Perceptions of Broadcast Journalists On Job Related Aspects

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Faculty of Finance and Accounting, “ARTIFEX" University, Bucharest, ROMANIA
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Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University- Katra, INDIA
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Volume-9, Issue-4
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

(ISSN: 2249-2496)
CONTENTS
Sr. TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) Page No.
No.
The Determinants Of Aggregate Consumption Expenditure: Empirical Evidence From Nigeria.

1 1-16
Felix O. Ashakah
Attitude Of Undergraduate And Post Graduate Students Having Bengalias Medium Of Instruction
2 Towards English Medium School. 17-26
Abdul Aziz Mondal,Rimi Mondal, Roni Ghosh,Bubly Sarkar And BijanSarkar
A Bibliographical Study On Importance Of Data Profiling And Data Mining For Effective Business
3 Transactions; A Techno-Business Leadership Perspective. 27-70
Prof Dr.C.Karthikeyan, Asst Prof Krishna And Ms Anna Benjamin
A Conceptual Study On Big Data Applications For Business Integration; A Techno-Business Leadership
4 Perspective. 71-99
A Conceptual And Analytical Study On Modern Compliance Reporting For Corporate Performance
5 Management ; A Techno-Business Leadership Perspective. 100-130
An Exploratory Literature Review On Advancements In Applications Of Cloud And BI ;A Techno-
6 Business Leadership Perspective. 131-166
An Exploratory Study On Business Data Integrity For Effective Business; A Techno Business Leadership
7 Perspective. 167-201
A Conceptual Study On Data Quality And Its Impact On Business Decision; A Techno- Business
Leadership Perspective.
8 202-239
Meta Analytical Literature Study On Business Intelligence And Its Applications; A Techno-Business
9 Leadership Perspective. 240-262
Impact Of Social Media On Happiness: An Empirical Study In Chandigarh, UT.

10 263-281
Rupinder Aulakh
Motivation And Organizational Productivity In Nigeria.

11 282-297
Money Udih And Dr. Joseph E. Agbadudu
Factors Influencing Politicians‟ And Government Officials‟ Choice For Corruption Mitigating Against
Quality Of Poverty Elimination Services; Perspective From Young People And NYSC Members-
12 298-328
Community Organization In Nigeria, Using Social Marketing Techniques.
Stanley Ebikinei Eguruze
Volume-9, Issue-4
Caste In Indian Politics And Role Of Dr B.R. Ambedkar In Indian Politics Of Casteism.
13 329-336
Mazar Ali
Religion And Folklore: An Unmapped Link In Sasoni Merbil Region Of North East India.
14 337-345
Bhaswati Das And Dr. Sujit Deka
Predictive Analysis On Human Resource Functions: Is There An Influence Or Not?

15 346-357
Dr.Cris Abraham Kochukalam And Mrs. Neethu Jose
Social Skills And Parental Involvement Of Adolescent Students.

16 358-367
Dr. GagandeepKaur And Preety
The Study of Access to Local Health Care in Addis Ababa: Perceptions of Citizens.
17 368-383
Elsabet Mamo
The Relationship Between Eating Attitudes And Self-Esteem Among University Students.
18 384-402
Cansu Ecem Kesgin And Girne American
Politics And Autonomy: Insights From The Ladakh Region.

19 403-415
Zeba
Temple Architecture Of Western Himalayan Region: Wooden Temples- A Case Study Of Chamba,
20 Kinnaur And Shimla Hills (Himachal Pradesh). 416-428
Rameshwar Singh
A Comparative Study Of Personality Traits Among Boys And Girls At Secondary School Level.
21 429-436
Dr. Sana Afrin
A Critical Analysis On Environmnetal And Child Refugees.

22 437-442
Jyotsna Singh
Depression In Geriatric Population In Darjeeling Hills Of India.

23 443-457
Ayashree Dey
Political Parties : A Perspective.

