Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full Text 01
Full Text 01
Lena Abrahamsson
Universitetstryckeriet
Några skrivtips
Lena Abrahamsson
ISBN 978-91-7439-502-0
Luleå 2012
www.ltu.se
"$!$
,,2*'+&&'+,2%%'"' +$*".,")+5*($,(*'*(!
$'+$'*+$*"',*"'(&$&"'D(!*&5*%%,5*
&" +#2%.> !*!,,+(&,,%.'($-&',-'*%*
3*(!$(&&*+2$*%" ',,(*,+2,,&,>
''!3%%,!*
# )%($,*3'(%"$!3%%<%+*3' '**'!,(!%+*3'
(*3*3'$(%% (*<","+$*",*(!5$*E*2&+,"'(&2%?
,,*,+.,'+$)(!%"$''F>%%+$*".*',-*%" ,."+)3
(%"$+2,,(!++-,(&!*(%"$2&'+(&*3'(%"$'(*&*
(!* %*5*3%"&'+$*".*(!&+(&+$"''+&
"(%"$.+'",,>++-,(&(*&+.*#*,"$%%%*.!'%"'
,*+",,"''!3%%(!+3&3+,,3.*>,"''+%%,+3"' '
'!,%" &%%<&'# !())+($,,''+&&'+,2%%'"'
+$$-'''.2'++(&!$%"+,EB!*# 3,,&%%,ABF<
+(&+,*,!#2%)<+(&"'+)"*,"('$(',"'-*%" ,-'*+$*".*,,
%%*$'+$,"%%(!&+(&-'*% 5*'-,.$%'"+?
$-++"('(&+$*".)*(++'>
-%3'HM($,(*IGGN
"##
*,+.,'+$)
-%3,$'"+$-'".*+",,
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))5
')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
))))))))))))2
,
-)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))5
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))8
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))10
*"#"&$!#3
"##
H
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
)##%&$'&'$!!$&"$'##%&%&!&!2
$ '$%
80 %5#&#
5*#&',1%" *-*"$+(&' *.-))+,+'!'?
%*(&
' +'5*,,*'&'E(!.%'"' <"'+,",-,"('(1%F
90
!#%
)*+',,"('.-))+,+'+,&C*3 +,2%%'"' *E.+>
,-!*.%,,,+$*".(&F<*'"5*+,&'"' '+$
%2+*'5*+,3.-))+,+'!'%*(&(!+1,,&
-))+,+'
!2*$'-2.'+$*".'3 (,(&"'B&(,".,"('B<.*5*
-!*.%,,,+$*".(&,-.%,< 2*''3 (,(&!-*
,!2' *"!()&",,.!'%"' +*,<,% 2*'(&
"."%$'$-*+-))+,+'!5*!&&<5*$%*!-*"'-))?
+,+!2' *"!()&$-*+'+,&'
:0 $#' !%!#
"'% 2*'&'$(*,B%%&2'B+$*".'"' .,-
+$*".*(&"''-))+,+<.+>B+,-"(#$,,B(!C%%*
)*(%&(&*3,
",,.%.2&'<,&'(!,(*"*+$%" "'(&$-*+'+
(&*3<$'+$&3+,-'.2'."++*,"$%*C5$*
*3'$-*+'E$(%%&$-*+'+.*" C0&"',(*F<(, 3*
,($*,,$(&)%,,*&'',+(&-%2+,,""?
*<&'+(&!5*,"%%$-*+'+,&'
!2*+$- 5*'$(*,+$*".'"' .,(*"*<)*+)$?
,".< *))<'%1+*(!&,(*+(&-.2%#*,,'?
I
*"#"&$!#3
"##
.2'"-))+,+'<.+>$(*,+$*".&)3*+ '
."%%$(*<&(,".* 2*'.*5*-.%,,-.%,
;0 %!!%#
!-*-!* 3,,,"%%.2 E 2%%**2&+,(&-!*&)"*"+$,
&,*"%+(&-!*.%,,,'%1+*&!#2%).$-*?
+'+%",,*,-*%%*&,(*F
<0 "#/#$&%%/ )$!5#%!#%$$&$$!
!2* *-0&)%*3'",,&,*"%(!+$*".*.
"''%1+"''-))+,+."+*E 2%%**2&+,(&-!*
,,&)"*"+$,&,*"%+(&-.%,,,'%1+*&!#2%)
.$-*+'+%",,*,-*%%*&,(*F
&'2.',(*"*(!%",,*,-*$''%1+*+(!)*(?
%&,"+*+ '(&,,$('$*,'.2',(*"*< *))
(!'%1+*C&,(*5*,,"+$-,*"'*3 +,2%%?
'"' *<)*(%&(&*3'<,&'(1%>
-$'0&)%."+ 5*',(*,"+$"+$-++"('<%3,,(*"?
*'E(*+$*'FB)*,B&.*'*E-,"*3'"'*3 ?
+,2%%'"' *F< 5* 2*',(*"$*","$
,,2*-))+,+'+."$," %<&'2*($+3,+(&*-?
$*.*+.3*,E&',2*#-'$-*+(!,'$'2*,,-
+$,*2')3,,<+3 5*,,5*+5$F
=0 $&$$! !$&%$%$#
B$'1,"!()+2$'B<$())%,"%%$,"%%+1,,(!*3 ?
+,2%%'"' *'""'%'"' '<+$*"..-!*$(&&",
*&,"%%<+2,,)-'$,5*",,*+('&' "''-))+,+
E-3* 3."*&"+$-++"(''"'*-))+,+*<*?
,"$%*%%*".!'%"' 'F
J
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
(&-!"''*C(*$*3*-,2.' 2*'%",!5#<+2,,"'
,-+$*".*(&",,+,5**+&&'!' <$'+$ 5*'
%",&*$*","+$"+$-++"('E,(*,"+$,(!C%%*)*$,"+$,F
>0 # $$%
($+,.+(*'"' E,*5*,,*'&'F
(""+!#%"+&#$&""$%$
− (&,,'"' =N?HGK?+"(*E"'$%-+".**'+%"+,F
− +$*".&,"&+E%%*%"$''FHI)<'$%,*.+,3'<.'?
