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    CRANE - Flow of Fluids

    Uploaded by

    Alessandro Rossi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 132
    FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE METRIC EDITION — SI UNITS ‘CRANE LTD ‘Techie Paper, 410M ce 29 Aopiation ‘oRANE Bibliography “Regt ocx Canna aes 1907 uae 19818, “es at oper af ils? Bad Mockoe Sa Rr Mr “abana en ew le — SaSASES a: at eons ada te cy thea acne, Peet ESE sis ad Ste Erie Vane Spee bo “A age Th Dyin mata of Se ‘Stars PO ee ps0 Sum Tai, 1967 Eb. “Memes Lou for Fa Foe 99 Dre (Pineda: Vom 5, arose ee eee * a Aran acy of ech Ete, TAMER eg. an seen pow “Dk Ere tre ark: one cegtence Renee om weacte’ ——"REGE UE Gal ae BOERS Se eee TEIN non “RRL mebaeee Meta Bie 7 “Lent Sats ot Eyes nna, EAE Re rena eee wen ee te cennnne Oe s—s—s—i‘“Crnrs—ssSisSsia iat FOREWORD ‘Tae more complex industry becomes, the moe a Become he role payed by fide inthe Inds mehie, One hundred yen ago ‘eter wa the oly tmportent fd whieh was Senveyed fon one punt to eother i pe ‘Today ainostevery concealed Ibe don roscton,prosing ta otto, of uason Te ag of omc ‘lee and relat powe ba aed fis such ‘Siigud mets 7 rie, wal, potas, nd Bima, as we gle oxy, tone, fe. tote of mort commen imc 1 ol water, gz aintn goo that we Tinbeties ot tua thy pia ot Adar nbih “warn tentn now, yea ane peutic mechrnians te wed ‘teniey ft cnt of modern cra ‘ergang ies, automate equpnea ‘acne too, ethovng and rue aig rchnes and even In sete borstry uipment where preci eotol of fad flow Stein So exten se the aplaton of hydrauies Tid mechnis et aoet evry egies found it aecaary to falar Rel ih teste ementty luvs of fl ow. Tort a dimand fora mpl and prac ‘eatment ofthe ubjet of fw in pipe Crane Go" pushed 1936, booklet ented low of Buse tac Hest Tapmiaon, A revi Bley new etlon with ral format mat {nteduced n 1957. In TP. 410, Crane bat fndearoured to pest the ies vale Iefomaten oo bw of Suis, in summarized foun with al asey dete necessary 1 the ‘ton ofall bt the mor ori asd ew problems From 1957 unt the preet thee have ben merous ents of echaia ape No. 410 Each scene Pintng updated, a ct sy, to tele te tet Bow formation ‘rate, Ts contol updating, we alee, Sener the bet interest of the ies of is beatin. ‘The ftenth printing (1976 edition peented conceptual charge regecing the vet of Eguivdeet Length 0" and Resnoe Coe iat" for vas and ngs rive to ‘he fetionfaetor i pipes. Tie hinge had ‘eahely minor effet on oi problems desing ‘th ow conditions that rest i Reyolt ‘uber fling nthe trblert sone, Howeve, {or owin thelamiat 200, he hang eed 1 ugieant oversatement of presse dep, Consent with the conceptual reven, the resstnee to flow tough valves eb ngs tet expreed in tem of resitance fen "A" need of eguven length “Ld de sovege ot Se nd Bhng ye os nye Fret Inport erions inched the iting of seu vconty daa, oni cet Sets, and nomi coef TTP, 10M wat introduced in early 1977 at = Ite vesion of the fend pity of TP ‘Ho Teenie dats, with erin exepton, tue peeated in tems of ST mee un Exceptions scar in letncrt whee present tis ous the ST syste (eg neal pipe ‘ein ince) ave expected to contin fn te for Indefinite peo, or where apeement ths not yet been raced on he pect ee tis te be used (as Tor ow eels). Succeive printings of TP, 410M, tke TP. ‘ore aed renay ef ex low formation seule. Arangenet of ‘atl ake ia bot eons Theory it feeated in Chepen | and 2 pctal ‘Splean fo fow protien ia Ghapers3and 20 rye properties of ide sl ow Characins of raves, Migs, 04 ie a ‘Appendix A. nd conveion uns snd ter wef engieeng data in Append B. Mort ofthe dts on