4 Design for the vehicle David Adler CUS 12 UDC 656.1 The section on bikeways was written by Michael Linlewood, and that on service stations is based on the chapter in the previous edition writen by the late John Carter KEY POINTS: © Commercial vehicles are geting larger and heavier (© More separate provision for bicyles is being made (© More consideration is being given to the needs of pedestrians © Beuer facilities for disabled people including wheelchair users and people with visual impairment are becoming essential Contents 1 Vehicles 2 Roads in general 3 Roads in residential areas 4 Roads in industrial parks 5 Road design details 6 Bikeways and bieycle parking 7 Car parking 8 Loading/unloading 9 Service stations 10 References and Bibliography 1 VEHICLES 1.01 Scope ‘This section deals with data on: @ Cycles © Motor-eycles and scooters {© Automobiles: ears and small vans up to 2% tonnes unladen weight © Commercial vehicles up to 10 tonnes unladen weight 1 Public Service Vehicles (PSVs); buses and coaches “Juggemaus’, large commercial vehicles maximum 40%, This lass includes those with draw-bar trailers (see 4.1 Dimensions, weights and tring circoles of ypical road vehicles ‘motor bieyele family saloon large car (Rolls Royce) 5700: 22 +— 2000: 1000. large American car+—2000—+-1000: a SS 1900: 6) “ ‘ypical British hearse (Daimler, Mercedes) in London area, Cockney funerals sometimes have elaborate floral arrangements up to 900 mn high 4400 TI lam | |r © @xai 1 tonne van, rear engine (smaller vans as ears) a 2 tonne van (long wheelbase for laundry etc) {ire appliance, medium size j— 3100. 7400: 4 2200) 4000: 32004 © © eo : dlusicart, medium capacityj}— si100. 2800: three-axle tipper or skip lorry: if under 564m outer axle spread, 20.1¢ 3350: t—2740-—4 oo oon a 12204 |_ 2640, al i ‘ipper, same size for peo-ane skip lorries and truck mixers j—s100. 250. pantechnicon © OKO) brewer's dray (three aste, 400 mm wheels for low height loading) }— s100. 8500) 2500. 16 tome rigid44 Design forthe vite wo 4 = T £ 3 7320 {five axle articulated with refrigerated body four axle articulated with wide spread trailer axles 100 tractor with twin steer front bogie three axle tractor; second steered ale as part of rear bogie with wide spread trailer axles, suitable for unevenly laden containers 4120. three axle tractor, ypical TIR continental oust ‘wo axle ruck, three axle drawbar trailer, typical European vehicle102 Dimensions ‘The dimensions of some examples of each class are given in 4.1, Jn any specific case, the manufacturer's data should be ‘consulted. (03 Unit construction In the field of the larger commercial vehicles, unit construction is ‘now almost universally employed. In this system a given chassis can be fited witha variety of body shells for specific purposes and loads, mainly of standard dimensions. The body can be changed at will, permitting one body to be loaded while the chassis is on the road with another body delivering goods elsewhere. co Seton see eons feah 6074 +See} } a ia onctegh feat tiboe+ Hat + Ba] ‘ onda heh BSH 1 809 + | hair baht 150 Cones ses et + ie ++ 18 (German Ravan Contaner es 4.2 Dimensions of standard containers 350 mm overhang 2699 2380. 5000: 5780 1720 a private car {850 mm overhang | +2000. Desig forthe velcle 45 A particular example is the standard container, which is used on Jorties, ship, railways or even asa storage unit in the open, 4.2. As this system was first developed in the USA, the standard tdimensions are imperial, but the German railways developed a parallel version, 1.04 Turning circtes ‘Apart from the physical dimensions, itis necessary to know the critical characteristis of the vehicle in motion, particularly when ‘manoeuvring while parking or preparing to load. These character. istics are complicated, and usually the manufacturer will quote solely the diameter of the turning circle, either between ketbs or between walls “Manoeuveing diagrams have been published for various vehicles for the following operations (© Turning through 90° ‘© Causing the vehicle to face in the opposite direction