Madinah book 1 (from class 9)

‫ﺣﻴﻢ‬
ِ ‫ﻦ اﻟﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺣ‬
ْ ‫ﺴﻢ ِ اﻟﻠﻪِ اﻟﺮ‬
ْ ِ‫ﺑ‬
so just to revise we are doing jumlatul ismiyyah (‫ ) اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬and we have learned
in jumlatul ismiyyah we have got in jumlatul ismiyyah
1) mubtada ( ‫)ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬
2) khabar ( ‫)ﺧﺒﺮ‬
so what is mubtada?
mubatada is a beginning of a sentence it is a ism and we have learnt that there are
about 8 types of mubtada so we have done so far about 2 types of mubtada
we have done mubtada which comes at the beginning of a sentence most of the time at
the beginning of a sentence
so we have learnt demonstrative pronouns which are :
1) ‫ﻫﺬا‬
2)‫ذﻟﻚ‬
and we know proper nouns name ,place, animal ,thing, adjective and when they come
in front of a sentence that is a ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬
so we learn more about proper nouns we did in our previous session how to make an
indefinite noun into a definite noun

so we know word ending with double dhamma is a indefinite noun and we make it
definite by adding a definite article ‫ ال‬at the front of the word and changing the double
dhamma to a single dhamma
for example:
‫ﺑﻴﺖ‬
ٌ (this is indefinite ) to change this word to definite we do this :
‫ﺑﻴﺖ‬
ُ ‫( ال‬this becomes definite)

SENTENCES WITH ‫ال‬

if we make some sentences like:

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 1

 1) the pen is broken.
2) the door is open.

3) the boy is sitting the teacher is standing.

4) the book is new and the pen is old.
in all these sentences when we begin our sentence we always use the which means
we use a definite article so which means the mubtada in 'arabic when we start with the
proper noun the proper noun will always be definite we are going to learn about in this
session that the noun which comes as a mubtada the beginning of a sentence it will
always will be definite
for example :
the pen is broken ——————— ٌ‫ﻢ ﻣﻜﺴﻮر‬
ُ ‫اﻟﻘﻠ‬
if you see this sentence the mubtada begins with ‫ ال‬and what you notice here is the
sign of
dhamma not fatha or kasra .
so we learn from this that most of the time
the mubtada is ٌ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬just to remind ourselves
ٌ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬is the sign of ( ٌ ) or ( ُ ) when you see these signs we know it is a sign of ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬

so the ‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬has got 2 characteristics

1) it is definite

2) that it is ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬
so what are the other signs called we know when you have fatha and double fatha
(tanween) its called ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬
ٌ and ‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬
ٌ is kasra.

So we know mubtada will have a single dhamma and will be ٌ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬.

so we did the demonstrative pronouns
َ ِ ‫ ذ َﻟﻠ‬and ‫ ﻫَﺬ َا‬but we don't see any dhamma here
‫ﻚ‬
its because these are pronouns not definite nouns and the pronouns will have their own
symbols that don't change their symbols

this is what we got to remember and we will learn more in shaa' Allah we will be learning
more about different pronouns if you just remember that the pronouns they don't change

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 2

 their signs but the proper nouns will change its signs but when you see a pronoun
coming
at the beginning of a sentence that is a mubtada and that it's still ٌ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬we will call it as
a ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬.

