Jung JW. AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with
distributed energy resources: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
2013;24:387–405.
[26] Karabiber A, Keles C, Kaygusuz A, Alagoz BB. An approach for the integration
of renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC microgrids. Renew
Energy 2013;52:251–9.
[27] Luo Y, Shi L, Tu G. Optimal sizing and control strategy of isolated grid with
wind power and energy storage system. Energy Convers Manag
2014;80:407–15.
[28] Zafirakis D, Elmasides C, Sauer DU, Leuthold M, Merei G, Kaldellis JK, Vokas G,
Chalvatzis KJ. The multiple role of energy storage in the industrial sector: evi-
dence from a Greek industrial facility. Energy Procedia 2014;46(0):178–85.
[29] Di Silvestre ML, Sanseverino E Riva. Modelling energy storage systems using
Fourier analysis: An application for smart grids optimal management. Appl
Soft Comput 2014;14:469–81.
[30] Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, Siano P. Economic-environmental energy and re-
serve scheduling of smart distribution systems: a multiobjective mathema-
tical programming approach. Energy Convers Manag 2014;78:151–64.
[31] Costanza E, Fischer J, Colley J, Rodden T, Ramchurn S, Jennings N. Doing the
laundry with agents: a field trial of a future smart energy system in the
home. Acm Chi 2014.
[32] Safdarian A, Fotuhi-Firuzabad M, Lehtonen M. A distributed algorithm for
managing residential demand response in smart grids. IEEE Trans Ind Inform
2014;3203:1–9 (no. c).
[33] Soares FJ, Almeida PMR, Lopes J a P. Quasi-real-time management of Electric
Vehicles charging. Electr Power Syst Res 2014;108:293–303.
[34] Gao D, Jiang D, Liu P, Li Z, Hu S, Xu H. An integrated energy storage system
based on hydrogen storage: process configuration and case studies with
wind power. Energy 2014;66:332–41.
[35] Kumar RN, Baskaran J. Energy management system for hybrid RES with
hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter. Int J Electr Comput Eng 2014;4(1):24–
30.
[36] Missaoui R, Joumaa H, Ploix S, Bacha S. Managing energy smart homes ac-
cording to energy prices: analysis of a building energy management system.
Energy Build 2014;71:155–67.
[37] Torres JL, Gonzalez R, Gimenez a, Lopez J. Energy management strategy for
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A comparative study. Appl Energy
2014;113:816–24.
[38] Gu W, Wu Z, Bo R, Liu W, Zhou G, Chen W, Wu Z. Modeling, planning and
optimal energy management of combined cooling, heating and power mi-
crogrid: a review. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;54:26–37.
[39] Facci AL, Andreassi L, Ubertini S, Sciubba E. Analysis of the influence of
thermal energy storage on the optimal management of a trigeneration plant.
Energy Procedia 2014;45:1295–304.
[40] Meena N, Baharawani V. Need and comparison of energy storage technolo-
gies–a review. Int J Appl Eng Res 2014;9(2):177–84.
[41] Ippolito MG, Riva Sanseverino E, Zizzo G. Impact of building automation
control systems and technical building management systems on the energy
performance class of residential buildings: an Italian case study. Energy Build
2014;69:33–40.
[42] Berrazouane S, Mohammedi K. Parameter optimization via cuckoo optimi-
zation algorithm of fuzzy controller for energy management of a hybrid
power system. Energy Convers Manag 2014;78:652–60.
[43] La Quang Duy, Chan Yiu Wing Edwin, Soong Boon-Hee. Power management
of intelligent buildings facilitated by smart grid: a market approach. IEEE
Trans Smart Grid 2016;7(3):1389–400.
[44] Tong C, Wang Q, Gao Y, Tong M, Luo J. Dynamic lightning protection of smart
grid distribution system. Electr Power Syst Res 2014;113(183):228–36.
[45] Gao J, He X, Zhang P, Xu C. Comprehensive evaluation of reliability of pro-
tection system in smart substation. Indonesian J Electr Eng Comput Sci
2014;12(5):3745–53.