by means of 2 360° tum in forward gear ‘© Ditto in reverse gear ‘© Causing the vehicle to face in the opposite direction by means of both the forward and reverse gears (three-point tum), ia form © Ditto in Y-form ‘© Ditto in a forward side wm {© Ditto in a reverse side turn, 43 shows the 90° turns for some of the common vehicles, The ‘ther diagrams willbe needed forthe design of tur rounds in cul- de-sacs, ete, The use of the published turing citele sizes is not sufficient forthe following additional factors: ‘© The distance required for the driver ta turn the steering whee! from straight ahead to ful lock depends on the speed, whieh for the purposes of 4.3 is between 8 and 16km/h. ‘© The radius of tur differs between a right-hand and a left-hand 5420 2400 € refuse collection vehicle 220 mm overhang 20 » pantectnicon Zsommovetong 730mm owanang 3810 a +650 4550 cy i ; 3 ey 2180 ¢ fire appliance =| abst, 4 medium commercialvehicle £ largest commercial vehicles 4.3 Geomerric characteristics of typical vehicles runing through 90°46 Design forthe vile ‘© The path traversed by the rear wheels is different from that by the front wheels. In a commercial vehicle travelling at slow speed, the ear wheels follow a smaller arc tothe front wheels, the amount depending largely on the distance between the axles “The divergence between the ars ofthe wheels on the same side ‘of the vehicle is termed the ‘cut in’, snd value ofthis determines the total tack width ofthe tuming vehicle, always greater than when on the straight. '© While few vehicles have a measurable side overhang of the ‘body beyond the whee! track, many have considerable overhang at front and rer. This is important atthe fron: the extra width bbeyond the whee! tracks described by the body is known as “eutout’, Allowance should be made for froat and tear overhang when designing tum-rounds, ete. by having no vertical obstructions within 1.2m of the carriageway edge 2 ROADS IN GENERAL 2.01 Hierarchy The broad hierarchy of roads is: (¢ Motorways and trunk roads © Distributors (primary, district and local) Access roads Road type ‘Recommended crriagenay wit (m) teoven herbs or edge Ie ‘rer with or vied cangewny, 6 to nes sah way with cata eapes “ira fot anes aa mo ges Bs fori ow) ‘neways Duct arbor neon, nee 1a (One-say tre hoes ifthe proportion of 75, ey mer wt ye a Local cariator Toy. to aes ey ‘nora ser ‘Siamese vie rad wed aso By eat ‘hile Local arta n worn onan by eat 6 ‘esdeal damit’ shea ninmen ccs od see test and 48 ‘esd dit Whee all eis ae require’ 1 be ss eo pa ae er a ‘ere wo wie cars am pa cch 4 ‘ter to a pasbicon ean ony pas Seti ‘Whee a sale uk nl is rove a5 ‘era er oe pe Parl vos Ore ft aes 46 ‘Oreay tenes n Seo‘ shee , Minimum fo ey, wo nes Ss Singlerck tewoen passing places a ‘Ovrl at posing ple ‘ 202 This chapter will generally deal only with roads and facilities within development sites, such as industrial parks and housing estates. Publi roads are not normally the concemn of the architect ‘but Table T gives the recommended carriageway widths for most road types. 2.03 Definitions Carriagemay: the area of road surface dedicated to vehicles Carriageway widih the distance between the kerbs forming the carriageway edges Dual carriageway: a road with a central reservation, each separate carriageway carrying traffic in the reverse direction lane: a width of eariageway capable of carrying a single line of vehicles, usually delineated with white-painted dashed lines on the carriageway surface Lane width: since the maximum vehicle width permitted is 2.5m, and the minimum clearance between parallel vehicles is 5m, the minimum lane width is 3m. However, vehicles travelling at speed require greater clearance and large vehicles eed greater widths on curves, so faser roads have wider lanes (Cycle track or eyete path: a completely separated right-of-way primarily for the use of bicycles (Cycle lane: portion of a roadway which hasbeen designated by striping, signing, and pavement markings for preferential or exclusive use by eyeists Shared roadway: a rightof-way designated by signs