CHAPTER 17 Transmission Lines M. Rajendiran, K.V, Rajagopal and M. Palaniappan 17.1 DESIGN PRACTICE FOR TRANSMISSION LINES ‘Wind Pressure Map of India is replaced by wind speed map of India having 6 wind zones. Refer Annexure - A for basic wind speed in metre/sec, Wind pressure acting on Tower is 10 be calculated from wind speed. 17.2. WIND PRESSURE ‘There are 6 wind zones in India. Wind Zone Basic Wind Speed in m/sec - 33 - 39 44 47 * 50 - 55 aun 1 From Basie wind speed (V,), Design wind speed (Vy) is to be calculated, Ky # Kp © Vy in msec. Ky = Risk coefficient, vering from 1 to 1.30, Ky = Terrain coefficient, varing from 0.85 to 1.08. From design wind speed, wind pressure (Py) is calculated, Py= 0.6 + Vy? in N/m, Design Wind Pressure, Pd in N Reliability | Terra Design wind pr. Pd for wind zones level | category 2 3 4 3 6 a. 3 4 3 6 7 g 1 1 403 563 747 B18 925 1120 2 346 483 614 701 793 960 3 250 Mo ddd 306 573 694 2 1 470 689 883 1030 1180 1460 2 403 524 157 879 1010 1280 3 291 422 547 635 732 901 3 1 552 838 1120 1320 1520 1890 2 473 8 960 1130 1300 1620 3 42 si9 694 817 939 117017.2 Power Engineers’ Handbook 17.3. WIND LOAD ON TOWER ‘To calculate wind load, the tower is divided into many panels. P, for the divided panels con- sidering their height from ground [evel is to be caleulated. Wind load, Fy, in Newton = Pg * Ca" Ae * Gy. where Pg — design wind speed in N/m? (Cg — Drag coefficient depending on the solidity ratio of cach panel. It varies from 2 to 3.6 for solidity ratio of 0.05 to 0.4 resp. Ag ~ Total net effective area of panel including legs, bracings, secondary bracings on the face in sq, metre, Gy — Gust response factor, It varies from 1.7 ta 3.5. 17.4 WIND LOAD ON CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE Wind load on conductor & ground wire in N, Fwe Fye= Py? Cy" Ld * Gein Newton where Py - design wind pr. in Ném?. Height of conductor / ground wire = clamping point - 2/3rd of say @ min, temp & no wind. Cq — drag coefficient (1.0 for conductor, 1.2 for ground wire.) L— wind span in metre. d— diameter of cable in metre. G_ = Gust response factor. It varies from 1.7 to 3.19. 17.5) WIND LOAD ON INSULATOR STRINGS Py = Py * Cy * Aj* Gi; in Newton. where Py — design wind pressure in Nim” Cy — drag coefficient, 1,2, Aj — 50% of the projected area on a plane. G; — Gust response factor. It varics from 1.7 to 3.5. 17.6 TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS, AREA MINIMUM MAXIMUM Interior 25°C 50°C Hills = 75°C A5°C Coastal +7.5°C 45°C Every day temperature — 32°C. Transinission Lines 17.3 17.6.1 CONDUCTORS ACSR Max. temperature - 75°C AAA Max. temperature °— 85°C GROUND WIRE = Max. temperature - $38C 17.6.2 SAG TENSION Sag Tension calculation for following combination, (a) 100% design wind pressure with drag coefficient and gust respanse factor at every day temperature of 32°C, and (b) 36% design wind pressure with drag coefficient & gust response factor al min/max temperature. 17.7 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR CONDUCTORS AND GROUND WIRES: (a) TNEB practice — 25 on the ultimate breaking strength under normal working conditions and 3 for ground wires, (b) 18 802/Part L/Sec 2/1992 Conductors ~ Initial unloaded tension - 35% (@ every day temp & Final unleaded tension = -— 25% no external load) 171.8 TYPE OF TOWERS The following types of Towers are generally in use for most of the lines as per IS 802 (pl/S1).. (i) Suspension Tawers {a} Tangent Towers (0°) — To be used in straight lines. with suspension string, (b) Intermediate Towers (0° ta 2°) To be used in straight runs & upto 2° line with suspension string, deviation, (c) Light angle towers (0° to 5°) — To be used in straight runs & upto 5° line with suspension string. deviation, Gi) Tension Towers {a) Small angle Towers (0° to 15°) - To be used for line deviation from 0° to 15°, with tension string, (2) Medium Angle Towers (0° to 30°) - To be used for line deviation from 0° to 30°. with tension string (€) Large angle Towers (30° to 60°) - To be used for line deviation from 30° to 60°. with tension string. (d) Dead end tower = To be used as dead end (Terminal) tower or with tension string Anchor tower. (©) Large angle & dead end towers — To be used for line deviation from 30° to 60° with tension string, or for dead end Tower.17.4 Power Engineers’ Handbook (iii) Transposition Towers (a) For single circuit lines with Triangular configuration of conduetors, tangent towers laterally transposed with slightly reduced spans on either side may be adopted, For horizontal configuration, special heavy angle towers may become necessery because of large clearances required from the conductor to the tower steel. (b) For double cireuit towers, medium angle towers with modified crass-arms may be adopted instead of special towers, In this case, no reduetion in span is necessary, 17.9 FACTOR OF SAFETY OF TOWERS TINEB practice, . (@) 2.5 under Nermal conditions (b) 1.5 under broken wire conditions, 17.10 BROKEN WIRE CONDITIONS FOR WHICH DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOWERS ARE DESIGNED The following broken wire conditions shall be taken on the design of Towers. 1S 802 (pl/s1) (@) Single circuit, — Any one phase or ground wire broken; which ever is more stringent Towers, fora particular member, {b) Double, triple and Quadruple circuit Tawers (i) Suspension towers — Any phase or groundwire is broken; which ever is more stringent for a particular member. Gi) Small & medium — Any 2 phases broken on the same side or one pliase and ane angle towers ground wire broken on the same side and same spat which- ever combination is more stringent for a particular member, (iii) Large angle — Any three phases broken on the same side & span or any tension two of the phascs and one graund wire is broken on the towers/Dend same side and same span; whichever combination consti- end towers tutes the most stringent condition for a particular member. &) Cross-arms. In all tower designs, the power conductor supports & earth wire supports shall be designed for broken wire conditions also. 17.11 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES (1) Suspension strings Q) Tension strings angle from clramace angle from clearance vertical vertical 66KV 15° - 915mm 66KV MP = 91S mam 30° = 760mm 20° 610 mm as* - 610 mm 30° - 610 mm 60° = 610mm | | | | | I | 7 } | ' Transorission Lines 17,5 angle fram clearance ‘angie from clearance vertical vertical 132KV 15° 1530 mm 132KW 10° 1530 mm 30° - 1370 mm 20° 1070 mm 45° - 1220 mm 30° 1070 mm 60° = 1070 mm 20KV 15° - 230mm MOKV MP = 2130mm 30° 1830 mm 2° = 1675 mm 45° = 1675 mm 400 KW 22° - 3050 mm 400KV 20° = 3050 mm ae — 1860 mm 40° = 1860mm sunKY 20° = $600 min BOOKY — 15°/20° 3600 mm 25° = 4400 mm 25°30 — 4400 mm as° = 300mm 40°r45° — $000 mm 105118" — __ $100/5600 rm 17.12 ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE LONGITUDINAL AND VERTICAL LOADING. (i) Pereentage of longitudinal load due to the conductor assumed to be acting under broken wire conditions in tangent towers, (a) Conductor 50% (b) Ground wire — 100% Gi) Weight of lineman with tools — 1500 Newton, 17.13 SLENDERNESS RATIO (i) Maximum limit of slendemess ratio specified for (a) Leg members, ground - 120 wire peak members (bh) other members — 200 (c} Redundant members - 250 (d) Tension members = 400 (ii) Determination of slendemess ratio for various tower members is available in Annexure - B. 17.14 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF TOWER MEMBERS. (1) Leg members, lower members of cross arm {a) Galvanised towers - $ mm, (b) Painted towers = — 6 mm 2) Bracings (a) Galvanised towers — 4mm. (b) Painted towers Simm. '17.6 Power Engineers" Handbook (3) Buried Steel work - 6mm. (4) Gusset plates - 5mm, 17.15 NON-RATIONALISED SECTIONS USED FOR TOWER MEMBERS Equal Angles UnEqual Angles 100 * 100 * 7 45% 30%4 AS x AS «4 BOLTS, NUTS & WASHERS 1) Diameter of bolts used in Towers = - 12. mm, 16 & 20 mm. 2) — Shear strength of the bolt in single - 50% shear as a % of shear strength of bolt in double shear 3) Types of washers used = flat, lock and spring washers. 