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    2 views121 pages

    GT Complete Notes - 1

    Uploaded by

    Akash Patil

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CIVIL aS oS MAA ot nae (LANA Roo . (| UTE TL q Theory with Workedout Examples URS uae UCC @.ACE Engineering Academy CRs aoe om aa Seley www.aceenggacademy.com oe IL a Lian no) ACE @ se Engineering Academy 5.2: Hyderabad | New Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati | Pune | Chai www. CivilEnggForAll.com EXCLUSIVE Geotechnical Engineering (Theory with workedout Examples, Self and Classroom Practice Questions) GATE - Civil Engineering ACE is the leading institute for coaching in IES, GATE & PSU’s HO: 204, II Floor, Rahman Plaza, Opp. Methodist School, Abids, Hyderabad-500001, Ph; 040-24750242, 24750263, 24750437, 24752469. THE ONLY INSTITUTE WHICH HAS SECURED All INDIA 1°" RANK 26 TIMES & 2" RANK 13 TIMES IN GATE SOIL MECHANICS: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction. SOIL MECHANICS: Properties of soils, classification and interrelationship; Compaction behaviour, methods of compaction and their choice; Permeability and seepage, flow nets, Inverted filters; Compressibility and consolidation; Shearing resistance, stresses and failure; soil testing in laboratory and in-situ; Stress path and applications; Earth pressure theories, stress distribution in soil; soil exploration, samplers, load tests, penetration tests. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Types of foundations, Selection criteria, bearing capacity, settlement, laboratory and field tests; Types of piles and their design and layout, Foundations on expansive soils, swelling and its prevention, foundation on swelling soils. Namé of the Chapter Page No. Origin of soils 01-03 Definitions and Properties of Soils 04-09 Soil Structures and Clay Mineralogy 10-12 Index Properties of Soils x 13-20 Soil Classification 21-25 Permeability 26-30 Effective Stress 31-35 Seepage Pressure & Critical Hydraulic Gradient 36-39 Seepage Analysis 40-43 Stress Distribution 44-49 Consolidation 50-60 Compaction 61-64 Shear Strength 65-74 Earth Pressure 75-82 Stability of Slopes 83-90 Bearing Capacity 91790 Pile Foundation 100- 108 Soil Exploration Sheet Piles 109-114 115-116 Origin of Soils 1. Soils are formed by weathering of: rocks and decomposition of organic matter. There fore, soils may be organic or inorganic (depends on source of origin). Organic soils are called ‘Cumulose soils’. ‘Examples: Peat, Humus, muck ete. Geological Cyele: Weathering of rocks — ‘Transportation ~ Deposition — Upheaval. 2. Types of weathering: (@) Physical (b) Chemical 3. Physical weathering : © It is duc to physical effects like temperature, abrasion ,wedging action of ice, penetration of plant roots ete. 5. Sedimentary soils: ‘© Physical weathering results in no change in chemical composition of particles + It produces coarse grained and non cohesive soils. Examples: Gravel, Sands. 4, Chemical weathering : * It is due to chemical actions (oxidation, hydration, carbonation, solution, leaching, hydrolysis, etc., © Original rock minerals are transformed into ‘clay minerals. + Itresults in fine grained and cohesive soils. Examples: Clays. ‘These soil particles created at one location, transported and finally deposited in another location.” Soe of eeprion! Aten River | Alluvial soils | Lakes Lacustrine soils (IES’96) | Sea \ Marine soils Wind Acolian soils (GATE"95), Examples Sand dunes, Loess | Gravitation alluvial soils, Example: Talus, ol Ge 6. Residual soils (Sedentary soils) : These are soils which remain on the parent rock without getting transported. Examples: Black cotton soils, Laterite soils. 7. Gravitational forces are predominant in gravels and sands, Surface forces, chemical forces, electrical forces are predominant in clays. Hyderabad | Nev Dali | Bowls | Bhabaneovar | Vinjwoda | Viakbapatann | Tapa | Pane | Ghennat ‘Commonly used soil designations : Contains alternate thin layers of clay and silt 1. In sedimentary soil the individual particles are created at one location, transported and finally (a) deposited in another location (©) redeposited in low lying areas (c) deposited in low lying areas (d) deposited in desert areas 02. A residual soil is one formed in place by the ‘weathering of rock at the location (a) and transported to another location (b) with little or no movement of the individual soil particles (c) and deposited under lake (d) and deposited under sea 03. Soils are basically (@) Organic materials (b) Inorganic materials (©) Mineral materials (@) Organic and inorganic materials 04. The behavior of clay is governed by (@) Mass energy (b) Surface — cum —mass energy (©) Surface energy (@) Frietion ree Cy Patera eeeeally-a lnceaicne oot | 2. Moorum Itis gravel mixed with red clay 37h Mixture of sand, silt and clay E (Approximately in equal proportion ) Ttis a decomposed volcanic ash 4. Bentonite | * Contains high percentage of clay mineral, montmorillonite. * Exhibits high degree of shrinkage and swelling = bad | New Deli | Benga | Bhubaneswar | Waawoda | Visthapasan | Tipot | Pine 05, Lacustrine soil is a (@) Soil deposited in sea (b) Wind ~ bore soil (©) soil deposited in lake (d) soil formed by vegetational matter 06. Chemical weathering occurs because of (@) oxidation (b) carbonation (© hydration (d) all the above 07. The term soil Mechanics was coined by (a) Terzaghi (b) Cassagrande (©) Newmark (@) Rankine 08. Cohesionless soils are