So ٌ ‫ ﻣُﺒْﺘَﺪَأ‬what do we learn?
that it is definite. and it is ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬.

so what about ‫? ﺧَﺒ َ ٌﺮ‬

we have been talking about mubtada all the while and we are missing khabar so let's go
through khabar in shaa' Allah
khabar is giving some news about mubtada

so if you see these sentence:

‫اﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﺴﻮر‬

‫ ﻣﻜﺴﻮر‬is the khabar

So there are 5 types of khabar we are learning the first type of khabar which is the
khabar coming as a single word the khabar is just 1 word

so you see here when the khabar is one word it is always ending with a double dhamma
‫ح‬
ٌ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب ﻣﻔﺘﻮ‬
ُ
we did in our previous session the sign of double dhamma is indefinite
so we learn from this that the khabar when it is one word IT IS INDEFINITE and you can
see the sign of double dhamma and mubtada is ALWAYS DEFINITE and when it has ‫ال‬
it has got single dhamma so these are the things which we are learning in this lesson
and even when the mubtada is a pronoun so we have. learnt so far two demonstrative
pronouns ‫ ذﻟﻚ‬and ‫ﻫﺬا‬
and the khabar which comes after that if you see here it is double dhamma.

so this is what we are going to learn

so it is khabar is also marfoo' when it is single word

‫ﻢ‬ َ ِ ‫ذَﻟ‬
ٌ ‫ﻚ ﻧﺠ‬ ٌ ‫ﻫَﺬ َا وَﻟَﺪ‬.
so look at these word:
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻜﺴﻮر‬

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 3

 even though there are no vowel signs we need to know where to put the vowel signs
so the first it's coming as a mubtada it has ‫ ال‬so we know what to put on its last letter
we should put dhamma

so for the second word in the sentence the khabar is one word so it will be ٌ‫ﻣﻜﺴﻮر‬

—————————————

INTRODUCTION TO PRONOUNS
q)what are pronouns?

a)pronouns in 'arabic are called ‫ﺿﻤِﺎﺋ ِ ُﺮ‬

َ
‫ﺿﻤِﺎﺋ ِ ُﺮ‬
َ is plural so pronouns
so singular is called ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ
pronouns are words that act as substitute for proper noun

what does that mean?

so we know that:

name
place

animal

thing

adjective
adverb

more...

these are called PROPER NOUNS

so in a sentence if you want to use it instead of a name if you want to use another word
so that SUBSTITUTE is called proper noun.

example:

Muhammad is intelligent , muhammad is tall, muhammad is smart.

so there is too much repetition to make it easy we say:

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 4

 Muhammad is intelligent , He is intelligent ,

he is smart.
so the word HE is called a pronoun

so this is called as ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬

ٌ in 'arabic this ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ
there are two types of pronouns:

1) which is attached to a word.

2) which are detached which are on their own like he , she so these are examples of
detached pronouns

Detached pronouns are called as:

ٌ ِ‫ﻣﻨْﻔَﺼ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ُ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ
ٌ ِ‫ﻣﻨْﻔَﺼ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ُ means it's detached
it is written separately its not attached to any word.
ٌ ِ‫ﻣﻨْﻔَﺼ‬
so these ‫ﻞ‬ ُ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ we need to know they always come as a ‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬in a sentence
when you see a separate ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ it is a mubtada
ٌ ِ‫ﻣﻨْﻔَﺼ‬
and they are always ٌ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬so when you see a ‫ﻞ‬ ُ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
ٌ it is a mubtada and it is
marfoo'
so, when do we use pronouns?

pronuns we use when we are talking about third person so when we are talking in front
of somebody and we are using someone else's name so we use third person pronouns
and that is called as ‫ﺐ‬
ُ ِ ‫ اﻟﻐَﺎﻳ‬so when the person is not in front of you.
in english we say he , she , they

so we are talking to someone but the person you are talking to is not in front of you that
is called ‫ﺐ‬
ُ ِ ‫اﻟﻐَﺎﻳ‬.
so we use pronuns when we are talking to someone when you say like you .

so its that pronouns when you use in front of person it's called ‫ﺐ‬
ُ ِ ‫ﻤﺨَﺎﻃ‬
ُ ‫ اﻟ‬.
and we have got person pronouns where

first persons like we talk about myself like

ُ ‫ﻤﺘَﻜَﻠ‬
I or we it's called ‫ﻢ‬ ُ ‫اﻟ‬.