4) Bolts used — Normally mild steel. High tensile steel is also used, 17.17 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS (1) Joints used for joining different leg members — Lap joints and Butt joints. (2) Gusset plates for joining tower members = Sometimes used. (3) Max. permissible tolerance from true vertical — Ten em per 36 metre, for the erected tower without straining 17.18 FOUNDATIONS 178.1 VOLUME OF FRUSTRUM For square footing Ve 2 an? + 4D? tan? ¢ + 6BD tan ¢) For cireular footing im 2 (on 4 AD® tan? ¢ + 6BD tan ¢) where D is the Depth of soil from GL to footing. B = Side or Diameter. = Angle of internal friction of soil. (30° for normal soil.) Note: For concrete footing, increased weight of concrete in position of the frustrum has to be made. | Transmission Lines 17.7 Uplift The weight of frustrum of earth should be equal or more to the maximum tension in the leg member multiplied by factor of safety. Compression (Thrust) The base of the footing should be of arca such that compressive stress due to maximum com- pression in leg member should be equal or less than the allowable bearing capacity of the soil. 17.182 SOL Soil density is to be found by soil testing or it may be calculated based on the type of soil by referring relevant standards Bearing capacity of the soil strata where tower footing rests may be calculated based on sail testing or Annexure on safe bearing capacity of soils or National building code for allow- able bearing of that particular soi 17.183 CONCRETE {@) Mix to be used : M20 (2) Min, thickness of concrete 150 mm- cover for stub angle (6) Size of aggregate 10 be used (i) For thin section (ii) other sections 20 mm down graded. 40mm down graded. ight of concrete : 2400 kg/eu.m. tof RCC 2500 kg/eu.m @ 17184 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS (a) Against overturning due to uplift (i) Under Normal conditions; 2.5 @as per CBIP manual.) (i) Under B. W. conditions =: 1.5, (b) Against subsidence due to compression (thrust) praduced by working loads. (i) Under Normal conditions: 2.5 2 as per CBIP manual.) Gi) Under B, W. condition a RS 1718.5 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS (a) Conerete pad and chimney. (b) Steel Grillage footings. (ce) Conerete spread footings. (2) Augured foundations. (s) Grouted Rock footings. (f) Pile foundations. (@) Well foundation17.8 Power Engineers’ Handbook 17.19 LOADING AND FOOTING CLASSIFICATION. DES Footing Heavy uplift with light } Wide base Towers shear Poles or columns with narrow base Heavy overtuming, moments with light shear & vertical loads Heavy downward Load | Heavy Electrical equipment mounted direetly on footings 17.20 PROTECTION OF TOWER METAL WORK 17.20.) PAINTED TOWERS (a} Shop coat and after erection ‘Type of Foating ee With aa Se (under cut) type base under each leg, isolated footings (a) With or without on entanged base footing (b) Piles. With enlarged base foundation (b) Under-reamed or group of piles ‘one coat redoxide plus 2 coats of best quality Aluminium paint (b) Periodicity 17.20.2 GALVANISED TOWERS $ years for repainting. Quantity of Zine Coating (i) In industrial regions - 910 granvm? Gi) In coastal regions - 910 gram/m? (iii) In other regions - 610 gram/m? Min. Zinc coatings. (Tower material (a) Smmé&above — 86 microns. (b) under$mm = - 65 microns. Gi) Hardware fittings, bolts, nuts ete — 43 mvierons: 17.21 OTHER PARTICULARS Particulars (1) Normal span (2) Earthing (3) Counterpaise canhing, (4) Step bolts Inadu Electricity Board Practice 66 KV no KV 132 KV Line - 315, 325,33Sm 230 KV Line — 335, 350,375 m 400 KV Line - 400m 800 KV Line - 400, 450m ine - 240, 250,275 m ine - 315, 325, 335m The resistance to carth of cach tower should not ordinarily cxeced 25 ohms. In cases where the resistance exceeds 25 ohms one or two addi- tional carth pipes may be driven to bring down the resistance to 25 ‘ohms, Where the resistance could not be reduced below 25 ohms with additional pipes, suitable counter- poises provided so as to keep the resistance within 25 ohms. Where the soil is generally of a rocky or hard nature and excavation to the depth of 3m required for burying the earthpipe is difficult, crow foot