RCL LLOCEDS IDA RATA Mah Ee COURS DE FRANCAIS DEUXIEME ETAPE Vocabulary @ LinguaphoneContents Introduction and instructions Vocabularies, units 1-60 Glossary of grammatical terms 57Chairman: Members: The Linguaphone Academic Advisory Committee Professor the Lord Quirk, D.Litt., FBA, (Randolph Quirk) Member (Independent), House of Lords; Past President of the British Academy; sometime Vice-Chancellor, University of London; formerly Quain Professor of English, University College London; grammarian of the English Language; Hon. Fil. Dr (Lund, Uppsala); Hon. Doct. d’Univ. (Paris, Liége, Nijmegen); Hon. LL D (Reading); Hon. D.Litt. (Leicester, Salford, Newcastle, Durham, Glasgow, Bar Ilan, Souther California, Brunel); Hon. D.U. Bath, Essex, Open); Hon, D.Sc. (Aston); Fellow of the Royal Belgian ‘Academy of Sciences, of the Royal Swedish Academy, of the Finnish ‘Academy of Sciences, and of the Academia Europaea. Professor Ian T M Gow, MA, Ph.D., Dip Jap, FIL(Hon.), FRSA, Director, Business School University of Nottingham, formerly Director, School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield; Member: Office of Science and Technology’s Asia Pacific Advisory Group, UK-Japan 2000 Education Committee; formerly Director, Scottish Centre for Japanese Studies and Deputy Principal, University of Stirling. Professor Nigel B R Reeves, OBE, MA, D.Phil., FIL, FRSA, CIEx, Goethe Medaille of the Goethe Institute, Pro-Vice-Chancellor: External Relations and Professor of German and Head of the Department of Modern Languages, Aston University, Member of Board, Institute of Germanic Studies, University of London, Vice-President, Institute of Linguists. Professor Albert Sonnenfeld, AM, Ph.D. (Princeton), Officier, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, Officier, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Marion Frances Chevalier Professor of French and Comparative Literature, and (from 1986 through 1998) Chairman, Department of French and Italian, University of Southern California; formerly Professor of French and Chairman, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Princeton University. Professor J C Wells, MA (Cantab), Ph.D. (London), FBA, Professor of Phonetics at University College London. Christine Wilding, BA, Director of the British Institute of Florence, formerly Director of the Association for Language Learning, Chevalier dans V’Ordre des Palmes Académiques. Cours de francais Deuxiéme Etape Introduction About the course This course has been designed for adults and young people (of secondary school age and upwards) who already have some basic knowledge of French—such as that covered by the standard Linguaphone course. Its aims are the following: to help the student recognize and use different kinds of French in different situations to increase his ability to speak and write good, appropriate French clearly and accurately, and to understand it to revise the verb tenses and other basic structures of the language to introduce, clarify and practise other useful forms and patterns to widen the student’s knowledge and use of vocabulary and idiom. The course shows the everyday life of a French family, in a number of situations which provide examples of different levels of language (both written and spoken), as well as different topics and related vocabulary. The materials have been compiled in the light of the most recent theories in the field of applied linguistics and, although there is necessarily a good deal of grammar in the course, every attempt has been made to present grammatical points in a natural, everyday situation. The course also includes a systematic study of the sounds and intonation-patterns of French. The materials The course consists of two textbooks, accompanying recordings, a book of supplementary written exercises, and this vocabulary book. The textbook material This is divided into 60 units, arranged in series of three as follows: The first of each three units contains: (i) atext—narrative or monologue—which is recorded; (ii) notes on cultural or linguistic points, which explain the language and situations in the text; (iii) lists of idiomatic expressions taught in the text, with sentences showing their use in a new context; (iv) an oral practice section (Entrainement oral). This section consists of a new dialogue written especially for oral practice. It is recorded twice—once for the student to listen to and familiarize himself with it,and then with pauses for repetition. (As these dialogues are intended to give the student practice in listening, comprehension, and speaking, they are printed in full only in the Key. The beginning and end of the dialogue are printed