EXPERIMENT NO.

2
AIM: Problem Definition with State Space Representation

THEORY:
●State space search problems can be formulated by showing Initial All possible States, Initial
state, The legal Operator, Goal state and Cost function.
1. State:
State is defined by the specification of the values of all attributes of interest in the world.

2. Operator:
It is the Action that makes the transition from one state to another state.

3. Initial state:
It is the state from which agents start their operation.

4. Goal State:
It is the Partial description of the solution

5. Cost Function:
It is the Criteria or parameter with the help of that we measure the quality of Goal states.

SPACE STATE SEARCH

Vacuum Cleaner agent.

1.State:Here the state can be defined on the basis of two factors-
Presence of dirt on the square and Presence of Agent on the Square.
2.Operator:Left Move or Right Move of Agent, Cleaning of Dirt.
3. Initial States:Any one of the States can be an Initial state.
4. Goal state:Both the Square Should be Clean.
5. Cost Function:Total Number of Times Agent Moves and Clean the Tiles. Total no. of states=8
Number of

8-Puzzle Problem.

1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of two factors-

Presence of blank space and Presence of other tiles.
2) Initial states: Tiles position on left side figure.
3) Operator: Movement of tiles on Left, Right, Up and Dawn.
4) Goal states: Position of Tiles on Right side figure.
5) Cost function : Number of Times Tiles are Moved. Total no. of states=9!
8-Queen Problem
1) States: All possible arrangement of 8-queen on board can be considered
states
2) Initial states: Zero Queen on Chess board
3) Operator: Placement of any queen on the chess board.
4) Goal states: 8 Queens on chess board so that they don't attack each other
5) Cost function : cost calculation will be done on the basis of how many times
queens are placed on the chess board.

Total no. of states=64C8

Crossword Puzzle
1) States: Any state can occur empty, completed, half filled.
2) Initial states: Crossword boxes will be empty.
3) Operator: Filling words vertically or horizontally
4) Goal states:To complete the boxes filled with letters
5) Cost function : Cost calculation will be done on the basis of time taken to
solve the crossword puzzle.

Chess Playing Game

1) States: The total possible states in chess are 64!/31! .
2) Initial states: The pieces of elephants, horses, camels, kings, queens
and soldiers are placed in the manner shown in the beside figure or
Any state from possible states can occur.
3) Operator: Movement of pieces straight, adjacent, cross.
4) Goal states: To Checkmate the opponent.
5) Cost function : Number of moves in which the opponent is checkmate.

Poker
1) States: The total possible states in poker are 52C5 from which any state can occur.
2) Initial states: Any state from possible states can be an initial state.
3) Operator:Making combinations of pairs, flush, straight and bet the coins.
4) Goal states: To make possible combinations from 5 cards
5) Cost function : To win the game in less time and more coins.
Taxi driving
1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of three factors-
Taxi movements, taxi speed and condition of road.
Beside table shows states for straight movement same refers for
Turning left, right and reverse.

2) Initial states: Any states from possible states can occur.

3) Operator: Move straight, reverse, turn left, right, control of speed
4) Goal states: To reach the final destination.
5) Cost function : The cost function can be calculated by time taken to reach destination and number of
minimum turns avoiding accidents.

Part-picking robot
1) States: The states can be defined on basis of correct box and incorrect
Box and also distance between robot from where he picked part and box.
2) Initial states: Initial state will be Robot not having any part.
3) Operator: Turning Left, Right, Up and Down, moving front or back.
4) Goal states: Placing the parts in the correct box.
5) Cost function : The cost function can be calculated by time taken to
place the part in its correct box.

Medical diagnosis system

1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of symptoms, patient’s answer and thus there can be
chances of various test cases.
2) Initial states: Receiving Details of patient.
3) Operator: consults the patient, matches the symptoms with particular disease
4) Goal states: To diagnose patients with correct disease and prefer proper medicines.
5) Cost function : The cost function can be calculated by the accuracy of patients treated or can be cross-
checked with doctor’s treatment.

Interactive English Tutor

1) States: Here, there are many possible states such as greetings, teaching, questions and answers from
students, tests, etc.
2) Initial states: Any state can occur from possible states but mostly to occur greetings first or answer to a
question.
3) Operator:Teaches English, asks questions, takes tests.
4) Goal states: To teach student English
5) Cost function :. The cost function can be calculated by time taken to teach English and the marks
obtained by students in the tests.
Image Analysis
1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of image segmentation, image classification, searching
details.
2) Initial states: The initial state can be any state from possible states.
3) Operator: classifies the image, searches about the image.
4) Goal states: To provide detailed data about the image.
5) Cost function : The cost function can be calculated by time taken to provide image data and its accuracy.

Refinery Controller
1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of heating, extracting, fueling etc.
2) Initial states: The initial state can be any state from possible states.
3) Operator: Heating, checking, providing fuels, mixing chemical agents.
4) Goal states: To yield pure quality of oil..
5) Cost function :The cost function can be calculated by time taken by the controller to extract quality
refined oils.

Satellite image analysis system

1) States: Here states can be defined on the basis of receiving image,image segmentation, image
classification and color pixel array.
2) Initial states: The initial state can be any state from possible states.
3) Operator: Moving camera left right up down, sending images.
4) Goal states: To send high quality images which are received in satellites.
5) Cost function : The cost function can be calculated by time taken to provide an image and its quality.

Conclusion:
Hence, Problem Definition with State Space Representation is studied.