IOBOKON VJCPA @JPZ@ON BZPV KJTAL

 Iobokon Ala Fasusul Dulo Ijijluna Uokon Uotu Vudos

Ioto Bukaon Xrcicsa Bjsjnotol

Fcsjl Xjldoipu =
TATAJB TAFAOVAJ, U.Bjp. Ls., I.Bjs.

Fasusul Ckjn =
  Ozaz Iutonokka (4??>886)
 Unclaotul Lo`akon (4??>887)
 Icnoiiof Okgal Burlaowol (4??>88>)

GOBZKVOU AKIZ BJUJNOVOL

XPCDPOI UVZFA AKIZ F AAA BJXJPOTOVOL
ZLAWJPUAVOU XJUOLVPJL VALDDA FOPZK „ZKZI MCI@OLD
08?1

a
 BOVO XJLDOLVOP 

sjnalddo boia fopot ijlyjkjsoabol iobokon ala fjlodl sj`oab-

ol. Vumuol pjlyusulol iobokon ala ofokon ultub ijldjtonua tjltold @acdroga Burt Kjwalfol bjpra`ofaol iolusao ijlurut tjcra Burt Kjwal. F
o sjnalddo bato ijlmofa crold yold `jrbjpra`ofaol `oab fol

  Mci`old, 7 Ujptji`jr 08?1

 

Xjlyusul

aa
 FOGVOP AUA

ECWJP............................................................................................................. a

BOVO XJLDOLVOP................................................................................aa

FOGVOP AUA............................................................................................................... aaa

@O@ A = XJLFONZKZOL.......................................................................?

O. KOVOP @JKOBOLD ...............................................................................?

@. PZIZUOL IOUOKON ...........................................................................0
E. VZMZOL ....................................................................................................... 0

@O@ AA @ACDPOGA.................................................................................... 5

O. @ACDPOGA BZPV KJTAL .....................................................................5

@O@ AAA = XJI@ONOUOL ....................................................................................7

O. BCLUJX ZVOIO BZPV KJTAL ......................................................7

@. BCLUJX XJPZ@ONOL BZPV KJTAL ...........................................??

@O@ AW = VALMOZOL BOUZU .............................................................................?6

O. BOUZU..............................................................................................?6
@. OLOKAUO IOUOKON ..............................................................................?6

@O@ W = XJLZVZX................................................................................?7

FOGVOP AUA.................................................................................................. ?>

aaa
 @O@ A
XJLFONZKZOL

O. KOVOP @JKOBOLD

Astakon bjpra`ofaol ijrupobol tjrmjionol fora `onoso

Alddras

‛pjrsclokaty-. Xjrsclokaty sjeoro jtaickcdas `jrosok fora `onoso Kotal ‛pjrsclo’

(bjfcb) fol ‛pjrsclorj’ (ijlji`us). Xjrsclo `aosolyo fapoboa ckjn poro

pjioal solfaworo pofo zoiol bulc ultub ijijrolbol sotu `jltub taldbon

kobu fol borobtjr pra`ofa. Ujfoldbol yold faiobsuf

fjldol pjrsclorj ofokon `onwo

 pjioal solfaworo atu fjldol ijkokua bjfcblyo `jrusono ijlji`us bjkuor

ultub ijldjbsprjsabol sotu `jltub doi`orol iolusao tjtjltu. Iasoklyo

sjcrold

 pjiuruld, pjlfaoi, pjraold, poroion, pjioron, fol sj`odoalyo. Mofa,

pjrsclo atu `ubol pra`ofa pjioal atu sjlfara, tjtopa doi`orol pra`ofa fol tapj

iolusao tjrtjltu fjldol ijkokua bjfcb yold fapoboalyo. Bjpra`ofaol ofokon

`odaol fora

 mawo yold iji`oldul bj`jrofool iolusao ijlmofa sotu bjsotuol, tafob tjrpjeon-

 `jkon fokoi guldsa-guldsalyo.

Vjcra ijfol ijrupobol (kagj spoej) ijrupobol sjbuipukol

bclsjp faiolo sjsjcrold fopot ijlddoi`orbol bjlyotool psabckcdas

yold fopot fatjropbol fokoi sjiuo `jltub taldbon kobu fol sjbokadus eubup

spjsagab ultub ijlddoi`orbol crold tjrtjltu fokoi suotu satuosa

bclbrjt.Fokoi Xsabckcda Bjpra`ofaol tjrfopot `j`jropo tjcra fora poro

onka. Zltub pji`onosol boka ala

obol iji`onos tjltold Fulao Bjpra`ofaol fora Burt Kjwal. Burt

Kjwal ijiakaba tjcralyo sjlfara tjltold bjpra`ofaol yold fasj`ut sj`odoa tjcra

Ijfol. Vjcra Kjwal ala fopot faijldjrta fokoi roldbo

strubtur,faloiabo, fol
?
 pjrbji`oldol bjpra`ofaol. Vjcra Kjwal ijiakaba bjtjrboatol fjldol

@ai`aldol fol Bclsjkald pofo uiuilyo. Fjldol ofolyo tjcra Kjwal

tjrsj`ut, fopot faponoia tjltold fulao pra`ofa fokoi bjnafupol ala.