%" &* "'%*
− %'$*E&%%'+% F&%%'+,1$'
− %5)'2*" ,0,E"',)-'$,%"+,(*F
− '.2' 2*'&%%'*-*"$*+3,,,,1%" 5*"',0,?
+,*-$,-*E-!5.*"','.2'0$,*-*"$*+(&
"''+(.'(!(*'"' '$'.*"*<,$'2.' 3*,,
.2."!().+'",,<,>0>,(*"+$*".'"' &,(*""+$-++?
"('C'%1+%%*,(*,"+$"+$-++"('&&)"*"+$0&)%
(!'%1+F
− ,(*"+$*".'"' (!*2&+,',(*,"+$"+$-++"(''$'
.*-))+,+'++,(*%<&'2.'&)"*"(!B,"%%2&)'"' B
5* +-,*1&&(&-!*+3',
− ***,1%" ,(!%5)'",0,',"%%'%",,*,-*-'?
.2'*E,>0>&5*,,*'&'(!3*,%F
− +"'-&&*E%2' +,')3.*#+"F
− ",,'&'<)*+(''-&&*<,-&(!$-*+E!5 +,-)))3
.*#+"F
K
*"#"&$!#3
"##
L
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
M
*"#"&$!#3
"##
# !#&##'###
''!3%%+*-*"$*'(.'5*,*$,++(&0&)%<&*+(&
'!$%"+,)3,&'+(&$'.*&""'*,"$%<-))+,+
%%*.!'%"' >))%2 ,C(*'"' '.*"**2.'*('
)3."%$'+(*,+(*+$'"' - 5*(!."%$',1).,0,-*,*
&>
'%",,*,-*+,-"%%*(*+$'"' +5.*+"$,$'&,(?
(!*+-%,,.+'",,'1,+-,&(,,>0> *))+5*$%*"' >-
!5.*"',!%%*(* *',!#-+,*-*"$*+(&# %"+,
,"" *>
%'$',.*2,,*,,'.2'"''!3%%++$*"?
.'*-*"$*EB,*"%B$'.*B+,-*)*(++*?
'B<B,(B$'.*B'"+$-*+'%1,"+$'+,+B<B+-%,,B
$'.*B* '"+,"('+5*2'*"' *&%%')(%","$(!) (?
"$B<B'%1+B%%*B"+$-++"('B$'.*B
%%-+"('%%*.*$%" ?
!,BF>-*"$*'$'%%,+3'.2'+5*,,!#2%)%2+*',,
5%#"'*5,*3 '(&.!'%"' '%%*-))+,+'>
*'!"#+$*#3
%'$',)++*,,%'C.2."!()(%"$.+'",,E,>0>
,(*"Q'%1+%%**+-%,,Q'%1+%%*'%1+Q"+$-++"('F>
,*(*)3."%$'+(*,+(*+$'"' (!&,*"%-#(*&>
%%*."%$'+(*,+,0,-+$*".*>'"+$-,*'(!B,(*?
,"+$B*,"$%*-$*!5.'&*+&&'.2.+$*".+,"%>"++
5***,,%',-))%2 '(&!%.!'%"' 'C$))'
%%*"."++%*>',2*(,'5*%(&-"',%%,5*
&1$,%'*.+'",,+(&!*(%"$-'$,"('E+$*".'<
'%1+*'<"+$-,*'<$(&&',*'(!+-&&*'F<
,*+(&%2+*'%2,,-)),,*+3',+(&*5*" ,(!+.3*,(%$,
E,>0>+.3*,,,!2' &".&+(&+2 *.<.&,1$*.F>
N
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
"$&&&$&&'(''%#
'''-5*#*+$*".'*,"$%2*,*,, 5*$%*,5*"
+#2%..+(&-+$+$*".(&>'5%#*'3 *,")+)3!-*
-$'*,*&,,!-.--+$)<.+> *-''""'*5
,*3>,!2*2*,,*,++2,,+(&)++*&1$,*5*'-))?
+,+<'*,"$%%%*,,$)",%"'',(%( "<&'$'2.'-'?
*5*,,+,5***,+(&'.!'%"' %%*$))>
H> ,# "/5*#"&",,')3,,+,(*,)))*>
2*+$*".*-,,-' 2*%" ,,&5*"'-))+,+(!+'
%3,*-,'$*'C(*'%5*",,>$*".'%%"4*+(&
-."%%!&""''!3%%,E(!)"%*C$())%"' *&%%'F>
O
*"#"&$!#3
"##
@5*+5$"','+-**%%*(*'C+(*,*"&"'&)?
)'>,+$%"&1$,>
I> #&'&&$"%/, 3*3'&"'&))'(!-'?
*$*"' ."%%,,-+$*.'+(&+$-%%$-''.*
!-.--+$),>&'%2+*+$$(&&"!3 ''+$
*3'"'.!'%"' C-))+,+D.2*,A$*".',&
&0IL(*>&-!&'*)3IM(*&3+,-%%,+3,(*,
,,> -.--+$),2*,*(%" '+&&+(&",,!-.-*+-%?
,,(!"''!3%%*(,+",-,"('C$(',0,<*3 (!+.*>
J> # +%!&%* %! ,%/-&**%%
"'"4*)3&"'&))'"'(*'"' +(&)32+,+2,,
%1,**&(!%1+*",,!-.--+$)>&."++)-'$,*
"', 3*,,3&""''-&**"' +3+$"',.*&"
-))+,+'>,5*%"+$*5.*>&,"',%.)-'$,*
5.*+3.*5,-&"'&))',5*+',>
K> $%* %* %*$#/2+,+, 2*,,"',""*
,2'$,)*,'*+,,B$('.*+*B&>-'*-,,*%%*
1*)*+('*+(&-,2'$*" +$%2+"'-))+,+E(!,
%.",,!-.--+$)F>,&3+,.*.*$%" )*+('*
+(&-$2''*E%%*'2+,'$2''*F>$*".'*+'&'
5.*+,)3,,)))*E(!-'*++'&'+$-+'
+$*".",,+1'()+"+F>'**+,'.*,,+ 3' +$-3
(!3$(%%.+3,,"'-))+,+-' **5*++,2'$,
%2+*>-3*,>0>.*+" %"5*,%#*C+%3"'5))'5*?
