iii

ABSTRACT

In the current scenario, Automated Toll Collection system plays a significant role in smart
transportation for traffic management. Now a days, vehicle drivers and passengers spend their
valuable time at the toll plaza as it is required to stop at the toll plaza and pay the toll amount,
eventually, causes the cumulative effect of queuing up vehicles near the toll plaza. This
situation highly increases the traffic congestion, pollution, long delays and also increases
travel time of the passengers.
Aimed at addressing this difficulty, a novel approach is proposed for automatic toll
collection and toll violation management system. The system works as once a vehicle enters
the toll plaza, the toll amount was collected automatically by Radio Frequency
Identification(RFID tag) which is stick on the vehicle windscreen without much delay in
transaction. The Process will cut off the amount of time for paying toll in large queues.
Through Received signal strength indication (RSSI) which is used to measure the power level
that RF client device is receiving from an access point or router, the vehicle will slow down
and stopped at a point in case of not paying the toll amount. This action will be intimated to
the vehicle through beep sound and indicator that are attached in the vehicle. The proposed
system will eliminate the risk of automated tollgate billing.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION x

1 INTRODUCTION 11

1.1 Objective 11

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 Survey of Papers 14

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 19

3.1 Proposed System 19

4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 21
4.1 Block Diagram 21
4.2 Block Diagram Description 22
4.3 Modules Elucidation 22
4.3.1 Arduino UNO 22
4.2.1 RSSI 24
4.2.2 ESP-12 E BASEDNODEMUC 26
4.2.3 Servo Motor 28
4.2.4 Motor Driver IC 30
4.3.7 H Bridge Circuit 32
4.3.8 Direct Current Motor 34
4.3.9 RFID Readers 36
4.3.10 RFID Tag 37
4.3.11 Arduino Software IDE 39
4.3.12 Embedded C 40
5 APPENDIX 43

6 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 48

7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 49

8 REFERENCES 50

9 PUBLICATION 52
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Figure Name Page Number

3.1 Payment Process 18

3.2 Block Diagram 21

3.3 Toll Sections 21

4.1(a) Vehicle Section 21

4.3.1(a) Arduino Uno 23

4.3.1(b) Arduino Uno Pin 24

Configuration

4.3.3 ESP-12E based 26

NodeMCU

4.3.4(a) 16*2 LCD Pinout diagram 29

4.3.4(b) Pin Diagram 30

4.3.5 Servo Motor 31

4.3.6 L293D IC Pin 32

Configuration

4.3.7(a) H-Bridge Motor Control 31

Circuit Using L293D IC
Figure Number Figure Name Page Number

4.3.7(b) H-Bridge Circuit 34

4.3.8(b) Brushes DC Motors 35

4.3.8(b) DC Motors 36

4.3.10 RFID Reader 37

4.3.11 RFID Tags 38

4.3.12(a) Arduino Output 40

4.3.12(b) Arduino Symbol 41

4.3.13(a) Block Diagram of 41

Embedded System

4.3.13(b) Basic Structure of an 42

Embedded System
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Table Name Page Number

4.3.4 LCD Pin Description 29

4.3.5 Servo Motor Wire 31

Configuration

4.3.12 Sketches Symbol 39

Description
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S.No Acronym Abbreviation

1. RSSI Received Signal Strength
Indicator
2. RFID Radio Frequency
Identification
3. RCPI Received Channel Power
Indicator
4. dBm Decibel Milli Watts

5. Wifi Wireless Fidelity

6. LCD Liquified Crystal Display

7. IDE Integrated Development

Environment
8. ARPT Active Reader Passive
Tag
9. BAD Battery Assisted Passive
10. ARAT Active Reader Active Tag
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

In the current scenario the government had taken a lot of steps to make India digitalize . In
each and every department either it can be public sector or a private sector things are
automating, the main goal of automaton is to make our life flexible. As we all know that
transportation is the backbone of any country’s economy. Improvement in transportation
systems result into the good lifestyle in which we achieve extraordinary freedom for
movement, immense trade in manufactured goods and services, as well as higher rate of
employment levels and social mobility. In fact, the economic condition of a nation has been
closely related to efficient ways of transportation. Increasing number of vehicles on the road,
result into number of problems such as congestion, accident rate, air pollution and many
other. All economic activities for different tasks use different methods of transportation.