or ‘permanent markings a a bieyele route, but which i also shared ‘with pedestrians and motorists Footway: an area of road devoted solely for the use of pedestrians, including those in wheelchairs or with prams, and running alongside the vehicular cariageway. In Britain the footway is also called the ‘pavement, in the USA the “sidewalk Footpath: facility for pedestrians not forming part ofa road, Footway and footpath recomendations wll be found in Chapter 6 3 ROADS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS 3.01 Environmental areas ‘This section focuses mainly on roads in residential areas and in housing estates. However, the principles are the same in industrial and business areas, only the details will differ. ‘An ‘environmental area’ is surrounded by distributor roads from ‘which access to the properties within is gained solely via the access roads within it, The acooss road network is designed with the following in mind: {© Road access to within 25m (or 15m in certain cases) of each house (© Road access to all private garages, whether within cutlages oF in garage courts; and to all parking areas ‘© Through traffic from one distibutor road to another, oF 10 another part of the same road (avoiding a trafic blockage) is either impossible, or severly discouraged © Necessary tradesmen, eg, “milk-rounds’, calling at all or most properties in sequence, are not unreasonably diverted ‘© In general, traffic is not allowed to proceed too fast, but visibility at all times is atleast the stopping distance for the possible (not the legal) speed limit. 44 illustrates typical access road layouts 302 Types of access road ‘Access roads in residential areas are of three types: {© Major access roads (or transitional). These are shor lengths of road connecting a distributor road with the minor access road2 TX bd Bl ae Sa 4 acand b are through roads, so rortous as rodiscourage through traffic: eand @ are non-through systems, but avoid the need for hhammer-head turnrounds: €1s a cul-de-sac system, but will ave substantial traffic atthe entrance: is to be preferred on this count although both systems post problems forthe ‘milk round network, the latter at a Fjunction, They are normally 6m wide, have no direct access to property along their length, and serve from 200 to 400 dwellings. © Minor access or collector roads, These form the backbone of the network, will serve up to 200 dwellings and be 5.5m wide ty 55 ot vehices eon noes i poss each other f r —/ | a a + 48 cortlorrycan | just poss 1 i [| 45 Characteristics of various carriageway widths on two-way 70 Design forthe vehicle 47 with only one footway. Occasionally a single track “car way" 275m wide is used for access to about 50 dwellings, in Conjunction with a separate footpath system Shared private drives, mews courts, garage courts and housing squares, Generally these facilites serve up to 20 dwellings, and are designed for joint pedestrian/vehicle use with hard surfaces, rho upstand kerbs and no footways. Access to them from the collector roads is marked by some deviee such 8s & short ramp for rough surface material, wth the purpose of slowing down the trafic, 303 Designed controls ‘Conventionally roads were designed so that cars could be parked ‘0n both sides, and wo cars could stil pass. Ths encouraged use by vehicles trying to avoid congestion on main roads, with excessive speed and consequent nuisance and danger tothe inhabitants. 4.8 shows the characteristics ofthe various carriageway widths ‘While egal penalties can apply to misuse ofthese roads, these require enforcement resources which are rarely available. It is therefore the designer's responsibility to build-in the discourage- ‘ment required. Closures, narrowing and speed humps are now used in existing roads; but these have unwanted side-effects such as ‘complications for ambulances. fire engines and even local buses. Innew developments it should be possible to avoid these measures and sill provide sufficient restraints, 4.6 to 48 show typical arrangements of humps. The slowing effect of various ramps is detailed