**%%*-,%2&'5*&1$,>'$'($+3.2%#-,,*,"%%
1*5*'+#2%.*%.',)-%"*($-&',(!-))?
*2,,'$('.*+,"('&&>
L> #'$) !"$$E-,$+,C*,++,*$,F>,,!#2%)*" ,,
3(*&(!+,*-$,-*5*"'-))+,+>, *" .2 %'"' <
P
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
&3%(!($-+5*.-."%%+2 >2*-+$*".*",,*,+?
+,*$,+$-+.*)3&*3 (*=
> !*# #(*,A
> *5*!*# #(*,,A
> !2'AE+3 # A''# AF
> ,1**+-%,,'A
> 2*&",,*,E*+-%,,'F*5*A
@*#*3 3**+.*+&LG(*>
M> #' "# *##&#/'$'.*"',"+$
&",,!-.--+$)>
'(''%#&% ( %%&$&%&
, **,"$%'<-))+,+'%%*.!'%"' '($-+(!'*5
,*3(! *%2+*''&5#%" !,,,5%#'%1+'(!*+('?
&' ,> -.--+$),+$"''+&)3&"'+,1*+,2%%'
E&'&(%"$(*.%+3,,-))*)'"' '"',&2*$+F=
"%">
#$$2#$"$$>
$" %$ >5*# 2*'"*$,&!-.--?
+$),>,'!-.--+$),,"" ,",0,'%"*,
+.3*,,,"',*++*%2+*'>
#%## >5*# 2*'"+$-++"('+.+'",,,&
!-.--+$),E+(&%%,+32*",,!-.-*+-%,,F>'
+$$(&&"*$,,"%%)(2' '>
HG
*"#"&$!#3
"##
HH
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
HI
*"#"&$!#3
"##
HJ
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
,,"('!,,-))%2 +(&%"$'*",,B"',*(-$,"('+.+'",,B=
!-.--+$),+$$(&&,"" ,(!++-,(&+$-!
&$(*,(&$ *-'E+",-,"('<$(',0,F<)*(%&E(*+$?
'"' +*3 (*F<+1,C&3%&+,-"'<!-*- #(*'<.
-!",,(!."%$+%-,+,+*-**E.+>!-.--+$),
" 'F>
"$%$(
,2*&1$,."$," ,,,5*#+$*".,"" ,+3,,-3*,,*3?
&'-++(&B"''+".*$%" '!,'B>,*-$*$2''+*<&'
,2*($+3."$," ,5*" ,,!5*,,'*+$$-''%2+(!
$>'!*# +&%,'3 *,")+5*!-*-$' 5*
5*,,-,.$%"'+,(%)*,"%%%5)'(!*2,,',0,<.+>
,,+2,,"!(),,5*+,&'-+,"%%*,"$%'<-))+,+'<$))'
%%*$'+$!%.!'%"' '=
H> !"%%#&,'#/"'+$"++<,"" *
,0,*C*,"$%*C$%"))<**'+*E5$*<*,"$%*F<*+-%,,<
,<,%%*<" *&<'%1+*<+%-,+,+*&&>,2*-%%,
&5#%" ,,,$%"))"',0,.+'",,+(&-+$*".",,"" *<&'
,2'$)3,,+&&'!' ,2*''(*%-'(!&'"' *'
&3+,+2$*%" '(&(*&-%*+5*,,)++&",,!-?
.--+$)(!'*5,*3+(&--,.$%5*#-+,
'!2*,0,'>
I> ,#$#'/,."$," +,2*,,B5*#1%%)))*,B<+3
, 5*"' ,(&&'"' *'2*(-%%+,2'" %%*(&
*&&,"$'"',2*$(**$,>'.2' 2*'5*$(*,'"' *>
HK
*"#"&$!#3
"##
HL
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
$ &#%!%#$!%$(%&
− $#$' $3*,"$%*,"%%.,'+$)%" ,"+$*"?
,*(!))*,"%%$('*'+*&3+,(,+,.*)3' %+$>
.'&3' .!'%"' *".*" )-%"*+!%,)3' ?
%+$>,,.*"**"(%"$.,'+$)+(&*3'<&',*''
2*,,,%"*%*<)3 (,,(!(',>.'(&%+,!',**
' %+$' *&&,"+$,*2,,(!!*,,!1+,(*5**3
$*2.+,'!%%+$*"..'5*,,-'."$+.' %+$(!
,$'+$)%,,(!'%+)*3$+(&$'%"$,''2*
-+$*".*)3,,'',+)*3$>,$'2*5*.**,, 5*
+$"++*<+1'()+"+(!,2'$')3",,&(*+&3%>5*,,
.*$%" '$-''+$*".*&"''%1+*(!+%-,+,+*<,
!5#(!#-)<$'+$-.2%#*,,+$*".."+++,1$'<.?
+'",,%%*,"%%(!&'2+,'!%*,"$%')3+.'+$(!+?
'5.*+2,,+#2%.,"%%' %+$>%5&"',,,%3,+)*3$?
*'+$' %+$'@'.2' 2*')*(++"('%% *'+$*>
− '$%%$"#++$%&#%$"#+%0)*3$,+$
.*,1%" ,(!$%*,>'.2'"',5*%3' &'"' *<,(*,
-))*)'"' *<5.*%5" (*(!('5" B)*," !,B>5*
$(*,&'"' *2*($"',!%%**>,$2''+%2,,*1$" ,>
'.2'!%+,*$&'"' +1 '(!.*#&'"' +$%%
.*'.+%-,!%!,>'"+,+$'+2%%'+,3'+&>(%%
+1,'"' +%(!(&-&(,+2 *" +#2%.>$*".-,5*$(*,?
'"' *(!5*$%**+,1%+*5*+, 3' ''2&'+>
*5*+"$," &5*&3' +1'('1&*)3+&&(*<+3?