in the main part of the Coursebook, in order to help the student locate the passage on the recording.) The second unit consists of: (i) a text, this time a conversation, which is recorded; (ii) notes, as in the first unit; (iii) lists of idiomatic expressions, as in the first unit; (iv) an oral practice section, this time consisting of an extract from the lesson dialogue (sometimes slightly simplified) with pauses in which the student can speak. This paused dialogue can be used in two ways: firstly, for repetition; secondly, to give the student an opportunity to speak as though he is taking part in a conversation, by hearing a sentence and, in the following pause, giving the reply to it. (The voice on the recording will then confirm the student’s response.) Again, the full version of the dialogue is given in the Key; this time, however, the dialogue is only recorded once, as the student is already familiar with it. The third unit contains: (i)_ notes on spoken French, with recordings illustrating the features of pronunciation and intonation described in the text; (ii) two recorded oral exercises or drills. As these are to give the student practice in listening and speaking, only the examples are printed in the main part of the Coursebook; the complete drills (questions and answers) appear in the Key. (iii) three written exercises, the answers of which appear in the Key; (iv) two further exercises, which may require the student to do written or oral work, or both; (v) a final section containing a summary of the language taught in the three units, and suggestions for further practice. There is also a Key (Clef) to enable the student to check the work he has done, and, at the end of volume 2, a list of the main parts of irregular and regular verbs. Throughout the course detailed instructions are given in the boxes at the beginning of each section, and specific problems are dealt with as they arise. 2 The recordings The following elements of the Coursebook are recorded: Lesson texts Oral practice (Entrainement oral) Spoken French (Frangais parlé) Oral exercises (exercises 1 and 2 of every third unit) sometimes an additional exercise (No. 6 or 7). The observant student may notice slight variations in pronunciation and intonation on the recordings—for example, in cases where liaison is optional, or where the young people’s pronunciation differs from that of their parents. These variations demonstrate differences in style, and show that there is a degree of flexibility in what is normally considered acceptable French usage. Further Practice Exercises (Exercices supplémentaires) These exercises are based on each series of three units and give the student extra written practice, when he/she has finished the study of the three units. The Vocabulary book (Lexique) This gives the equivalent, in the student’s mother tongue, of every word used in the course which has not been taught in the basic Linguaphone French Course, or in this course up to that point. It also gives, for reference, the infinitive of irregular verb-forms used in the course. It should be emphasised, however, that the vocabularies give the translations of the French words only in the context in which they are used, and that any serious student at this level should also have the use of a good dictionary.How to use the course Work through the units in order, section by section; you will find that you make good progress if you work often, in short sessions, rather than doing a lot infrequently. Various activities will be required of you as you deal with the different sections, and you will soon become familiar with the general pattern. Follow the detailed instructions which are given in the boxes at the beginning of each section. The instructions are separated from one another by the symbol e; you should carry out the required activity to this point, and then return to the box to the next instruction. The basic study programme will be as follows: First unit . 1 Listen carefully to the recording of the text, several times if necessary, with your book closed. It is important to listen to the recording before reading the text. 2. Read through the text in your book, then listen again, your book open. 3 Study the text carefully, looking up new words in the vocabulary book and using the notes to help you understand the new structures. 4 When you understand the text fully, listen to the recording again, with your book closed; then read it aloud, as many times as you feel necessary, and try to imitate the pronunciation in the recording. Make sure you understand the text. 5 Go back to the notes sections and study them carefully, to consolidate what you have learnt in this unit. Refer to the vocabulary book if necessary. 