flow tough ves and ‘tgs wee obi by cut ed fxpeinents ia the Cane Enginerig Labo- ‘aloe: Lier! we hs been ae, lower, tether reat source of at on see fd do cet ha been gen te sure a the text. The bileepy of efeere wil ‘rors s source for farther sty of te ube Jot presated CRANE LIMITED ‘Admepton de ya lt ah les nes pn nan enn 8, ‘een yt ae fw ar ena nt Rass Gna, as Red, poi Blot a 008 Pn 60, osu nue Table of Contents cnapren 1 “Theory of Flow in Pip Inout . Pog Mops oF Ft Speci li See ganey 2 Nature of ow ia Pe — Tina and Turtle in cy of ieee ees eral Teortn enn S Messuenent of Pest =. as ary Foemula— Geel to or Flow of ld nn tet of eg and eon ie Flin nile of Compre Flow i Pipe. "Sonlte teral equation nn Sid compete ow ~ conker fmmont we oral for "Simprsble fw ie ong pp aes cogaon oma : tui ow of ered vpore cnc ‘Stesm — General Dasion pont ‘oHAPTER 3 Formulas and Nomograph for Flow "Through Vives, Fittings, nd Pipa Pe Inout nnnennnnnnn Summary of Forms nn Founulag and Nomoaphs foutgw Flow Veit Net ii ion er ‘ean tel a pesado be ow = Preuredrop for tina Now Flow though noes nd once. Fonmulet and Nome FonCompeete Fos Wee Reynolds waren iin factor for oa uel pipe rewaredrop. Sines Row forma low though nome snd ec ccnaprenz Flow of Fluids “Through Valves ond Fittings pa Introduction a) ‘Typetof Vas and Figs Ueda pe Sytem ) Presure Drop Chargeable (O'aerand Fitings a rape Flow Tests ‘Bein fap wt Stes ow et Reionahip of Pessure Dro obey ot Flow nese ae Reta Cot K, Fane enh Tipit eae {Laminar Flow Conditions - Contraction an Erase met nn ates wth Reduced Seats - Resatane of Bends nen mary Resistance of Mite Bens cso Flow Thrugh Nozls and Ones guid Flow cna Sted tr 2 Seen Sapeie Tidein nore Flow hough Sr abe a Baca of Fie Trwah Tau ow 2g {Conpreste aw nnsnana AS cHarren Examples of Flow Problems pee Introduction el Reynolds Number na Frision Fat or [Rov Other than Stee) nn oP Determination of aie Rete a, aed Flow Coeteet Cy sy (Check Vives ~ Determination of Ste a dee ot a ~ Vly sr Rate OFS nen oe 3 Laminar Flow a Valves, FCG a Pipe nn 4d retire Drop and Veocy in ping Syste 6 Pipe Line Flow Pables nne rn 410 ‘Diahargeof Flas rom png ye von $12 Flow Through rice Meter ous Applction of Hydrate Roce WB Rable “16 =e ees nmaanscewaaca St ia " V ) \ ) Dp I ) I ’ I l ) ] b . ! 1 Physical Properties of Fluids ‘and Flaw Cheractristies of ‘Valve, Fittings, and Pipe Introd Py! Properties o Fis enerrind a ee ee 3g Vent gumafiaantont Mt eee ls Seana eter rei a oapengcat eae eS peta S olen ft 84 YE nnn AHO iio a soot AE cence Rpcuate Fe ti on rovocheen fs 10 cOMpFEEE BOW eens ABE Si cance FRO Nirengine weigh an ciate tee an ator feo or dean Pens A re ee cert evra ela Picea ag ey orm refuel pa vad ding A“28 mr “ea Gate glee and le aes Shelter eee Polka te ahd Ries Catt K Nomograph nn. AM30 PENX Engineering Dota od i098 nn gules of Visonty “Absit (Dynami) ‘Senn scl Syfoh Uae neat gpd Saya Fad neo nema: Sst Une ‘Saytlt Furl, and Abo. Saylt Univeral Vseoity Chant Egufalet of Desrees AP Digues Bumd, Specie ray, ar Deny BT sn BB Interatioe! Sytem of Ui (8) orn ‘conversion Eauratents ene Soe se iow Rate elon aie Fa [eae Fe Thou Sed 40S Fe Rrra Commer Stee Pps Data ‘Shade 10t0 10ers Sttnrs ext ston a ‘Stiles See Ppe Dat ness BAB Commerc Stes 130 336 and se BAD Foweyied for ping se B21 Fvenelt — Cass Temperature Gmverson. MISCELLANECUS. usraton of Typical Vahes Globe ange2d Hope Gi Gre Cocke BDL nannennnnnn seteond page of Book Fatt ¥0t eennnenemere thi page of BOOK Nome cn nnnnnnnnin Nomenclature: Unlen herve stata, al yb ued int book are ati flona A. = com sectional aren of pg o one in square rom seston ae