24 458-468
(Dr.) Binod Kumar Jha
Co-Integration Among Indian Emerging And Developed Stock Markets: Impact Of Emerging And
25 Developed Stock Markets On Indian Stock Markets. 469-488
R. Sarulatha And Sr. Dr. B J Queensley Jeyanthi
High Protein And Low Calorie Food Product Developed From Oats, Nuts And Oilseeds.
26 489-504
Dr Luxita Sharma
A Comparative Study Of Environmental Awareness Among The Higher Secondary Students Of

27 Murshidabad District. 505-521
Faiyaz Ahammad And Nargis Parvin
Volume-9, Issue-4
Changing Role Of „Clientelist‟ And „Programmatic‟ Linkages In Ethnic Party Support: Bahujan Samaj
28 Party In Uttar Pradesh. 522-543
Mohammed Imtiaz Quadri
Indian Forest Policies & Non Timber Minor Forest Produces: One Head Load As Offertory.
29 544-565
Dr. Suparna Sanyal Mukherjee
A Study Of Cashless Economy- Benefits And Challenges In India.

30 566-575
Priyanka
Gender Differences In Learning Science And Mathematics Subjects: A Study Of Secondary School
31 Students. 576-583
Dr. Mahmood Ali
Identity Struggle And The Role Of Emerging Middle Class Among The Tea Plantation Labourers In
32 Assam. 584-592
Dr. Joyjit Hazarika
Intergenerational Care: Need Of The Hour.

33 593-602
Dr. Anubhuti Sharma
Avantivarman (A.D 855-883) The Engineer King Of Kashmir: Irrigational Works And Agricultural
34 Development. 603-607
Zahied Rehman Ganie
A Study Of Academic Anxiety Among High School Students In Relation To Gender, Type Of Family And
35 Type Of Institution. 608-618
Ravees Ahmad Rather
Military Role Of The Ottomans In Mughal Warfare In The First Half Of The 16th Century.
36 619-634
Emre YURUK
Economic Growth, Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumptions And Urbanization In Sub-Saharan Africa.
37 635-653
Jamiu Adetola. Odugbesan And Bein Murad
Features Of Dalit Movements In India: Through Dalit Perspective.

38 654-661
Virender And Ravinder Kumar
Genuine Link, Registration Of Ships And Their Role To Global Policy Of Shipping.
39 662-675
George Samiotis And Panagiotis Saviolakis
Indian Attitude Towards European Innovation During The Period Of The Mughals.
40 676-685
Nahid Jamal
Labour Law Reform For Effective Regulation Of The Triangular Employment Relationships Within The
41 Private Security Guard Service Industry In Malawi. 686-719
Kalani Mbeye Malema
Volume-9, Issue-4
Women In Police Service: A Case Study Of All Women Police Station, Assam.
42 720-730
NirmaleeKakati
Internal Quality Assurance Cell (Iqac) In Higher Education Institutions: Need And Significance.
43 731-740
Zahid Azeem And Prof. Naheed Zahoor
Impact Of Medium Of Instruction On Student‟s Learning.

44 741-753
Tahir Taj
Social Determinants Of Mental Illness In India: An Empirical Study Of Mental Ailment And Associated
45 754-759
Social Disquiets.
Ajeet Kumar
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni‟s Literary Works: A Review.

46 760-766
V.Gunasundari And Dr.N.S.Vishnu priya
Educational Scenario Of Lakhimpur District Of Assam.

47 767-781
Dr. Jadab Dutta And Dr. Vivek Mittal
Training The Workforce For Industry 4.0.

48 782-790
Navya Ninan,Joel Chacko Roy And Mary Rani Thomas
India-Israel Relations Under Narendra Modi.

49 791-802
Devender Kumar
Emerging Role Of Service Sector In Indian Economy.

50 803-810
Sanjeev Kumar Singh
Perceptions Of Broadcast Journalists On Job Related Aspects.

51 811-825
Shaik Mohammad Shameer And Prof.Sathi Reddy
“News And News Agencies: An Analysis Of International News On Google News”.

52 826-839
Mr.Bansi Lal
The Relevance Of Gandhi‟s View On Religion In The 21st Centaury.

53 840-844
Siddhant Jain
Role Of Homestay In Rural Tourism Of Himachal Pradesh.

54 845-859
Mr. Kushal Singh
Role Of Media In Elections.