6 __Listen to the recording of the new dialogue in the oral practice section, without looking at your book, and try to understand it. It is recorded twice; the second time, you will have to repeat the sentences, or parts of sentences, in the pauses provided. If there is anything in the dialogue which you do not understand, you can check it in the Key, where it is printed in full; if necessary, refer to your vocabulary book as well. Second unit 1-5 proceed as for Unit 1. 6 Nowgoto the oral practice section. This will be an extract—sometimes slightly simplified—from the conversation you have just studied. Listen to the recording and repeat in the pauses. 4 7 Now play the recording again, but this time use the pauses to try to anticipate the response of the next speaker. You will then hear the correct response immediately after you have spoken. Again, you will find the dialogue in full in the Key. Third unit 1 Read the notes in the section on spoken French (‘Frangais parlé’). (Any new words will be translated in your vocabulary book.) Then listen to the recorded examples, and repeat them in the pauses, Occasionally there will also be a listening/pronunciation exercise in this section; detailed instructions will be given before the exercise. 2 Listen to the examples for the first oral exercise (they are also printed in the Coursebook); they show you what you have to do. Then, when you hear the instruction ‘Commencez’ (begin), give the responses yourself in the pauses provided; the correct response will be given directly after the pause, so that you can check your answer. To help you, the examples are repeated as the first elements of the exercise; you will find the full version in the Key. Do not, however, refer to the Key until you have practised the drill several times. Repeat this process for the second exercise. Now do the three written exercises—the instructions or examples will show you what you have to do. Do them on a separate piece of paper, not in your book, as you may wish to do them again later. Write out the answers in full, in order to practise the new language you have learnt. Then check your answers in the Key. 5 Forexercise 6 and 7 you may have to use the recording, or your Coursebook, or both; the individual instructions and examples will show you what to do. Again, check your answers in the Key when you have finished the exercises. If there are any new words you do not know, refer to the vocabulary book. 6 Now read the résumé of the last three units, and the suggestions for further study. Check that you have understood everything; if there is something you are not certain of, go back and study it again before going on to the next unit. 7 Finally, turn to the Further Practice Exercises book (‘Exercices supplémentaires’) and follow the instructions given for each exercise. Check your answers in the Key.You will find that you work better on some parts of the course than on others, so pay particular attention to the review section at the end of every third unit. Try to take every opportunity to practise and use your French—by talking to French speakers, listening to French radio programmes, seeing French films, reading newspapers and magazines, and so on. Note: The following abbreviations and symbols are used in the Coursebooks: Pp. lL page line in the sections on spoken French indicates word stress and is placed before the stressed syllable. Do not confuse it with the acute accent * which is only found above the letter e. in the sections on spoken French indicates an emphasis of intensity, i.e. emphasizing a word or idea mainly by means of a combination of stress and intensity. indicates emphasis for contrast, i.e. contrasting one word or idea with another. (These three features will be explained in the text as they arise.) indicates liaison, i.e. pronunciation of a final consonant which is usually silent. in the instructions boxes indicates the end of a particular phase of study. The following abbreviations are used in this vocabulary book: feminine masculine plural literally adjective Unité 1 acquérir to acquire actif active administratif administrative Paide (f): & aide de with the help of aider (a) to help (to) apprécier to appreciate Pauteur (m) author automobile (f) car Pavenir (m): dans un avenir prochain in the near future la base: de base basic le besoin: au besoin if necessary la bibliothéque library le cahier d’écolier (school) exercise-book la carte d’identité identity card le cas: dans mon cas in my case la classe class laclef key le commencement beginning commencer (par) to begin (at) la construction construction construire to