',$'5*."**>$*".+,"%'5*.*$('+$.', '(&
!%,0,'>,3*"',&2*$+(&-!*$%")),"!()(%"$
,0,*>
HM
*"#"&$!#3
"##
HN
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
HO
*"#"&$!#3
"##
HP
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
$&%
."%$'(*'"' +(&.+'",,(!$)",%+$*".+.*"**&5*?
,,*(!"''!3%%>,2*',-*%" ,."+."$," *$$-+$*".*
E(!,,-5*#*+$*".,"" ,F2',,- 5*,"'."++(*?
'"' >',$'$2''+*,,"'%'"' +."+!')%'5*
+$*".',D2.'(&')%''2'*+-'*+$*".)*(++'+
3' >'+3'*,+)%'5*+$*".',.'
$))C.!'%"' $'.*=
H> (*,+$*".'"' EB$,B(&,-+,-*,<&)"*"?
+$*".'"' F
I> ,((!&,*"%
J> (*"
K> +-%,,E&)"*"<"'1'<&)"*"+$,&'C'%1+*F
L> '%1+E.2."!(),(*"(!&)"*"F
M> "+$-++"('E*(*)3*+-%,,,<5*%%,+3+$*".+,*3,F
N> &&',,'+%-,+,+*
O>
',*(-$,"('E1 *-)))*(%&,C*3 '5*%2+*'<
$'1,*"!()+2$'D1 *)3+%-,+,+*'(!5*2*5*
+$*".+)3+%-,,F
P> +,*$,C+&&',,'"' E'.2' 2*'",,*,+?
+,*$,,"%%!#2%)F
HG> -*"$E+&&',,*!%.!'%"' '<-))+,+'%%*
*,"$%'F
HH> *'+%"+,
IG
*"#"&$!#3
"##
8/
!$&%$( (0%&'!&&0
'.!'%"' C-))+,+5*!'3 ('(*&.$(*,+$*".'"'
.,+(&!'%+EB+,-"(#$,,BF(!++$(',0,+3,,
%2+*'$'+2,,"'"'(*+$'"' ",,+&&'!' (!,(%$
"''%1+*>,,2*$'+$0,*."$," ,"'$.%",,".+,-">
2*$',!'%(&$(*,(!$'+$B,(**B+$*".'"' *
.'(&',"(&,,'"' <","(!*-&<3!%!,'(!
(%"$%*<"3(*(!+"*(*(&,!5.+>'.2' 2*'
'3 (',%%<$*,<"%*%%*'*+2,,5*,,,1%" 5*>
,,.+'",,2*%%,+3"!-.-+$+$*".'EB$,BF(!5*
.*+" .*)*(%&,"+*'%%*%3' ,>"++.2%#*,,$
"',,""'%'"' '<*+-%,,.+'",,,%%*"&,(<&',
$'%"$ 2*'.*' ,$(*,.+'",,>''%.'.!'?
%"' *-$*.**%,".,'$%,, 5*(!&1$,%2&)%" ,,
5*#&>
9/&!!!.&!$!&$
,($)",%,"'-))+,+(!.!'%"' $'($+3&5*%
5*+,"" ,<2.'(&-+2$*%" '+$*".*(&,%* 3' *
"'''.!'%"' '2*2*" >"'(%"$*,"$%*%%*-))+,+*
$'++-,(&!5.!(%"$&,(+$*".'"' *>,*(*#-
)3.#-+,'*,"$%'!'%*(&<."%$'&)"*"<'%1+<&?
,(&&-'.2',2*>&-+$*".*'+&&'%2 '"' +.?
!'%"' 5*$))'"''!3%%'5.* *")'&,(+$*".?
'"' (!&,("+$-++"('<.+>"',*+&&',,*,"$%*?
'>
IH
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
3' .2%#*,,+$*".B&,(B,*,,&'%2+,'($,(*'?
$-*+".,'+$)+,(*"%%*'3 ('(*+$'"' +&,(>,2*(,
'*5*#'<&'&,(.+'",,,+$"',$2''++(&'
+&&',,'"' .'3 ('&,($-*+%%*&,(($>,2*"'
+,-"C",,)*(#$,<"'(*+$'"' (!-+(&+$.*"($-+>
2*+$,,1%" ,*& 3!-*-!*$(&&",*&,"%%"'*?
+-%,,(!+%-,+,+*>,2*."$," ,5*,,'*(*+$*+$
$-''-,.2**(!5&.-$(&&",*&,"%%>
&-+$*".*'*,"$%&3+,-++-,(&$(%%-)).+(&
2%%*"(*&,>*#,"+$*",!*+"',*","('*<'(*&*(!
(*&*>
3 *,")+5*&,(+$*".'"' '=
− -5*!%,"' 3*3',$('$*,,"%%, '*%%>?
+$*".%%,+35*+,",,&,*"%E"',<+,-"(#$,F(!
.-!* #(*,<!-*<'2*<.*(!.*5*E&,(.%<&,*"%?
.%< *2'+'"' *F(!"+$-,*)"$".',-%%,,,
&!#2%).,(*"*>
− 5*# 2*'&'$('$*,+$*".'"' .!%!,'<-))%2 ?
,)3.-!* #(*,E)*(#$,,<(*+$'"' 'F"+,(*,EB*",?
'"' '5*!-+,BF<&,((%( "+$-, 3' +)-'$,*<(!*?
-&',*5*,>)"$"$'- 3"')3+)""$&,(?
*<5*&,*"%-*.%<,"'+&%"' <,(*"<*,'"' <%?
'%1+*EB1 %&','BF(!* -&',*5*&>,
3*,,!'."++$*('(%( "+$(*'"' <2.'(&,"',2*
'5.2'" ,>,2*2.'."$," ,,,-+$*".*!-*-!*
#(*,'%1+'<+,,"!(),"%%'+&%"%EB!-*-!*1 ,
!-+,BF<'%1+&(%%>,$'0&)%."+!'%(&,,,
!#2%). *-'%2 ',(*"*<&'%"$ 2*'.'*(*+?
II
*"#"&$!#3
"##
$*+&)"*"+$+,-"*E*&5*%%,'2*-$(&&*"')3
&)"*"+$,%#*F>
− !(.,.,%#*"' + *.*"**(!&3+,%'+*+
&(,$*.,)3!%!,+"%<&',2*(,*,,+$*".