For this reason, increasing transportation is an immediate impact on productivity of nation

and the economy. Reducing the cost of transporting resource at production sites and transport
completed goods to markets is one of the important key factors in economic competition. The
Increased transportation leads to traffic congestion especially in toll area where the vehicle is
made to wait for a long period of time. This is often leads to loss of captivity.

The Existing toll collection method known as Electronic toll collection (ETC) and it
works as ETC is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to
vehicles using toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels. It is a faster alternative
which is replacing toll booths, where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll
with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an
automated radio transponder device. When the vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a
radio signal from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying
number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an electronic payment system
charges the user the toll. In existing system RFID tag were used in order to collect
payment. An RFID tag works by transmitting and receiving information via an antenna and
11
a microchip — also sometimes called an integrated circuit or IC. The microchip on an RFID
reader is written with whatever information the user wants. In existing cash based toll
collection, the revenue of toll plaza affected a lot. Government had taken lot of steps to avoid
traffic congestion in toll area, our project is improvement over the existing toll collection. We
consider fully automated toll plaza with no barricade.

As a part of automating the toll billing system, the National Highway Authority of India
(NHAI) had introduced RFID tag. It Employs Radio Frequency Identification technology for
making toll payments directly from the prepaid or saving account linked to it or directly toll
owner. Even though the Fastag reduces the traffic congestion, it is vulnerable to illegal
activity. If a motorist does not pay the toll charge, then the vehicle was blacklisted but this
not permanent solution. We are using RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) to track the
vehicle and automatically slowdown the vehicle if it not pays the toll charge. RSSI is a
measure of signal strength which has been used to track the distance between vehicle and toll
booth.
In an IEEE 802.11 system, RSSI is the relative received signal strength in
a wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being
received by the receiving radio after the antenna and possible cable loss. Therefore, the
greater the RSSI value, the stronger the signal. Thus, when an RSSI value is represented in a
negative form (e.g. −100), the closer the value is to 0, the stronger the received signal has
been. In our project RSSI can be used in two nodes.

One is attached in toll booth which will act as receiver. Other one is attached in Vehicle
which will act as transmitter. Once unpaid entry is detected the controller unit in toll booth
activate the transmitter in the particular vehicle then the signal will be received by the
receiver in toll booth.

12
 Depending upon the signal strength received vehicle movement will be controlled by
toll booth controller unit. Signal Quality is a value from 0% to 100%.If the signal strength is
low then through RSSI module (toll gate) automatically pair with the RSSI module in the
vehicle. Through RSSI technology, the DC motor in Vehicle unit will slow down the vehicle
and stop it within a particular distance. A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical
motors that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most
common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors
have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change
the direction of current in part of the motor. All these operation and data are shown in LCD
screen at both sections. This Project narrows down to reduce the traffic congestion and
implements automation in the toll area. Through automation the man power can be reduced
which leads to increase in captivity.
 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE SUREY

SURVEY OF PAPERS

1.
TITLE Using RSSI value for distance estimation in Wireless sensor
networks based on ZigBee
AUTHOR K. Benkic, M. Malajner, IEEE
YEAR 2000

DESCRIPTION
In today’s modern wireless ZigBee-based modules, there are two well-known values
for link quality estimation: RSSI (received signal strength indicator) and LQI (link
quality indicator). In respect to wireless channel models, received power should be a
function of distance. From this aspect, we believed that RSSI can be used for
evaluating distances between nodes. The experiment described in this paper
indicates that RSSI is, in fact, a poor distance estimator when using wireless sensor
networks in buildings. Reflection, scattering and other physical properties have an
extreme impact on RSSI measurement and so we can conclude: RSSI is a bad
distance estimator.

2. TITLE On-Line RSSI-Range Model Learning for Target

Localization and Tracking

AUTHOR José Ramiro Martínez-de Dios,IEEE

YEAR 2017
DESCRIPTION
The interactions of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) with the environment
are very difficult to be modeled, inducing significant errors in RSSI-range models
and highly disturbing target localization and tracking methods. Some techniques
adopt a training-based approach in which they off-line learn the RSSI-range
characteristics of the environment in a prior training phase. However, the training
phase is a time-consuming process and must be repeated in case of changes in the
environment, constraining flexibility and adaptability. This work presents schemes
in which each anchor node on-line learns its RSSI-range models adapted to the
particularities of its environment and then uses its trained model for target
localization and tracking. Two methods are presented. The first uses the information
of the location of anchor nodes to dynamically adapt the RSSI-range model. In the
second one, each anchor node uses estimates of the target location—anchor nodes
are assumed equipped with cameras—to on-line adapt its RSSI-range model. The
paper presents both methods, describes their operation integrated in localization and
tracking schemes and experimentally evaluates their performance in the UBILOC
testbed.