construct copier to copy Ja Corse Corsica le courage courage créé created décembre December découpé divided le département department (administrative division of France) derriére behind le dialogue dialogue Ia division division donc therefore Peffet (m): 4 cet effet for this purpose Péléve (m) pupil Venregistrement (m) recording enregistrer to record Pentrainement (m) oral oral practice Penvers: ’envers backwards Pévénement (m) event Pexception (f): 4 l’exception de with the exception of Vexemple (m): par exemple for example figurer to appear la forme form la fortune fortune franchement frankly Ja franchise frankness Je futur future générales (f,pl) general hein? what? hériter (de) to inherit Pidentité (f) identity imprimé printed intime intimate P intonation (f) intonation janvier January Ie lexique vocabulary (book) le lieu place linguistique linguistic lira (lire) will read le membre: les membres de phrases parts of sentences Ja naissance birth Ia Noél Christmas la note note nouveau: de nouveau again numéroté numbered (@tre) obligé de (to be) obliged to, (to) have to Pordre (m): par ordre alphabétique in alphabetical order originel original le participe participle participe passé past participlela partie: en partie partly le pas step passé past le passif passive la pause pause la photographie photograph Ja phrase sentence la plaque minéralogique number- plate porter to bear, to have porter (sur) to refer to, to bear on posséder to possess postal postal : précédé (de) preceded (by, précédent preceding la précision detail, (piece of) information prendre une résolution to make a resolution le prénom first name, Christian name le présent present se produire to occur, to happen la profession profession la prononciation pronunciation Unité 2 anticiper to anticipate appelé called (nous) appellerons (we) shall call attentivement attentively avoir & to have to bien: penser bien a to think about ++. alot ou bien... ou either. . . or bis again conjugué conjugated continuer (a) to continue (to) de: sa réaction est de his reaction is to 8 Ja qualité virtue, quality la raison reason la rangée row récemment recently récompenser to reward le réflexe habit la réjouissance celebration la résolution resolution retenir to remember le réveillon midnight supper le sacrifice sacrifice le soir: au soir in the evening spécialement specially le territoire territory tout haut aloud la transformation transformation, change travailler (le texte) to work on, to study (the text) Punité (® unit la veille de Noél Christmas eve le verbe verb (nous) viendrons (venir) (we) shall come y compris including J’écoute (lit.) I’m listening employer to use emprunté (a) taken (from) en into euh...er... Ja formule expression habituel usual ici this is Vinfinitif (m) infinitive instinctivement instinctively la maniére way ne pas not tu peux ne pas venir you needn’t come non pas not le passé past le passé composé perfect (tense) rapidement rapidly (se) rappeler au bon souvenir (de) to remember (someone) to (someone), to send regards to le rapport report rapporter to describe rare: il est rare que it is rare for la réaction reaction rechercher to look for la réplique reply; cue répondre au téléphone to answer the telephone simplifié simplified Unité 3 & chaque page on each page Vaccent (m) accent, stress Paccent tonique stress accent Padjectif (m) possessif possessive adjective Paffirmation (f) statement P Amérique (f) America Pamie (f) friend (female) anniversaire (m) birthday apprendre par ceeur to learn by heart atteindre to reach, to attain attendre (de) to expect (of, from) Vattention (f) attention augmenter to increase le but goal, target le cahier exercise-book (tre) capable (de) (to be) capable (of) casser to break cela this situé situated le subjonctif subjunctive le téléphone: au téléphone on the telephone téléphonique telephone Je temps tense le temps: au méme temps in the same tense la terminaison ending se terminer (en) to end (in) transformer en to change into trop too Pusage (m) use la version version voila: et voila and there we are; (here) so much for that cependant however le choix choice ci-dessous below compléter to complete compter to matter, to count concentrer (sur) to concentrate (on) la confiance: avoir confiance en to have confidence in la connaissance knowledge la consonne consonant se contenter (de) to content, satisfy oneself (with) correct correct se coucher to go to bed courant ordinary, everyday se décourager to get discouraged délibérément deliberately (vous) direz (you) will tell la disparition disappearance droit: 4 droite on the right échanger to exchange (i?) écrive (I) should write (subjunctive)Pédifice building égal