55 860-876
Ravinder Kumar And Virender
Impact Of Text Based Reading Tasks On Secondary School Non-English Medium Students Vocabulary.
56 877-884
S M Shashirekha And Dr M M Pattanashetti
Volume-9, Issue-4
Current Scenario Of Elementary Education And Role Of Parents In Imparting Values For Sustainable
57 Development. 885-901
Sonam Bhatt
Inflation Targeting - A Cross Country Analysis.

58 902-919
Chethana.B And Dr. Mahesha. M
The Role Of E-Learning In Distance Education: Problems And Prospects In India.

59 920-928
Dr. Digar Singh Farswan
An Overview Of Indian Nepalis‟s Movements For Autonomy (1907-2017).

60 929-944
Deepika Gahatraj
“Post-Independence Traditional Pottery Making Industry In Rural Part Of Kolhapur District: Changes,
61 Development And Decline”. 945-953
Dr. Kumbhar Ramchandra Vasant
Extension Of Pledge Finance : Need Of Hour.

62 954-960
Dr.Jagannath Khemnar
The Effectiveness Of Public-Private Partnershipin Environmental Sanitary And Educational Services In

63 University Of Ibadan. 961-975
Modupeola A. Olawoyin
Mental Health Among Senior Secondary School Students.

64 976-989
Dr. Meena Kumari and Nisha
Education For Sustainable Development – Preserving Linguistic And Cultural Diversity.

65 990-995
Dr. Varun Ashokan
“A Study Of The Teacher Effectiveness Under Ngopa Brcc, Champhai District, Mizoram”.
66 996-1003
Vanlalremruata Lushai And Prof. Lallianzuali Fanai
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67 1004-1018
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68 1019-1028
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69 1029-1040
Vinod Kumar Bishnoi And Reetika Bhardwaj
Criminal Law As An Instrument Of The State.

70 1041-1050
Girish K Pillai
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71 1051-1063
Dr. Valerie Dkhar
Environmental Factors And Residential Choice In Dimapur Town, Nagaland.

72 1064-1077
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73 1078-1085
Dr. Samraggi Chakraborty
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74 1086-1097
Nishat Eqbal And Dr. B. Pratibha Sharma
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75 Legislation Of CSR In India. 1098-1136
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76 Control Cheating Behaviors. 1137-1148
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77 1149-1159
Dr. T. Jamedi Longkumer
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78 District Of Manipur. 1160-1172
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79 1173-1183
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International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 4, April 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
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Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial
Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell‟s
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Perceptions of Broadcast Journalists on Job

related aspects
Shaik Mohammad Shameer *

Prof.Sathi Reddy *
Abstract
Advancement in technology, increased competition and
decreasing salary had changed the working
environment of journalists. A survey has been conducted
with an objective to explore the present conditions of
Keywords: broadcast journalists in Indian state. A structured
Broadcast journalists; questionnaire was designed to collect information on
perceptions, attitudes of broadcast journalists covering 10
Television; working items. A total of 202 journalists formed the sample of the
conditions; News study. This study found that about fifty percent of
Channel; Media; broadcast journalists want to leave the profession before
superannuation due to low salary, irregular working
Management; Journa.
hours. A quarter of them had not received an
appointment letter from the organization at the time of
appointment and were not receiving salary regularly and
a significant of them were somewhat happy. They were
concerned with job security, low pay, low autonomy and
were under pressure to meet the expectations of the
employers. Most of the respondents felt that job security
followed by criticism from authority department
superiors, low wage level and leadership style were the
major factors responsible for inducing stress among them.
*
Research Scholar, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,Department of Communication
and Journalism,Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
811 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: editorijmie@gmail.com
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
1. Introduction
After globalisation, media industry got enormous boost and unlinking & down liking facility
provided from Indian soil. As per the Minister of Information and broadcast(MIB), there are 385
News Channels in India. The number of TV households in India reported to be 181 million in
2016 with a penetration of 63% (FICCI 2017) with a viewership of 8-10% .Regional news
channels constitute lion share in among the news channels [17].
At the same time number of media houses have been arbitrarily closing down editions or
tightening journalist and non-journalist staff while also going against the Majithia Wage Board
recommendations, but there was little coverage in the media about it .The Working Journalists
Act of 1955 laid down service conditions for journalists. The act followed the recommendations
of the Press Council of India covering a minimum notice period, gratuity, provident fund,
settlement of industrial disputes, leave with pay, hours of work and minimum wages. In cases of
retrenchment, under the act, the minimum period of notice is six months in the case of an editor
and three months in the case of any other working journalist—not four days, or even two months
[35]. But by 1993, a media contract system was introduced [8], which reduces journalists'
bargaining power. Interestingly, wage boards do not apply to the electronic media [1].
According to data compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), out of 1305
journalists worldwide, 47 journalists have been killed in India since 1992 [9].
The news channels in Hyderabad city, Telanangana state were controlled by four categories of
people. One, business houses with political affiliations invest in the media to influence over the
economy and politics (ETV, NTV, TV5, news, Studio N, ABN, Maha News and CVR News).
Second, politicians or their family members started media houses in their individual capacity,
which facilitates them to make a move to their political affiliation based on their own economic
and political affiliations (Sakshi, T News and V6). Third, individuals who invest in the media to
provide a platform for public debates (TV9 and HMTV). Fourth, political parties directly run TV
channels to share their official party line with public (10TV and 99TV). The Telugu electronic
media is dominated by the Kamma and the Reddy Caste people. The Caste networks are an
important factor in AP and Telangana politics [37]. The prevalence of four categories of people