?
 @. PZIZUOL IOUOKON
Fokoi iobokon ala boia obol iji`onos iosokon-iosokon yold `jrboatol fjldol Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal, oltoro koal=
?. @odoaiolo `acdroga Burt Kjwal3

0. @odoaiolo bclsjp utoio Vjcra Burt Kjwal3 5. @odoaiolo Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal3
6. @odoaiolo Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal mabo fakanot fora ospjb @ai`aldol fol Bclsjkald3
:. @odoaiolo Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal mabo fakanot fora ospjb lakoa-lakoa Askoi3

E. VZMZOL
Vumuol fokoi pjlukasol iobokon ala ofokon sj`odoa `jrabut=

?. Ijldjtonua `acdroga Burt Kjwal.

0. Ijldjtonua bclsjp uiui Vjcra Burt Kjwal. 5. Ijldjtonua Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal.
6. Ijldjtonua Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal mabo fakanot fora ospjb @ai`aldol fol Bclsjkald.
:. Ijldjtonua Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol Burt Kjwal mabo fakanot fora ospjb lakoa-lakoa Askoi.
 

0
 @O@ AA
@ACDPOGA BZPV KJTAL

O. @ACDPOGA BZPV KJTAL

Burt Kjwal ijrupobol @opob Xsabckcda Ucsaok borjlo sj`uon boryo fol

 pjiabarol-pjiabarollyo yold ijiakaba foipob yold ijlfokoi

tjrnofop

 psabckcda sceaok tjrutoio fokoi iosokon faloiabo bjkcipcb fol

pjljkataol talfobol. Loiul fjiabaol, `uon boryo fol pjiabarollyo tjrsj`ut

mudo soldot rjkjvol `oda poro pjlfafab fokoi fulao pjlfafabol.

 @jkaou fakonarbol fa Xrusao pofo tolddok 1 Ujptji`jr ?>18. Ao ofokon

olob bjfuo fora jipot `jrsouforo. Fao fa`jsorbol fokoi bjkuordo Qonufa bjkos

ijljldon. Oyonlyo ijiakaba sj`uon tccb bjkcltcld bjeak fol pjrtolaol.

Ijrjbo

 palfon bj @jrkal bjtabo ao `jrusao ?: tonul fol fao tjrfogtor fa Dyilosaui.

Kjwal ijlyjkjsoabol sjbckon ijljldonlyo fa @jrkal tonul ?18:.Bjiufaol
ao

ijkolmutbol stufalyo fa Zlavjrsatos Grjal`jrd, Iulaen, @jrkal, ultub `jkomor 

 `ackcda fol ijlfopot djkor fcetcr fa Zlavjrsatos @jrkal pofo tonul ?1?6. Uoot

ijlmofa ionosaswo, ao iukoa `olyob tjrka`ot fokoi pjrdjrobol boui

scsaokas. Xjrnotaollyo tjrnofop iosokon-iosokon pjrdjrobol sceaok

iuleuk fol ijlfcrcldlyo ultub `jrpjrol sjrto fokoi ijijrolda olta-

Ujiatasij, ijlultut fjicbrotasosa `oda alstatusa Mjriol, fol pjr`oabol

`oda nob-nob boui

 pjrjipuol. @jrsoio fjldol rjbol-rjbol ionosaswolyo, ao ijldcrdolasosabol

fara ultub iji`jra pjldomorol pofo prcdroi pjlfafabol crold fjwoso

yoatu bjkosporo pjbjrmo pjrjipuol fol koba-koba. Ujtjkon ijroan djkor
fcbtcrlyo pofo

tonul ?1?6, Kjwal `jrtudos fa bjtjltorool Mjriol sjkoio jipot tonul. Xofo

obnar Xjrold Fulao A, fao bji`oka bj @jrkal `jbjrmo sj`odoa alstrubtur fol osastjl
5
rjsjoren pofo ‛Kji`odo Xsabckcda’, `jbjrmo soio fjldol

Tjrtnjaijr fol Bcnkjr. Xofo tonul ?107 faoldbot ijlmofa duru `jsor fokoi

akiu gaksogot fol

 psabckcda. Xofo tonul ?155 bjbuosool Natkjr ijlaldbot fol bjofool

pckatab sjiobal iji`urub, fao palfon bj Oijrabo Ujrabot fol ijljtop fasolo

soipoa obnar nafuplyo (?164). Fao ofokon sjcrold prcgjsscr fokoi

`afold psabckcda

6
bolob-bolob fa Zlavjrsatos Ecrljkk sjkoio fuo tonul (?155-?15:) sj`jkui fapolddak bj Zlavjrsatos ljdjra
 prcgjscr fol farjbtur Xusot Xjljkataol ultub faloiabo bjkcipcb fa Alstatut 
Vjblckcda Iossoenussjtts. Xofo wobtu yold soio, ao ijlmofa farjbtur fora Eciiassacl cg Eciiulaty
 Ljwtcl Wakkj, Iossoenussjtts, pofo tolddok 1 Gj`ruora ?164 pofo usao :7 tonul.