in 49, 4.10 and 4.11 give the Department of Transport requirements for hump dimensions v y = compos | | f LI) lorry t eycle | compos | | ba { 3- \ | A two corscan_ | cor e cycle 0) * adsparking max 1000 — min || belont 50mm {P ramp length ‘700 |] 6. J L may 1000 py LLL LLL 446 Cushion hump parking There are considerable disadvantages to the use of humps. Vehicles, such as delivery vans, that are continuously using roads ‘with humps find that maintenance costs on tyres, wheels and suspensions are significantly increased. Buses and ambulances find that their passengers experience discomfort and even danger. An aliemative slowing device to the hump is the ‘chicane’, ‘examples of which are shown in 4.12 Once garages and visitors’ parking spaces are provided, kerbside parking may be discouraged by constructing one-way roads with minimum cariageway widths. However, occasional access by large furniture vans (and, unfortunatly, fire appliances) ‘will be necessary; and regular visits by refuse collection vehicles have to be as trouble-free as possible. For example, local authorities dislike cul-de-stcs with end turing areas permanently obstructed by parked cars, and may well insist on residents bringing their refuse to the entrance ofthe road, Refuse vehicles and delivery vans blocking narrow roads cause annoyance to other residents trying to pass, consider having at least two routes of accesslegress for most pars of the area. ‘may 1000, +700 max 1200 a ae 1700 1. ‘may 1000 [ey 427 Double cushion humps 4.8 Flat top hump used as a pedestrian crossing height of vertical shit length of ramp 49 Results of research into ramp dimensions for 8S percentile speed of 32 ph (20mph)h=50mmmin 100 mm max (constant profile across width) ome ~ road a7 m 4.10 Dimensions of round toproad hump fromthe Highways (Road Hump) Regulations 1990 AML Dimensions of la-top hump from the same source 1 1 1 i 1 1 t . 1 i i i 1 1 chicane with chicane with Inadequate Saami laterals prevented (racing tine’ By avid possible) carageway 4.12 Chicane types of trafic slowing device Design forthe vile 49 4 ROADS IN INDUSTRIAL PARKS ‘These must provide for use by the largest vehicles, but otherwise pose the same problems as roads in housing estates. Layout should discourage traffic using the roads as a cut-hrough, and shoulé also ensure thatthe speed of the legitimate traffic is kept low. This is ‘ot a simple matter, as comer radi cannot be too sharp when heavy vehicles constitute & substantial proportion of the traffic, 5 ROAD DESIGN DETAILS ‘SOL Visibility and stopping distance Is an axiom of road design thatthe driver should be able to see ‘distance at Jeast as far asthe distance he or she needs to stop in. If the object seen is also & moving vehicle the sight distance must allow both vehicles to stop before colliding. 4.13 gives the design stopping distances for speeds up to 110 kmh (approx 70mph), These distances are about 2 times the stopping distances given in the Highway Code for vehicles with ‘200d brakes in ideal conditions. Ths is o allow for reduced brake performance, poor weather conditions and impaired visibility. When emerging from a side road onto a through road the driver ‘must be able to see & vehicle onthe through road a distance ofthat vehicle's stopping distance. When crossing a footway the driver should be able to see 2.4m along it. Where small children are tbe ‘expected this visibility should be to within 600mm of the ground; but where there are no small children (such asin industri! areas) 1050mm will be sufficient, 4.14 and 4.15 indicate the areas that ‘must be free of obstruction, and Table Il gives some recommended standards in residential areas. 502 Curves ‘As mentioned in Section 1.04, when a vehicle travels round a curve the road width it occupies is greater than the tack width on ‘he straight, Table II combined with 4.16 indicates the magnitude ‘ofthis =the width of carriageway should be increased on curves compensate, F808 Xedm YEDEi cor crosing footoy K-24 atop citer. car neing oat 41S Required distances for unobstructed visibility speed i unfh (mph boston 10 2010 49 5D 60198 50. 