of pipe or oii, or fow ‘rein va, tn gee oes sata Now inbarel(62 US pom) perhour Ae Snie s e oeen i hsp outset cored for voc gptnch=C4/ Yi = shchrg cote! or oie ow eon for aes intel dimer of pp, aati = ternal Seer of pp, la allies ed norles ‘eof atria = 2.718, fet atorin formula hy, /L0"/D 265 ‘ton fctorin zone of compat turbance aselainorny = 91 ets pe ea = tout head metres of fle = ste premurehendeisting a orf tn, = om of ae esr end do to fad fw, sect ng = sai preached ilies of water IK” > testes coeiclet or wloty Rend ts L point a meee the forma he KS /2q = tenth of pipe inten Ui = ian length of rexstance wow, pipe yy = length of pipe inom IM = molecular weight (moeclar mas) 1 free in mons por quae mate (Gucl) ‘eu P= prostue inmewtons pe square metre Gael) esate ‘ere fo daa on ration, ‘stated i at) rete in bu ewan ba bea fate of ow, res pet inate ‘eof low a cble mete pe seond at Now: ‘npcondhes rate of flow, in cobie tues pee second at toute stad cnaons BC)-T.013 23 Straboiveand 1S sate of low, mins of ube mets perry suse rate of lw, a cble mete per hour at SC tof Gow in cable mates per BME at “aowing coins Gin = sate of flow, cule mete pe lnate at MSC [RE = vera gu constant = 8314 Segal K Rg 5 ftdpidul gon constant» Ref Sa (ebere ‘= maleear wig of he 3) Re > Reynolds muber ‘Rog = Byam ain metres 7 Chil pres ati fo compesibe How ES Specie pty of igi a pected tomper “relate fo eater gt sana tempes ure (1*)~ Galati desiy) + specie vy of ais rave to lr = the Sr > wets Sine meter wept of ie puts iEetofar Gone cy) 7 shes temperate in bls 73 #4) 1 > temperate in depres Cts 1 ple wae of i, fn cbl iets pee ie Y= meaner ff, nate per ate 1, = some, nebiemetes 2° tremvaocy of flown metes pr seond = tale (rca) wloty 0 fiw oft meu persed i. w= rae fon Blopams peour wr ft ow, a Blogame persecond ve, = main ogame ¥ = tet eapenon fctor for semprete Now ‘atetphcther woctes, re 2 = potent head oF savor Shove efeence Teel im metres rane ates = sto of sal age darter none sd f © iG gh nd contacto enigma ibe rato of specie eat at constant presto ‘pectic constant vane Glee = sateen between wo pote 1 abolue ough of effectve hight of plpe Srl wegen fa meee maces am aan Poe dynam (bolt) wicoty. i cetipoie ‘yma vacouty, a agwoneconds per sar ‘me (psc eon emt vicosty, incense J iematis wcout, mete sed per scond ig der ot On, re pr se enty of i, grams per ebiecentineie angle of convergence or divans In elu ents orsontncton i es a Suberip for Diameter (Qo dela sale ia (0) 2 denne ager dameter ‘Subvrpt for Fluid Property (One defines inet aptetn) contin 2 cene outlet Gowatesn onion Theory of Flow In Pipe CHAPTER 1 ‘The most commonly employed method of wanporing ‘id om one point to sneer fo fore the if om ‘Hvouph + piping sve. ip of crear wcton is mon ‘Hequeuy bina because nat ape oer not only re fst! suengh, ut also stereos sca re Unto wall ace than ay ode supe. Unies there ate, the word “pipe” in ths book wl avys ie To ‘owed conduit of scl mton and comtant fetal Cnty few pect problems in id mechs... tein fw in pipe, Tor ample «can be etsy saved by ‘atonal Iathematal mesa other problem segue ‘metbods of soln whch es, a east par, on expe ‘ently delemined eoetfiens Many empiri format, Ive been proposed forthe problem of flow In pipe, bet thse ae ft extremely eld and en be ppd oly en ‘the condition of the problem lowly approach the Sonos af the experiments ost Which the Tomales sre ered Because of the get vrety of ids being handled in oder indi procese, a ape equntion wich can te ued forthe flow of any Tull pp offers obvioas evamages.Sbch an equation ls the Deey*lonmal. The ary formula can be ved tion by