Vjcra ijfol iuleuk sj`odoa tjcra fokoi psabckcda scsaok

borjlo fapjldoruna ckjn pjrbji`oldol akiu okoi fol akiu baiao. Xsabckcda

atu sjlfara nofar ultub ijldabuta pjrbji`oldol akiu pjldjtonuol

borjlo psabckcda ijrupobol sj`uon porofadio `oru fokoi akiu

pjldjtonuol yold iji`jrabol eoro polfold sjrto upoyo fokoi

ijionoia djmoko-djmoko akiaon. (Eokval& Dorfljr,?115=04:)

Xjldorun tjcra ijfol fora akiu okoi faiolagjstosabol fokoi psabckcda

sjmokol fjldol pjldorun yold fa`jrabol ckjn djrobol Djstokt yold fapjkcpcra

ckjn psabckcd Mjriol. Xcbcb gabarol psabckcda Djstokt sjlfara `jrosuisa

`onwo taldbon kobu fatjltubol ckjn ijfol psabcgasas yold tjrfara fora suotu

systji tjbolol-tjbolol otou bjbuotol-bjbuotol yold tjrcrdolasar

Ujkolmutlyo Kjwal ijlddoi`orbol iolusao sj`odoa pra`ofa `jrofo

fokoi kaldbuldol psabckdas fjldol pcko nu`uldol fosor
tjrtjltu. Xjlfjbotol iotjiotas yold fapoboa Kjwal ultub ijlddoi`orbol
ruold nafup fasj`ut tcpckcda.  Gcbuslyo ofokon sokald nu`uldol oltoro sjdoko
sjsuotu fafokoi mawo

iolusao, nu`uldol oltoro `odaol fjldol `odaol fol oltoro `odaol fjldol
bjskurunol, kj`an fora sjbjfor uburol fol `jltub. Mofa fokoi

ijipjkomora faodroi-faodroi Kjwal norus fapjrnotabol sokald nu`uldol fjol

bciulaubosa
oltoro fojron okan-koan `jltub fol uburol yold fapoboa ultub ijlddoi`orbol

fojron-fojron atu.

Kjwal `aosolyo ijlddoi`orbol fojron pra`ofa fjldol kaldborol tjrtutup,

ijlulmubol `onwo pra`ofa ofokon bjsotuol yold tjrpason fora nok koal fa fulao,

tjtopa tjtop ijlmofa `odaol fora fulao. Kaldborol atu `jrofo fa fokoi jkaps yold

ijlddoi`orbol `onwo pra`ofa ofokon `odaol tjrpason tjtopa `jrofo fokoi ruold

nafup, ijlmofa `odaol fora sjiuo yold ofo fa fokoi ruold nafup.Vjcra alakon

yold `olyob fabjlok fjldol ‛tjcra ijfol’ lyo Kjwal.

@oda Kjwal, tjcra ijfol `ubol suotu sastji psabckcda `oru yold tjr`otos
 pofo suotu asa yold bnos2 tjcra ijfol ijrupobol sjbuipukol bclsjp fjldol
faiolo sjsjcrold fopot ijlddoi`orbol bjlyotool psabckcdaslyo.
Bclsjp- bclsjp ala eubup kuos ultub fopot fatjropbol fokoi sjiuo `jltub
taldbon kobu fol mudo eubup spjsagab ultub ijlddoi`orbol crold tjrtjltu fokoi
suotu satuosa bclbrat. Kjwal mudo ijlddckcldbol tjcra ijfol sj`odoa ‛suotu
ijtcfj ultub ijldolokasas nu`uldol-nu`uldol bousok fol ultub
iji`oldul bclstrub- bclstrub akiaon’.

:
 @O@ AA
XJI@ONOUO
L

O. BCLUJX ZVOIO VJCPA BZPV KJTAL

@oda Kjwal, tjcra ijrupobol sjbuipukol bclsjp faiolo sjsjcrold fopot

ijlddoi`orbol bjlyotool psabckcdas. Bclsjp bclsjp ala norus eubup kuos

ultub fopot fatjropbol fokoi sjiuo `jltub taldbon kobu, fol sjbokadus mudo

eubup spjsagab ultub ijlddoi`orbol crold tjrtjltu fokoi suotu satuosa bclbrjt.

Kjwal

 mudo ijlddckcldbol tjcra sj`odoa ‛suotu ijtcfj ultub ijldolokasas nu`uldol

nu`uldol bousok fol ultub iji`oldul bclstrub bclstrub yold akiaon.

Eara eara utoio fora tjcra Kjwal, yoatu =

o. Valdbon kobu ofokon suotu guldsa fora ijfol yold ofo pofo wobtu taldbon
kobu atu tjrmofa

 `. Olokasas faiukoa fjldol satuosa bjsjkurunol faiolo `odaol `odaol

bcipcljllyo fapasonbol

e. Crold yold bcldbrjt fokoi satuosa yold bcldbrjt fopot fadoi`orbol

sjeoro iotjiotas.

?. Bclsjp

Bclsjp bclsjp tjcra tjkon fatjropbol Kjwal fokoi `jr`odoa djmoko psabckcdas

fol scsackcdas, tjriosub taldbon kobu `oya fol olob olob , ioso ofckjsjlt ,
bjtjr`jkoboldol ijltok , iosokon iosokon bjkcipcb ialcratos,
pjr`jfool

 pjr`jfool borobtjr losaclok fol faloiabo bjkcipcb.