[46] Anwar A, Mahmood AN. Cyber security of smart grid infrastructure Abstract .
no. January; 2014.
[47] Saxena Neetesh, Choi Bong Jun, Lu Rongxing. Authentication and author-
ization scheme for various user roles and devices in smart grid. IEEE Trans Inf
Forensics Secur 2016;11(5):907–21.
[48] Manuputty A, Noor SM, Sumardi J. Cyber security: rule of use internet safely?
Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 2013;103:255–61.
[49] Ananda Kumar V, Pandey KK, Punia DK. Cyber security threats in the power
sector: need for a domain specific regulatory framework in India. Energy
Policy 2014;65:126–33.
[50] Naus J, Spaargaren G, Van Vliet BJM, Van der Horst HM. Smart grids, in-
formation flows and emerging domestic energy practices. Energy Policy
2014;68:436–46.
[51] Chen Le, Lu Rongxing, Cao Zhenfu. A privacy-preserving data aggregation
scheme with fault tolerance for smart grid communications. Peer-to-Peer
Networking Appl 2015;8(6):1122–32.
[52] Zseby T, Fabini J. Security Challenges for Wide Area Monitoring in Smart
Grids. e i Elektro Inf 2014;131:105–11.
[53] Ilić D, Karnouskos S, Goncalves Da Silva P, Detzler S. A system for enabling
facility management to achieve deterministic energy behaviour in the smart
grid era. In: Proceedings of the 3rd int. conf. smart grids green IT syst.
(SmartGreens), Barcelona, Spain; 2014.
[54] Medina P, Bizuayehu aW, Catalao JPS, Rodrigues EMG, Contreras J. Electrical
energy storage systems: technologies’ state-of-the-art, techno-economic
benefits and applications analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii
int. conf. syst. sci.; 2014. p. 2295–2304.
[55] Han J, Choi C, Park W, Lee I, Kim S. PLC-based photovoltaic system man-
agement for smart home energy management system. 2014. p. 542–3.
[56] Kim H, Baek S, Park E, Chang HJ. Optimal green energy management in Jeju,
South Korea - On-grid and off-grid electrification. Renew Energy
2014;69:123–33.
[57] Ali SI, Naeem M, Mahmood a, Razzaq S, Najam Z, Ahmed S, Ahmed SH.
Methods to regulate energy consumption in smart homes. J Basic Appl Sci
Res 2014;4(1):166–72.
[58] Chanda S, De A. A multi-objective solution algorithm for optimum utilization
of Smart Grid infrastructure towards social welfare. Int J Electr Power Energy
Syst 2014;58:307–18.
[59] Lund H, Werner S, Wiltshire R, Svendsen S, Thorsen JE, Hvelplund F, Ma-
thiesen BV. 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH). Integrating smart
thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy 2014;68:1–11.
[60] Fadaeenejad M, Saberian a M, Fadaee M, Radzi M a M, Hizam H, Abkadir MZ
a. The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries. Re-
new Sustain Energy Rev 2014;29:828–34.
[61] Wan Can, Zhao Jian, Song Yonghua, Xu Zhao, Lin Jin, Hu Zechun. Photovoltaic
and solar power forecasting for smart grid energy management. CSEE J
Power Energy Syst 2015;1(4):38–46.
 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
[62] Zhang Yichi, Wang Lingfeng, Sun Weiqing. Trust system design optimization
in smart grid, network infrastructure. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2013;4(1):184–
95.
[63] Tsai Jia-Lun, Lo Nai-Wei. Secure anonymous key distribution scheme for
smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2016;7(2):906–13.
[64] Liu Yining, Cheng Chi, Gu Tianlong, Jiang Tao, Li Xiangming. A lightweight
authenticated communication scheme for smart grid. IEEE Sens J 2016;16
(3):836–42.
[65] Liu Q, Zhao B, Wang Y, Hu J. Experience of AMR systems based on BPL in
China. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE int. symp. power line commun. its
appl. ISPLC 2009; 2009. p. 280–284.