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 5

 in 'arabic we got different pronoun's for male and female like he and she so we know
when we use he we mean male and we know when we use she we mean female same
in 'arabic we got ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬for male and ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬for female but slight difference in 'arabic

'arabic is a very particular and very specific language so we got ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬with all the
categories
for example: we got ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬like he and she

in english we use you for male and female

but in 'arabic it's slightly different and in these male and female pronouns we only use in
second and third person when we are talking about ourselves whether it's a male or
female

when we say i in 'arabic even the male use the same pronoun for male and same for
female

no different pronoun for a first person

so ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬we know that they are third person called ‫ﺐ‬
ُ ِ ‫ اﻟﻐَﺎﻳ‬and the second person
‫ﺐ‬
ُ ِ ‫اﻟﻤُﺨَﺎﻃ‬
both of these set of pronouns can have different words to describe male and female
masculine ( ‫ﻣﺬ َﻛﺮ‬ َ ).
ُ ) or feminine ( ‫ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬
ُ
‫ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬is on it's own it has one set of pronouns for both male and female.

PRACTISE:
starting with ‫( ﻣﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻐﺎﻳﺐ‬masculine third person)

1) ‫ﻮ‬
َ ُ‫ ﻫ‬means he
2) ‫ﻤﺎ‬
َ ُ‫ ﻫ‬means they both ( masculine)
3) ‫ﻢ‬
ْ ُ‫ ﻫ‬means all of them
so in 'arabic let me just mention that the numbers we say plural In english it begins with
more than one but in 'arabic the plural means it's more than two so we got something
for one person or object and if it's two people or objects we have specific pronouns or
specific indications for two and more than two is plural

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 6

 and ‫ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ اﻟﻐﺎﻳﺐ‬the third person when you're using feminine :
1) ‫ﻲ‬
َ ِ‫ ﻫ‬means she
2)‫ ﻫُﻤَﺎ‬means they both (feminine)

3)‫ ﻫُﻦ‬means all of them (feminine)

and we have ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬when we talk to someone masculine in front of you we use :

َ ْ ‫ اَﻧ‬means you (masculine)

1) ‫ﺖ‬

2) ‫ اَﻧْﺘُﻤَﺎ‬means you both (masculine)

ْ ُ ‫ اَﻧْﺘ‬means all of you (masculine)

3) ‫ﻢ‬

and we have ‫ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬when we talk to someone feminine in front of us we use :

ِ ْ ‫ أَﻧ‬means you (feminine)

1) ‫ﺖ‬
2) ‫ اَﻧْﺘُﻤَﺎ‬means you both (feminine)

3) ‫ اَﻧْﺘُﻦ‬means all of them (feminine)

when talk about ourselves ‫ ﻣُﺘَﻜَﻠﻢ‬:

1) ‫ اَﻧَﺎ‬means i
2) ‫ﺤﻦ‬
ُ َ ‫ ﻧ‬means we
————————————
INTRODUCTION TO HARF ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ﺣ ْﺮ‬
َ
harf ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ﺣ ْﺮ‬
َ is a word that makes no sense on its own . like : in , on etc.
harf has to have another word after it to make sense
harf is a word that makes a noun which has a Dhamma or a double Dhamma it turns
into kasra

a noun in its natural state it has got double dhammas

if it has single dhamma there has to be a reason like ‫ اَل‬when ‫ اَل‬comes then there is
single dhamma and there are other reasons why it's single dhamma we wil learn in
shaa' Allah

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 7

 but a noun in its natural state has double dhamma
but if there is fatha or kasrah then there has to be a reason why the noun is ending with
a fatha or kasrah.
THE REASON WHY A NOUN WILL HAVE A KASRAH
there are three reasons why a noun will have a kasrah

in shaa' Allah we are going to learn the first

reason

reason 1) that is the harf so whenever there is a harf comes you will find that there is a
noun after it always has a kasrah
(harf always comes before a noun and always a noun comes after a harf)

so what do we call these harf and these nouns

there is a name for these which we need to remember so it's easy to communicate
when we are analysing Qur'anic sentences so we can communicate easily.