meta of diner ‘onal sely; however, one warble the formula tbe fiction fear mut be Stein’ expermena ‘his fommula as vide appeauon In the eld of td recanir si ued extentely througout the pape CRANE Physical Properties of Fluids ‘he solton of any flow probiem requires» Knowledge of ‘epi popes o the iid eng handled. Aca ‘ales forthe propria affecting the flow of ae ‘amaly, vcs an mas dens «=. Rav een eae Iihed by many svthorer for al commonly wed His Ed may ofthese ate pened i the asus ables fd carts in Appendix ‘Von: Vico exgas the eadlnss with which Tai ows when i sted upon by an external fre ‘Th coetiet of ablte vscsty simpy the abao- Inte wooly ofa fod fea mesure of te vestace fo Intra gformation or shear. Malas sa ply wscous fois water comparaivaly much less viscous; ad the Mico of gs gues compared vo hat of water. unoug mow ds a pte atl wos ‘he a Primers wood pulp ream ets art bramples of ude potcung th thnotops propre tment Considerable confusion nt conering the its sed to xpenvicnytherefre, proper aie rus be employed ‘weneersbatting tes ef vcs into formu. Dynamic of Abiolute Vico: The coetet Stunt of yramie yoo tn pasa snond (a) ch sy Aho be expeed asthe won sooo pr sgate tee (sav), or the kina per mete Secon Kl 5). ‘Th i a to been sled te poteulle Fin France ut sould be noted att not the same the pe (@deseied teow. hatte Geerlns of ne seconds pe tare tinct ot of gums pe cnteete seconds The S0b- lipe congo (@P) 10 po, te ult most com> ‘oul used af prevent to exges nami oxy and {Bi uation apps lly fo contin fr some tne ihren de mot Panos aed hs follow the same proved, all wicoaty data aus pet fre enpretd ia sepoie. The telaonthip between cal econ and cntpse LPae= LNalnt © Dagens) = 10" Let = 10" Ps In thi paper the sya sued for ison mensred lcen)pone and for coy measured in peal second this: The sicoty of water temperatare of 20°C 1 ‘ery neniy I semipote” or 0.001 pea seconds, “Oita Ry St hn oss ke Kinematic Vico: Th the sao of the dymanie asoaty tothe cenay. In the SL sys the Unt of [Etematewscsty tthe mete eqasred ge scond 8). ‘Tae coespondng CS un eh stoke (St), dimensions, femuiecer aqered pe second sath entistake (C0, ok, ithe sbmulplecomeoal ied. mes 10" St tet 10m yz _(centpne) 3° Gasper ene oa) Factors for conversion between the Stand COS wats ‘ded tbove and ko for iperl ets of dymumie nd linematie veo ace ven on pe BS of Appen- xa. (Centitoke) =| (Gipecaly gaes and vapoury reques claort ecupet {nd consierable expereentl hl On the otet had {ath simple nse inthe form of become (Gr neconetr can be ined for menor the nematic ‘icouy of ols and otervicou gas With ts oe ‘of istrmen the tine requed fr a all ome of lui to ow though an eee dened 0d the Imetarment of Kemal Wicosty expe nes ot ‘Various forms of tbe vacoinetee ree resting a inp sels och a Saybat Univeral, Sabolt Fie (or very vacou gu), Redwood Ne I and No 2 ard [Equa Infomation on the selaouips between thee teil vssceand Koemate na fami oats ‘pabelte uns since i Appendix “The ASTM standard cosy temperate chart for lq [itleu:proucts, reproduced on put BO ls wed 10 termine the Suybot Univeral vicoty ofa petroleu Drodot sty tmpeatte when the vscostes at To ‘Been empeatatr ae own The waco of sane ‘ofthe ost commen sare gen on ages A 0 AS. it wil be noted tat, witha rei emperatur, te We ey of tigi deca, wheres the coat of as Ibert, Theft of posure on a vou of and pefot goer b to small Ua it of m0 pact Ince in mee ow problems. Convey, the Woon of saturated, or only alg suprtstedwapours ‘precy ard by pesure anes a nested on Pape A2 showing the wicouty of stan. Unortuatl, {he data on vapours ave Incomplete an, in