[66] Li L, Xiaoguang H, Jian H, Ketai H. Design of new architecture of AMR system
in Smart Grid. In: Proceedings of the 2011 6th IEEE conf. ind. electron. appl.;
2011. p. 2025–2029.
[67] Li Z, Yan L, Pan W, Luo B, Ye J, Jiang H. Simultaneous transmission of multiple
wireless services over fiber with reduced network complexities. J Opt
Commun Netw 2013;6(1):26.
[68] Thurler C. 19 th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Paper
0653 Smart Grid And Automatic Meter Management : Dream Or Reality ?
Additional Revenues Regulated market Deregulated market New services
Improve processes Costs reduction. Energy, no. 0653; 2007. p. 21–24.
[69] Sheingold D. Editors' Notes. vol. 43(1); 2009. p. 1–28.
[70] Aggarwal A, Kunta S, Verma PK. A proposed communications infrastructure
for the smart grid. In: Proceedings of innov. smart grid technol. conf. ISGT
2010; 2010. p. 1–5.
[71] Arnold GW. Challenges and opportunities in smart grid: a position article.
Proc IEEE 2011;99(6):922–7.
[72] Srinivasa Prasanna GN, Lakshmi A, Sumanth S, Simha V, Bapat J, Koomullil G.
Data communication over the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE
int. symp. power line commun. its appl.; 2009. p. 273–279.
[73] Luan WLW, Sharp D, Lancashire S. Smart grid communication network ca-
pacity planning for power utilities. In: Proceedings of transm. distrib. conf.
expo. 2010 IEEE PES; 2010. p. 1–4.
[74] Sood VK, Fischer D, Eklund JM, Brown T. Developing a communication in-
frastructure for the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE electr. power
energy conf. EPEC 2009, vol. 4; 2009. p. 1–7.
[75] Fadlullah ZM, Fouda MM, Kato N, Takeuchi A, Iwasaki N, Nozaki Y. Toward
intelligent machine-to-machine communications in smart grid. IEEE Com-
mun Mag 2011;49:60–5.
[76] Parikh PP, Kanabar MG, Sidhu TS. Opportunities and challenges of wireless
communication technologies for smart grid applications. In: Proceedings of
power energy soc. gen. meet. 2010 IEEE, no. Cc; 2010. p. 1–7.
[77] Gungor VC, Lu B, Hancke GP. Opportunities and challenges of wireless sensor
networks in smart grid. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2010;57(10):3557–64.
[78] Galli S, Scaglione A, Wang Z. Power Line Communications and the Smart
Grid. In: Proceedings of the 2010 First IEEE int. conf. smart grid commun.;
2010. p. 303–308.
[79] Sendin A, Simon J, Urrutia I, Berganza I. PLC deployment and architecture for
smart grid applications in Iberdrola. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ISPLC
2014 18th IEEE int. symp. power line commun. its appl., no. June 2013;
2014. p. 173–178.
[80] Liu J, Li X, Chen X, Zhen Y, Zeng L. Applications of Internet of Things on smart
grid in China. In: Proceedings of the 13th int. conf. adv. commun. technol.;
2011. p. 13–17.
[81] Fan Z, Kalogridis G, Efthymiou C, Sooriyabandara M, McGeehan J. The New
Frontier of Communications Research : Smart Grid and Smart Metering. In:
Proceedings of the 1st int. conf. energy-efficient comput. netw. on e-Energy
’10; 2010. p. 115–118.
[82] Wang D, Tao Z, Zhang J, a Abouzeid A. RPL based routing for advanced me-
tering infrastructure in smart grid. In: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE int. conf.
commun. work. (ICC); 2010. p. 1–6.
[83] Efthymiou C, Kalogridis G. Smart Grid Privacy via Anonymization of Smart
Metering Data. In: Proceedings of the 2010 First IEEE Int. Conf. on Smart Grid
Commun. (SmartGridComm); 2010. p. 238–243.