in the Telugu electronic Media, the Journalist succumbs to pressures of politics, business and
ideology. Journalists were not given a free hand in broadcasting news, some time caste plays
major role in allotment of particular beats/desk to the journalists.
2. Review of Literature
Many Indian studies such as Manjunath (2007), Press Institue of India (2005), Murthy & Anitha
(2010), Devender (2014), Akhileshwari (2014),Manjula (2015), and Tomar ( 2011, 2017) were
focused on the working status of women journalists in India. Working conditions of women in
English language press were found to be better than vernacular press. Most of the women
journalists were given soft beats and working for a low salary on contract base. A sociological
study on journalists revealed that most of the journalists satisfied with their present job. The
median salary was Rs. 7500 in the year 2015 and 60 percent of journalists reported that they
would continue in journalism. About 20 percent of journalist felt that job insecurity and 60
percent justified using of microphone and camera for professional purpose, while disposing their
duties (Sathi Reddy, 2005). The socio economic conditions of Kannada print journalists (
Chintamini, 2013) were found to be deteriorating over the period. The salary of Jaipur print
media journalists was comparatively low as per global standards and they were the sole earning
members of the their family. Nearly fifty percent of journalist's owned two bedroom house
(Neeraj, 2013). The variables such as pay, promotion, work relationships with supervisors and
coworkers, communication within organizations, use of skills and abilities, operational
conditions, supervision, communication, promotion, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, logistic
service were considered as job satisfaction measuring variables (Offli et al. 2014; Bezabh,
2015). Although many studies on working conditions and its predictors have been undertaken in
various countries, (Keel, 2008; Farias et al, 2009; Lah and Suzana, 2009; Sanders and Hanna,
2010; McMane, 2008; Raeymaeckers, 2008; Hao and George, 2009; Weischenberg, 2005;
Agnieszka, 2009; Pasti, 2008; Brownlee and Beam, 2007; Mellado, 2009; Arroyave and
Barrios, 2008; Kioko, 2016; Yariv et al. 2008; Reinardy, 2012; Bauer et al. 2012; Kirat,2012;
Nawawy, 2012; and Iqbal and Ullah, 2013) such research is seldom done in India, particularly
on TV journalists. The Global Journalists in the 21st Century (Weaver & Willnat, 2012) carried
no data from any States of IndiaTables.

3.Research Methodology
In this study, a total of 470 respondents belonging to 16 news channels of Hyderabad city,
Telangana State of India were explained the aim and objectives of the study and requested to
participate in the study. A total of 202 subjects (43%) responded and formed the sample of the
study. A structured self administered questionnaire was designed to collect information from the
respondents of the study. A self administered questionnaires were handed over to the respondents
and were requested to fill the questionnaire when they are at their leisure time and return to the
researcher. The questionnaire contained 10 items covering perceptions attitude of broadcast
journalist towards existing conditions. A non-probability survey method was employed in
recruiting the respondents of the study from 16 TV news channels mostly located in Jubilee hills
and Banjara hills of Hyderabad city,Telangana state, India. Telangana state is the 29th state of
India. Telugu is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana. Telugu ranks fourth among the languages with the highest number of speakers in
India and constitute 6.93 percent of the 2011 census.
Table 01: Details on the monthly income of respondents
Income (Rs.) n=202 Percent
Below 10000 8 4.0
10001-20000 57 28.21
20001-30000 89 44.05
30001-40000 26 12.87
40001-50000 16 7.92
> 50001-55000 6 2.97
Table 02: Details of salary payment status
Salary payment (n=202) Percent