199 io Gai a faa 68) ea (3s 102030 50 70 90. IS «HO TO, 7000 stopping datance ees 4.13 Design stopping distances440 Design forthe vice ‘Table tf Recommended standards in junction design Junction pe Radius Minimum Oppoite Sightns (a) junction Read Rod R Spacing =) xy acer Loca tater Any thera ow o S$ @in30mph 2m on 0 mph sme rea 100 in 30 mph zone : Minor acess oud Maj aces oat . 240 Mince aces ead Mita cst od 6 ‘ ea RN Minor aces oad) nance o mews oF a2 5 Mow 1 \ tne coat x : Single wack rod cate w mews oe wes 2s 5 uncon st be ‘08 i fog court ret aera Mons o paige cut catance o ews oe a 240 1 sage cout ‘able I Ouse turning rai front ae) ‘Minium rales 1s » s o 75-400 m0 Rox 443 Finger dock, where manoewring depth is limited and side loading is required as well as end loading. Very fast urnround times are possible although capacityis small ramp effective opening basement lavel 445 Headroom criteria for covered loading docks 6.0 (min) 7.5 (rocormmendod) to allow car o pass to next pump GLC area: 6000 prefered Inox 2058 GLC area cone 4300 (min) eee other places: other places: consult LA consult LA Co Padestrians and drivers whether acoess to site” ‘must have uninterupled IN & OUT or both depends lew of each other ‘on planning authority 4.46 Layout of perol filling station. Petrol outlets such as service hoses, tank filer pipes, ventpipes, etc, have normaly to be more than 4.31 from the property boundary, 4.3m from elecrical equipment where sparking is possible, nd 2m froma ny flame or non:flameproof electrical appliance] 125-225 11200 ree ‘300 Fro nin Jen 4.47 Pump island. A kiosk is not advisable on the island unless electrical equipment such as Iheater and cash register can be more than 1.2m from the pump 4287 3048, pump housing top of pump housing or 1219, whichover ' greater 048} £229 any lighting fing below this height to be Dw Ste 4.8 Elevation of forecourt showing clasificarion of areas: Division 1 ~ where a dangerous atmosphere is likely in normal conditions. and where only flameproof electrical ftings to (CP 1003 Part 11964 and BS 1259: 1958 can be used, Division 2 — where a dangerous ‘atmosphere is likely only in very abnormal conditions. and where only non-sparking electrical {Sitings to CP1003 part 3: 1967 (sections 2 and 3) can be used “Table ¥ Approximate sie of petrol storage tanks Capacity res) Diameter mm) ‘Overt kgth (mm) 2730 1370, 2000) sno th en 9100 1830, 3800 30 2000 0 Beto 20 ain available, and there are now atleast two types of lead-free petrol 85 well as diesel sold by most stations. There is reason to believe that further changes may be coming, so a flexible design approach is needed, [As much as 90 per cent of one day's sles may occur in the peak period hour, wich will vary from station to station. To meet this factor, an efficient cirelation pattern with no inbuilt delays or ‘obstructions is essential, 4.46, The lanes between the pump islands should be sufficiently wide (75m) to allow waiting ears to move past cars being served. A pump island is shown in 4.47 “The requirements ofthe Department of Transpot’s Model Code of Principles (see References and Bibliography) with regard to the safety zoning of forecourts are given in 448, Most service stations are now designed for both self and attendant service. There ure as yet few stations provided with automatic dispensing and charging, although the number is expected to increase. 9.03 Petrol storage Tanks may be sited on or off the forecourt and vehicle ‘manoeuvring space, bur siting should allow for daly lifting of the inspection covers to check stocks by dipstick. Heavy-duty covers 1824 from site boundary unless soid wall 1824 beyond vent in every direction min 1528 from window crater opening vent 1 falls% : BT wna a T1824 é inenty to basement 4.49 Installation of petrol storage tank are required in vehicle areas, Common sizes of tanks are given in Table V. Tanks may be compartmented to hold the diferent products. Choice of size is based on 4% days forecast of sales plus one road tanker load (25000 lites), eg. fora