[84] Güngör VC, Sahin D, Kocak T, Ergüt S, Buccella C, Cecati C, Hancke GP. Smart
grid technologies: communication technologies and standards. IEEE Trans
Ind Inform 2011;7(4):529–39.
[85] Rugthaicharoencheep N, Boonthienthong M. Smart grid for energy man-
agement on distribution system with distributed generation. In: Proc. of the
2012 IEEE int. conference on cyber technology in automation, control and
intelligent systems May 27–31. Bangkok, Thailand; 2012.
[86] Laverty DM, Morrow DJ, Best R, Crossley PA. Telecommunications for smart
grid: Backhaul solutions for the distribution network. In: Proceedings of the
IEEE PES Gen. Meet. PES 2010; 2010. p. 1–6.
[87] Tabors RD, Parker G, Caramanis MC. Development of the smart grid: Missing
elements in the policy process. In: Proc. annu. Hawaii int. conf. syst. sci.;
2010. p. 1–7.
[88] McGranaghan Mark, Dollen Don Von, Myrda Paul, Hughes Joe. Using the
intelligrid methodology to support development of a smart grid roadmap
ensuring smart grid interoperability. In: Proceedings Atlanta, GA November
11–13; 2008,.
[89] McGranaghan M, Von Dollen D, Myrda P, Gunther E. Utility experience with
developing a smart grid roadmap. In: Proceedings of the IEEE power energy soc.
2008 gen. meet. convers. deliv. electr. energy 21st Century, PES; 2008. p. 1–5.
[90] Hassan R, Radman G. Survey on smart grid. In: Conf. Proc. - IEEE SOUTH-
EASTCON; 2010. p. 210–213.
515
[91] Jeon Y. QoS Requirements for the smart grid communications system. J
Comput Sci 2011;11(3):86–94.
[92] Arritt RF, Dugan RC. Distribution system analysis and the future Smart Grid.
In: Proceedings of the 2011 rural electr. power conf., vol. 47 (6); 2011. p. B2–
1–B2–8.
[93] Sim S-H, Li J, Jo H, Park J-W, Cho S, Spencer Jr BF, Jung H-J. A wireless smart
sensor network for automated monitoring of cable tension. Smart Mater
Struct 2014;23:025006.
[94] Joshi S, Joshi A, Jabade S, Jathar A. M2M communication based wireless
SCADA for real-time industrial automation. Int J Res Advent Technol 2014;2
(4):107–9.
[95] Bari A, Jiang J, Saad W, Jaekel A. Challenges in the smart grid applications : an
overview. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 2014;2014.
[96] Liang Hao, Kumar Tamang Amit, Zhuang Weihua, (Sherman) Shen Xuemin.
Stochastic information management in smart grid. In: Proceedings of IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials. vol. 16(3). Third Quarter; 2014. p. 1746–
1770..
[97] Samaresh Bera Sudip Misra Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues Cloud Computing Applica-
tions for Smart Grid: A Survey (May)IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. Vol. 26
No. 5 2015 1477 1494.
[98] Brown RE. Impact of Smart Grid on Distribution System design. In: Pro-
ceedings of IEEE power energy soc. 2008 gen. meet. convers. deliv. electr.
energy 21st century, PES; 2008.
[99] Xu Shengjie, Qian Yi, Hu Rose Qingyang. On reliability of smart grid neigh-
borhood area networks. Spec Sect Smart Grids: Hub Interdiscip Res
2015;3:2352–65.
[100] Saint B. Rural distribution system planning using smart grid technologies.
Energy Policy 2009;09:0–8.
[101] Li F, Qiao W, Sun H, Wan H, Wang J, Xia Y, Xu Z, Zhang P. Smart transmission
grid: Vision and framework. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2010;1(2):168–77.
[102] Li Fangxing, Qiao Wei, Sun Hongbin, Wan Hui, Wang Jianhui, Xia Yan, Xu
Zhao, Zhang Pei. Smart transmission grid: vision and framework. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2010;1(2).