counterpoise earthing is adopted. This consists of 4 galvanised stee] wires. not less than 1 cm. diameter and of length of about 60m each radiating away from the four legs of the tower and buried 45 cm below ground level. The length of steel wire required for earthing depends on the resistivity of soil and site conditions. The step bolts usually adopted are 16mm diameter and 175 mm length They are spaced 450 mm apart and extend from about 3.5 metres abowe the ground level to tap of the tower, It is capable of withstanding a vertical load of 150 kp. Transmission Lines 17.9 Reference: A ~ Earth rod clamp, B Back fill of earth, C~ Salt. D~ Earthpipe 3m, long 2.5 0 E = Pipe to have 6 mm. dia. holes drilled at a distance of 10 cms. apart. F = Tower leg. G~Earthing copper strip 30 * 6 mum. HH— Concrete foundation, Note: Where the tower is situated in nor- mal earth, it shall be grounded by means of the G.l. pipe as shown above. Where the tower is on solid rock or other hard earth shall be pro soil at as short distance from the tawer as passible—(say 6 to 9 m) and connected to the tower leg by imeans of the copper strip. Where normal earth {s not available nearby, countempoise earth shall be provided17.10) Power Engineers’ Handbook Tamilnadu AL all road, railway and navigational river crossings and near Villages d& Towns. It is to be fixed on the trans- verse face of the tower, where provi- sion is made. The letters & figures and the conventional skull & bones of the danger plate should conform to IS; 2551, They are to be painted in signal red on the front of the plate. Particulars -ctricity Board Practice (5) Danger & number plates. (6) Insulators. (a) Electrical characteristics Rated system] No.of | Minimum flashover | Impulse voltage] voltage vollage of insulator | flashower KM, K.Vaus) (KMiaas Wet 66 KV 5 260 180 350 noKy Tplains | 320 240 sa Shills 2oKV [13 645 si0 950 4 700 $60 950 Is 750 595 1050 (8) Mechanical characteristics (E.M. Strength} Suspension strings 66 KV $400 kg or 6800 kg 6800 kg 110 KV. 6800 kg 6800 kg 8180 ke 11350 ke 8180 ke 11380 ke (c) Factor of safety (a) On ultimate strength by mechanical test—2.5 (7) Arcing hom: (a) On line side Nonmally for 66 KV. lines (a) 66 KY. lines for the first 1.6 km, only from the transformer station. (5) On line side and (2) At towers on cach side of cross arm side railway crossing and their adjacent towers, (6) 110 KV, lines at all towers, (c) 23 ines at all towers. Remarks The flashover voltages given are at sca level at a temperature of 32°C and humidity of 80%. The number of units may he varied depending upon (1) the technical characteristics of insulators to be used, and (2) the special atmospheric condition prevailing near sea coast or in industrial areas. The mechanical characteristics should be co-related with the ultimate strength of the conductor For sizes of A.C.S.R. up to 37/2.59 mm (95 mm? in eq. cu) For 37/3.00 mm (130mm. in eq, cu) Arcing homs mounted such as to prevent relative displacement between each other and between the insulator discs and the hams. if Transmission Lines TAL Particulars Tamilnadu Electricity Board Practice] Remarks (8) Rod gaps (9) Line conductors: (a) Stranded copper QACSR. (10) Vibration Dampers: (a) Attension points (8) At suspension points (1D Earth Wire: ‘Co-ordinated adjustable red gaps provided on four approach towers to ‘he substations. 3Nos. | Terminal approach | towers towers 66 KV, 110 KY, 230 KV, Previously far HT. lines for regians| within 16 km belt fom sea coast, For all HT. lines. For regions within 16 kn from sca coast a good grease (shell corbula RH. 14 or its equiva- lent) is used for the steel core and between layers of aluminium, Stock bridge or torsional, Armour rod, used for later lines. “Parallel wire” dampers or “Bates” damper have been used previously. (This Bates damper comprises of a piece of conductor of about 6,40 m in length clamped rigidly to the line conductor, with special aluminium single bolt type P.G. clamps spaced about 1.22 m apart) 66 KV. () 7/5.15 me Galvanised steel — 63 kgfsq, mm. quali (ii) 7/2.59 mm ACSR (with dampers). 