sme eh, onditory Therefore, I is expedint when ding ‘with pour other than stam fo pect the effet of DPreware eesue of he lack of wequte ata f2- eo nheaeme @ = = == = atau max (CRANE Physical Properties of Fluids ~ Density, specific volume and specif rv: The density ‘oft bitance temas per yn eum, The coherent I St of donate Rog per cable mete Cin") nd the symbet sgation wed nts pape (Rho). ter commonly sa mets nit ae am pereabicentnete(lem")) gem? 5 tym rm pe mite nt) P1080 ear ‘The coheret SI unt of specie volume P, which he Tecpocl of Gas, ste ele mete per Mog (ome) ‘the commonly vet metic nts for specie volume ae Se era it) 1 tag ota ag cube deine pr Mogan (nk) "0001 ma ‘The attons in densty and eter properties of water veh change interpre ae shown on page AS. The eases of other conmon igs ate san ot Page AT Usha ery high presoe ar being contdered he fect, ff prewar on te deny of igus of no practi lngotance low problems, The dense of gs and vapours, however, ate grey, ered by preste change, For the socaled "pert fos, the Ges an be competed from the forms. ore, ee oR ar ‘he inves castant Riegel oeuvre ga ensunt Rp (2814 Ikpemal) died by the ceca weit of eps, 3 nek at Vals of Ry a8 wal at other weal pt constants, ae firm on page Ack The density fir foc nations fendions of tempeatue and peste cn be Found on Specie velune is commonly used Inseam fow com> tatoos and averse ited nthe steam aber own, paps 13 to AT. A chart for detimiing the easy end specie ele of sess ge on page A oupren |= THEORY 9 FLOW INE 13 ontinued Specie rt (relative density ia rete measure ff deny. Since presre has a nsgcnt effet pon {he dest of tigi, empertae the only contin {hat must be considered in degnating the bast for ‘pec rv. The spe gravity egal she ratio Fits day cea spelied nperoue 0 tof wer 1 some sndard temperate Unaly the temperate fe the same and 60° F/60°F (1S4°C/1S6°C) secon ‘monly und Rounding off to 1SC/1C doesnot cate fy Seta ero. sy ul ot ‘ga 2 speed lempeatare 9 waters OF (SO) ‘Anydrometer canbe wd to mens theses gray ‘ot gud diety. Two hydomet wales in commen AP sae ued for ls. ‘Brame seals There are wo Kid fn uot: one for gue ener than water and ne Tor Reus Heber ‘The rltioips between thee hytometer slr and specie panty ae mais SOHO = 5 deg AFL Feige ther tan wate, uo. SOTTO» TS Geg. amt Foi nei an wa S(6ORIAr) = us eS eg Bad For converting hydromeer eninge ore uf units refer to able on page B7 ‘The specie pay of ses defines the alo of the ‘molecular weight ofthe as to at ofa and 8 the 0 tthe nda as constant of a otha of at Rta), ae) Rees) * Mai) tt cuarcens Natura of Flow in Pipe — ‘he ne two ener ‘npeimen sons of esting smal sieanaot acolored ‘id ito gd oven ins us lp ad observing he ‘ehuvou of thet obure rem 2 ferent sections ‘Suns om thet points of inet. 1 the dcharge or areage velo ie sal he stent of ‘olor id how nai line asshown in Figure 1 ‘the flow ate gculy incre, thse seas al ‘Sento flow nSright ier wt elo reached Sten the aks wil weer ebd-sideny break ito ‘Sind pattern ar atowa it Figue 12, The velit at ‘whch torte eld the “eel lai" AL ‘octue higher than ciea” theBlamentare dered Sedom ‘hroughow the mn body of the Ti at ‘howe a gue 13, “The ype of flow wish ext a wos lower than Tented Knowa, last flow st, somes ‘cous orsteamline ow Flow of tsar charac Tae by the ging of concent yn ayers pat tne ance rte fasion, Veloty ofthe dat St maninu atthe pipe tad eee sharply 10 ero at the wal ‘A veloc rete than eral”, he ow is uralent ie uiblent flow, the an vega andor motion ‘ld paris in rections tansverse to the deton of the main flow. The weet dtbuton a tuuleat flow [i more