[103] Mets Kevin, Aparicio Ojea Juan, Develder Chris. Combining power and
communication network simulation for cost-effective smart grid analysis. In:
Proceedings of IEEE communication surveys & tutorials. vol. 16(3). Third
Quarter; 2014. p. 1771–1796.
[104] Antonio Cataliotti Valentina Cosentino, Cara Dario Di, Russotto Pierluca, Telaretti
Enrico, Tinè Giovanni. An innovative measurement approach for load flow
analysis in MV smart grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2016;7(2):889–96.
[105] Rusitschka S, Eger K, Gerdes C. Smart Grid Data Cloud: A Model for Utilizing
Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid Domain. In: Proceedings of the 2010 first
IEEE int. conf. smart grid commun.; 2010. p. 483–488.
[106] Rusitschka Sebnem, Eger Kolja, Gerdes Christoph, Smart Grid Data Cloud: A
Model for Utilizing Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid Domain. In: Pro-
ceedings of the 2010 first IEEE international conference smart grid commu-
nications (SmartGridComm); 4–6 Oct. 2010. p. 483–488.
[107] Roncero JR. Integration is key to Smart Grid management. Smart Grids Distrib
2008;9:1–4.
[108] Javadi S. Steps to smart grid realization. In: Proc. 4th WSEAS Int. …; 2010. p.
223–228.
[109] Moslehi K, Kumar R. A reliability perspective of the smart grid. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2010;1(1):57–64.
[110] Beidou FB, Morsi WG, Diduch CP, Chang L. Smart grid: Challenges, research
directions and possible solutions. In: Proceedings of the 2nd int. symp. power
electron. distrib. gener. syst.; 2010. p. 670–673.
[111] Bagnan Beidou F, Morsi Walid G., Diduch CP, Chang L. Smart Grid: challenges,
research directions and possible solutions, power electronics for distributed
generation systems (PEDG). In: Proceedings of the 2010 2nd IEEE interna-
tional symposium; 16–18 June 2010. p. 670–673.
[112] Medina J, Muller N, Roytelman I. Demand response and distribution grid
operations: Opportunities and challenges. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2010;1
(2):193–8.
[113] Kanchev H, Lu D, Colas F, Lazarov V, Francois B. Energy management and
operational planning of a microgrid with a PV based active generator for
smart grid applications. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2011;58(10):4583–92.
[114] Cavoukian A, Polonetsky J, Wolf C. SmartPrivacy for the Smart Grid: em-
bedding privacy into the design of electricity conservation. Identit Inf Soc
2010;3:275–94.
[115] Rahimi F, Ipakchi A. Demand response as a market resource under the smart
grid paradigm. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2010;1(1):82–8.
[116] Wissner M. The Smart Grid - a saucerful of secrets? Appl Energy 2011;88
(7):2509–18.
[117] Varaiya PP, Wu FF, Bialek JW. Smart Operation of Smart Grid: Risk-Limiting
Dispatch. Proc. IEEE 2008;vol. 99(1).
[118] Hamidi V, Smith KS, Wilson RC. Smart Grid technology review within the
Transmission and Distribution sector. In: Proceedings of the Innov. Smart
Grid technol. conf. Eur. (ISGT Eur. 2010 IEEE PES); 2010. p. 1–8.
[119] Yan Y, Qian Y, Sharif H, Tipper D. A survey on smart grid communication
infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges. IEEE Commun
Surv Tutor 2013;15(1):5–20.
[120] Su W, Rahimi-eichi H, Zeng W, Chow M. A survey on the electrification of
transportation in a smart grid environment. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 2012;8
(1):1–10.
[121] DeBlasio C, Tom Richard, Standards for the Smart Grid (2008). In: Proceeedings
of the 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conf., no. November; 2008. p. 1–7.
516 / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016) 499–516
[122] Rahimi F, Ipakchi A. Overview of demand response under the smart grid and
market paradigms. In: Proceedings of the innov. smart grid technol. conf.
ISGT 2010; 2010. p. 1–7.