3.
TITLE Signal Strength Based Indoor and Outdoor Localization
Scheme in Zigbee Sensor Networks
AUTHOR Wen-HsingKuo, Yung-Sheng Chen,IEEE
YEAR 2016

DESCRIPTION
Positioning schemes in sensor networks are presented in this study. A framework
monitoring the signal strength based on the transmission protocol AODV and the
placement of Zigbee is established and used in sensor node positioning. To treat
indoor and outdoor environments, two positioning schemes are presented
 accordingly. The indoor scheme clusters the localization zone into several subzones
based on the strongest received signal, whereas the outdoor scheme adopts the
estimated distance to determine the most possible position of the sensed node.
Unlike existing studies, our methods do not need any location fingerprinting process
in advance or location database. One-floor and multi-floor environment for indoor
positioning cases are examined, where the accuracies of different node placements
are studied. Two positioning algorithms used in outdoor cases are investigated,
where field tests are conducted to evaluate the performance. Results show that the
proposed methods can achieve good accuracy in both indoor and outdoor
environments.

4.
TITLE An Indoor Positioning Algorithm Using Bluetooth Low
Energy RSSI
AUTHOR ZhengzhongDu,IEEE
YEAR 2016

DESCRIPTION
As the Bluetooth technology evolves to its 4.0 version, great application
opportunities emerge based on the inquiry of Received Signal Strength Index
(RSSI). In this paper, a positioning algorithm using Bluetooth Low Energy RSSI is
proposed for indoor application. First in this algorithm, RSSI value is pre-processed:
outliers of RSSI are removed, and moving average of RSSI is calculated. Then
distance is determined using pre-processed RSSI and Kalman filtering. Finally, a
triangulation algorithm is used to calculate the current location of the mobile device.
Experiment results show that our algorithm achieves positioning accuracy of
0.2~0.5m.
5.
TITLE RSSI-based relative localisation for mobile robots
AUTHOR Traian E. Abrudan,IEEE
YEAR 2013

DESCRIPTION
In this work, the authors developed an anchor-less relative localization algorithm
aimed to be used in multi-robot teams. The localization is performed based on the
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) readings collected from the messages
exchanged between nodes. They used the RSSI as a rough estimate of the inverse of
distance between any pair of communicating nodes, and we claim that such
estimates provide a coarse information of the nodes relative localization that is still
suitable to support several coordination tasks. In addition, they introducced a
relative velocity estimation framework based on the RSSI measurements. This
framework uses consecutive distance measurements and position estimates to
provide the relative velocity vectors for all the nodes in the network. To accomplish
this, they have proposed using a Kalman filter and the Floyd–Warshall algorithm to
generate smooth RSSI pairwise signal distance for all nodes. Then Multidimensional
Scaling is used to obtain relative positions from the pairwise distances. Finally, due
to anchor unavailability, relative positions are adjusted to reflect the continuous
mobility by using geometric transformations, thus obtaining smoother trajectories
for mobile nodes. This allows them to estimate velocity and to establish a
correspondence between orientation in the physical world and in the relative
coordinates system. Additionally, they studied the impact of several parameters in
calculating the network topology, namely different approaches to provide a
symmetric distances matrix, the period of the matrix dissemination, the use of
synchronization of the transmissions, and the filtering of the RSSI data.
Experimental results, with a set of MicaZ motes, show that the period of matrix
dissemination is the most relevant of the parameters, specifically with larger periods
providing the best results however shorter periods are shown to be possible as long
as the transmissions are synchronized

17
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 Proposed System:

In our proposed system, we mainly focused on a fully automated toll zone

for our project without any barricade. The Project is further narrowed down into two major
processes.
 Payment Process
 Payment fraudulent Detection

Payment Process:
The working of the payment process is explained as when the vehicle enters the toll
zone the RFID tag placed on vehicle is read by RFID reader at the toll area. This tag has an
embedded circuit. It does not require any energy or power to work. It merely has some
information on it. In short, all the data about the vehicle is present in the RFID Tag. RFID
Reader is the main device that helps us to scan the data on RFID Tag while collecting the data.
RFID Reader reads the information present on the tag. The payment is carried through the
Fastag mechanism, which helps the vehicle to pass the toll area without much delay in the toll
payment.

