of flow pattern in bends and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, iran this research, the inBuences of horizoncal 90° and 180" bends | on the rro-phase pressure loss and flow pattern for air-water ‘mixtures inside a 2.4-em smooth pipe are investigated. Based on experimencal pressure oss daa in bends, a prediction model is proposed, Comparing the new model with previous models in the litersrare shows that this model provides a becter estimate of pressure loss in bends, Several experiments are aso accomplished to observe the flow patter in che presence of bends In the region ‘of low, the low pattezn in the secovery region is temporarily turned into annular flow. Based on ehe present visualization, oo flow pantern maps are proposed to describe the effects of hends, ‘on the transition of flow paccern Brief history. Bends have many induscral applications such asin heac exchangers, boilers, refrigerators, transport pipes etc Either single or ewo-phase flow can occurin the applications. For single phase flow, extensive studies have been conducied.!"“ As the flow encezs the bend, che centrifugal force drives the more rapid uid in the coneave part of the bend while the Fluid inthe convex, parc is slowing down so the maximum axial velocity moves 10 the outer wall and results in the consequence ofa secondary flow. This phenomenon causes more pressure loss compared 10 that of straight tube." In fact, the bend pressure loss can be summarized, ‘under friction and form losses. The magnitude of such secondary flows obviously reduces with a bend radius increase, and with a fluid velocity decrease. So Dean defined a dimensionless number in curved pipes, which is now called che Dean number: Den (22 \a where dis the pipe inside diameter, Ris the curvature radius and Maia eesti tener ete the ratio of the square root of the product of the inertial and trove crt he Vee onthe one magnitude of the secondary flow. When the Dean umber exceeds a critical value, a secondary vortex paie with counter-rocating, Ealieareeara ee In two-phase flow, the bend pressure loss is additionally increased due to the dissipation caused by the momentum, exchange berween the phases, the separation and vemixiag of the pas and the liquid phase, and the change in flow pattern in the bend. Limited investigations have been conducted on the PIPING/MODELING Modeling two-phase flow in horizontal pipe bends New calculations of pressure loss and predictions E, MOTAMEDIAN, N. KASIRE and A, GHAEM@l! Iran University of Science ‘evo-phase bend pressurc loss subject. Sekoguchi eral.” have inves- tigaced the ait-water flow through a 90° bend with a curvacure ratio of 1.5 and inside diameter of 2.54 cm, They analyzed the ‘evo-phase pressure loss acrons the bend dara using parameters iy and Xj. Sckoda ct al® also considered in similar work pressure loss in 2.90” horizontal bend with inside pipe diameter of 1.8 em and curvature tatios of 5.02 and 2.36, Fiesimmons? performed his expesimencal work on a warer-steam system and 90° bend swith a 5.08-cm inside diameter and ewo euurvacuce rarios of 1.04 and 2.56 at pressures of 35, 83 and 110 bar. He demonstrated his resus in a chy, versus « diagram, CChisholm,!® wich help ftom these experimental results, devel- ‘oped equations for pressure loss predictions hased on a two-phase multiplier For 90°and 180° bends. Mandal etal” have investigated ‘ovo-phase airNeweontan liquid flow through 45°, 90°, 135° and 180" bends. Their corselations have heen developed co predict the ‘ovo-phase fection factor. Azz et al.© have also investigated the pressure losin vertical upward air-warer low through a 90" bend. ased on experimental pressure loss data, they proposed a predc~ ‘Gon model in the syle of a exo-phase flow multiplier. There are cher rwo-phase bend pressure loss mods in the lireratare such as models by Sookprasong' for horizonral 90° bends, Paliwoda'” for hrorizoneal 45°, 90° and 180° bends, Subbu! for horizontal 180° bends ancl Usui” for horizontal and vertical 180° bends. Azzi has considored these models theoreccally with a comparison of effective independent paramerer and limitation of every model.” Pressure loss predictions by