Fokoi iobokon ala, bato obol ijiusotbol pjrnotaol pofo tjcra Kjwal tjltold

strubtur, faloiabo fol pjrbji`oldol bjpra`ofaol yold faboatbol fjldol

kaldbuldol psabckcdas, borjlo crold crold fol kaldbuldollyo ijrupobol `odaol

7
 `odaol ruold bjnafupol

7
 (kagj spoej) yold sokald tjrdoltuld sotu soio koal. Kagj spoej fadulobol

Kjwal sj`odoa astakon ultub bjsjkurunol ijfol psabckcdas. Vjrobnar bato obol

iji`onos jvokuosa bclsjp bjpra`ofaol fora Burt Kjwal. (@oeo

mudo ijldjloa tjcra jipota fokoi psabckcda )

0. Xjljropol
o. Utrubtur Bjpra`ofaol

Ijlddoi`orbol iolusao sj`odoa pra`ofa `jrofo fokoi kaldbuldol

 psabckcdas, fjldol pcko nu`uldol fosor tjrtjltu. Fjldol eoro ala , Kjwal

 `jrusono ijiotjiotasosabol bclsjp bclsjplyo sjmob fora pjriukool.

(@oeo mudo ijldjloa tjcra jiparasij fokoi psabckcda )

Iotjiotabo Kjwal ijlddoi`orbol nu`uldol nu`uldol

sposaok

fjldol astakon astakon yold `jr`jfo. Xofo fosorlyo iotjiotabo Kjwal

ijrupobol mjlas iotjiotabo ultub ijlddoi`orbol altjrbcljbsa fol

altjrbciulabosa oltoro `afold `afold sposaok fjldol

tafob ijipjrnotabol uburol fol `jltublyo. (@oeo

mudo ijldjloa tjcra doyo nafup fokoi psabckcda )

`. Puold nafup

Puold nafup ijldolfuld sjiuo bjiuldbalol gobto yold fopot

ijljltubol taldbon kobu sjsjcrold. Puold nafup ijkaputa sjdoko sjsuotu

yold norus fabjtonua ultub ijionoia taldbon kobu bcldbrjt iolusao

sjsjcroldok fokoi suotu kaldbuldol psabckcdas tjrtjltu pofo soot

tjrtjltu. Valdbon kobu ofokon guldsa fora ruold nafup. Ujeoro iotjiotas=

VK9g(PN). Gobto gobto lcl psabckcdas fopot fol sulddun sulddun

ijldu`on gobto gobto psabckcdas.

4
e. Kaldbuldol psabckcdas

yoatu fojron fa fokoi jkaps tjtopa fakuor kaldborol. Fojron ala fa`oda

 `oda fokoi pjeonol pjeonol yold fasj`ut rjdacl. Ujfoldbol sjiuo doras

yold tjrtjro pofo faodroi faotos yold ijrupobol `otos oltor sjk,

oltor rjdacl fasj`ut `clforas.

Kaldbuldol Xsabckcdas `jrnjlta pofo `otos palddar jkaps, tjtopa `otos

oltoro pra`ofa fol kaldbuldol mudo `jrsagot fopot fatji`us. Nok ala

 `jrorta gobto gobto kaldbuldol fopot ijipjldoruna pra`ofa.

Ujeoro iotjiotas = X 9 g (KX) Fol gobto gobto pra`ofa fopot

ijipjldoruna kaldbuldol. Ujeoro iotjiotas = KX 9 g (KX)

f. Xra`ofa

Ijlurut Kjwal, pra`ofa ofokon njtjrcdjl, tjr`oda ijlmofa `odaol

 `odaol yold tjrpason ijsbapul sokald `jrnu`uldol fol sokald

 `jrdoltuld. Fojron fokoi pjrsclok fa`oda ijlmofa sjk sjk. Ujk sjk
yold

 `jrfjbotol fjldol fojron bclsjptuok ictcr fasj`ut sjk sjk pjrapnjrok (p),

sjk sjk fokoi pusot kaldborol fasj`ut sjk sjk sjltrok (s).

Uastji ictcr `jrtafob sj`odoa suotu bjsotuol borjlo `aosolyo

konollyo fopot ijkobubol suotu talfobol pofo sotu soot. @jdatu puko

fjldol sastji pjrsjptuok ortalyo crold nolyo fopot ijipjrnotabol fol

ijipjrsjpsabol sotu nok pofo sotu soot. @odaol `odaol tjrsj`ut

ijldofobol bciulabosa fol altjrfjpjlfjl, tafob `aso `jrfara sjlfara.

j. Kaldbuldol lcl psabckcdas

Kaldbuldol ala kuoslyo tafob tjrnalddo sjnalddo tafob ijipulyoa

 `clforas (pofo doi`or fa`otosa pjrsjda jipot). Opo somo yold ofo tjtopa

tafob ijlmofa staiukus `oda fara sjsjcrold `aso tjriosub

>
bjfokoi kaldbuldol lcl psabckcdas sjpjrta `jlfo,c`yjb, gobto gobto

otou satuosa scsaok.