formed due to (a) Oxidation or rocks (b) leaching action of water on rocks (©) blowing of hot and cold wind (@) Physical disintegration of rocks 09, Peat is composed of (a) clay and sand (b) decayed vegetable matter (©) inorganic sift and silty clay (@) synthetic chemicals 10. Talus is the soil transported by (a) gravitational force (b) water (©) glacier (@) wind 11, Varved clay is. (a) A mixture of sand, silt, clay (b) A chemically bonded soil mixture (©) Alternate thin layers of silt and clay (d) Decomposed volcanic ash deposit 12. Black cotton soil is (a) A chemically weathered residual soil (b) A physically weathered residual soil (©)A colluvial soil (@) An organic soil 13, Acolian soils are ... (GATE-1995) (a) Residual soils (b) Wind deposits (©) Gravity deposits (d) Water deposits 14, Loam means (@) Sandy clay with a little sit (b) Silty clay with a little sand (©) Sand, Silt and Clay (@) Sand, Slit and Gravel 15. Humus is (a) a half decomposed soil (b) fully decomposed soil (©) inorganic soil (a) a type of rock 16. Pick up the correct sequence of geological cycle for the formation of soil (a) transportation — upheaval — deposition — weathering (b) transportation — deposition weathering ~ upheaval (©) weathering ~ upheaval — deposition > — transportation (@) weathering — transportation — deposition ~ upheaval 17. Match List { with List IT and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I List IL (Soil deposit) (Soil Name) A. Gravity 1, Stratified drift B. Lake 2. Talus C. Glacial 3. Loess D. Wind 4, Lacustrine SRE Nora [Hoi | ecw | Von | Vege |e Che] 18, Origin of Soils (a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 (b) A2, B4, C-1, D-3 (0) A3, B-4, C-1, D2 (@) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 Maich the List-I (Type of Soil) With List-IL (Mode of Transportation and Deposition) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (ES — 1995) List 1 A. Lacustrine Soils B; Alluvial Soils €. Acolian Soils D, Marine Soils List-II L. Transportation by wind 2. Transportation by running Water 3. Deposited at the bottom of lakes 4, Deposited in sea water Codes: A @ 1 (b) 3 () 3 @ 1 ernie rae) | hokey 02.(b) 03.(d) 04. (6) 05.(c) 07.(2) 08.(4) 09.(b) 10.(@) 12.@) 13.) 14. 15.@ 17.) 18. (6) O1. (a) 06. (d) 1.© 16. (a) Definitions and Properties of Soils ef A. Soil phase system : : AL Degree of saturation (S,): * Unsaturated soil mass consists of solids + eee y water + air. * Itis in three phase system Sp= SOE OF WateT 5100=—™ x100 © Fully saturated soil consists of solids + Volume of voids Ww water * Two phase system saeiceanrte cree core ‘+ Fully dried soil consists of solids + air. ip wanna + For fully saturated soils, S; = 1 or 100% © For dry soils, Sr=0 Aig 5. Aircontent (a,) a= VilVy }_ Water vy © fora saturated soil, 0 and foradry soil,a, = 1. © Range %0 Sa, <1 ne oF hy, © A+ = ‘Three phase oer 6. Percentage air voids (n,) — (V,/V) x 100 Ea Vol of voids V, © fora saturated soil, = 0 and fora . Void ratio,e = ———_—_— = _ dry soil, n. = 0 Vol. of solids V; Range : Can have any value greater than zero. ‘* Some times ‘e” may also be greater than 1. + Void ratio for coarse grained soils is | 7/ Water content (or moisture content),w: generally less than that for fine grained © range: 0 < mi 0 ‘ © Some times it can be greater than 100% AB. Porosity (n) : Vol. of voids 100 _ Ve , 199 8 Bulk unit weight of soil, “total vol of sol =V total Wt. __ Wy +We it is also called percentage voids. Total vol. of soil oe © Range: 0 50 %, itis highly compressible 16. The fine grained soils are classified based on plasticity chart developed by Casagrande. The equation of A line is Ip =0.73 (Wi -20) Inorganic clays are plotted above A — line Inorganic silts are plotted below A —- line Organic silts and organic clays are plotted below A-~ line Black cotton soils lie along a band partly abo and partly below A — line. SA Nv en | eae | cr | Voge | Wp | [Ra | Gan 0 70 10 20 30 49 50 > We (Liquid imi Plasticity Chart 17. Gravel is divided into four groups as follows. *Well graded gravel (GW): when fines< 5%, Cu> 4 and Ce lies between 1 and 3 *Poorly graded gravel (GP) : when fines< 5 % and not meeting all gradation requirements for cw. *Silty gravel (GM) : When fines > 12 96°88 Atterberg limits below Aline or Ip <4, “Clayey gravel (GC) : When fines>12 % and Atterberg limits above A-line with Ip > 7 Sands are also divided into SW, SP, SM, SC on ‘the above same lines expect that for a well graded Sand (SW), the Cu>6, 18, When fines are between 5 % and 12 %, Border line cases requiring dual symbol such as GP —GM, SW-SC, GW-GG;SP-SM, ete. 19. When Ip lies between 4 and 7, border line eases, requiring dual symbol such as GM-~GC, SM-SC ete. 20. Organic and inorganic soils are distinguished by (@) Odour test (©) Colour test (©) Liquid limit after oven drying 21. Colour Test: Organic soils have a colour of dark grey to black. 22. Odour Test: Organic soil has odour similar to that of a decaying organic matter. 23. Liquid limit test: The liquid limit of oven dried organic soils will get reduced to more than75% RRR esta [0a [easter Vee | ao Pane [ Cheam] “a 24, a1. 02, 03. 05, 07. of the original liquid limit before oven drying (ie. decreases by more than 25%) Important points: @ Silt and clay particles are not visible to naked eye. ii) Rock dust particles even of clay size, are not plastic. Group Index of soil ranges such that (@)0 Silt> clay (b) Sand < Silt

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