110 KV. (i) 5 mm Galvanised — 95 kp/sq.mam ste quality. (ii) For tower line 7/3. men ACSR For pole line 72.59 mm ACSR or 7/3 mm ACSR. Limited for regions within 8 km belt from sea coast, Also for A.C.S.R. earth wires Minimum Breaking load 3265 kgs Minimum Breaking load 6251 kgs. Size is determined such that the sag of the earthwire with a F.0.S, of not less than 2.00 is same or 10% less than that of the power conductor at 43°C.(ay Prowaon Against] Ail lines rated 66 KV and above ES 20 KV Power Engineers" Handbook ee 230 KV. (i) 2 Nos, 9.53 mm dia galy. steel wire, Gi) 2 Nos. 74.09 mm ACSR (with dampers) Gil) 2 Nos, 73.15 mm Galvanised steel—95 kg/sq. mm quality (for S.C. line) (iv) 1. No, 73.55 mm Galvanised steel—95 kg/sqmm quality. (for D.C. line) provided with ground wire running on top of the line. The height and location of ground wires shall be such that line joining the ground wire to the outer most ‘conductor shall make an angle with the vertical equal 10 desired shield angle, The angle of shield adopted for various voltage transmission lines in India is given below. Clearance between conductor and ‘Earthwire at Mid. span. ‘The minimum mid-span clearance for different voltage rating lines are given as under. Angle of shield of ground wire Cleanmes at Midspan mn Minimum Breaking load 4921 kes. Particulars (a) Economical voltage (8) Minimum conductor diameter to avoid corona. (c) TOWER BASE WIDTH & (a) Weight of tower structure Traemession Lines V7.3 2. EMPIRICAL FORMULAE Remarks (Assumptions) The most economical Voltage is that for which the total annual cast (transmission losses + interest and depreciation is minimum.) ay (ii) Formula based on modem Ve line pressure in KV, American practice (bet. conductors). L = distance of transmission line ia Jam. P © Estimated maximum’ number of | KW. per phase to be delivered aver the line. Etinkv) d= minimum diameter of conductor 6 Ja em = line to line voltage. ‘The base width of the tower is | B= base width of Tower @ GL in determined from the formulae as ems given below: M = overtuming moment in keg-m K = constant, the value varies fram B = KVM 1.38 to 2.5 and average 1.93. The determination of comect value of] constant for suspension and angle towers because of such a wide range suggested may lead to differing resulls, For a simpler relationship, fi- ures relating to total weight of tower and their base widths are given ‘Annexure ~ C for typical towers of all voltages both single & double circuits _ The weight of structure is an Wos KHVM unknown quantity until the actual design is complete. However, it is possible to estimate the probable tower weight from the knowledge of positions of conductors and gav. and ‘over tuming moments. The approxi mate tower weight is given by W = weight of tower above GL in ky, H =H of tower from GL. in metres M * overturning moments @ GL in kg-m17.14 Power Engineers’ Handbook Particulars Empirical Formulae (e) Conductor spacing | 1, Netherlands: adopted in different countries. 7.54/(Sag + £) x sind + 2. Sweden 6.5,/Sag + 0.7E cm 3, Czechoslovakia 25 + B+ Ty/Sag cm. 4, Poland 10,/Sag + em. 18 $. Germany 10,/8ag + jfgem. for Aluminium and its alloy 6. Italy 1a /Sag + 1.28 cm. 7. France aySag +h + 4 ems. §, Verbandes Devischer Electroteckniseher: TVG + E 200 9. USA, 0.76 £ + 3.264/Sag ins. or 1.93 E45.2\/Sag ems. ‘Remarks (Assumptions) K =a constant which varies from 0.3970 to 0.8223. (a reliable estimate k = 0.46) E = Voltage in KV, 6 = deflection of insulator string. mulae 1-8 Sag — in cms. Length of insulator string in cms. | 10. American Bridge Company Practice: Voltage 33000 44000 66000 88000 110000 132000 154000 165000 187000, 220000 Preferable spacings in ems. Minimum. separation in cm For spans from 600m to [500m it is suggested that the spacing be mad 44% of the span length, unless thi Jess than the spacing given above for 360m, in which case the later spacing should be used. 11. Galloping of conductors — Acolian Vibration: The path of oscillation of each conductor approximates a loop of elliptical shape. To determine the spacing required