Figure 3.1 Payment Process

Payment Fraudulent Detection:

When the payment is not done due to account runs out of cash, then the second
process gets initiated. The Control unit in toll plaza will activate the RSSI Transmitter in the
vehicle. The RSSI receiver in the toll plaza will receive the signal and the distance of the
vehicle from the toll plaza will be estimated using the strength of the signal. Once the signal
becomes weak, the DC motor in a vehicle will be used to produce plenty of torque to move and
18
control the speed of the vehicle . Unless the Payment is made the vehicle will not move. Beep
alarm is used to indicate that the vehicle will stop to the fellow vehicle in order to avoid the
accident. Once the payment is done the vehicle is allowed to proceed.

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram

19
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 ARDUINO UNO (2)

 RSSI MODULE
 LCD (2)
 MOTOR DRIVER
 MOTOR
 SERVO MOTOR
 RFID TAG AND READER
 POWER SUPPLY

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 ARDUINO IDE
 EMBEDDED C

20
 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Block Diagram
Toll Gate Section:

Figure 4.1(a) TOLL SECTION

Vehicle Section:

Figure 4.2(b) VEHICLE SECTION

21
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

In this system, we have Arduino UNO microcontroller which acts as brain of our
system, the entire system program is stored in it. Toll gate unit has RFID reader which reads
tag which is stick on vehicle crossing it. Once the payment is done then the vehicle is free to
move. If the vehicle account is out of cash if it does not pay the toll amount and crosses the
toll gate, RSSI module (toll area) automatically pair with the RSSI module in the vehicle.
Through RSSI technology, the DC motor in Vehicle unit will increases the torque and
gradually the vehicle speed will be decreased. The whole process is indicated to other vehicle
through a beep sound in order to avoid accident. Until the payment is done the vehicle will
not allowed to move. All these operation and data are shown in LCD screen at both sections.

4.2 MODULES DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 ARDUINO UNO:

The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start
playing with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

22
 Figure 4.3.1(a) ARDUINO UNO

HARDWARE:
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-
232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards
are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter
chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute
the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is
reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the
unofficial Arduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE,
standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used. An official Arduino Uno
R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations.
 Figure 4.3.1 (b) PIN CONFIGURATION
4.2.2 RSSI:
RSSI, or “Received Signal Strength Indicator,” is a measurement of how well your
device can hear a signal from an access point or router. It’s a value that is useful for
determining if you have enough signal to get a good wireless connection.

Note: Because an RSSI value is pulled from the client device’s Wi-Fi card (hence “received”
signal strength), it is not the same as transmit power from a router or AP.

RSSI vs dBm:
dBm and RSSI are different units of measurement that both represent the same thing:
signal strength. The difference is that RSSI is a relative index, while dBm is an absolute
number representing power levels in MW (milliwatts).
RSSI is a term used to measure the relative quality of a received signal to a client device,
but has no absolute value. The IEEE 802.11 standard (a big book of documentation for
manufacturing Wi-Fi equipment) specifies that RSSI can be on a scale of 0 to up to 255 and
that each chipsetmanufacturer can define their own “RSSI_Max” value. Cisco, for example,
uses a 0-100 scale, while Atheros uses 0-60. It’s all up to the manufacturer (which is why
RSSI is a relative index), but you can infer that the higher the RSSI value is, the better the
signal is. Since RSSI varies greatly between chipset manufacturers.

In an IEEE 802.11 system, RSSI is the relative received signal strength

in a wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being
received by the receiving radio after the antenna and possible cable loss. Therefore, the higher
the RSSI number, the stronger the signal. Thus, when an RSSI value is represented in a
negative form (e.g. −100), the closer the value is to 0, the stronger the received signal.

RSSI can be used internally in a wireless networking card to determine when the amount
of radio energy in the channel is below a certain threshold at which point the network card
is clear to send (CTS). Once the card is clear to send, a packet of information can be sent.
The end-user will likely observe a RSSI value when measuring the signal strength of a
wireless network through the use of a wireless network monitoring tool
like Wireshark, Kismet or Inssider. As an example, Cisco Systems cards have an RSSI
maximum value of 100 and will report 101 different power levels, where the RSSI value is 0
to 100. Another popular Wi-Fi chipset is made by Atheros. An Atheros-based card will return
an RSSI value of 0 to 127 (0x7f) with 128 (0x80) indicating an invalid value.