equal également also élément (m) element éliminer to eliminate Pélision (f) elision Ventier (m): en entier in full entre: entre autres choses amongst other things Pétape (f) stage évidemment of course faciliter to facilitate la fagon: d’une fagon ina . ... way, manner final final la force: avec force with emphasis la forme: mettre a la forme de to put into the form of la fougue fire, passion fournir to provide futur future le groupe group incorporer to include indiquer to indicate intitulé headed inviter (a) to invite (to) les italiques (f, pl) italics la lettre letter la marge margin mercredi Wednesday la mesure: en mesure de capable of mettre en pratique to put into practice @) mourra (he) will die la nature kind neutre neutral nombreux numerous Pobstacle (m) obstacle occuper to occupy Pordre (m): d’ordre pratique of a practical nature passer de... ato go from... to 10 passif passive Ja pierre stone plaisanter to joke la position position précisé specified prendre conscience de to become aware of prononcé pronounced Proposer to suggest le protagoniste participant rapprocher to bring closer réagir to react, to respond la rencontre meeting; (here) sequence la réponse answer réviser to revise riche rich (ne) . . rien du tout nothing at all le rythme rhythm Ia sardine sardine séparé separate le signe sign, symbol signifier to mean le soir: du soir in the evening Ja solution solution, answer Je stimulus stimulus substituer to substitute suffire to suffice la suggestion suggestion la suite: a la suite de following suivant following sdirement certainly surveiller to watch la syllabe syllable tomber to fall on train: en train de in the process of (étre) utile (de) (to be) useful (to) la vérité truth Ta voyelle vowel zut! (an exclamation of annoyance, disappointment) Unité 4 Pacteur (m) actor Paction (f) action afin de in order to aisément comfortably, easily appeler to require apprendre (a) to learn (to) banal banal la banalité banality bien que although le chiffre figure la citation quotation citer to quote clair clear, lucid clairement clearly la clarté clarity (on) congoit (concevoir) (one) conceives, forms (an idea) la confidence confidence (i) contienne (contenir) (it) should contain (subjunctive) cours: en cours d’exécution being performed critiquer to criticize cultivé cultured décider & to decide to déclaratif affirmative, declarative décliner to state, to give décrire to describe dépendant de dependent on digne (de) worthy (of) Peffort (m) effort élevé high de rang peu élevé low-ranking Pemploi (m) employment Pemployé de banque (m) bank clerk en of it encore un another s’énoncer to be expressed Pestime (f) esteem ’établissement d’enseignement (m) educational establishment Etat (m) state exclamatif exclamatory expression (f) de temps expression of time formuler to formulate, to express gagner la vie to earn one’s living grace a thanks to; through Phumilité (f) humility interrompre to interrupt Tes lettres (f) arts Ja littérature literature le loisir leisure Te lycée: au lycée at secondary school le ministére ministry la nécessité need ne... aucun no obsédé (par) concerned, obsessed (by) passionner to excite a peine scarcely philosophe (adj.) philosophical le philosophe philosopher le poéte poet le rang rank le rédacteur draftsman, précis- writer la réflexion reflection remarquer to notice remonter & to date back to les renseignements (m) information le respect respect second second du second degré secondary Te secret secret le sens meaning, sense subalterne subordinate suite (here) continued(étre) suivi (de) (to be) followed (by) Unité 5 s’accorder (avec) to agree (with) Pactrice () actress affectionner to like, have a preference for Pannonce (f) advertisement augmenter (de) to increase (by) beau proper le bol bowl, basin Je bureau de placement employment agency, labour exchange la caissiére cashier (f) Ie chémage unemployment le complément complement la complication complication la consolation consolation Je cofit (de la vie) cost (of living) Ja demande d’emploi (here) Situations Wanted la difficulté difficulty dis (dire) say (imperative) elles-mémes themselves (f) Pemploi (m): plein emploi full employment excédé fed up étre excédé to lose patience, to have had enough exprimer to express familier familiar féminin feminine Pimage (f) image s*inscrire (dans) to register (at) intervenir to intervene le jargon slang, jargon le magasin de chaussures shoe shop 12 la tradition tradition le type sort, type la maniére: de deux maniéres in two ways masculin masculine Je masculin: au masculin in the masculine le moment oi the moment when Pobjet (m) direct direct object Poffre (m) d’emploi Situations Vacant Porigine (f) origin la place job plein a ras bord full to overflowing pluriel plural la population population le pourcentage percentage prendre une part (a) totake part (in) ras-le-bol: en avoir ras-le-bol to be fed up (familiar) récent recent (étre) regu 4 un examen to pass an exam renvoyer to dismiss, sack représentant representing la révolution revolution la rubrique heading, title selon according to Te sexagénaire sexagenarian Ia société society soutenu stylish, polished stagiaire on probation Te sujet subject Puniversité university varier to vary les vieux (m) old people le vocabulaire vocabulary la vocation vocation Unité 6 admirable wonderful Panimal (m) animal approximativement approximately assimiler to assimilate s*attacher & to be attached to Pavis (m): & mon avis in my opinion votre avis in your opinion bas low briller to shine le caissier cashier (m) (étre) capital de (to be) essential to la catégorie category la causerie talk classer to classify la cliente customer, client (f) la coiffeuse hairdresser (f) la coiffure hair-style compiler to compile compréhensif understanding constituer to make up, compile, constitute couper to cut de...en...from...to... diriger to manage disposer (de) to have at one’s disposal Péchee (m) failure égaux (pl) equal élégant elegant encaisser to cash entendre parler de to hear of Pexistence (m) existence extrémement extremely se familiariser avec to familiarize oneself with 13 Ja femme de ménage charlady fréquemment frequently le général general identique identical inversement vice versa la marchandise merchandise, wares mauvais bad la mélodie tune, melody modifier to change montant rising monter to rise négliger to neglect Gi) neigeait it was snowing noter to note down Ja notion notion, idea particulier private personnel personal la philosophie philosophy Te plan plan pleurer to cry précieux valuable le projet plan, project le pronom pronoun la radio: a la radio on the radio le représentant de commerce commercial traveller Tes sciences (f) sciences le soldat soldier le succés success suffire (de) to suffice (to) le supérieur superior le superlatif superlative tenir to keep thématique thematic Ie theme theme le vétérinaire veterinary surgeon le volant steering-wheel Je voleur thief vous-méme yourselfUnité 7 Pactivité (D activity ainsi que just as, just like le cadre limits, framework la cause cause la chance luck complexe complex compliqué complicated confondre (avec) to confuse (with) consacré (here) established Pusage consacré accepted, established usage le conseil piece of advice créer to create culturel cultural dénoncer (here) to challenge désigner to refer to dire: ils ont beau dire they may say..., but la domaine field Pemphase (f) emphasis en for it, of it encadrer to surround, to frame enseigner to teach entrer (dans) to come (into), to be included (in) étranger foreign Pévolution (f) development, evolution exiger to demand le grammairien grammarian Vhabitude (f) habit Pidée (f) regue received idea inattendu unexpected innombrable innumerable instruit educated le langage language la logique logic la loi law lutter to fight 14 la majorité majority la matiére: en matiére de in the matter of, in the field of modeste modest le nom: au nom de in the name of le nord north obscur obscure Pordre (m) order originaire (de) coming (from), originating (from) la paresse laziness passer pour (here) to be accepted as la place assise seat pour que for la présentatrice announcer (f) présider (a) to govern primitif old, early, primitive le puriste purist relever to note renforcer to reinforce répandu common, widespread ressortir to stand out la rue passante busy street sauver to save si bien que so that simplifier to simplify se simplifier to become simplified souhaitable (de) desirable (to) le speaker announcer la spécialité speciality la télévision: & la télévision on the television le titre title Ja tournure expression, turn of phrase Puniversitaire (m) (university) lecturer, academic Pusager (m) user Ja voix: a haute voix aloud Unité 8 Paffaire (f) affair ge (m) age s*agir: il s’agit de it is a question of approuver to approve of beau: (il a) beau étre (here) even if he is bien very well, really la chronique chronicle; reports la complexité complexity destiné & intended to, meant to le droit right Pécologie (f) ecology exister: il existe there are, there exist Pexplication (f) explanation extérieur outward faible weak faire plaisir (a) to please farfelu silly, ridiculous, extravagant la faute d’orthographe spelling mistake faux wrong, false le fond: a fond thoroughly le goiit liking, preference hésiter to hesitate Phistoire (f) (here) business, matter ignorant ignorant insulter a to