station selling 45.460 lites per week: 4% days supply 29500 Tanker load 25000 Total 54500 lites422 Design forte vedic =ce 25 450 Methods of installing inspection covers to prevent water ‘above general level ‘sunken channel ingress: 30 raising bb surrounding with 651mm dip valve .65 mm fil pipe {85 mm vent pipe eset | [Tinta ‘volume equal to fall of 50. mmim gate valve in drecton of arrow tank capacity 59 mm er check valve spring loaded to Sul pressure head exerted by fuel tank fender 440.mm plug cock. for tomoval of sediment 451 Installation of an above-ground tank for diesel oil, Kerosene, ete trlly on als Irowoble 10 other boy werk bench vent a +900 min 4.52 Petrol interceptor chamber Criteria aecting the installation of tanks are given in 4.49. Note the interdependence of tank diameter, depth and distance of the pump. More details are given in the Model Code of Principles. “The 4.0m maximum suction lift is to prevent gravitation and evaporation of the petrol. Petroleum regulations do not require encasement of the tank, but it is advisable, particularly beneath wheel loads (up t0 11.5 tonnes) and to protect tanks against corrosive ground water. Encasement in sand ina brick pit is hardly less expensive than mass concrete, but the tank is easier to remove, showroom and wating room ge hove mae ovr Boonen eine ee op lL list focibesom nts ot te cho ponte or hot bard eB i pte, fe te is whe! fs. freeing ‘totic wheel on Scr Feo 1-100, 11900 ———}—1W00. 800 453 ‘One-stop! service bay for lubrication and mechanical services note server ele ex Sole eeeron pone”4.54 Service pits for private vehicles Design forthe vite 4.28 ———— pote or| oo site Sgae| | van vob ores | | | lay Gaetoor | | | | | git toor | | J race] | ow | frac once] | ot | [nace | | ! recommended aneeat Ssence ae E walt 2300 190° 1900 1900 — 1900 plan at ground vel asta 450 » 150 ductio ol store f= t—to00. +2600. | quarry ties | -non-sip hosing Hee a Plan below ground level 4540 —3600-———— Lpstand edge acts as guide. white glazed tes 1500: ‘waste ol isposal unit cross section 454 ‘additional ol reels. of engine ol 487 used as track eta grile oor dispenser for 3 grades 182RS) ower level to facia easy movement about the pit4426 Drsgn forthe while water oll dispenser movable \ a vehicle jack edging. “Le longitucinal section 4540 The tanks must be held down during concreting, preferably by strapping them down to the concrete base. They must be pressure tested by the controlling authority both before and after encasement Petrol must not escape from inspection chambers above or below ground, and rainwater should not percolate into them. The ‘three alternatives are © Raising the cover above the general surface level, 4.80a © Surrounding the cover with a channel, 4.50b © Using a sealed cover. ‘Tanks may be required for various fucls other than petrol, particularly in rural areas. These are usually rectangular tanks above ground, 4.51, The controlling authority may require a buna’ wall around the tank to contain spillage of the entire contents in the event of a leak. The normal size of above-ground, tanks is about 2700 fires, Tterceptor chambers are sed to ensure that no petrol enters the rain or rainwater drainage systems, 482. Petrol is lighter than 600 x 400 mounting plate containing grease and gear oll under vehicle lighting waste of disposal unit water and will float tothe top and evaporate through the exhaust ‘manifold. The three chambers give it three channels in which to do, this, The chamber is situated between the Inst surface water collecting inspection chamber and the sewer, and in a place where the local authority silt collection vehicle ean reach it. Vents must be brought above ground before being connected to the manifold and main vent stack. ‘Local authorities usually require the chamber to have a 275-itre capacity, but some permit the use of smaller preformed plastic chambers. A brick chamber should not be internally rendered, as the render tends to fall off and block the pipes. ‘The Conditions of Appointment of authorised examiners for the DoT test (under section 