There is no standardized relationship of any particular physical parameter to the RSSI

reading. The 802.11 standard does not define any relationship between RSSI value and power
level in milliwatts or decibels referenced to one milliwatt. Vendors and chipset makers
provide their own accuracy, granularity, and range for the actual power (measured as
milliwatts or decibels) and their range of RSSI values (from 0 to RSSI maximum). One
subtlety of the 802.11 RSSI metric comes from how it is sampled—RSSI is acquired during
only the preamble stage of receiving an 802.11 frame, not over the full frame.

As early as 2000, researchers were able to use RSSI for coarse-grained location
estimates. More recent work was able to reproduce these results using more advanced
techniques. Nevertheless, RSSI does not always provide measurements that are sufficiently
accurate to properly determine the location. However, RSSI still represents the most feasible
indicator for localization purposes as it is available in almost all wireless nodes and it does not
need any additional hardware requirements.

Received channel power indicator:

For the most part, 802.11 RSSI has been replaced with received channel power indicator
(RCPI). RCPI is an 802.11 measure of the received radio frequency power in a selected
channel over the preamble and the entire received frame, and has defined absolute levels of
accuracy and resolution. RCPI is exclusively associated with 802.11 and as such has some
accuracy and resolution enforced on it through IEEE 802.11k-2008. Received signal power
level assessment is a necessary step in establishing a link for communication between wireless
nodes. However, a power level metric like RCPI generally cannot comment on the quality
of the link like other metrics such as travel time measurement (time of arrival).

4.2.3 ESP-12E BASEDNODEMCU:

The ESP8266 is the name of a micro controller designed by Espressif Systems. The ESP8266
itself is a self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution offering as a bridge from existing micro
controller to Wi-Fi and is also capable of running self-contained applications. This module
comes with a built in USB connector and a rich assortment of pin-outs. With a micro USB
cable, you can connect NodeMCU devkit to your laptop and flash it without any trouble, just
like Arduino. It is also immediately breadboard friendly.
 Figure 4.3.3 ESP-12E BASED NODEMCU

ESP-12E Wi-Fi module is developed by Ai-thinker Team. core processor ESP8266 in smaller
sizes of the module encapsulates Tensilica L106 integrates industry-leading ultra-low power
32-bit MCU micro, with the 16-bit short mode, Clock speed support 80 MHz, 160 MHz,
supports the RTOS, integrated Wi-Fi MAC/BB/RF/PA/LNA, on-board antenna. The module
supports standard IEEE802.11 b/g/n agreement, complete TCP/IP protocol stack. Users can
use the add modules to an existing device networking or building a separate network
controller. ESP8266 is high integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power
constrained mobile platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi
capabilities within other systems, or to function as a standalone application, with the lowest
cost, and minimal space requirement.

Features:

 802.11 b/g/n

 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

 Integrated 10-bit ADC

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

 Integrated TR switch, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

 Supports antenna diversity

 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IRDA, PWM, GPIO

 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation and 0.4s guard interval

 Deep sleep power < 5uA

  Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

 +20dBm output power in 802.11b mode

 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

4.2.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A
16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.
The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so
on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the
LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores
the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

Figure 4.3.4 16X2 LCD PINOUT DIAGRAM

Table 4.3.4 LCD Pin description
 Figure 4.3.4 (b) Pin Diagram

4.2.5 SERVO MOTOR:

A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to
specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded signal
exists on the input line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft. If the coded
signal changes, the angular position of the shaft changes. In practice, servos are used in radio-
controlled airplanes to position control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also
used in radio-controlled cars, puppets, and of course, robots.
 Figure 4.3.5 Servo motor

WIRE CONFIGURATION:

Wire Wire Description

Number Colour

1 brown Ground wire connected to the ground of the system

2 Red Powers the motor typically +5v is used

3 Orange PWM signal is given in through this wire to drive the

motor

Table 3.4.5 Servo motor wire configuration

Applications of the servo motor :

 The servo motor is used in robotics to activate movements, giving the arm to its precise
angle.

 The Servo motor is used to start, move and stop conveyor belts carrying the product
along with many stages. For instance, product labeling, bottling and packaging.