different models under the same conditions and comparing results show significane differences ‘Thus, experimental investigation of pressure loss in bends and developing a suitable prediction model are necessary ‘The information concerning two-phase flow patterns inside a bend is very limited, Wang etal.” investigated the influences of rerum herds an the wso-phase flew pattems foraie-water mixtures inside small-diameter mbes (3, 4.95 and 6.9 mm). They classi- fied rso-phase flow across che test tube into five regions which include: the upstrcam, de-accelerating, return bend, recovery and dowasteam regions. They also developed a two-phase Fave regime ‘map in a 180" recur bend. ‘The lack of consistencexperimental daa in che presence of bends implies che necessity or additional experimental investigations. Experimental setup. The experimensal setup incorporating 90° bend for pressure loss measurements and flow visualiza- SvoROCARBONFROCESING SEPTEMBER2I07 | 45PIPING/MODELING tions in ewo-phase pipe flow in the horizontal position is shown section and the pipe wall thickness ae 24 mm and 3 mn fespet itig I, Water is eieuated bya centrifugal pump froma storage vey. Ar the bend section, two bends 90 and 1807 bends wih tankeicting also asa separator to the bal valve and further via curvatureratios of 15 and 2.1, respectively ar used For measuring incedle valve, From this point, water travels through a water the evolution of the pressure profile along the straight pipes, 11 #0 iter anda one-way check valve, and then into the mixing chambers acting 3s pressure equalization tps are Fixed around the ‘eon: Air supplied by maircompressor passing through aball outer pipe wall consiuting the et section five inthe nk pipe aan rote neal valve and check valves blended with and sicin the outer pipe. The tps were located at the bottom of the Water in che mixing section. Downstream ofthe mixer, the air- pipe to ensure that only water could get into the pressure measuritg WaT inixeare love through the bend test section roche storage sytem, The pressure atthe fist pressure cap location i eken as the TENE, where the gs and liquid phases are separated. Waters _system presiue reference, Presure tapping arangement deci ae recirculated and aie returns to the atmosphere. ‘own in Fig, 3. The presure oss was measured by a monometer. To develop various two-phase flow patterns (by controling the The eight of mercury in i was 20 cm. flowrates of gas and liquid), a two-phase gas and liquid low mixer ‘was used. The mixer consisted of a perforated stainless steel tube {6:3 mm ID) inserted into the liquid stream by means ofa tee and Compression fiting The end ofthe tube was sversoldered. Four on flow pattern. Experiments were repeated a numberof dmes (© Me eheetovsoftS mum fourrowsof3 mm and ight rowsof4 ensure reproducibility ofthe daa. In all experiments, the system Mam) were psiioncd at 90° interalsaround the ube primete and pressure was ess than 1 bargand he liquid and gas semperatures this pattern was repeated at 15 equally spaced axial locations along the were 25 21°C. lenght ofthe wiles sea eae Fig 2)Forbererworphas mixing _ Two-phase preset loss across the bend. ei erent that in par ofthe pipe, helical pate 20-cm length) was placed. The far upstream and downstrcam of ch bend, where the Hows 00 two-phase flor leaving the mixer enters the test section. perturbed, the piczometrc line exhibits a linear form manifesting Pear en ow ie oral includes a 3-m inlet pipe to the bend a constant pressure gradient, Close to the bend, the gradient of and 1 3 ont pipe each about 125 diameters long to cnsure these lines changes sa consequence ofthe addtional lec of oe ful flow devclopnene, These pipes are made fiom gas, allowing _ sl-esablishingsecondury flow superimposed tothe main ow. So Spica speci ofthe low pater. Theinner diameter ofthetet__the pressure drop ducto the bend was obtained om difference between the static presure ofthe upstream fully developed flow region and the static pressure ofthe downstream fully developed flow region across the bend. The evolution ofthe pressure difference slong the upstream and downstream piping asa function of the Tiquid and ga flowratesfor a given curvature and bend diameter are ploted in Figs. 4 and 5,and then the pressure loss due tothe bends foreach experiment is measured using a graphical method.