between conductors and beoween conductors and overhiead ground wires to prevent contact for a particular loading condition and span length or to determine the maximum pemiissible span for a given structure with given conductors and overhead ground wires, proceed as follows: ‘A. For loading conditions of maximum wind pressure, and tent- perature, determine the conductor and overhead ground wire sags for the given span length, Transmission Lines Remarks (Assumptions) 171817.16 Power Engineers" Handbook carrying, capacity, B. Determine the angle of side- swing, @, (see Figure aside) for the} conductors and overhead ground wires with the above loading conditions. C. Draw the line PQB inclined at 0 to vertical such that tan 6 = (Wind pressure on conductor per metre run ‘Weight of conductor per mete ran Make PQ = fength of insulator string and QB = sag. Draw BA inclined at 2to PQB, Make AB = Sag. Produce| AB to C such that BC = .06 sag. AC is] the major axis of the ellipse. Make the minor axis equal to one-half of the major axis and draw a smooth ellipse. If these ellipses do not overlap, For span lengths up to approximately’ 245 metre, full size ellipses as indicated) abave should be uscd. In longer dance or gallop in twe or more loops, | so one-half-size ellipses, with the| major axis equal to 53 percent of the! sag, should be used. The maximum continuous current] / = conductor current in amps. carrying capacity may be calculated) = conductor resistance per metre. from the following formulac— We = Watts per sq. cm. dissipated by PR= (WetWr) A watts convection, Ren Ave Wr = Watts per sq. er dissipated by We = 2.0128 VR Tad 6.00572, oy or Wea ee or watts per] Ta =(degrees kelvin) average of| Tali absolute temperatures of conductor and air. (h) Pole foundations Transmission Lines d= outside diameter of conductor in ems, AT=(degrees c) temperature tise. E=relative emissivity of conductor surface, (E-1.0 for Black body (Note = See, also section X Power or 0.5 for average oxidised ‘System Studies} copper). T= (degrees kelvin) absolute temperature Of conductor. To=(degrees kelvin) absolute temperature of surroundings, For design purposes, for copper or ACSR conductor the total temperature is usually taken as 75°C with wind velocity of 0.61 m per second and E=6.5 for tamished surfaces. impedance = 138 logy “obs f= height of conductor above ‘ground. r= radius of conductor in same units. Based on an average value of sunge |S/L~surge impedance loading in impedance of 400 ohms. KW. SIL-2.5(K KV’ Ling to line kilovolts of line, The foundation for poles is provided by a certain length of pole buried into the ground. Depth of embedment of the pole for the parpose of foundation should not be Iess than one-sixth of the total length of the pole sbove ground level. A protective cover collar of not less than 10 cm around the pole shall be provided. The depth of the concrete collar below the GL should not be less than 45 cm and it should be atleast 15 cm above the ground level The bearing capacity is mainly derived from skin friction and to a smaller extent by base area. Under the action of wind, the lateral loading introduces moments & lateral thrust on the foundation and itis resis- ted by passive resistance of the soil,17.18 Power Engineers’ Handbook 17.22, REGULATION 17.22.1 REGULATION FOR SHORT LINES BY DWIGHT'S CHART Bricf Description ‘This is a straight line chart, in which the resistance and reactance of the circuit have been taken into account through the medium of spacing lines marked for various sizes of conductors. The use of this chart is to find out the Voltage regulation of the line. This is applicable for both lagging and leading PF. Formulac are given in this chart which takes capacitive effect into account with sufficient accuracy for circuits with a length upto about 160 km, Example 3 @ problem :— To find out the % Regulation of 3-phase lines: for 100 K.KA/mife Data given, Distance = I mile. Conductor size = 37/.102 A.CSR. Spacing 132° ‘Temperature 80° F. Load conditions at receiving end Ke 80 90 100 Lagging PE 08 09 10 Kea. 100 100 100 Voltage = 110 KY. Cycles = 50. Resistance per wire per mile of 37/.102 A.C.S.R. at 80°F=0.306 ohms, Construction : Vide Fig. 3.3 (Dwight chart). Lay a St. edge across the Chart from resistance value/mile 0.306 ahm to the spacing of 13.2 for Aluminium and 50 eyeles. Along this St, edge read factor V-0.62, 0,56 and 0.34 corresponding to lagging p.fs. 