 The servo motor is built into the camera to correct a lens of the camera to improve out
of focus images.
  The servo motor is used in robotic vehicle to control the robot wheels, producing plenty
torque to move, start and stop the vehicle and control its speed.

4.2.6 MOTOR DRIVER IC:

Common DC gear head motors need current above 250mA. There are many
integrated circuits like ATmega16 Microcontroller, 555 timers IC. But, IC 74 series cannot
supply this amount of current. When the motor is directly connected to the o/p of the above
ICs then, they might damage. To overcome this problem, a motor control circuit is required,
which can act as a bridge between the above motors and ICs (integrated circuits). There are
various ways of making H-bridge motor control circuit such as using transistor, relays and
using L293D/L298.

Figure 4.3.6L293D IC Pin Configuration

4.2.7 H-BRIDGE CIRCUIT:

An H bridge is an electronic circuit that allows a voltage to be applied across a load

in any direction. H-bridge circuits are frequently used in robotics and many other applications
to allow DC motors to run forward & backward. These motor control circuits are mostly used
in different converters like DC-DC, DC-AC, AC-AC converters and many other types of
power electronic converters. In specific, a bipolar stepper motor is always driven by a motor
controller having two H-bridges.
 Figure 4.3.7 (a)H Bridge Motor Control Circuit Using L293d IC

Figure 4.3.7 (b) H-Bridge Circuit

An H-bridge is fabricated with four switches like S1, S2, S3 and S4. When the S1 and
S4 switches are closed, then a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening
the switches S1 and S4 and closing the switches S2 and S3, this voltage is inverted, allowing
invert operation of the motor.

Generally, the H-bridge motor driver circuit is used to reverse the direction of the motor
and also to break the motor. When the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the terminals of the
motor are shorted. Or let the motor run free to a stop, when the motor is detached from the
circuit. The table below gives the different operations with the four switches corresponding to
the above circuit.
APPLICATIONS:

 Stepper Motor Drives.

 DC Motor Drivers.

 Latching Relay Drivers.

4.2.8 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) MOTOR:

Almost every mechanical development that we see around us is accomplished by an
electric motor. Electric machines are a method of converting energy. Motors take electrical
energy and produce mechanical energy. Electric motors are utilized to power hundreds of
devices we use in everyday life.

Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories: Direct Current (DC)
motor and Alternating Current (AC) motor. In this article we are going to discuss about the
DC motor and its working. And also how a gear DC motors works.

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current power. In any electric motor,
operation is dependent upon simple electromagnetism. A current carrying conductor generates
a magnetic field, when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will encounter a
force proportional to the current in the conductor and to the strength of the external magnetic
field. It is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It works on the fact
that a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force which causes
it to rotate with respect to its original position.

Figure 4.3.8 (a)BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS

 The input of a brushless DC motor is current/voltage and its output is torque.
Understanding the operation of DC motor is very simple from a basic diagram is shown in
below. DC motor basically consist two main parts. The rotating part is called the rotor and the
stationary part is also called the stator. The rotor rotates with respect to the stator.

Figure 4.3.8 (b)DC MOTOR

The rotor consists of windings, the windings being electrically associated with the
commutator. The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts and rotor windings are such
that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnets are
misaligned and the rotor will turn until it is very nearly straightened with the stator’s field
magnets.

ADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR:

 Provide excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration.

 Easy to understand design.

 Simple, cheap drive design.

4.2.9 RFID (RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION):

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically
identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information.
Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves.
 RFID is similar to barcoding in that data from a tag or label are captured by a
device that stores the data in a database. RFID, however, has several advantages over
systems that use barcode asset tracking software. The most notable is that RFID tag data can
be read outside the line-of-sight, whereas barcodes must be aligned with an optical scanner. If
you are considering implementing an RFID solution, take the next step and contact the
RFID experts at AB&R® (American Barcode and RFID).

4.2.10 RFID READERS:

RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. A Passive Reader
Active Tag (PRAT) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals from
active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT system reader
can be adjusted from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m), allowing flexibility in applications such as asset
protection and supervision.

Figure 4.3.10 RFID Reader

An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits
interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags.

An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an
interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-
Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the
tag's return reporting signal.

Fixed readers are set up to create a specific interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled.
This allows a highly defined reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation
zone. Mobile readers may be handheld or mounted on carts or vehicles.