$($.-!* #(*,<!-*<'2*<.*(!.*5*>
− .'&,*"%,E(!$(',0,'F+$+$*".+'( >
',
*-*.%+)*(++'>
$.%",,".(*+$'"' 2*,0,*."$?
," ,,*+(&,2*)3,+2,,,'*(*+$*$'5&
"'(*+$'"' >
− %'!%+,"',"!()&,((!*+-%,,>%%*&,((!
&,*"%>
−
'.!'%"' 2*,."$," ,&+#2%.*%$,"('(!-'?
*"' $*"' &,(*(!-))%2 <,>0>*%$,"('$*"' .",,
%%2*,,%%.<.-.*-,,*<.-!*3,,, )3<
$())%"' *,"%%(*+$'"' +*3 '<)3."%$,+2,,",,-))%2
(!"'&,(*!#2%)*" ,,+.*)3"'*3 (*>
− &-!*%, ","'(*+$* *-))2*,."$," ,E*&5*
%%,".!'%"' 'F,,-,1%" ,' *.#-+,-!* #(*,
E(!.'*!* #(*,D(!!-*-'.2'*,F>
− ,$'2.'.*)3+"')%,+,,"+$-,*(*+$*'++-?
#$,".",,<.2**"' *<"' '5*5*+,3%+>"%$',1?
%+!*,,,,.*#-+,-+(& #(*,- #(*D
'2*, 2%%*-*.%<*3 (*<,(%$'"' *&&A'!2* 2%%*
2.'* %',,% (&2*2+,>
2+*'!5.*"',5%#!%
",,*,&,,*-,%%&2'')*+('%" B)*(%&B
E$%++*+<.2*%+"%F>
− &-!**,,&%, '&,(*<"',*$,".&?
,(*<"+'+2,,'&,(*<5*2'*"' ++1,'&,(*<
IJ
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
:/!$
,(*"$)",%,%%*,(*".+'",,,+$-"+$-,*.'+&?
%%",,*,-*'E"'(&B",,B(*+$'"' +2%,F.,(&*3 (*
+(&-2*"',*++*."#-+,',0,-!3%%*)3&>,
$'+$*".++(&,,1 -)),(*,"+$-, 3' +)-'$,*
E$%%+"%',(*,"+$**'+*&F%%*',(*,"+$&(%%>
,,.+'",,"'.!'%"' C$))2*($+3'3 (,+(&3
$'(!5*)35*#+,"" ,<&'+(&,*(%" ,."+*,+%5?
)' '(&!%+$*".)*(++'>
IK
*"#"&$!#3
"##
."++(*+$'"' +2%,!3%%+,(*"$)",%,&1$,$(*,(!%"*3
&+,'+$*".'"' .'*+(*+$'"' +*+-%,,$*"' ",,
(*+$'"' +)*(%&(!&,(*C,(*"*+(&'.2',+>'
"'(&'*2%,3*,(*"$)",%,*-,+" &*>3' '.2'?
*,(*"$)",%,"'.!'%"' C$))5*,,"%%-+,**.!'?
%"' '+*(! *-'%2 ',(*,"+$*&<$'+$2.'
5*,,."+,,2*)3%2+,)3%",,*,-*'"'(&(&*3,E."%$,
$'+$$2''+."$," ,'2*-+$*".*'($,(*+.!'%"' F%%*
%%&2',"%>-+,,+"+,2*($+2%%',."$," ".!'?
%"' '>(*".+'",,,+$%%,+3"',.*+(&''$(*,B%2*?
(($B2*-**-))%2+*-$,*<"',*++',,(*"*(!
'*(*+$*+*+-%,,+(&+&-%,*(')3,,+,*3>-+$!%+,
"',!%%*,-)),(*"*%%*,&'+(&-"','.2'*+?
'*>
,$'($.**,,+$*".'3 *,(*"*E(!'''
(*+$'"' F)3*+ '."%%$(*<+3,,,,1%" ,*& 3**+
$(',0,(!)*+)$,".>,,$'.*'5.2'" ,,, 5*5*
,,+'$-'''.2',(*"*')3*2,,+2,,%%*5*,,$*","?
+*&<,>0>+2 .+(&+$'+<.*B$-'+$)+ ),B"''+>
-+,,,2*'5*$%*"' ,"%%.*5*,$'.**,,!,,
+)*,,(*"$)",%>,,$"!()B,(*"'B&B'%1+'B"?
*$,2*',-*%" ,."+&5#%" ,(!"%'&1$,%2&)%" ,<+)"%%,"
"+$-,*'*,"$%*<&',$2''+(,+(&,,+.3**(!
&*.'*,+$*".+2,,>
,*2$*%%,+3"',&*#"&<-5*",(*".+'",?
,,2.'%$&"',%%$,-%%.*$,1 E *))<&(%%*F
+(&-'.2'*""''%1+5*,, +.*)3"'(*+$'"' +?
*3 (*>-&3+,.3 )(+","('*" ,(*,"+$,<,1$,"%%(&
IL
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
;/
%'&&
1,,&,,*+-%,,.+'",,2*,,!"#$" #"&"'
*+-%,,<"%'-,',,'%1+*(!,(%$+3&1$,E2.'(&
*-*.%,<+(*,*"' '<(* '"+*"' '&&',-*%" ,."+"''?
2*,(%$'"' (!'%1+<$'$'+$$%%+B&)"*"+$'%1+BF>
2*+$-+$*"..-+3 <.+(&!2'<.+<.
E(!$'+$-F #(*<.+(&%.$,'(+.>-))%,
)3,&'C*-*"$*>
$.%",,".(*+$'"' $'*+-%,,.+'",,,
2*'$(&"'*+(!!%,%%*+-++".,.2.+"!()&'?
%1+.+'",,,<&'+$!%+,"',$(&"'*+&"+$-++"('+.?
IM
*"#"&$!#3
"##
+'",,,E"%'$'($2.',-' *(!"%'5*+%3*,"%%
(!&,"+$*",',F>
3 *,")+5**+-%,,+$*".'"' '=
− 5*#&,,.2%#-,*+-%,,'>+,2&."%$."'*+-%?