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 respectively. This constant F represents the change in the receiving end voltage per total amperes per mile of circuit, due to line impedance. Formula For short lines, the formula is Voltage drop in %of = LCC R: Ee _ 1000 KV Ax bx ¥ Drap in valts r is E 4722.2 Transmission Lines 17.19 Where K.V.A. = K.V.A. of load at receiving end, L = Length of the line in miles. E = Line voltage at load or receiving end. ¥ = Factor read from chart N.B.-For single @ use 2) in place of 1” Using this formula : sor 0.8 PF, ¥= 0.62 100,000 x 100 x 1 x 0.62 (110, 000)? Voltage drop in % of Ep = a.62 Tang = 0.000812% a6 Similarly % Regulation for 0.9 p.f = 7535 = 0.000463% 0.34 for 10 p.f = <2 = 3 WO p.f = 75, = 0.000281% LINES OVER 30 MILES LONG Fot long fines, the line capacitance decreases the drop or increases the rise as found above L\? by f(a * y 100K G ) per cent. i 2 (or) BK (sa) Volts Where 5 for 50 eyeles, ‘The effective spacing of 3-phase lines is S = “ABC $1.26 A for flat spacing. N.B.—The ‘K? Formulae arc based upon the hyperbolic formula expressed in the form of convergent series. The assumption made in deriving this formula is that the capacitance multiplied by the reactance of non-magnetic transmission conductors is a constant quantity.an PERE OF ERGE ap ibe fy zai ced alt sees f Bapsie Slsceee op i 2 HR eee Hin Pega flee PRE CHE Et Le i boi 3 § g i | 4 pao Harr ¢ feta id Hg bese Hy if f pe s 4 ARR yoogpumy, swamaduy sod TLL oS 17.23 REGULATION FOR 66 KY, & 110 KV. 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES PER 100 KVA, PER KILOMETRE, **7 Renctanee of ACSR conductors at 155 amps. per sq. mm. (1000 amps, per sq. inch) has been taken frem Alignment chart given in Characteristics of O.11. Lines’, by S. Butterworth GOAN, Reactance in Percentage Regulation at lagging Power Factor ohms/km,*** ( spacing of conductors in Metres (feet) Sl. | Site of | Equi- | Resis+| No, | A.C.S.R.] valent | tance] Equivalent spacing 2439 8) 2.743 (9) 3.048 (10) lconductorg copper |at 40° of conductors aso 5 = 2 Tnree leeeinlonmel rbueesihy Power Factor Power Factor Power Factor inch) |sq. mm km. 2.439 |2.743 | 3.048) 9,8 Oo Lo 0.8 oo Oo 10 ) |) | oo 1 73,66 40, 0.493 | 0.433 10.439 | 0.446 |0,00150 | 0.00145 | 0.00113 | 0.00151 | 0.00146 0.00152 | 0.00147] 0.00113 (TH 144) 2 | 1409 | 48 | 0.395] 0.428 0.435 | o.a2 {o.oot32| o.o0125 | aonaat | 0.00133 | o.0012s 6.00134 | 0.00126] a.00091 (7.161) 3 | os.72+ | 65 | .0296] 0.415 |a.422 | 0.429 n.o0112| c.o0103 | «00068 | 0.00113 | 0.00108 6.00114 | 0.90104) 8.00068, St (60.1 86+ 062) 4 | 65.2% | 80 |0.236] 0.408 Jo.tts |0.421 [0.00100 a.o0090 | e.00054 | 0.00101 | 0.00090 0.00101 | 0.00091} aooose 1.36 (67.2084 71.0693) 3 | 37aa6 | su | o2an]o373 Jasgo | 0.387 [0.00096 1.00055 | 0.00097 0.00087 | 0.00088] e.o00ss (371.093) 6 | 37259 | 95 | 0.199] 0267 |a3z4 0380 |o.o0087 w.o0046 | 6.00088 0.0089 | 0.00079) 0.00046 (37.102) 7 | 372,79 [110 | 0.172] 0.362 ]a.320 | 0.375 |o.00082 0.00040 | 9.00082 0.00083 | 0.00073} 0.00040 (B71 Lay] 8 | 373.00 [130 | 0.149] 0359 Jo.366 | 0.393 |o.00077 0.00034 | 0.00078 0.00079 | 0.00968} 0.00034 EDAIL) sour] wowssnaseosy wel17.23 Transmission Lines 17.22 Power Engineers” Handbook once oot oor oss9 ost ogror one! oss asst out ooasz ooasz anole SueE ooze ones asus ons ouvat ose! ope! ontot oonet oozer, oosee ooeae mses ous W065 ost ool aste goelt wast qgost oer ogre gots overt onust onze noe ougor oousr onsor oosts ooaas oozar oocce 0009 oot neue. peer ‘o0g ah owes oases ‘oats ones nes ones onza oaro! oar 09s: ooo, noe onzit ‘oocr ‘out oasez ‘oacaz ogee paar ooze ‘oovrs poet oozst ooget oocet oogs woes pay! owae ool9e opie oowee oosar | ooser oons upesr ase DHS anges ages ogee oagse o0a9s nace | oue9 anew ores, oota8 onsus a0ehe ‘ang0e 0st 086 ost jooost ood nut ania DLA ‘aocer ase oagea boots ootar ons 0094 ‘ag0z1 aozst ‘O06 oDeDt oppor oneee ones § Joanes oases ooso8 ona paral }o99 101] aoos tt opottt] cone! ‘opoazt| ooare! 