4.2.11 RFID TAGS:

Figure 4.3.11 RFID Tags

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be

identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to
the tag and read its response.

RFID tags can be passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active tag has an on-
board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a
small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of an RFID reader. A passive tag
is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy
transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a passive tag, it must be illuminated with a
power level roughly a thousand times stronger than for signal transmission. That makes a
difference in interference and in exposure to radiation.

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a
key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the
tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be writing-once, read-multiple; "blank"
tags may be written with an electronic product code by the user.
4.2.12 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE):

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino
hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Figure 4.3.12 (a) Arduino output

WRITING SKETCHES:

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The
bottom right hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and
open the serial monitor.
Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can
hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text
will change to "Upload using Programmer"

New
Creates a new sketch.

Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will
open it within the current window overwriting its content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a
sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketch book menu instead.

Save
Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Table 4.3.12 Sketches symbol description

 Figure 4.3.12 (b) Arduino symbols

4.2.13 EMBEDDED C:

Embedded C is most popular programming language in software field for developing

electronic gadgets. Each processor used in electronic system is associated with embedded
software.

Embedded C programming plays a key role in performing specific function by the

processor. In day-to-day life we used many electronic devices such as mobile phone, washing
machine, digital camera, etc. These all device working is based on microcontroller that are
programmed by embedded C.

The block diagram representation of embedded system programming:

 Figure 4.3.13 (a) Block diagram of embedded system

The Embedded C code written in above block diagram is used for blinking the LED
connected with Port0 of microcontroller.

In embedded system programming C code is preferred over other language. Due to the
following reasons:

 Easy to understand

 High Reliability

 Portability

 Scalability
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Embedded System is a system composed of hardware, application software and real
time operating system. It can be small independent system or large combinational system.

Our Embedded System tutorial includes all topics of Embedded System such as
characteristics, designing, processors, microcontrollers, tools, addressing modes, assembly
language, interrupts, embedded c programming, led blinking, serial communication, lcd
programming, keyboard programming, project implementation etc.

Figure 4.3.13 (b) BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 CHAPTER 5
CODING
#include<Servo.h> //header file to initiate the servo motor
#include<LiquidCrystal.h> //header file for LCD display initialize
LiquidCrystallcd ( 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ); //assigning lcd pins to controller (RS = 8, EN = 9, D4 = 10, D5 =
11, D6 = 12, D7 = 13)

int rf1[13] = {'2', '1', '0', '0', '8', '6', '0', '7', 'C', '9', '6', '9'};
int rf2[13] = {'0', '8', '0', '0', 'A', 'E', '3', '2', 'F', '7', '6', '3'};
int rf3[13] = {'0', '8', '0', '0', 'A', 'C', '2', '1', '0', '8', '8', 'D'};
int j, l, n;
int ir1 = 4; //IR sensor 1 for parking slot 1
int ir2 = 5; //IR sensor 2 for parking slot 2
int ir3 = 6; //IR sensor 3 for parking slot 3
const int BUZZ=7;

Servo myservo; //assigning name for servo motor

void setup()
{

myservo.attach(3); //servo motor is connected to the 3rd pin of the controller

pinMode(ir1, INPUT); //IR sensor 1 is assigned as input
pinMode(ir2, INPUT); //IR sensor 2 is assigned as input
pinMode(ir3, INPUT); //IR sensor 3 is assigned as input
pinMode(BUZZ, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(BUZZ,LOW);

lcd.begin(16, 2); //LCD begin

Serial.begin(9600);//Serial begin

void loop()
{

char s = irsensor1();
char d = irsensor2();
char f = irsensor3();
char c = rfid();
if (c == 1)
{
Serial.println("AUTHORISED PERSON");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(3, 0);
lcd.print("AUTHORISED");
lcd.setCursor(5, 1);
lcd.print("PERSON");
delay(1500);
lcd.clear();
43
Serial.println("TWO WHEELER PARKING SLOT 1");
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("TWO WHEELER");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("PARKING SLOT 1");
myservo.write(90);
delay(3000);
myservo.write(0);
lcd.clear();
}
if (c == 2)
{
Serial.println("AUTHORISED PERSON");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(3, 0);
lcd.print("AUTHORISED");
lcd.setCursor(5, 1);
lcd.print("PERSON");
delay(1500);
lcd.clear();
Serial.println("FOUR WHEELER PARKING SLOT 2&3");
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("FOUR WHEELER");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("PARKING SLOT 2 & 3");
myservo.write(90);
delay(3000);
myservo.write(0);
lcd.clear();
}
if (c == 3)
{
Serial.println("UNAUTHORISED PERSON");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(2, 0);
lcd.print("UNAUTHORISED");
lcd.setCursor(5, 1);
lcd.print("PERSON");