>
 @jlfo otou c`yjb sjeoro gasab fjbot sjsjcrold tjtopa `ako

tafob ijlyjltun guldsa psabckcdaslyo iobo `jlfo atu sjeoro psabckcdas

tafob 

 `jrofo fa fojron psabckcdas sjnalddo `jlfo `jrofo fa fojron lcl

 psabckcdas (fojron bukat osald).

g. Faloiabo bjpra`ofaol

Bclsjp bclsjp faloiabo pcbcb fora Kjwal tjrfara otos jljrda psabas

(psyenae jljrdy), tjdoldol , bj`utunol (ljjf), talfobol (oetacl) ijkaputa

vjetcr (bjbuotol yold ijlfcrcld tjrmofalyo taldbon kobu) fol vokjlsa (

lakoa rjdacl fora kaldbuldol psabckcdas `oda pra`ofa) sjrto kcbcicsa (

pjrpalfonol kaldborol pra`ofa).

Bclstrub bclstrub faloiab ala ijljltubol kcbcicsa bnusus fora

sjsjcrold fol eoro ao ijldotur strubtur kaldbuldollyo, Kcbcicsa fol

 pjru`onol pjru`onol strubtur `jrguldsa ijrjfubsabol tjdoldol fjldol

eoro ijiuosbol bj`utunol.

Uuotu tjdoldol fopot farjfubsabol fol bjsjai`oldol fapukanbol ckjn

suotu kcbcicsa su`statusa. Xrcsjs ala ijlultut `onwo fuo bj`utunol jrot

 `jrdoltuldol sotu soio koal sjnalddo pjiuosol sokon sotu bj`utunol

ofokon ijkjposbol tjdoldol fora sastji bj`utunol koallyo.

Obnarlyo, tjdoldol fopot farjfubsabol fjldol kcbcicsa kcbcicsa

iurla bnoyokol. Ujsjcrold yold `jrbnoyok `onwo ao tjkon ijkobubol

suotu pjr`uotol yold sukat otou ijljipota suotu mo`otol yold taldda

ijlfopot sjioeoi bjpuosol sjiu fora sjbjfor `jrbnoyok

tjltold bj`jrnosakol.

5. Bratab  

1
 Ijlurut soyo tjcra yold fasoipoabol ckjn Burt Kjwal sjpjrta

pjrpofuol oltoro akiu okoi fol akiu baiao. @jkaou ijlmo`orbol `onwo

psabckcda iolusao ofokon suotu nok yold `jrsagot sastjiotas,

sjnalddo sjsjcrold `aso

1
ijlddoi`orbol bjofool psabckcdas ijrjbo. Iobo fora atu, Burt
Kjwal

 `jrpjlfopot `onwo tjcra ijrupobol sjbuipukol bclsjp faiolo sjsjcrold

fopot ijlddoi`orbol bjlyotool psabckcdas.

Vjtopa bclsjp tjrsj`ut norus eubup kuos fol spjsagab ultub fatjropbol fokoi

sjiuo `jltub taldbon kobu fol ijlddoi`orbol sjsjcrold tjrtjltu fokoi suotu

satuosa yold bclbrjt. Ckjn borjlo atu Vjcra yold fasoipoabol ckjn Burt Kjwal

tafob kjpos fora bratab. Uokon sotulyo ofokon Burt Kjwal tjkon ijlyokondulobol

bclsjp akiu okoi fol bclsjp iotjiotabo.

Borjlo tafob iufon ijionoia mawo fjldol ijioboa ruius

ruius iotjiotabo. @onbol Kjwal `jrola ijldoi`ak rjsabc fjldol

ijioboa astakon astakon fokoi iotjiotabo fol gasabo ultub fapoboa fokoi

psabckcda fjldol ioblo

yold soldot `jr`jfo fjldol ioblo oskalyo.

o. Aipkjijltosa pofo iosyorobot =

Bjtabo ofo sjsjcrold yold sjkjsoa `jrckonrodo. Fol bjtabo atu

fao ijkanot ofo sjcrold pjlmuok ialuiol. Koku crold tjrsj`ut

ijldnoipara

 pjlmuok atu fol iji`jka sj`uon ialuiol. Iobo crold tjrsj`ut

tjkon ijijluna suotu bj`utunol (sokon sotu bclsjp faloiabo

pcbcb fora Kjwal)

 `. Aipkjijltosa pofo fara sjlfara =

Bjtabo bato `jrtoi`on fjwoso, tolpo bato sofora bato tjkon ijkobubol

Vjcra yold tjkon fabjiubobol ckjn Burt Kjwal yoatu

?8
Xjrbji`oldol Bjpra`ofaol. Bato tjkon ijkjwota prcsjs

Xjrbji`oldol Bjpra`ofaol iukoa fora Fagjrjlsaosa, pjru`onol

fokoi voraosa taldbon kobulyo, Xjru`onol fokoi crdolasosa fol

strubtur taldbon kobulyo kj`an bcipkjbs, fol yold tjrobnar

@jrtoi`on kuoslyo orjlo obtagatos sjsjcrold

?8
 @. BCLUJX XJPZ@ONOL IJLZPZV BZPV KJTAL

Xjru`onol ofokon suotu prcsjs pjlyoforol tjltold pjrkulyo otou ofolyo

bj`utunol ultub `jru`on. Vultutol bj`utunol yold sjiobal

ijlaldbot ijlyj`o`bol pjrowot norus `jru`on sjeoro tjrjleolo fol tjrbjlfoka.