the harf which makes a noun to have kasrah it it called ‫ف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

ُ ‫ﺣ ْﺮ‬
َ jarh means pulling
down.
this is the particle when it comes in front of a word the dhamma it turns into kasrah
because it pulls dhamma into kasrah it is called ‫ف اﻟﺠﺮ‬
ُ ‫ﺣ ْﺮ‬
َ .
so what is the noun which takes a kasrah after it what is it called
the noun is called as ‫ﺠ ُﺮ ْو ٍر‬
ْ ‫ﻣ‬
َ ‫ﻢ‬
ُ ‫ﺳ‬
ْ ِ ‫ ا‬majroor meaning that which has been pulled down
so this is a combination.
so whenever there is a harf jarr we will always find there is a noun with a kasrah coming
it's called ism majroor

so if I say harf jarr you should always say ism majroor both of them come together and
the both are linked they cannot be separated so whenever there is harf jarr always ism
majroor is standing next to it

so what are these harf?

there are so many particles of harf in 'arabic we will learn three at a time in shaa' Allah
and we will memorize first so it becomes easy for us to identify in shaa' Allah

so starting with harf jarr let's begin our journey to memorize this harf jarr

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 8

 so it's

1)‫ ب‬so when you see ‫ ب‬in front of any word you know its harf majroor
2) ‫ت‬
3) ‫ك‬

4) ‫ل‬
5) ‫و‬

6) ُ ‫ﻣُﻨْﺬ‬
7) ْ ‫ﻣُﺬ‬
8) ‫ﺧَﻼ‬

9) ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ُر‬
10) ‫ش‬
َ ‫ﺣﺎ‬
َ
11) ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ِ‫ﻣ‬
12) ‫ﻋَﺪا‬
13) ‫ﻓِﻲ‬

14) ‫َﻦ‬
ْ ‫ﻋ‬
15) ‫ﻋَﻠَﻰ‬
16) ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬
َ
17) ‫إﻟَﻰ‬
—————————
SENTENCES WITH FRAGMENTS

these fragments are called ِ‫ﺟﻤْﻠَﺔ‬

ُ ُ‫ﺷﺒْﻪ‬
ِ in 'arabic
if you remember what we said about sentences that sentences are a group of words
which make sense however there are some group of words which come together but
still don't make complete sense in english we call this as a phrase or a fragment
example: in the masjid (this makes some sense but we need more to make complete
sense)

this is called as ِ‫ﻤﻠَﺔ‬

ْ ‫ﺟ‬
ُ ‫ﻪ‬
ُ ْ ‫ﺷﺒ‬
ِ in 'arabic
those who know urdu it will be easy for them to remember in shaa' Allah

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 9

 ُ‫ﺷﺒْﻪ‬
ِ means resmbles
so it resembles a sentence
this ِ‫ﺟﻤْﻠَﺔ‬
ُ ُ‫ﺷﺒْﻪ‬
ِ the phrase or part of a sentence both you can find in ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬and
‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻪ‬
because we are learning about ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬
in ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬when you see this ‫ ﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬that will be the khabar for the mubtada if
you remember what we're doing about khabar in jumlatul ismiyyah we have learnt so far
that khabar can be one word like ٌ‫ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻴﺖ‬which ends with dhamma whatever we learnt
its one word with dhamma for khabar so today what we are learning about is a phrase
or a fragment which is called ‫ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬so there are different types of ‫ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬we are
learning today is the first type
what type is that its what we have learnt in previous session about ‫ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬that's the
reason why we started ‫ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

and what is it linked to it is linked to ‫ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺠﺮور‬so they both come together like 1
segment
‫اﺳﻢ ﻣﺠﺮور======ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