[123] Mohsenian-Rad AH, Wong VWS, Jatskevich J, Schober R, Leon-Garcia A. Au-
tonomous demand-side management based on game-theoretic energy con-
sumption scheduling for the future smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2010;1
(3):320–31.
[124] Shao S, Zhang T, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S. Impact of TOU rates on
distribution load shapes in a smart grid with PHEV penetration. In: Pro-
ceedngs of the 2010 IEEE PES transm. distrib. conf. expo. smart solut. a chang.
world; 2010. p. 1–6.
[125] Sortomme E, Hindi MM, MacPherson SDJ, Venkata SS. Coordinated charging
of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to minimize distribution system losses.
IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2011;2(1):186–93.
[126] Karnouskos S, De Holanda TN. Simulation of a smart grid city with software
agents. In: Proceedings of the EMS 2009 - UKSim 3rd Eur. Model. Symp.
Comput. Model. Simul.; 2009. p. 424–429.
[127] Müller RI, Booysen MJ. A water flow meter for smart metering applications.
The 9th South African Conference on Computational and Applied Mechanics,
SACAM2014, Stellenbosch University, Somerset West, South Africa; 2014.
[128] Siano P. Demand response and smart grids - a survey. Renew Sustain Energy
Rev 2014;30:461–78.
[129] Paul S, Rabbani MS, Kundu RK, Zaman SMR. A review of smart technology
(smart grid) and its features. In: Proc. 2014 1st int. conf. non conv. energy
search clean safe energy, ICONCE 2014, no. Iconce; 2014. p. 200–203.
[130] a PS, Meliopoulos GJ, Cokkinides R, Huang E, Farantatos S, Choi Y, Lee, Yu X.
Smart grid technologies for autonomous operation and control. Smart Grid
IEEE Trans. 2011;2(1):1–10.
[131] Ibars C, Navarro M, Giupponi L. Distributed Demand Management in Smart
Grid with a Congestion Game. In: Proceedings of the 2010 First IEEE Int. Conf.
on Smart Grid Commun. (SmartGridComm); 2010. p. 495–500.
[132] Paudyal S, Canizares C a, Bhattacharya K. Optimal operation of distribution
feeders in smart grids. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2011;58(10):4495–503.
[133] Schneider KP, Chassin D, Chen Y, Fuller JC. Distribution power flow for smart
grid technologies. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEEPES power syst. conf.
expo.; 2009. p. 1–7.
[134] Lo CH, Ansari N. The progressive smart grid system from both power and
communications aspects. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2012;14(3):799–821.
[135] Mamo X, Mallet S, Coste T, Grenard S. Distribution automation: the corner-
stone for Smart Grid development strategy. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE
power energy soc. gen. meet. PES ’09 2009:1–6.
[136] Vyatkin V, Zhabelova G, Higgins N, Schwarz K, Nair NKC. Towards intelligent
smart grid devices with IEC 61850 interoperability and IEC 61499 open
control architecture. In: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE PES transm. distrib.
conf. expo. smart solut. a chang. world; 2010. p. 1–8.
[137] Momoh Ja. Smart grid design for efficient and flexible power networks op-
eration and control. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/PES power syst. conf.
expo.; 2009. p. 1–8.
[138] Pipattanasomporn M, Feroze H, Rahman S. Multi-agent systems in a dis-
tributed smart grid: Design and implementation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/
PES power syst. conf. expo. 2009. PSCE ’09.; 2009. p. 1–8.
[139] Lasseter RH. Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids. Proc IEEE 2011;99
(6):1074–82.
[140] Metke AR, Ekl RL. Security technology for smart grid networks. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2010;1(1):99–107.
[141] Brown HE, Suryanarayanan S, Heydt GT. Some characteristics of emerging
distribution systems considering the smart grid initiative. Electr J 2010;23
(5):64–75.
[142] Sinha A, Neogi S, Lahiri RN, Chowdhury S, Chowdhury SP, Chakraborty N.
“Smart grid initiative for power distribution utility in India. In: Proceedings of
the IEEE power energy soc. gen. meet. 2011:1–8.