90011] oo00e | lesw0 sooo seo ciao jezano Jorsoo srora [ussn'o ister Joes sao 0 |sbor'a ero fozer'o [oon rsva|ss91"0 |aopo zea med ort aoe onde ooszz oogel ons91 oer ooo ope ores oosse Joost jooars jones ora owas cons o0e9s wore boas pas ‘onouot }aooDET ‘ano1z1 Janos s960 9ero sero opoen| cere ongo} pico reo 660 so eo cava orca aoorer }ooanst ‘ogaget | oooaLt to 00191 | oboE6t laro ooorct| ovo0iz] sieo | risa lozoon szoon Sai mh KET] ss] uo] S50) De9EY — DeSZ LY {OALITTON LNERRND ONIDUYHD JO 193443) $$01 Yel ONIMOT ION ALLL, NOU GASWE GILLS SIONVISIO BH Hod ISYQLONGNOD SNORIVA THL YAO SIDVLTOA DNIMOTION SUL LV Caa2 A010 3a AVIV OIA TSVILUC 'STURUNWLIOAO TA Sans }uoioweY [naIaa] gy UE UOASS LUyD mMSWUyye MOAT Hay) UDG seL|(\4DU “bs 23d "ror I Py en ws A a agYTATLG S10 00099 0g JO baa Fa pay 104) 4001 Jo 0108 19h0d poay roy ue | OTN a | ube | oy ac |ujvare| uy ene | waa so48d0- TN re suoisap¥03) SATD¥L ONLLVILLSE MOLID FELT ‘sdume 9Q0]) “WU sod “sdwe go] Ty sLOMpUoD YgDV JO AOUTIDAY, “yuoauanng -§ 49 “897 HO Jo . 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LS 0 zpooww scuow }zvaow0 | szono'0 | uenauo revofaoro| so | +zeno ten so | wo | ot | oo eet wy fuusbs} (you oiug smog sore samog oisey 19m04 ieee Goeltans iad OD ust (1) tes Ke) eget Suysede wsyeamnby 92m | s82pe4 | SOV -sysay | mbg | joozis [ox (9) sony UF IoTSApuNA Jo USE aye, cans aa snroy) s9moq JujSTU] w uOREMMAOY oAeEDAIG su aouvise yy (PMD) TALANOW WAd VAM 001 Wad SANIT NOISSISNYY “ANOLL ISWHE € AM ON VAN 99 HOA NOLLWIADAA €7'2117.24 QUICK ESTIMATING TABLES — (Contd.) 11,0000 VOLTS DEL yooopanyy ,siaamTery 29004 PTL 162000] 9350) STL furseds uapeambe puv 27 0 2ut] 2FeTjOA, SHTDAD 05 ASVHd-f—ATIW Wad “WAM ONIDUVAD ANTT sau] uorssjuereosy STEI17.26 17.26 7.26.1 Power Engineers* Handbook CALCULATIONS: SAG CALCULATIONS: Normal Span cee Petites Overall diameter of conductor =... D centimetres Weight of conductor per metre. kg ‘Area of cross section of conductor - Asqcm. Wt. of conductor in kg. per metre ae per sq. em, cross section as A Wind load on conductor specified . . p kp/sq.m. on 2/3 projected area. 5 2D Wind load on conductor permete.. 2x exp = Wy ke. Loading factor (Q,) ‘Conductor temperature range Modulus of Elasticity E kg. per sq. em, Co-efticient of linear expaision ee @perec Maximum working teasion Breaking strex Factor of safety _ Maximum working A [wre = We = 10 Theory: Auniformly loaded, inelastic wire, stretched between two supports, hangs in the form ofa “Catenary” If supports 4 and B are at the same level, the lowest point (Q) of the curve lies at mid-span. If P(x) be a point on the curve referred to a pair of rectangular axes through the origin 0, at a vertical depth “C" below Q, the following properties can be deduced mathematically. Maximum working tensile stress (ff) ion kg per sq. cm. Loading factor in still air and at maximum temperature (Q;) It is required to find the maximum sag. gS = can Y= Coos % and eee w Transmission Lines 17.27 Where 5 = length of curve from @ to point P(z,y). 7 = horizontal tension in conductor. : 7 Wa pointB,S = — ginh 4 iw tinh = 2 [Wz , (wey WELT or? tose] Wirt 67 wet or total length, S = +(%5) Peet yell) = a+ (approx.) r We and yY = = ae _f (Way? = a¢ “are * 7, Wat iy + pp (@pprox.) Since ¥ =dtead+ ous, F cence (iy Equation (ii) gives the sag of the conductor. If subscript 1 refers to conditions under maximum wind and minimum temperature and subscript 2 refers to still air and maximum temperature conditions; wees + care Putting W? = Q2W? and 7? = f2.A? a =1 wey? 2 gt ps This becomes = 1; GHA 2 14. RP 124 fF 24? A fallin stress f; to fy decteases the length = =F) white increase of vemperature through the range of (°F adds to the length by a quantity ats; = atl So, Wire length under still air and maximum temperature conditions 2 52/8 s fiyatt ee 24 fF ‘This must. be equal to Sy = 1+