so we are gonna learn 4 harf jarr at a time so we are gonna start with :
1) ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ِ‫ﻣ‬
2) ‫ﻋَﻠَﻰ‬
3) ‫إﻟَﻰ‬
4) ‫ﻓِﻲ‬

we are gonna make sentences with these and as we know harf jarr will always come
with ism majroor we are gonna see how ism majroor will change it signs and see what is
its meaning

in shaa' Allah
so first coming to the meaning of these harf jarr:
1) ‫ﻦ‬
ْ ِ‫ ﻣ‬means from
2) ‫ ﻋَﻠَﻰ‬means on
3) ‫ اِﻟَﻰ‬means to

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 10

 4) ‫ ﻓِﻲ‬means in

lets do some sentences in shaa' Allāh

if we see here, ⬆ we have a preposition which is ‫ﻓِﻰ‬

‫ ﻓِﻰ‬means in
and we have a word on its own which is ‫ﻴﺖ‬
ٌ َ ‫ ﺑ‬as you remember this word is in its natural
state so it has double dhamma nothing is attached to it its indefinite
so how will it look when it comes with harf jarr
a)

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 11

 so ‫ ﻓِﻲ‬is the harf jarr and then ‫ﻴﺖ‬
ٌ َ ‫ ﺑ‬becomes ‫ﻴﺖ‬
ٍ َ‫ﺑ‬
so it becomes ‫ﺖ‬
ٍ ْ ‫ ﻓِﻲ ﺑَﻴ‬so they are linked together this combination is called harf jarr its
majroor because the sign of majroor is kasrah
and together its called ‫ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬so now moving on to sentences :

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 12

 so if you say al hilalu fis samaa i
so lets see what we learnt from this firstly
al hilaalu so this is a noun a definite noun so we know its a mubtada and as we know
mubtada is definite because of ‫ ال‬at the beginning of the word when ‫ ال‬comes at the
beginning of a sentence then its end will have a single dhamma
al hilaalu means " the moon "

so what about al hilaalu we need to have news about it the news is '" fis samaa-i "
meaning
' in the sky '

as samaa-i meaning the sky

when it comes with fii its fis samaa-i harf jarr ism majroor together its shibhu jumlah
exanple 2:

ash shamsu wal qamaru fis samaa

if you remember we did about wa

wa is called harfu 'atfin

harfu 'atfin joins two parts of a sentence together
and the part which comes after the ‫ و‬is called

mautufun 'ala which is connected

so coming back
ash shamsu is mubtada but al qamar is mubtada because of the wa in between which
means they are connected so the khabar is fis samaa-i

fii is harf majroor and samaa-i is ism majroor

together they are shibhu jumlah
=================
INTRODUCTION TO GENDERS
Allāh has created everything in pairs so we got male and female and in english we also
use it

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 13

 to refer to an object but in 'arabic we should know there is know there is no 'it'
in 'arabic we only have male or female everything in 'arabic has to be in the category of
male or female.
a male in 'arabic is called ‫ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬it comes from the word ‫ ذﻛﺮ‬and masculine is called
‫ ﻣُﺬ َﻛﺮ‬and this is the word we are going to use to identify q noun is a male and the
female is called ‫ اﻹﻧﺎث‬and the feminine word is called ‫ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬
ُ this is the word we will be
using
everything in 'arabic will have a gender attached to it, whether a noun or a verb
so we are learning about nouns in shaa' Allāh we will learn about verbs later
so nouns can be ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬or ‫ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬
lets give some examples of ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬

1) ‫ﻃﺎب‬
ٌ
2) ‫ﻣﺪرس‬
so if you see here in natural state word in 'arabic is a male and it has got tanween
we do something to make that word feminine
so to make it a feminine or ‫ ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬we add a letter which looks like this ‫ ة‬and its called at -
ta
so we have learnt in 'arabic alphabet there are ‫ ت‬and this ‫ ت‬is called 'the open ‫ 'ت‬and
this ‫ ة‬is called 'the closed ‫'ة‬
in 'arabic this ‫ ت‬is called ‫ ( ت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬meaning its open the arms are open )
and this ‫ ة‬is called ‫ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬and the reason its called ‫ ة ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬is if you take this ‫ ت‬and
you tie the ends of this ‫ ت‬then it becomes ‫ ة‬like a knot thats why its called ‫ة ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬means that which is tied

when you see this sign of ‫ ة ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬at the end of a noun 99.9% of the time it means we
are talking about a feminine word the word or the thing is a feminine
for example if i say

ٌ َ‫ﻃ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺐ‬
i mean a student a male student

if i want to say a female student then i say

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 14

 ٌ‫ ﻃَﺎﻟِﺒَﺔ‬so ‫ ة‬is added and the word becomes female
so to talk a bit on vowel signs you know tin , tun , tan
a noun which takes a different sign in different situation we call it declineable where it
changes

its sound
sign of noun changing is called declenation or flexibility
so when a noun takes double dhamma or single dhamma , double fatha and kasrah at
the end of a letter its called fully flexible/ declines fully triptote
so when a word takes at the end of it a dhamma , fatha , or kasrah its called fully
flexible/ declines fully, triptote

and we have to know that certain nouns do not take the sign of kasrah at the end theses
are called partially flexible or diptote meaning they take kasrah but don't take fatha
any noun which has a single dhamma in its natural state without al at the starting these
letter do not take kasrah at the end of the letter
example
‫ﻢ‬
ُ ‫اﺑﺮاﻫ‬
so this has dhamma in natural state so it does not take kasrah at the end
even if its majroor if a harf jarr comes you will not see a sign of kasrah there but we still
know that it is majroor because it is a diptote.
so coming to feminine words they are completely flexible same condition here if you see
two dhammas then that noun will be fully flexible
lets give an example:

muddarrasatun
muddarrasatin
muddarrasatan
in feminine words there are certain words which ends with single dhamma most of the
feminine names which ends with single dhamma

and all the feminine names are diptote they dont take kasrah this is why we are learning
about diptote because all the feminine names they don't take kasrah

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 15

 for example:

ُ‫آﻣﻨﺔ‬
if you see naturally its ending with single dhamma its not aaminatun its aaminatu

there are two other ways to recognise a noun is feminine.

if you see this letter ‫ ى‬so this is letter is called
alif almaqsurah ( ٌ‫ﻒ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة‬
ٌ ‫ )اﻟ‬so if you see this letter ‫ ى‬at the end of a noun then that
is also a feminine word (‫)ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬
so this ‫ ى‬is like this ‫ ي‬but without the dots so now its pronunciation is like alif kind of like
just (aa)

if you see here :

‫ﺴ َﺮى‬
ْ ُ‫ﻳ‬
so this word is ending with ‫ ى‬so we know its a feminine word
there is another way to identify to recognise the word is feminine
so the first is by taa marbuta and second way is by alif maqsurah and now the third way
is :

‫ اء‬alif mamdoodah ( ٌ‫ﻤﺪُودَة‬

ْ ‫ﻣ‬
َ ‫ﻒ‬
ٌ ‫) اﻟ‬
mamdoodah means that alif is supported by hamza so if you see this combination at the
end of a noun then we know thats a feminine word
example :
‫ﺴﻨَﺎء‬
ْ ‫ﺣ‬
َ
—
so as we said in 'arabic there is male and female for everything there is no 'it'
so what do we have instead of 'it' we need something to recognise we need to have
something to communicate
so how do we recognise?
a) so everything has to be masculine or feminine so in place of 'it' in 'arabic we use a
pronoun
so these pronouns will give a meaning of 'it'