[143] Davis G, Snyder AF, Mader J. The future of Distribution System Resiliency. In:
Proceedings of the 2014 Clemson Univ. power syst. conf. PSC 2014; 2014.
[144] Naumann A, Bielchev I, Voropai N, Styczynski Z. Smart grid automation using
IEC 61850 and CIM standards. Control Eng Pract 2014;25:102–11.
[145] Xu Z, Xue Y, Wong KP. Recent advancements on Smart Grids in China. Electr
Power Compon Syst 2014;42:251–61.
[146] Nieße A, Tröschel M, Sonnenschein M. Designing dependable and sustainable
Smart Grids - how to apply Algorithm Engineering to distributed control in
power systems. Environ Model Softw 2014;56:37–51.
[148] Yun S-Y, Chu C-M, Kwon S-C, Song I-K, Choi J-H. The development and
empirical evaluation of the Korean smart distribution management system.
Energies 2014;7:1332–62.
[149] Qu Z, Hou S, Zhu L, Yan J, Xu S. The study of smart grid knowledge visuali-
zation key technologies. TELKOMNIKA Indonesian J Electr Eng Comput Sci
2014;12(1):323–33.
[150] Leif Hanrahan B, Lightbody G, Staudt L, Leahy PG. A powerful visualization
technique for electricity supply and demand at industrial sites with com-
bined heat and power and wind generation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
2014;31:860–9.
[151] Li W, Zhang X. Simulation of the smart grid communications: challenges,
techniques, and future trends. Comput Electr Eng 2014;40(1):270–88.
[152] Jiang Z. Computational intelligence techniques for a smart electric grid of the
future. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (including Subser. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell.
Lect. Notes Bioinformatics), vol. 5551 LNCS; 2009. p. 1191–1201.
[153] Johnson AP. The History of the Smart Grid Evolution At Southern California
Edison – Anthony P . Johnson Visions of the Future , Looking to the Past.
Evolution (NY); 2010. p. 1–3.
[154] Yang I-K, Jung N-J, Kim Y-I. Status of advanced metering infrastructure de-
velopment in Korea; 2009. p. 1–3.
[155] Cho HS, Yamazaki T, Hahn M. Determining location of appliances from multi-
hop tree structures of power strip type smart meters. IEEE Trans Consum
Electron 2009;55(4):2314–22.
[156] Mak ST. 21 st International Conference on Electricity Distribution Strategic
Use Of Smart Meters Data And Ami Capability To Develop Advanced Smart
Distribution Grid Applications 21st International Conference on Electricity
Distribution Frankfurt , 6–9 June 2011. no. 0018; 2011. p. 6–9.
[157] Ifland M, Warweg O, Westermann D. Smart Metering in the context of lib-
eralized energy markets This publication was developed as part of the event :
smart metering in the context of liberalized energy markets. no. September
2011; 2012.
[158] Garpetun Lars. Experiences from operations after a full-scale smart metering
rollout regarding availability and reliability. In: Proceedings of the 21st in-
ternational conference on electricity distribution. Frankfurt; 6–9 June 2011.
[159] Depuru Soma Shekara Sreenadh Reddy, Wangn Lingfeng, Devabhaktuni Vi-
jay. Electricity theft: Overview, issues, prevention and a smart meter based
approach to control theft. Energy Policy 2011;39:1007–15.
[160] Löf Niklas, Pikkarainen Marko, Repo Sami, Järventaustautilizing Pertti, Smart
Meters in Lv Network Management. In: Proceedings of the 21st International
Conference on Electricity Distribution. Frankfurt; 6–9 June 2011.
R. Bayindir
Gazi University, Turkey
E-mail address: bayindir@gazi.edu.tr
I. Colak n
Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey
E-mail address: icolak@gelisim.edu.tr
G. Fulli
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy
E-mail address: gianluca.fulli@ec.europa.eu
K. Demirtas
Turkish Electricity Distribution Company, Turkey
E-mail address: kenandemirtas@tedas.gov.tr
Received 10 January 2016
7 June 2016
3 August 2016
n
Corresponding author.