uifora acon the pipe dame than in air flow: Eventhough a ‘ubulen motion exists ouput the ase grton ofthe pipe ameter thre always than layer of id he pipe wal Bown the “Noundary layer" orange sablaye® whic sown ia aa Mean vlc of flow: The em “lity” ules other vs ated, refer to the teen, of average, velit att [Bren com min, aetemined by the comity equ ton forsee state ow Lane enon 11 Oa a A a (Forse np pecting ape 1) “-Resonsble” velo for we Indesign work are gen on pot 36 and 316 ‘CRANE Laminar and Turbulent seat iT rt es ee Soca meta SISe raul ace aes i ert acy a ay ieerutegrae atlas ios che og Rutons win mete darted ‘oot Rey abe De a, (ethos of hanna 38) or esinesng pupa, fw in pis sly com Sako a ifthe Rayo bere an 320, and bln ihe Raylene pes ita 10, Betesn th two rte he “ea one” nv the Row beng hms, tbat, on ‘Seip of cen dip ups any pe ‘tiv sndioon = spre. Caetl epe {Petia show tht the ann so maybe re {o'tumipte at Reyalis mabe low 01300 or ‘Senedak 4 00, bet hve condos nt ‘ied cen in cedar prt. Hydra mor: Occuinaly 2 condi of noncteae {tou ston is encountered a cleuling the Reyes ‘umber for ts conn the equa inte (our {es the hyn ad) a aed forthe cele ‘dameter Ure fedon factors pen co pages AE and a R nate 12 ne Satta ere pasa ar oer emotion a ae Se ee Sey oer esmnars Ean ‘To deteine quantity of flow in flloving forma: @- eam /E the valve of i asd upon an cule dete of seul w aes and Ay subtatedo D. ees st on st en oe ne oe en we os General Energy Equation Bernou The. Beooul thre is means of expreing the tppleation ofthe ef conserston of energy fo the ‘ow of fds incon: Te ttl ees tiny par ‘ealar pint, sbowe sone atiry hooeetal darn —— SME Beet ie i Pr Theorem plane, equal to the sum of th elevation esd, the rere n,n evel head as flow Poe zebs Beg ne IF ficon Jose are neglected and a0 energy inde 0, ‘or taken fom, piling syste (a pumps or turbine), the foal hea fin the above eguncn wil be «eons for ay point the ld. Howewr, i actual prate, Iona or energy increas o cere te encoun ‘nd must be ncaded inthe Bemoa equation, Ths at ‘heaybalnce may be writen for wo postin #6, ‘ova athe example fn Figure 1 Note the pipe ftom low fom pat 1 to pint 2 (he) nay be refered to asthe hea low ia meter of fa ‘The cation may be writen fw ‘All paced formulas for the ow offi are dered fiom enous there, with mcieation fo sscount {ortose doe to fate. ssuremant of Pressure Figure 15 grphcayastrtes the relationship between (Be and abvclutepresturr:Pesect acum cent exe fn the race of the earth, but it nevertheless 3 oovenint tum forthe meee of pres. Bromeiricpresare isthe el of the atmospheric presre show perfec vou Standard” aomomphaie presure 1.013 25 bar (C5585 in or 760 mimes erry. Gauge presure is meusred shove omphere presnze, She astute prenre alwys toe to Pelt races Vacuum i the depesion of premre below the atmo sphere level. Reference to macau condion fs often ‘tae by expressing the abicatepresae in tem ofthe Hg of column of merry of of water Mime of ecu, mlcemete (icon) of mwa, inch of water {nd inch of mercury, are same of te Commonly aed onvntonal vit ampere feu erforene mrt fe tote Berm ‘cRANE Darcy's Formula ‘General Equation for Flow of Fluids Flow In pip aly accompanied by fetion of fait partes fbbingngst one anther, and conequent (yl of eneray avaiable or worn oer words th ust be a prerie dop ithe deton of flow. If Crary Bourdon tse presave gauges wore connected {o apipecontsining owing alas shown Figue 8, "gon (pups P, would inten et rae pres ‘an aausey The genta Dara formals and expres im metres of ld Jha lsjb bg. Ti cquntion maybe wate express Pwr drop in pews per sauae mele (pn) by