,,E1'<B"'"' +BF+(&+$)*+',*+ '(&,,+."%$
+(&2**%.',,"%%*3 (*+(&-)*+',**""',*(?
-$,"('+.+'",,,>%%,-+,,""'+,-"!5.*"',.*
&>,, 2%%*2.''2*-+$*".*'$))C.!'%"' >
− * '"+*+'*+-%,,.+'",,,>+-%,,'+$)*+',?
*+"'+1+,&,"+$(*'"' +3,,*2,,*'B+,(*1B>5*?
+5$5%#+&&(*'"' <+&&*5,*3<+(&"5.*" *,"?
$%'E%%*-))+,+'C.!'%"' 'F>, 3*3'"'+$"++>
'+$!5.*- 5*,,&*,%#*,+,(%)-,$+,5*+,
+(&-'.2'*+(& -"5*+$*".',>'.2','$?
$*,<,*2" *&<'-&**"' *%%*'*%"$''!#2%)?
&%>,*-$,-*'$'',"' '1 )3$*('(%( "+$(*?
'"' <,*&,(<,*,1%+E,+(&2*."$," +,5*+,F
%%*,*(%"$,&'E *-))*,,*(*+$'"' +*3 (*F>
'(&.*#.+'",,5*($,."$," +,+,35*+,>
− '.2'3,"'2*-+$*".*(&"'*+-%,,
− ,+$"''+'$())%"' &%%'&,((!*+-%,,>,5*
*& 3!-*-!*3,,*&.*#*+-%,,<.+>."+)3'."++
&.,'!,(&,,1# "*"*"#&"1(!,,
,)3.*$*!-*&'$',(%$*+-%,,,>
− (*&'5**+-%,,)*+',,"(''*(*)3,1).*+-%,,
E(!(*+$'"' +&,(F>&-*(."+**+-%,,*3'"',*?
.#-*2*,0&)%."+."$," ,,,,,1%" ,*& 3*.&
IN
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
+(&+2 *.E-%%*&-!*"',*.#-,F>&-.2%#*
,,)*+',**+-%,,&" -**<,%%*(!" *&5*
++$(&&',*+",0,'E&'"',-))*)+!%,F>*
'( &,,B,B-)*+',**+,2&&*>(&)%,,*
&+3'*+-%,,E,>0>(+*.,"('*F+(&"', 3*,,
."+"" *&(1%>3)$."$," +,)(2' *'E,>0>
,1%" *+-%,,<+$"%%'*<5*2'*"' *F5*%2+*'>-))
(.2',+$*(!$'+$&(,+,*"" *+-%,,>
− +$*".*+-%,,'+3,, 3*,,5*+,35*%2+*+(&"',
2*"'+,,",%#*'""'(*+$'"' (!C%%*(*+$'"' +(&?
*3>,,2*0,*."$," ,(&-+$*".*'*,"$%,*+(&
-,*1&&,5*+$*".'"' .&,((!&,*"%2* *2'?
+,2*>'.2',>0>)*(',%%*'**%,".&3,,"+,2%%,
5*',%>*$('+$.',(!'.2'+&&,1).
+$%C(*'"' +5%#E,>0>*?3%" ,F '(&!%*+-%,,.?
+'",,,>
− $*".$(*,<&)*"+"('(!,1%" !,>
</ *%
'.'%" *-'%2 '"' *"'+5*,,'%1+.+'",,2*,,
!2*+$$ " !"&)&# !(!"+$-,*+5*,,+.*
)3"'(*+$'"' +*3 E*3'"',*(-$,"(''F>,2*!2*+(&-
'.2'*"''%1+*+$)+(&-+$*.",(*"$)",%,>
'$))C.!'%"' $''%1+'*(."++",, ,$)",%
E,>0>-))%,)3'%1+*.*+-%,,'*3'*+)$,".
%%C%+,-"(!C%%*#2&5*'<+-&&*''%1++(*,?
*,,*"',&'F<&'$'2.'"' 3"*+-%,,$)",%,%%*"
IO
*"#"&$!#3
"##
"+$-++"('+$)",%,E+''F>,*(*)3",,&,*"%<&?
,(<,(*"<*+-%,,(!."%$',1).'%1+- #(*,>
=/%'%%! !%'&%&%$
,.+%-,'"+$-++"('+.+'",,,2*."$," ,>,*-$*.*
,+(&%"*%2+,&"',*++E,"%%+&&'+&"',*(-$,"('?
'F>,$*2.*2*5*'!%%*,'"' <2.'(&,(,
$'.**%,".,$(*,> 2*+$-+.*)3*3 (*'+(&-
+,2%%""',*(-$,"(''<5*$%*!-*"'*+-%,,+,5#*++
+.*(!!-*+.*'5*!3%%*+" ,"%%*3'$-'+$)C,(*"*
"'(&(&*3,> 2*+$-*( 5*5*"'+%-,+,+*<,(%$?
'"' *(!+,2%%'"' +, ''E,,$'2.'%" ",, ,.?
+'",,&*-*"$'%-,+,+*F>,,+1,&,,"+$-++"('+.?
+'",,2*,,#%$" $""'*+-%,,<,(*"*(!
'%1+*<%%,+3"',*+&&',,&>
'+&&'%2 ?
'"' +.!'%"' 2*,,0,*."$," ,>))'$' 2*'%1,
"+$-++"('',"%%'!5 *'".32'".*#*,"$%>'1 *#-
)3'5*#-)'%1+(!$'$'+$$(&&*&,"%%'3 (,
&*>
'5%#*'3 **35*+$*".',."+$-++"(''=
−
'% 2*'&",,!-.--+$)>'.2'2.'+&&
'1$%(*<-,,*1$(!(*&+(&-'.2'*"*3 +,2%%?
'"' *'""',*(-$,"('+.+'",,,>
− 1 -))'B+,(*1B>))%2 ,C+,*-$,-*'(!'%( "+$
5%#')3"+$-++"('+.+'",,,2*."$," ,>5*+5$5%#+&&
%5<%( "$<(*'"' <.+>+&&*5,*3<+(&"5.*" *,"?