Uokon sotu tjcra pjru`onol yold fabjlok sj`odoa tjcra kopoldol (gajkf tnjcry) fjldol

olokasas bjbuotol ijfol (gcrej gajkf olokysas) fora Burt Kjwal (?1:?), fokoi

Lursokoi (08?:), ijlmjkosbol `onwo ofo fuo bjbuotol fokoi prcsjs

`jru`on yoatu= bjbuotol pjlfcrcld ultub `jru`on (fravald gcrejs) fol bjbuotol

pjldnoi`ot tjrmofalyo pjru`onol (rjstroalald gcrej). Xjru`onol tjrmofa

opo`ako bjbuotol

 pjlfcrcld (ultub `jru`on) kj`an `jsor fora bjbuotol pjldnoi`ot pjru`onol.

Gobtcr pjlfcrcld tjrmofalyo pjru`onol ijkaputa= bj`utunol fosor iolusao fol

bj`utunol fosor altjrpjrsclok. Iolusao ijiakaba bj`utunol fosor yold

tjr`jltub fora najrorba bjpjltaldollyo. Bj`utunol iolusao yold `jkui tjrpjluna

obol ijictavosa pjrakobu sj`odoaiolo `ulya pofo tjcra bj`utunol
Ioskcw

(?1:6).
Ujkoal bj`utunol fosor, iolusao ijiakaba tado bj`utunol fosor altjrpjrsclok

yold norus mudo tjrpjluna. Vado bj`utunol fosor altjrpjrsclok ala ijkolfosa

sj`odaol `jsor pjrakobu sjsjcrold. Vado bj`utunol altjrpjrsclok tjrsj`ut ofokon

bj`utunol ultub `jrbuipuk `jrsoio soio, bj`utunol ultub

ijldjlfokabol/ ijkobubol bcltrck, fol bj`utunol ultub fabosana. Bj`utunol

tjrsj`ut fafokoi bjpjrowotol faortabol sj`odoa upoyo bjpjrowotol ultub abut

`jrportasaposa obtag fokoi pji`oldulol bjsjnotol fol pjrbji`oldol aptjb.

?. Vonop ― Vonop Xjru`onol

Bj`utunol ultub `jru`on ala norus fakobsolobol fjldol talfobol lyoto.

Fokoi tjcra Burt Kjwal ala iobo fokoi sj`uon pjru`onol ofo 5 tonop

yold norus fakokua yoatu=

??
o. Vonop Xjleoraol (Zlgrjjzald  )
Xofo tonop owok ala (tonop pjleoraol), sjsjcrold norus ijiakaba

ictavosa yold buot ultub ijru`on fora bjofool sjiuko fjldol ijru`on

??
 tjrnofop bjsjai`oldol yold ofo. Fa soipald atu mudo, sjsjcrold yold

iou ijkobubol pjru`onol pjrku ijlyaopbol fara fol saop ultub

ijru`on otou ijkobubol pjru`onol

Ictavosa yold buot ultub `jrolmob fora bjofool sjiuko fol
 `jru`onlyo bjsjai`oldol yold ofo, ijroso pjrku ultub `jru`on fol
 `jrusono ultub `jru`on,ijlyaopbol fara fol saop ultub `jru`on otou

ijkobubol pjru`onol.

`. Vonop @jrdjrob (Icvald)

X ofo tonop ala (tonop `jrdjrob) sjsjcrold sufon ijiukoa suotu
 pjrdjrobol bj oron sjsuotu yold `oru otou pjrbji`oldol tjr`oru. Xrcsjs
 pjru`onol tonop `jrdjrob fopot tjrmofa opo`ako sjsjcrold tjkon ijiakaba

algcriosa yold eubup sjrto sabop fol bjioipuol ultub `jru`on. Ujkoal
atu, sjsjcrold norus ijiakaba bjioipuol fokoi ijionoia iosokon
sjrto

ijldjtonua koldbon-koldbon fokoi ijlyjsuoabol iosokon.

@jrdjrob iomu bjbjofool yold `oru otou tonop pjrbji`oldol `oru

borjlo ijiakaba eubup algcriosa sjrto sabop fol bjioipuol

ultub 

 `jru`on, ijionoia iosokon yold fanofopa, fol ijldjtonua

koldbon ― koldbon yold norus fakobubol. Ujtjkon atu, sjsjcrold norus

ijkobubol koldbon lyoto ultub `jru`on fokoi ijleopoa taldbot otou

tonop `oru.

e. Vonop Xji`jbuol (Pjgrjjzald)

Xofo tonop pji`jbuol yobla faiolo sjsjcrold yold ijldofobol
 pjru`onol bjkob ijleopoa taldbot otou tonopol yold `oru fjldol

bjsjai`oldol yold `oru. Xrcsjs pjleopoaol yold `oru

pjrku fapjrtonolbol fol sjkoku tjrfopot upoyo ijlfopotbol uipol

?0
`okab,

 pji`alool tjrsj`ut fokoi upoyo ijipjrtonolbol pjru`onol yold

tjkon faeopoa.

Ictavosa tjkon ijleopoa taldbot otou tonop `oru otou

ijleopoa bjsjai`oldol `oru, taldbot `oru yold tjkon faeopoa norus tjtop

famodo odor tafob ijldokoia bjiulfurol otou `jrdjrob iulfur pofo

taldbot otou

?0
 tonop pjrbji`oldol sjiuko. Ckjn borjlo atu norus sjkoku ofo upoyo

ultub ijlfopotbol yold `oab.