>!™16 Pressure loss modeling. Modeling is based on the two-phase flow multiplier concept, defined as the ratio made up of the bend pressure loss in ewo-phase fle and thatin single-phase liquid flow vith the same total mass flowrate as the reference. In this model, Results and discussion. Two sets of experiments were con- ducted to study the effec of bends on pressure loss and is effect, = aan H Sweet vith the coresponding distances from the ben ts | SePreMaer 2007 HyOROCAREON PROCESSINGPIPING/MODELING the effect of ll the variables on two-phase bend pressure loss is considered, So itis written as a function of the mass flowrate, the mass flow quality, the density and viscosity ratios, the cur- ‘ature ratio and the dimensionless Dean number expressing the important effec of centrifugal force. Basing on the experimental daca and by using the least-squares method for multidimensional ‘mathematical fitting, the following correlations were obtained For 90° bend: +1,003 Deft (1-x)"" x For 180° bend: $3, = 440998 2003207 (1x) jos “The single-phase liquid ow bend pressure loss is determined according to the Beij method.* ‘Comparison between models. The pressure loss fora 90° bend under experimental conditions is evaluated by models of Chisholm B-type, Sookprasong, Paliwoda, Azzi and the new model. Then average relative error for each model for predict- ing bend pressure os is calculated and shown in Table | using Eq. 4. “ that che new model and Paliwoda model have less error than other models and the Azzi model that is for vertical 90° bends has the largest error. In this manner, the bend pressure los for a 180° bend is calculated by mod- Wate fowrte Some ‘tine ne oon 370 Som toe 27m 3030 0 fs 2aN8 Sino aa Yee 1208 vies ise Tat 2461 ‘ 130 2360 130s 370 I ~45| sei ithe o02 ‘02 + 087 lize 26 2 30s es 1585 “1.500 7000-500 0 S00 1,000 1/500 2,000, ‘Distance trom the Bend, mt “SW Unt ene Picea eee eee L “1500 1000 00800, 1,000 7,800. 2,000 2800 Distance trom the bend, mt “Scan ee ee on! Sluybunbly | or sug/ouboy/ summa] or suorouby ‘annular sont { Stated 00 Ot (On ‘Mass flowrate of gas, kg/m enn et) 14 | SEPTEMBER 2007 HYDROCARBON PROCESSING 0005 On 02 Mass flowrate of ges, gin. FIG. 7 Proposedtwo-phase flow pattern map fora 180° bendPIPING/MODELING ‘TABLE 1. Average relative errors for predicting 90° bend pressure loss Model __ Average relative ert, New mode 335 Gishoim 7288 “Sookpasong "227 Faloda 338 5153 cls of Chisholm B-type, Paliwoda, Subbu, Usui and the new model, The average relative errors are shown in Table 2. The results indicate that the new model and Chish- colm B-type model have less error than other models. So new models have the least error and consequently are the most suitable models for predicting pressure loss due to the 90° and 180° bends. see Flow pattern in bend. In this part, the effect of = {90° and 180° bends on a two-phase flow pattern in 5859 (oiceetea abet a82i stream of the bends at different liquid and gas flowrates is investigated by observation. The observed flow pattern became character- ized on the flow map proposed by Ghajar for horizontal and straight pipes, then the change of flow pattern is considered. It is clear that the effect of bend is temporary, and after a recovery, region, the flow pattern changes to that in the upstream. Tn the 90° bend, the slug-bubbly and shug-bubbly-annular flow pacterns change to the annular flow. The slug-wavy flow pattern, except a low liquid flowrates was nor scen and observed flow was annular. Also, in the slug-flow region, the pattern is changed to annular. Results show that 2 90° bend does not influ- cence plug- and stratified flow patterns. “The 180° bend has the same results but less effect on the flow pattern than the 90° bend. Because the 90° bend curva- ture ratio is les, it causes greater centrifugal force and more disturbances in two-phase flow, and consequently changes the flow pattern more. “Fwo-phase flow pattern map with the influence of bend. Based on the present flow visualization, two flow pattern maps are proposed t0 describe the effects of 90° and 180° bends on the tion ofthe ewo-phase flow patterns (Figs. Gand 7). 