myservo.write(0);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(BUZZ, HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(BUZZ, LOW);
lcd.clear();
}
if (s == 1)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 1 FULL");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SLOT1:F");
delay(2000);
}
if (s == 2)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 1 EMPTY");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SLOT1:E");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
if (d == 3)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 2 FULL");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print("SLOT2:F");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
if (d == 4)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 2 EMPTY");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print("SLOT2:E");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
if (f == 5)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 3 FULL");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SLOT3:F");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
if (f == 6)
{
Serial.println("SLOT 3 EMPTY");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SLOT3:E");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
}

unsigned int rfid()

{
for (int i = 0; i<= 13; i++)
{
delay(10);
if (Serial.available() > 0)
45
 {
char b = Serial.read();
if (b == rf1[j])
j++;

if (b == rf2[l])
l++;

if (b == rf3[n])
n++;
}
}
if (j == 12)
{
j = l = n = 0;
return 1;
}
if (l == 12)
{
j = l = n = 0;
return 2;
}
if (n == 12)
{
j = l = n = 0;
return 3;
}
else
return 0;
}

unsigned int irsensor1()

{
if(digitalRead(ir1)==0)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
return 2;
}
}

unsigned int irsensor2()

{
if(digitalRead(ir2)==0)
{
return 3;
}
else
{
return 4;
}
}
unsigned int irsensor3()
{
if(digitalRead(ir3)==0)
{
return 5;
}
else
{
return 6;
}
}
 CHAPTER 6

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

The Arduino UNO microcontroller which acts as brain of our system,

the entire system program is stored in it. We have two units. Toll gate unit has RFID reader
which reads tag which is stick on vehicle crossing it. Once the payment is done then the
vehicle is free to move. If the vehicle account is out of cash if it does not pay the toll amount
and crosses the toll gate, RSSI module (toll area) automatically pair with the RSSI module in
the vehicle.

Through, RSSI technology the DC motor in Vehicle unit will increases the torque and
gradually the vehicle speed will be decreased. The whole process is indicated to other vehicle
through a beep sound in order to avoid accident. Until the payment is done the vehicle will
not allowed to move. All these operation and data are shown in LCD screen at both sections.
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In the current scenario, the traffic at toll plaza has been increasing steeply. The most
important impact of technology is the development of sustainable technologies that reduce the
traffic conjunction. Our project is designed to address the problem of traffic conjunction in
toll plaza in an efficient way. This proposed project work helps to save energy and time. This
system uses RSSI signal strength without making the user (motorist) to wait in the tollgate.
The RSSI and RFID technologies was combined to produce an efficient system which makes
the motorist to cross tollgate without waiting in the long queue. Our project purely designed to
save energy and time, it also reduces both air and noise pollution occurs due to traffic. This
concept will contribute to the world for making toll payment towards automation.
 Chapter 8

REFERENCES

[1] “Using RSSI value for distance estimation inWireless sensor networks based on
ZigBee” by K.Benkic, M. Malajner, IEEE 2000

[2] “On-Line RSSI-Range Model Learning for TargetLocalization and Tracking” by

Jose Ramiro Martínez-deDios, IEEE 2017

[3] “Signal Strength Based Indoor and OutdoorLocalization Scheme in Zigbee Sensor
Networks” byWen-HsingKuo, Yung-Sheng Chen, IEEE 2016

[4] “An Indoor Positioning Algorithm Using BluetoothLow Energy RSSI” by

ZhengzhongDu, IEEE 2016

[5] “RSSI-based relative localization for mobile robots”by Traian E. Abrudan,IEEE

2013

[6] F. Don &quot;Electronic Toll Collection: An Introductionand Brief Look at

Potential Vulnerabilities,&quot; in SANSInstitute infoSec Reading Room, 1.4b ed.
2004.

[7] M. Ayoub Khan, S. Manoj and R. B. Prahbu&quot;ASurvey of RFID Tags&quot;,

International Journal of RecentTrends in Engineering, vol 1, no 4, May 2009
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