45 of the Road Traffic Act 1988) include appendices “Requirements for premises and equipment’. These are very detailed, and the latest version should be consulted as the regulations are increasingly stringent with the aim of reducing the ‘umber of testing stations we a | ig omelet lighting £099 oF LL hing Yoring Seon = exing of Sarge oie ae + toting —< ane a “200 “Espace or tools 5200 670 nite aed 3 ck Borde ° niorer on JS x toass "100. ‘on floor of pit cro secon 12006700 4 }— 1700 120} -— 1700 —} senting wos | [tantra | seo (I Pf ; uly or auck : fro 8 coon) Siig tg oom" Tarn wal vn 200 ee le 4.55 Service pits for commercial vehiclesconcrete foot aid to falls 9600 to 4600 plan 101 x 76 RSJ over spray, arch 2800 may be increased to 3000 by fing extension pieces: tospray arch longitudinal section water storage: or tank ifrequred RSJ over (food by builder) spray. atch cleaner unit power tit grite glazed ‘ral tiles cross section sola 4.56 Small washing bay with spray arch for automatic operation Atleast three servicing bays are needed t0 be economically viable, and they each require a space 9m x 4m, 453 Hoists are preferable to pits except for heavy commercial vehicles because of fire risk and drainage problems. They do requite @ minimum headroom of 4.8m, whereas pits, 4.84 and 455, only need 33m. ‘An extract vent system in the servicing area may not draw aie from less than 1.2m above floor level, to avoid drawing petrol fumes into the system and through fan motors. All equipment should be approved non-sparking apparatus, ‘An automatic car wash layout is shown in 4.56. vacuum cleaner unit 3 TET DM ‘centre support vacuum cleaner unit ‘mud and grease gully —L_ ower unit containing water and detergent tanks and pumps water supply here posible Spoce souls de proved or leathery of ‘soot amar wash bay ard ‘rained wal ‘900 » 450 Sadao ator itago Tank overt requires by loca watse water storage tank required glazed wall thes ower unit 500) 9.05 Other facilities Depending on size and nature of business, a service station may need all or some of the following: (© Office. essential for most, to keep the safe for takings, DoT test comificate blanks, etc. {© Toilets, obligatory under the Workplace Directive, These may be shared with customers © Saf restroom © Shop, to sell motor accessories, confectionery, and possibly many other goods. Counters need space for self-service console and cash register. Shop should be atleast 31m wide, and atleast 25m? in area excluding goods storage (© Security design and detailing should ensure clear visibility from the road of any parts liable to forced entry. 10 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ASCE, Bicycle transportation, a civil engineer's notebook for Dieycte facilities, 1980 ‘Avon County Council, Draft eyele parking standards, 1991 Cheshire County Council, Design aid, housing: roads CTC, Technical note, eyele parking Department of TransporyWelsh Office, Local Transport Note 189: Making way for cyclists, planning design and legat aspects of providing for cyclists, Annex A, HMSO 1989 Department of TransporyWelsh Oifice, Statwtary Instrument 1990 No 703 The Highways (Road Hump) Regularions 1990, HMSO 1990426 Design forthe while Health and Safety Executive, Petrol filling stations: construction {and operation, HMSO 1990 Vehicle Inspectorate, MOT Testing scheme, conditions of appoint- ‘ment of authorised examiners and designated councits, class IM ‘and IV vehicles, ev Sep: 1995 'M, Hudson, The Bicycle Planning Book Open Books/Friends of, the Eanh, 1978 J. McCluskey. Road Form and Townscape, Architectural Pres, 1979 Sustrans, Making Ways for the Bicycle, A Guide to Traffc-Free Path Construction, Sustrans Lid, 1994 Departments of the Environment and Transport, Residential roads and footpaths: layout considerations. Design Bulletin 32. second. edition. HMSO April 1992. Devon County Council, Trafic calming guidelines, December 1973 Essex County Council, A design guide for residential areas Lancashire County Couneil, Car parking standards, 1976 York City Council, Cyele parking standards, 1989