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 16

 so we use two pronouns to replace 'it' so one is َ‫ ﻫُﻮ‬which is used for male when you are
talking about a male object and if you are talking about a female object we use ‫ﻲ‬َ ِ‫ﻫ‬
so ‫ﻮ‬
َ ُ‫ ﻫ‬when referring to humans means he but when referring to objects means 'it'
and ‫ﻲ‬
َ ِ‫ ﻫ‬when referring to humans means she but when referring to objects means 'it'
for example :
‫ﻢ‬
ٌ ‫ﻗﻠ‬
if you want to say 'it' like
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬
ِ ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻢ‬
ُ ‫ اﻟﻘﻠ‬meaning - the pen 'it' is on the table.
now next example:
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
ٌ this is word is referred to by using ‫ﻲ‬
َ ِ‫ﻫ‬
so,
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ‬
ِ ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔُ ﻫِﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬meaning - the watch 'it' is on the bed
so we are talking about sentences we know in jumlatul ismiyyah we have got mubtada
and khabar so if we are talking about males

for example if we say:

muhammad,he is coming we don't say muhammad,she is coming because it doesn't
match so when you are talking about a subject the news has to match the proper
gender
so if i say:
fatimah,she is coming we don't say fatimah,he is coming

similarly exactly same thing in 'arabic

when we are talking about a male object we use a male gender
when you are using the mubtada as ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬the khabar will be ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬and if mubtada is
‫ ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬then when use ‫ ﻣﺄﻧﺚ‬to make it khabar
==========

UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

so if you are keeping track so far we have done

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 17

 these three ‫ أ‬, ‫ﻦ‬
ْ َ‫ ﻣ‬, ‫ ﻣﺎ‬harf al istifham in english interrogative particle so we learned ‫ ﻣﺎ‬is
used for objects and animals and ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ﻣ‬
َ is used for human beings and ‫ أ‬is used to turn
statements into questions and the answers always start with ‫ ﻧﻌﻢ‬or ‫ﻻ‬

so now we are going to learn about two more particles so we are going to learn about
‫ ﻣﺎذا‬means what

َ ْ ‫ اَﻳ‬means where
‫ﻦ‬
so ‫ ﻣﺎذا‬means what
now you may be asking if ‫ ﻣﺎ‬is what and ‫ن‬

‫ ﻣﺎذا‬is also what

then whats the difference
so the difference is that
‫ ﻣﺎ‬is used for ism's immediately if a an ism comes then ‫ ﻣﺎ‬is used like ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺬ‬.
‫ ﻣﺎذا‬is used when a harf or a verb comes so there is more to a question we will learn

in shaa' Allāh
and ‫ اﻳﻦ‬means where
and ‫ أ‬means is
so we will we using this questions along with harf jarr so we know our harf jarr so we are
learning 4 now which are
‫ ﻣِﻦ‬means 'from'

‫ ﻓﻲ‬means 'in'
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬means 'on'
‫ اﻟﻰ‬means 'to'
so we know when a harf jarr comes then the next word becomes majroor so the
combination harf majroor - ism majroor

does a harf al istifham make any effect on any noun which comes after it?
the answer is no
when you are asking a question the noun remains the same
some examples:

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 18

 1) if you say ‫ح ؟‬
ُ ‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﻤِﻔﺘﺎ‬it doesn't become miftahi or miftaha
now lets give some examples for questions:

now lets use a pronoun to see how its used:

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 19

 if you see here the sign ta marbuta meaning its feminine so in the answer we used hiya
to say
'it'
so as we said that the female names will have single dhamma so what about male
names?

most of the masculine names in 'arabic they have double dhamma like :

ٌ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
ٌ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ‬
so you see these names end with double dhamma
so in 'arabic all the female names have single dhamma and all the male names have
double dhamma

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 20

 the feminine names they don't take double dhamma thats a rule in 'arabic because it
wants to keep the words light
so any foreign name will have single dhamma and a native 'arabic name will have single
dhamma

Madinah book 1 (from class 9) 21