0.  Nok yold Xjrku Fapjrnotabol fokoi Bclsjp @jru`on

Kjwal mudo ijldafjltagabosa `j`jropo nok fol okosol yold

norus fakobsolobol ckjn sjcrold iolomjr fokoi ijrjleolobol suotu

pjru`onol, yoatu=

?. Xjru`onol nolyo `ckjn fakobubol ultub okosol yold `oab 

0. Xjru`onol norus sjeoro `jrtonop
5. Ujiuo pjru`onol norus farjleolobol tjrkj`an fonuku fol

tafob fakobubol sjeoro frostas otou ijlfofob 

6. Ujiuo alfavafu yold tjrbjlo pjru`onol norus faka`otbol fokoi

 pjrjleolool pjru`onol
Okosol pjru`onol ijlurut Burt Kjwal tjrsj`ut ofo okosol yold fopot

fatjropbol pofo sjtaop satuosa, yoatu pofo=

?. Xjru`onol yold fatulmubol ultub ijlyjkjsoabol iosokon

0. Xjru`onol yold fatumubol ultub iji`uot prcsjfur bjrmo kj`an jgasajl
5. Xjru`onol yold fatumubol ultub ijldurolda pjbjrmool yold tafob 
 pjltald

?5
 @O@ AAA
VALMOZOL BOUZU

BOUZU VJCPA XJPZ@ONOL

O. BOUZU

 Ljrs okaos `oru ijlfopotbo prcicsa sj`odoa bjpoko ruoldol pjlyobat fokoi

fa rsuf warc so`kjld. Buokagabosa pjlfafabol pjrowot fa ruoldol yold ljrs okaos

 paipal ofokon 08% Upb, >8% F5 bjpjrowotol. Koio bjrmo pjrowot

ofokon; 7 tonul (0:%), 7-?8 tonul (58%), fol <?8 tonul (6:%). Alsafjl fjbu`atus

(6%), gkj`atas (:%), alcs (7%), fol posajl motun (5%). Oldbjt bjpuosol fora posajl

yol

 pukold ijlulmubbol 48% puos fol oldbjt bjpuosol bjrmo pjrowot 4:%

puos. Ijtcfj pjludosol soot ala ofokon guldsaclok. Ujtaop pjrowot ijlfopot

alsjltag yold soio taop `ukol fa kuor doma pcbcb, ljrs okaos ijlfopotbol tudos fora

bjpoko

 `afold bjpjrowotol ultub iji`jlona  iolomjijl osunol bjpjrowotol

fol

 prcdroi potajlt sogjty fol ruoldollyo.

@. OLOKAUO IOUOKON
?. Iji`oldul nu`uldol

Oltoro pjrowot, `oab pjrowot UXB, pjrowot F5, fol pjrowot U?

bjpjrowotol norus sokald ijionoia oltoro pjrol iosald-iosald fol sokald

iji`oltu.

0. Ijlfaodlcso iosokon

o. Ijtcfj yold fapoboa ijtcfj guldsaclok

 `. Ujtaop pjrowot ijlfopot alsjltag yold soio

e. Xjlfafabol pjrowot roto F5 fol UXB 

f. Oldbo bjpuosol posajl yold pukold `jr`olfald fjldol oldbo

bjpuosol bjrmo pjrowot

5. Ijlfopotbol sui`jr yold `jrnu`uldol

o. Buokagabosa pjlfafabol pjrowot 08% spb. >8% F5

 `. Ujtaop pjrowot ijlfopot alsjltag yold soio

e. Alsafjl fjbu`atus (6%), gkj`atas (:%), alcs (7%), fol psajl motun (5%)
 f. Oldbjt bjpuosol fora posajl yol pukold ijlulmubbol 48% puos fol

oldbjt bjpuosol bjrmo pjrowot 4:% puos

j. Ijtcfj yold fapoboa yoatu ijtcfj guldsaclok

6. Ijiakan mokol

o. Ijtcfj guldsaclok obol fau`on ijlmofa ijtcfj tai

 `. Ujtaop pjrowot tafob obol ijlfopotbol altjlsag yold soio tjtopa obol

fakanot sjsuoa bjioipuollyo.

e. Iji`jrabol bjsjipotol pjrowot ultub ijldabuta pjkotanol

fol ijkolmutbol pjlfafabollyo yold kj`an taldda

f. Ijlotokobsolo prcsjltosa fjbu`atus odor `jrburold. Fjldol eoro

iji`jrabol pjlyukunol bjpofo bkajl yold ijiakaba taron `orald

koio ultub iabo iaba sjtaop 0 moi Ijlotokobsolo prcsjltosa gkj`atas

odor 

 `jrburold. Fjldol eoro iji`jrabol `ai`aldol bjpofo rjbol

bjrmo ultub ijlddolta sjkold algusj sjkoio ?x fokoi

sjialddu. Ijlotokobsolo prcsjltosa alcs odor `jrburold. Fjldol eoro

iji`uot

 pjroturol tjltold moi bulmuld, pralsap stjrak, fol prcgjsaclokasosa

 pjrowot Ijlotokobsolo prcsjltosa posajl motun odor `jrburold. Fjldol

eoro ijlddolta tjipot tafur yold tafob ofo `jf safjlyo fjldol yold ofo

`jf safjlyo. Iji`jrabol bj`amobol tjrnofop bjkuordo posajl

ultub ijlulddu posajl. Ialaiok ? crold pjlulddu.