stun of proper unis follows : (ce AP = hy x 9) Emon 4 “The Dacy equation valid for lamina or tarbalet ow ry tila 2 pg, Howeer when exteee eos ‘Steuing in pp cone he downstream peste ofl {She vapour prem ofthe iil, cantaton sess and Sues Mow te wal be inaruate. Wik stele fetitlons, the Dag equation maybe wed when get {iapur Cong i ae beoghaned Tee testtions re fae on page 17. Equation 14 giveth los ia peste du 0 ction an bles to pipe of ensant ameter $000) ao ane Uo ofthe chants the pipe wal. ‘2 reton known a8 the “rtcl zone ocuts beween feynols none of approximately 2000 and 40, In thi egoy the flon may beef amino frbulent {Ependog upon sew factors; hee Ince changes in ‘on oda of fon nd hts, oh ‘tiv inhe spam ppng. The tion factor hs even idstonmiaste an as ower lilt based on [thine low aol per is based on turbulent flow onions [At Reynolds mums above approximately 400, flow onditons aga Become mor sub and fine ction {itis can be exablaads Ths portant beens tables the engine fo detunine teow charters ‘tay Mid owing in pipe, proving the vacosty ad ‘tcly at flowing conto are kxown, For hs ean, ‘Eguatlon 14 le esommesced in pretence to some of the cumony known empire equations fo the Now of (fee lk and ther igs, 4 mel ar forthe Dow of ‘Compeeie is when estilo peviouly mentioned Srecbred tthe lw laminar (Re < 200), the eon ctor may be determined fom the equation: geo 1 this quantity Ie biuret Equation 14, she Pretue Srp In newton pe gute mw which Poe's aw forma ew ‘When the ow a turbulet (Re > 4000, the ton factor pends not ‘nly upon the’ Reynals umber But a> ‘pon the vl rouhnes, ff vv te rughnew of the Pipe wal) ae compued to ty dameter of the pipe (GS For ery’ smooth pipes suchas draw brs ig fou Bs, te fcton ctr dectese more epi with Insesing Reyaalds aur than fr pip wih compre tty ough wal Since te shaacter ofthe internal sfice of commer pipe i pracicaly independent of the ameter, the ‘Supine ofthe walsh reser fest 20 the fon faotor in the smal as. Coseqnty, pipe of sal ‘dameter wil spprossh the very rush contin 2 wr, wl have her ton tr than age pipe of ‘Setume mater ‘The most wef and widely acceped data of ton Teor for ue with the, Dacy formals have been ee Sented by Lr E. Moodys and re mprodoced on pass [R25 to AS, Pofewor Moody proved upon te melt ‘rablibed Pigoteand Kemer fon ator Sgr, ‘Meorportng mor cet vestiptcnand erga ‘tary ctstanding sent “The ffton factor, f plated on ge A24on the ai ‘Tilave roughest obtained fue te carton page ‘Xo5 and the Reynold number. The aoe of fete. ‘mind by Roraonal projection fom te terection of the afd core under conaitertion wits the calcite Reyoolée number to the left hand vera sale ofthe hare on page AG. Sie most clusions ive ee we oe et Sn we on we ee ee an ie (CRANE custen Darey's Format General Equation for Flow of Fluids — continued connec eel or wrought ton pp, the chat on page ‘RBS Fornihed fort more Set ston. fe soul be ‘Rept nmin hatte fue ply to eos ae pipe. tect of age and ase on pie feton: Friction low in pipe ls ote to hanes im gute and roughness of Pipe Fora gentle of Now and «Maw ction factor, {be pesr rope mete of pipe varsity wih he Eithpowe of the caneer,Terfore, 23 rection of dlamete cases I Ince in pesue ops aR eduction of meter increases premure drop 9 ‘many sere, the interior of pipe tecomes encrusted ‘ised bere oot ogn mater, hon hun prude to make alowancefarexpete diame shang. Ashores® point out ht roughest maybe expected to ‘Geer wih ae (us to corodon ot netstaton) 22 ‘ate deemined by the pipe male ebd atte of he Sie ppen fe ecuing the efct of apn, ces 3

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