4 ‘TABLE 2. Average relative errors for predicting 180° bend T16 NOMENCLATURE, Inside pipe dlamete adi ofeuracte e> Reynolds mam De= Dean msmber Single-phase flow bend loss coefcient por gslty hare Maric parameter Liga {Zo Lig nly Rowing with the tora mas fi. 1G Gasorvapoe Go = Gas orvapor only owing withthe tor mass ux Greek symbols p= Densly vo: phase low loss mulepir = Vicosiy 1 | SEPTEMBER 2007 HYDROCARECN PROCESSING LITERATURE CITED 1 go, HL, “Flow in curved pipes JSME I,J, 30 543-552, (1987) 2 Beam W2 Re "Nowe en the motion of Hid in curved pipe” Phil Mag. 4, 1927, pp. 208-23 » Bei) KHL, “Presrcsloses fr Hud ow in 900 bends”). Research Navona Burau of Standards 21,1938, pp. 1-18, 4 Mile, DS, "arena fow stems” BHRA Fld Engineering, 1978. 4 Mui A, 1 Faedd, R.Kibbous and B, Shannak, “Reproductive accuracy of ‘Rorphsie Row presi los eoneaions for vertical 90" bends” Fasc mt Tngeniarvn, 67,2002, pp. 109-116 6 ASA, US LHL, Alger and L.Feedl, "Two-phase upward fw 90° bend presar los model” Fonchung im ngenicarween, 69, 2005p. 120-130 7 jg KY. Satoand A. raya, “The influence of mixes, bends and ‘at tection on oriznalewo-phase flow” Inc. Symp. on Res. in Cocuret Gas Liquid Flow, Unie of Waterloo, Canada, Vol. 1, 1968, * Sehoda! G., Ky Sato and, Kayueal, “Horizon two-phase ai-water flow ‘Serres in de ixurbed region due to 90" bend.” Soe. Mech. Engrs 55,1969. ‘Frusimmons, D. E, “Tworphase presare drop in piping components” Report Hanford Laberatr, HW-80970, Rex. 1, 1964. veEhshelm, Dy “Tive-phuse flow in pipelines and heat exchanges.” G. Godwin, 1983. i Mandal. N.-and SK. Das, "Presure loses in bends during ewo-phae ewronan lguid flow” Ind. Eng. Chem. Re, 40, 2001, pp 2340-2351 12 Sogkpmaong P, “Two-phase flow in piping components” PhD thesis Univetsiy of Ts, 1980 1s Palwodn, A, “Genealized method of pres drop calculation acos pipe ponent coneaining wo-phase flow of efigerant” Rex In. Froid 15(2) 1992, pp. 120-126. Sepals. K, 5. K: Das, M. N. Bias, and A. K. Mita, “Presure drop in U bens for aca flow” Ine. J. ng. Paid Mech, 3, 1990, pp. 239-248 18 Ulu, 8. Ask’ ant A. Inoue, “How behaviour and presure drop of rwo- Ps low though C-shaped bend in vertical plane, () Upward lo” J "Nucl. Se Fehnol 17, 1980, pp. 875-887 1 Am A L rede. and S Bela, "Two-phase galiqid flow presure losin tends” Fong im Inger, 65,2000, ppp. 309-318 Ming, CG, LY. Chen, We Yang and R. Hu, “Influence of horizon: wr recnm bend on the ewo-phase flow pate in small diameter tubes ‘Experimental Dermal and Fad Scene, 28, 2004, pp. 145-152. v8 Mlb ©. CL. Chen, ¥. Yang and YJ. Chang, “Tro-phase flow pa cere all damacr tes with the presence of horizontal return bend Taeernational forma of Heat and Mase Trango, 46,2003, pp. 2975-258 v9 Choon A. je "Tworphase heat inser in goeliquid. non-boiling Pre flows 3ed Inca onal Confeseace on Hea Transfer, Fld Mechanics am TThemodynamic, 21-24 June 2004, Cape Town, South Afia [Ehsan Motamedian began hs carer in chemical ens fering at Ferdons Universty, where he graduated this BS ‘egrrfolowed ty hs postgteduate studies at an Univers = Scena ond Tecoogy, where he stud for is MSc degre Me Motanedan snow a PhD student of chemical engineering ti Univers. is pei olds of eterest nde two phase lw i pies. [Norollah Kasiri begen his acer in cherical engineers Clrrergan Unrest, where he graduated with his BSc deme foloved by his pstotaduate sues at Swansea Univesity, ae Unsure he studied fr his MSc and PhD degrees. Dr Kase es Joined the Chereal Engineering Department at ran Unies Science and Techooogy (UST) a5 an assistant professor where he established me Cie esearch enter Over the past 12 years of CAPE acy, Dr, Kasi Na mam Sed to team up profssional chemical, proces and reser eng, sss ithe pesentaton ard publication of over 180 popes concuson of 58 reseans projec and develgonent of 1 softwar packages He cunt with MST sam tsodate profes. ‘Ahad Ghaemi i= Ph sudent of cecal enginesrnsame trowess desig a ran Univers of Science and Technology Spal lds of interest ncude reactive absorption process