insult Ja linguistique linguistics le litige law-suit mal badly Je marché: par-dessus le marché into the bargain méler (a) to involve (in) mettre au point to focus on la misére misery monocorde: un ton monocorde monotone non seulement not only obligatoire compulsory particulier particular (il) pleuve (pleuvoir) (it) (should) rain (subjunctive) le point point posé (par) posed (by) précéder to precede la présence presence prier: je t’en prie I beg you le procédé emphatique way of emphasizing le prof (slang) prof. le professeur d’université university professor, lecturer la question: étre question de to be a question of reprocher (a) . . . de to reproach for (il) sache (savoir) (he) (should) know (subjunctive) (@tre) scandalisé (par) (to be) scandalised (by) sérieux serious seul only signaler to draw attention to solide sound soulevé raised statuer sur to pronounce on tais-toi be quiet la théorie theory le ton tone le tribunal court se vanter de to boast of le vent: faire du vent to be windy (il) viendrait (venir) (he) would come (i) vienne (venir) (he) (should) come (subjunctive) les yeux (m): aux yeux de in the eyes of 15Unité 9 accord (m): étre d’accord avec to agree with agir to act animé lively appuyer (sur) to stress arriver & to succeed (elle) atteint (atteindre) (it) reaches (@tre) attribué (to be) attributed autrement otherwise choquer to shock la communication communication composer to make up, to compose se conformer a to conform to se corriger to correct oneself culminant highest découper to break up, to cut up déformer to deform, to distort délibéré deliberate dites say (imperative) diviser (en) to divide (into) écrit: par écrit in writing (ils) écrivent (they) write Peffort (m): faire des efforts to make an effort Pémission (f) de voix breath encore still éviter to avoid exclamation (f) exclamation le facteur factor fausse false grammatical grammatical le ‘groupe grammatical’ ‘sense group’, i.e. group of words linked by meaning Unité 10 Particle (m) article la beauté beauty 16 humain human Vimpression (f) impression innover to innovate s’instruire to teach oneself jongler to juggle laisser faire to leave alone léger slight maternel maternal la langue maternelle mother tongue modestement modestly Je morceau (de papier) piece (of paper) Je nom noun la norme norm participer (a) to take part (in) le phénoméne phenomenon la place position placé placed se placer to be placed la ponctuation punctuation la prérogative prerogative prier: je vous en prie I beg you remettre de l’ordre dans to put into the right order reproduire to reproduce; (here) to imitate revoir to see again le sous-entendu suggestion le stade stage supplémentaire further, supplementary (étre) tenté (de) (to be) tempted (to) transposé transposed le verdict answer bouleverser to upset les chips (m) crisps le chomage: étre au chémage to be unemployed comble de height of compter avec to reckon with constituer to form, to constitute le corps body, main part la correction correctness le cété: de chaque cdté de on each side of défigurer to disfigure le droit: avoir droit 4 to have the right to davantage further, more état (m): en état de in a state of Ja face: faire face a to face la friction friction la génération generation le genre gender Phostilité (f) hostility idéal ideal Pimpudence (f) impudence inséré inserted Pinversion (f) inversion jeter to throw jouir to have, to enjoy logique logical manifester to demonstrate le matériau material le mécanisme working, mechanism la mer sea mieux better mieux: faire de son mieux to do one’s best Unité 11 accentuer to emphasize (étre) accordé (to be) granted s’adresser a to address Pair (m): avoir l’air to look alcool (m) alcohol Pauto-stop (m): faire de l’auto-stop to hitch-hike autre que other than 17 le moment: juste au moment oi at the very moment when, just as le monde world Je nombre number ouvrez open (imperative) le parti politique political party se passionner pour to be passionately concerned about permissif permissive persévérer to persevere placer to place politique political Ja pollution pollution le procédé d’emphase way of emphasizing proclamer to proclaim le progrés progress le pronom sujet subject pronoun la rébellion rebellion la rédaction writing le relief relief mettre en relief to set off, to emphasize remettre to postpone, to put off le sachet de chips crisp packet soumettre to present subjectif subjective surmonter to overcome tomber malade to fall ill véritable real le calvados calvados le cidre cider le congé de maladie sick leave continu continuous la contraction contraction le défi challenge la discipline discipline le docteur en médecine doctor of medicine le doctorat doctorate