$%'E%%*-))+,+'C.!'%"' 'F>, 3*3'"'+$"++>
IP
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
'+$!5.*- 5*,,&*,%#*,+,(%)-,$+,5*+,
+(&-'.2'*+(& -"5*+$*".',>'.2','$?
$*,<,*2" *&<'-&**"' *%%*'*%"$''!#2%)?
&%>-+$"',!%%*,&%%,<-,'*,."$," +,>
− * '"+* 2*'"+$-++"(''*3',+)""$,"%%, ?
'*%%<,>0>*3'"'B1'BE"'&)"*"<*+-%,,<'%1+F,"%%
%",,*,-*'<,(*"*(!'*+&)"*"+$+$*".'"' *>
,*$(&&'%5C(*'"' ",0,'=
H> ,*,&,,B+.*B)3*3 (*+(&-+,2%%""'?
,*(-$,"(''>
I> ,5+'*+)$,".+.*&,"%%!5*'*+-%,,
E"'B1'B<"''%1+F>+$*".+%-,+,+*<&5'+,*<
)*"'")*(!*%,"('*+(&"''+$*"' .*#*+-%,,>
2.'-))(.2',*+-%,,>
J> 2*,*+$-5*.*#*+-%,,*%,*,"%%,(*"<"?
,*'''(*+$'"' (! 5*-,%"$*C '*%"+*>
,5%%,+3*+)$,".+.*&,,5*$%*!-**%?
,**,"%%%",,*,-*C,(*"*<.*5*"'+.*2*,*(.2*?
" <$('+$.',(!!-*)++*"'","" *(*+$?
'"' "'(&(&*3,>
− !%+,"',-))'3 (''1,(*"""+$-++"('C+%-,+,+*>,
*-$*.*'$%+,,,+$*"."''%1+*+$)",(*"?
$)",%,5*+,<"'''-'.2'*&"'%1+(!"+$-++"('>
− 5*+.*"'+.*>5*$%*.*5*'*+.*"',2*%"$*>
5*,,.*5.*,1 '2*,2.'."$," ,,,,-))%*
+"(*",,'<(%"$* -&',<$'+$&(,+,*"" 5*$%?
*"' *."'*+-%,,>,2*,,,$')3' ("+$-++"('>
JG
*"#"&$!#3
"##
JH
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
%'$',)++,, '%%*,.3*$(&&',"('*5*
(*,+,,(*+$'"' >,,-' **$'+$2+,"'%"',",-))?
+,+%%*'5*+,*,"$%>($"',-))+3',+(&!.?
*",%2,,,, 5*""'+,-">-$'.',-%%, 5**$(&&'?
,"('*'2*, 2%%*)*$,"$<' *))++2,,%%*,$'"$*>.?
+%-,'"' +."+$'-5*$%*)3."%$,+2,,*+-%,,'(!+%-,+,?
+*'*3'"'+,-"2*."$," (!!-*)3.*$**3'
$-'+$)*(!E%%&2'F5*+,3%+$*"' )*(%&,+(&--'?
*+5$,>
?/ &$!'&!
"++'+*,,&'5*+$*"."',*(-$,"(''5*+,,*+(&
,%2 * *-''5**+,'.+$*".',>,2*+#2%.$%*,*
,,3,&"'+,('*,*&'*,+.*+"('5*+,>''''
,'$2*,,,2*""',*(-$,"(''+(&-31 *-))
)*(%&,C*3 '5*%2+*'(!$'1,*"!()+2$'D(!,
$'2*5*&5*%+$*".+)3+%-,,E,*+(&,2*5*+,3
+(&-!*%%,$%*,5*" F>
,2*."$," ,,,!-.--+$),"''+&,"" ,""',*(-$,?
"(''< 2*'+(&5*+,&'"' >-&3+,.2$%2+*'"',*++
,,%2+."*>-!*(,($ "$$)3" ,,3' %2+?
*'+"',*++>*+3$('$*,+(&&5#%" ,>5*#"',&'3 (,
%%&2',5.* *")'*+('&' %%*%3' !"+,(*"+$,"%%?
$%"$+(&!*%",*%.'+5*,-+$*".*(&+'*",0?
,'>3',E(!,(*"*(!%2' ** -&',F+)*+,"%%+'*>
JI
*"#"&$!#3
"##
'"',*(-$,"('+$*&5*%%,"''!3%%'$(*,)*+',,"('
.)*(%&(&*3,>,2*."$," ,,,-(!%2+*',"" ,3*'
&'+&+1')3.*,"$%'%%*.!'%"' '!'%*(&>
',*(-$,"(''2*($+3,,."$," ,+,55**."/*+(!'*
*'+$*>*(%&(&*3,!5.*"',+$*".+",%#
E,,$'- 5*+'*",(*"$)",%,F<&',2*."$," ,,,
%2+*'3*.,,"%%*2$%" ,5*,,$-''5&++*%.'+<
."%$,B$-'+$)+ )B-."%%1%%<(!.-!* #(*,E.+>.
.!'%"' '!'%*(&F>,2*!2*""',*(-$,"(''-%2 *
+,''C,(''(!)*+)$,".C,(%$'"' 5**+,'.,0,'>
',*(-$,"(''+$%%,+3"''!3%%')*+',,"('..-
!* #(*,<"'(*+$'"' >
',*(-$,"('+.+'",,,$'&5*%
+,*-$,-**++(&'B+,(*1B2*-*5*" *3'+",-,"(''D."
$(&)%"$,"(''(!*3 'D,"%%+.*,>,,'',+2,,,,+$?
*"..2 ' '(&"',*(-$,"(''2*=*3')*(%&,".*$%" ?
!,',"%%"'(*+$'"' >
− %&%%#!$E,"" ,F>,2*."$," ,,,%2+*',"" ,5*?
+,3*0$,..!'%"' 'E%%**,"$%'F!'%*(&>
− "%2 "*2#$%$ =+$*".'"' '5*.*+3'
,,%2+*'%2,,5*+,3*'E%%,+3*%,".,%%&2',<&'$(*,F>
+$*".+",-,"(''<' ,"(!*-&<."%$."$," +,$?