Regular Salary on time 127 62.8
Irregular Salary 75 37.1

Table 03: Details of issuance of appointment letter at the time of joining organizations
(n=202)
Details n=202 (%)
Appointment letter receivers 163(80.69)
Non receivers 39(19.30)
Table 04:Details of house ownership status of respondents
Ownership (n=202) Percent
House ownership 46 22.8
No house ownership 156 77.2
Table 05: Opinion of the respondents on the professional happiness as a journalist

Details (n=202) Percent
Very happy 99 49.0
Somewhat happy 65 32.2
Somewhat unhappy 17 8.4
Very unhappy 3 1.5
No opinion 18 8.9
Table 06: Opinion of respondents on leaving journalism before superannuation
Response n=202 Percent
Leave profession 93 46.0
Stay in the
51 25.2
profession
No Opinion 58 28.7

Table 07: Opinion of respondents on the reasons for leaving journalism profession
Reasons (n=202) Percent
Too much pressure 11 5.4
Lack of autonomy 8 4.0
Boring and monotonous work 12 5.9
Irregular working hours 23 11.4
Low salary 86 42.6
Lack of promotion chances 19 9.4
Lack of learning opportunities 2 1.0
Disagree with editorial policy 1 .5
Political interference 12 5.9
No prospect for press freedom 21 10.4
None of these reasons 7 3.5
Table 08: Opinion of the respondents on their satisfaction levels on job aspects (n=202)
Not satisfied Somewhat Quite Extremely

Details
at all satisfied satisfied Satisfied
Pay 34 (16.8%) 131 (64.9%) 29 (14.4%) 8 (4%)
Fringe benefits 50 (24.8%) 118 (58.4%) 19 (9.4%) 15 (7.4%)
Editorial policies 20(9.9%) 121 (59.9%) 38 (18.8%) 23 (11.4%)
Job security 44 (21.8%) 99 (49%) 42 (20.8%) 17 (8.4%)
Training 35 (17.3%) 113 (55.9%) 33 (16.3%) 21 (10.4%)
Job autonomy 20 (9.9%) 108 (53.5%) 49 (24.3%) 25 (12.4%)
Advancement 47 (23.3%) 91 (45%) 50 (24.8%) 14 (6.9%)
Help people 23(11.4%) 92 (45.5%) 55 (27.2%) 32 (15.8%)
Influence public affairs 24 (11.9%) 98(48.5%) 57(28.2%) 23 (11.4%)

Table 09. Perceptions of respondents on severity of workplace problems (n=202)
Very big Rather big Difficult to Rather small Very small

Variable
(%) (%) say (%) (%) (%)
Competition
41(20.3) 30 (14.9) 31(15.3) 66(32.7%) 34(16.8)
between workers
Lack of
Confidence in 29 (14.4%) 43(21.3%) 37(18.3%) 73(36.1%) 20(9.9%)
each other
Chance to
influence one's
26(12.9%) 28(13.9%) 44(21.8%) 83(41.1%) 21(10.4%)
own working
hours
Chance to
influence work 17(8.4%) 43(21.3%) 32(15.8%) 86(42.6%) 24(11.9%)
content
Chance to
influence
18(8.9%) 25(12.4%) 43(21.3%) 100(49.5%) 16(7.9%)
working
conditions
Too hierarchic
21(10.4%) 34(16.8%) 47(23.3%) 78(38.6%) 22(10.9%)
job structure
Journalist's
36(17.8%) 32(15.8%) 46(22.8%) 61(30.2%) 27(13.4%)
inequality
Authoritarian
Management 38(18.8%) 21(10.4%) 57(28.2%) 61(30.2%) 25(13.4%)
style
Bad organization
19(9.4%) 13(6.4%) 47(23.3%) 63(31.2%) 60(29.7%)
of work
Haste and greater