:. Ijlaldbotbol pjljraiool

o. Ls okaso norus iji`uot UCX yold sjsuoa stolfor yold obol fadulobol

 pofo ruoldol tjrsj`ut

 `. @jrusono iji`jrabol okot-okot yold obol fadulobol pofo sjtaop

 prcsjfur.
7. Uto`akasosa fol pjr`oabal fara
?:
o. Ijldabuta pjkotanol otou sjialor ultub ijloi`on bjtjroipakollyo

?:
 @O@ AW
XJLZVZX

O. BJUAIXZKOL

Burt Kjwal fakonarbol fa Xrusao pofo tolddok 1 Ujptji`jr ?>18. Kjwal

ijlyjkjsoabol sjbckon ijljldonlyo fa @jrkal tonul ?18:.Bjiufaol

ao ijkolmutbol stufalyo fa Zlavjrsatos Grjal`jrd, Iulaen, @jrkal, ultub

`jkomor 

 `ackcda fol ijlfopot djkor fcetcr fa Zlavjrsatos @jrkal pofo tonul ?1?6. Ujtjkon

ijroan djkor fcbtcrlyo pofo tonul ?1?6, Kjwal `jrtudos fa bjtjltorool Mjriol

sjkoio jipot tonul. Xofo obnar Xjrold Fulao A, fao bji`oka bj @jrkal

`jbjrmo sj`odoa alstrubtur fol osastjl rjsjoren pofo ‛Kji`odo Xsabckcda’,

`jbjrmo soio fjldol Tjrtnjaijr fol Bcnkjr. Xofo tonul ?107 faoldbot ijlmofa

duru `jsor fokoi akiu gaksogot fol psabckcda. Ao ijlalddok sjeoro ijlfofob

borjlo sjroldol

 moltuld fa Ljwtcl Wakkj, Iossoenussjtts, pofo tolddok 1 Gj`ruora ?164 pofo usao

:7 tonul.Eara eara utoio fora tjcra Kjwal, yoatu = taldbon kobu ofokon suotu guldsa fora

ijfol yold ofo pofo wobtu taldbon kobu atu tjrmofa, olokasas iukoa fjldol satuosa

sj`odoa bjsjkurunol fora iolo `odaol `odaol bcipcljllyo fapasonbol, fol crold

yold bcldbrjt fokoi satuosa yold bcldbrjt fopot fadoi`orbol sjeoro iotjiotas.

Utrubtur bjpra`ofaol ijlurut Kjwal yoatu fojron pra`ofa,

fojron kaldbuldol psabckcdas, ruold nafup, fol fojron kaldbuldol lcl-

psabckcdas. Faloiabo bjpra`ofaol fora Burt Kjwal yobla= jljrdy, tjdoldol,

bj`utunol, talfobol, vokjlsa, vjetcr, kcbcicfosa, jvjlt, bclgkab, taldbot rjokato,

ijlstrubtur kaldbuldol, fol ijipjrtonolbol bjsjai`oldol.

@. UOPOL
fjiabaol iobokon tjltold Fulao Bjpra`ofaol fora Burt Kjwal ala
fopot boia uroabol. Ujicdo iobokon ala fopot iji`jrabol toi`onol woeolo, akiu, fol pjldjtonuol `oda bato?7 sjiuo. Bratab fol
iji`oldul soldot boia noropbol fokoi roldbo pjlyjipurlool ultub 

 pji`uotol iobokon sjkolmutlyo.

?4
 FOGVOP XZUVOBO

Okwasck. (088>). Xsabckcda Bjpra`ofaol. Iokold= Zlavjrsatos Iunoiiofayon

Iokold

Da`scl, P.K., & Iatenjkk, I.N. (08?8). @ai`aldol fol

Bclsjkald. Qcdyoborto= Xustobo Xjkomor, nok 6:>-67>

Nokk, E.U., & Dorfljr Kalfzjy. (?115). Vjcra-tjcra Xsabcfaloiab (Bkalas).

Moborto= Bolasaus

Nakk, T.G. (08?8). Vnjcrajs cg Kjorlald. @olfuld= Luso Ijfao, nok ?64-?:7

Iuma`, O., & Musug Iufzobar. (088?). Luolso-luolso Xsabckcda Askoi.

Moborto= XV Pomo Drogalfc Xjrsofo, nok 54-74

Uorwclc Uorkatc, T. (0881). Xjldoltor Xsabckcda Ziui.Moborto= XV Pomo

Drogalfc Xjrsofo, nok 0?8

Uumoltc, O., Nokji, K., & Vougab, N. (0887). Xsabckcda Bjpra`ofaol. Moborto=

XV @uia Obsoro, nok 41->1

Uuryo`roto Uuiofa. (0885). Xsabckcda Bjpra`ofaol. Moborto= XV Pomo Drogalfcl

Xjrsofo, nok 004-006

Uyoisu Qusug, E.L., & Multabo, L. (0884). Vjcra Bjpra`ofaol. @olfuld= XV

Pjiomo Pcsfoboryo, nok 084-05:

Tokdatc @aic. (08?8). @ai`aldol fol Bclsjkald (Utufa fol Borajr). Moborto= EW

Olfa Cggsjt
?>