,5**'2*>
− " 2 "##"* "2#($=$-,,+(&-&'*2*
'$(&)%"$,"('"+",-,"(''<)*(%&,<'3 (,+(&"',-'?
**<'3 (,+(&5*5*2'*+<-,*+E!2*3*-&%",
(&'1,,'&"'(*+$'"' <.'2**5*F>(&)%"$,?
"(''%" *,"%% *-'5*",,(*+$'"' +)*(%&(!-,"*3'
JJ
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
@/%&$&
,,+,*$,2*'$(''+*(*&.!%*,"$%'%%*.?
!'%"' '(!5*2*5*+$*".++"+,>+,*$,,+$%1,*&
"'!-.-)(2' *<+$*"."''!3%%,"$(*,!,(!.*%2,,?
%2+,>,2*(,,+(&%2++5*+,(!' *,(''5*%2+*'
%%**."/*+C**',*>3' ,"+$*",*!*+,*"$,"'?
JK
*"#"&$!#3
"##
+,*-$,"('*5*+,*,>+++$5%#+>'"''+($
'3 *%%&2'',")+(!0&)%)3"''!3%%=
($$"$ 2*+1,,&,,+$*".*,"$%'%%*
.2*+1,,&'+$*".'(*+$'"' ?
'A2*(*+$'"' +*3 'A
#2$ 2#$#!*- #(*,A"%$2*!-.-+$%"
&,(*'-'.2',"(*+$'"' 'A*?
5*A+$*".."%$&,(*+(&'.2',+5*
,,-))1%%*,"$%'+E(*+$'"' '+F
&3%C+1,<.+>+$*".)3."%$,+2,,(*+$?
'"' +*3 '!*+.*,+>
" "%$''+,+!*-!,,"%%2&',"*,"?
$%'A2*',(*,"+$*&'A
(4"#%$$5 !2'A+$*"..-B!",,B%%*
B+3 B-'**,,+ 3' >,,&?
'+*+-%,,(!'%1+>
%$#$#" ,1**+-%,,'A"+$-,*"'
B1'B> 2*$'&'2.' 5*+% )3
(*,+,,(*+$'"' >
($$.!"$# 2*",,*,E*+-%,,'F*5*A
+"
',""*'.2''"' +(&*3'E(&,
2*&5#%" ,F>"%$$,*$'*+-%,,'
A
($#&)" 2*'1,,A2*-'"$,"*,"$%'A3?
)$.2*,.*,"$%'(!5*.&>
JL
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
")+5*+$*".',.+,*$,,=
H> , 3*3'-,$+,,5*!%*,"$%'C&'-+,>
I>
',""*+1,(!."$," +,+%-,+,+*'<*+*&'1$?
%(*"&,(.+'",,,(!!-.-*+-%,,*3'"+$-++"('+%?
%**+-%,,.+'",,'>
J> *'%%,,,",,'+,1$>
K> $*". 2*'",,!-.--+$)"5*+,&'"' '>
L> (*,('5" (*(!*+*>,*1$%%$ *-'+"'(*&,?
"('<%",,*,-* '(& 3' <&,(,%#*&&>$*".(&+3,,
,*"''+'5.2'" "'(*&,"('>
M> (%%(&-))%2 ,+,2&&*&,"+$*",'+"'+,*-$,"('*>
87/&1$'$
-*"$'+$"'"*"''!3%%,""'*,"$%<-))+,+<$))
%%*.!'%"' &+33(*+(&&5#%" ,>'$,".*-*"$
B+2%#*B"',0,,"%%%2+*'(!)3.*$*(&,0,'%"*%2+,%%*
"',>,2*($+3."$," ,,,*-*"$'$'*-))&2*$+&!,
,"%%"',0,<+3,,%2+*!",,*"',0,>,, 2%%*+)"%%,"?
,+*+(&"',"'$%-**+,*$,>3' "'0+1+,&'?
.2'*"',",%5*,,$, (*"+*"'*,"$%>-+$%%,+3'?
.2'+33(*+(&&5#%" ,(!"*2,,(*'"' 5*,,+$*".
,&,5*"',0,)3,,!%,2$'(!*2,,."+'+2,,>
%+,%2+*$,"+$,*"'*-*"$<,>0>"**'+%"+,(*>
− ',",%,"" ,"+$*".)*(++'E,",%'(!!-.--+$),
!#2%)*" ,,!3%%($-+(!'*5,*3' '(&+$*".?
JM
*"#"&$!#3
"##
JN
3 *+$*".,")+D
'*!&++('
(%'& %(%
-!*# %"+,,'&2' +$*".,")+<+&3B$(&"!3 B%'
&%%&2''*35*"''!3%%(!+$*".+,"%(!$('$*,!$?
%"+,(*5*+$*".)*(++'>&'+&,2*,,,2*+3',+(&
# ,1$*-' **5*&" D3"*(%%'+(&+$*".*(!+(&
*'+$*..,'+$)%" ,0,*>,"''+"' ,",5*.?
,'+$)%" ,+$*".'(!,"''+&3' !'5$*E''
"''+'3 *0&)%F2*-$'%,,*,")+(!*3+(&)+?
+*" >,."$," +,2*,,+$*".>
%.++('<,+EIGGJF>B.!'%"' =& ,',%%*$-'+$)+?
"* AB
,*'' 3*<
*+E*F>&3 $$
"#$ "#"/
-'=,-',%",,*,-*>
- -+,++('<-''*EIGGNF>##"$/
$$%$&
#$$&$#!#"&>
-'=,-',%",,*,-*>
((,!<1'EIGGKF> "# #"&/ #$$$
#"&$ $&$/
-'=,-',%",,*,-*>
1<(*,6+,%<**EIGGMF> '$ '"$!%0
##$!!">M,!","('>&*" '".*+",1*++
*(+,<'EHPPOF>$$#"&%!!#$#"/
-'=,-',%",?
,*,-*>
"** <*"'EIGGJF>$#!$#"&/
-'=,-?
',%",,*,-*>
JO