32(15.8%) 36(17.8%) 36(17.8%) 71(35.1%) 27(13.4%)
time pressures
Salary does not

correspond with 73(36.1%) 46(22.8%) 29(14.4%) 26(12.9%) 28(13.9%)
demand

Table 10: Stress causing factors among respondents
Factors (n=202) Percent
Criticism from authority department 31 15.3
Labour wage level 24 11.9
Development of media 10 5.0
Working load assessment 15 7.4
Business state of media 12 5.9
Stress from marketing department 1 .5

Job security 50 24.8
Attributes of the media 10 5.0
Leadership style 22 10.9
An internal competition 1 .5
Sense of belonging 11 5.4
Professional development 11 5.4

Individual ability 4 2.0
4.Data analysis and interpretation

Analysis of monthly income of respondents showed that the majority of them had a monthly
income Rs.20001-30000 and this observation is in agreement with the study on journalists from
Jaipur (Neeraj 2013). Only 4 % of respondents had a monthly income of rupees less than 10000
(Table 01). This suggests that those involved in TV journalism were living descent if not
luxurious life. A significant percent (37.1%) of respondents reported that they were not getting
their salary on time (Table 02). Around Nineteen percent of respondents revealed that they
had not received the appointment letter at the time of joining respective organization (Table 03).
This may because management will not face any legal problems when employee terminated
from his service without any notice. The majority of the respondents of the present study
reported living in the rented than own houses. This may be due to the lack of resources to own
the houses or not interested to own houses in the place of working or may have owned houses in

their native places (Table 04). Nearly fifty percent of the respondents reported that they were
very happy, whereas 32 percent of the respondents were somewhat happy with their profession
and only 1.5 % reported very unhappy (Table 05).More or less 50% of respondents reported that
they leave
their profession before superannuation while one by fourth of them opted to stay in the
profession and 28% reserved their opinion (Table 06). The major reasons expressed by the
respondents for leaving the Journalism profession were low salary (42.6%), irregular working
hours (11.4%), no prospects or press freedom (10.4%), boring and monotonous work and
political interference (5.9%) (Table 07).Most of the TV Journalists had reported that they were
somewhat satisfied with job related aspects such as pay, fringe benefits, editorial policies, job
security, training, job autonomy , advancement, help people and influence public affairs. Only
small percent of TV Journalists were found to be extremely satisfied with the afore mentioned
job aspects (Table 08).In an earlier study also it was observed that journalists were satisfied with
the job aspects such as job stability (83.8%), use of talents and creativity (75.1%), the extent of
freedom (76.2%), peer relationships (80%), and relationships with sources (63.1%) (Kirat, 2000).
The high satisfaction viewpoint was shared by the Journalists with higher designation and better
salaries. It was observed that though the Flemish Journalists were most dissatisfied with their
promotion prospects, workload, and income, but their overall, job satisfaction were relatively
high (Karin Raeymaeckers et al. 2008). A Danish study demonstrates that the fissure between
ideals and practice in journalism had a pessimistic impact on job satisfaction as the constraints
prevent the enactment of ideals and create frustration (Pihl-Thingvad 2010). This could prove
vital impasse for the perceived working conditions in the media industry and may lower the
attractiveness of the profession to a potential newcomer (Skovsgaard, et al 2009). Most of the
French Journalists believed that profession itself was declining, but they were expected to remain
in journalism (McMane 2008). In another study on German journalists revealed that only
about half of them were satisfied with the time available for investigation (48%), income (54%),
job security (50%), and daily workload (48%) (Siegfried et al. 2005). The highest satisfaction
levels were found among Polish journalists working for online media (46.6% “very satisfied”)
followed by radio stations (27.1%), and monthly magazines (24.8%). The lowest levels of job
satisfaction were found among respondents (5% very satisfied”) with the lowest level of

autonomy in the selection of news items (Stepinska, et al. 2009). Most Russian journalists were
fairly satisfied with most aspects of their jobs (autonomy, ability to help other people and
income). Younger journalists were found to be more fervent about prospects and satisfied with
the profession‟s political independence (Svetlana Pasti, et al 2008).
A Study on Slovenian journalists revealed that four out of five journalists were either satisfied or
very satisfied with their job. Further, they informed that job autonomy and the opportunity to
help people be major reasons for opting this profession (Peter Lah and Suzana 2009). Two-thirds
of the Swiss journalists found that the workload, the time available to do research, and the job
security satisfying aspects of the job (Heinz Bonfadelli, et al 2008).
These observations demonstrate that the major concern of the most broadcast journalists was on
low pay, limited job security, and frequent encounters with pressures, threats, and harassment.
Nevertheless, Israeli journalists reported high levels of job satisfaction in absolute terms and in
comparison with other countries. The explanation for this discrepancy might be rooted in the fact
that people do not choose to become journalists on the assumption that they will get rich.
Journalists who were more satisfied with their work tended to feel more autonomous and enjoy
trust with the audience. These were probably additional reasons for the high levels of
satisfaction (Tsfati and Meyers 2008). Weaver and Willnat (2012) compared conditions of the
journalists of different countries and reported the predictors of job satisfactions in various
countries. In Chile: pay and the chance to use their abilities and knowledge; Japan: evaluations of
the practices of news organizations and their relationships with the government; Korea: job
autonomy (almost none claimed to have a great deal) and service to the society; Malaysia: job
benefits, job security, and pay. Singapore: journalists ratings of their organizations and ability to
cover a subject of interest; Slovenia: the chance to help people and autonomy on the job; Taiwan:
pay and journalists rating on their organization; United Arab Emirates: job security and the
chance to develop a specialty and in Brazil it was observed that low pay and lack of recognition
were the predictors of job dissatisfaction. Among Finland, Korea, Poland, and Russia, countries,
the perceived freedom on the job ranked as the most important predictor of job satisfaction. Job
satisfaction of journalists in many countries is linked to pay and job security as well as perceived
autonomy. Intention to stay in journalism seems more dependent on the attractiveness of
alternative jobs. The Characteristics of the job such as pay, promotion, supervision, working

conditions and relationships with co-workers have been shown to be components of job
satisfaction( Scott Macdonald, Peter Maclntyre (1997), As per Weaver and Wilhoit (2012)
studies, the most important indicator of job satisfaction was salary. Those who have higher
salaries or higher levels of education were more likely to express greater job satisfaction (Lo,
2004).
The higher proportion of respondents observed that workplace problems such as competition
between workers, lack of confidence in each other, chance of influence one's own working
hours/work content/working conditions, hierarchy, inequality, authoritarian management style,
bad organization of work, and haste and greater time pressures are too small to ponder with,
while not getting expected salary is considered as a very big concern by them (Table 9). Most of
the journalist felt that job security (24.8%), and followed by criticism from authority department
(15.3%) (Superiors), low wage level (11.9%) & leadership style (10.9%) were found to be major
factors responsible for causing stress among respondents in the present study (Table 10). Hong
Kong journalists considered criticism from authority department was a significantly more
stressful factor, whereas Journalists at news Web sites and TV stations considered labour wage
level more stressful than those working at radio stations. The Newspaper journalists considered
-business state of media significantly more stressful (Zhang and Su, 2010). For Korean
journalists, long working hours were the most stressful factor (Young Jun Son et al 2009). The
German journalists reported that effort to produce more coverage for more media give more
stress (Siegfried et al. 2005).
4. Conclusion
Most of the Broadcast journalists living in rented house with salary range from Rs.2000-30000.
A quarter of the journalists were not received appointment letters and not getting regular salary,
in spite of on permanent employment. More or less fifty percent of respondents reported that
they leave their profession before superannuation while one by fourth of them opted to stay in
the profession and cited low salary was the reason to leave profession were low salary. Most of
the respondents have reported that they were somewhat satisfied with job related aspects such as
pay, fringe benefits, editorial policies, job security, training, job autonomy, advancement, help
people and the ability to influence public affairs. Most of the respondents felt that job security

followed by criticism from authority department superiors, low wage level and leadership style
were the major factors responsible for inducing stress among them.
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DR. RAMACHANDRAN GURUPRASAD

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