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BY- JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE (MATHAM MAVERICK)

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CAUTION AHEAD –
• THESE ESSAYS WERE PREPARED BY ME LAST YEAR SO CHECK THE FACTS AT

VARIOUS PLACES IN CONTEXT WITH PRESENT TIME.

• DON’T BELIEVE IN ROTE LEARNING JUST READ THE ESSAYS THOROUGHLY.

• TIER 3 IS DEFINITELY LUCK BASED BUT STILL YOU CAN’T IGNORE IT.

• BRAINSTORMING IS VERY NECESSARY, BEFORE STARTING TO WRITE THE ESSAY

CREATE A TEMPLATE AND GIVE ATLEAST 10 MINUTES THINKING WHAT SHOULD

BE THE CONTENT OF EACH PARAGRAPH.

• HOPEFULLY YOU ALL WILL USE THESE ESSAYS CONSTRUCTIVELY.

• IF THERE IS ANY PROBLEM CONTACT ME ON TELEGRAM CHANNEL WITH USER ID

(@UnUmbrager). I MAY TAKE SOME TIME BUT I WILL DEFINITELY RESPOND.

• ONCE AGAIN CHECK THE FACTS AS THEY WERE CREATED LAST YEAR

• HOPEFULLY YOU WILL LOVE THE WORK.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 2

 0)Illiteracy in India
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”.

Illiterate according to the UN is the person who doesn’t know how to read and write a simple message
in any language. The problem of illiteracy is more profound in the developing Nations, and caught in this
swamp is our nation i.e. India. India is a nation of paradoxes which produces a lot of engineers and
doctors still 26% of the population still remains illiterate, with 36% among women still illiterate. And
around 35% of the world’s illiterate population resides in India.

There are some causes of this illiteracy in our country some of them are – High population but limited
resources, orthodox thinking of people living in the backward areas that children are meant for earning,
relatively less spending on education system, commercialization of schools, less number of schools in
rural areas, technological barrier, lack of sanitation due to which many girls dropout.

The impacts of illiteracy are equally perilous. Illiteracy creates a vicious cycle of poverty, unemployment,
child labor, population explosion, child marriage so on and so forth. The government has though taken
some initiatives to deal with this menace. In 2003, Right to education was introduced as fundamental
right. Some other initiatives are Sarv siksha abhiyaan, Mid day meal, beti bachao beti padhao, etc.

The central and state governments must collaborate to introduce schemes to encourage more and
more children to take their education seriously. Education is like a wick in the lamp needed for our
enlightenment. It is the due duty of not only government but also each and every responsible citizen of
the country to help in uprooting this menace.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 3

 1) POLLUTION
Pollution is defined as the addition of any harmful substance or energy in the environment at a rate
faster than it can be dispersed, diluted or decomposed. It is one of the biggest menaces to the mankind.
India ranked 177 out of 180 countries in Environment performance index.

Causes of pollution depend upon the type of pollution. For air pollution emission of harmful gases by the
industries and vehicles, stubble burning by the farmers, burning of waste by people in open space,
construction works are some reasons. For noise pollution loud horn honking by the cars and trucks,
noise in industries, loudspeakers, shouting by hawker are some reasons. For water pollution dumping of
waste in water bodies, discharge of industrial effluents and ash spillage in water bodies are some
reasons. For soil pollution excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides which percolates through soil and
pollutes both soil and ground water.

Impacts are equally perilous according to the contamination. Air pollution may lead to respiratory
diseases like bronchitis, asthma, TB, lung cancer. Noise pollution may lead to hypertension, permanent
deafness, irritation. Water pollution may indirectly cause disease like Minamata disease, diarrhea,
reduction in photosynthesis for aquatic animals, eutrophication. Soil pollution might lead to loss in
fertility of soil and decline in food production.

To combat pollution large chimneys, efficiently designed equipments, use of renewable sources of
energy, intense afforestation, sound proofing in the industries, time limit for loudspeakers, treating the
industrial waste and proper segregation and treatment of different types of waste, stopping the use of
plastic bags, treating sewage before use are some methods.

Government of India has taken various steps like SAUBHAGYA yojana, Ujjwala yojana, signing of Paris
agreement, jump from BS-IV to BS-VI, ban on plastic waste. Pollution is a dreadful disease and requires
our unity and commitment for its eradication. Hope we do needful.

Note- Pollution control and measure in India are guided by the Air act of 1981 and it needs amendment
to put plug on some of the loopholes.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 4

 2) POVERTY
“Poverty anywhere is threat to prosperity everywhere”.

Poverty is defined as the state when a person is not able to fulfill basic necessities of life and is not able
to sustain his family. Poverty is one of the biggest menaces to the mankind at the global level, and India is
no exception to it. India ranks 102 out of 117 nations in global hunger index, which tells the level of
poverty. Though there has been considerable improvement, from 268 million living in poverty in 2011 to
50 million people at present, still India is one of the largest contributor to the poverty.

In India poverty considerations are based on Suresh Tendulkar Committee which shifted considerations
from calorie basis to education, health, etc. There are various causes of poverty like high population but
limited resources, unemployment, inflation, illiteracy, poor agricultural infrastructure, etc. And these in
turn have lead to the umpteen problems like malnutrition, child labor, child marriage, illiteracy, low per
capita income, migration from rural to urban areas, etc.

The Indian government has taken several initiatives in the past and present like Food for work, Mahatma
Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act for 100 days employment, Financial inclusion through
jan dhan yojana, Ayushman bharat yojana, Saubhagya yojana, Ujjwala yojana, Jan awaas yojana,etc. There
are many other things that can be done like setting up small scale industries, cottage industries to
provide employment to the poor, per capita food production should be increased.

In Toto the government is doing every effort to uproot this menace but our contribution is needed. For
when these ambitious missions get energized by the people participation they become vibrant mass
movement and lead to success.

“Poverty is like termite, it will eventually hollow out the nation if allowed to flourish”.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 5

 3) AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is defined as the contamination of atmosphere by the harmful substances ( gas, solid or
liquid) at a rate faster than its decomposition. Air pollution is worldwide phenomena and India is no
exception to it. India was ranked 177out of 180 countries in Environment performance Index and
according to Greenpeace 22 out world’s 30 most polluted countries belong to India. It is also said that
living in Delhi NCR during the period of winter is equivalent to smoking 22 cigarettes in a day which
tells about the grim picture of our country.

Air pollution can both be indoor and outdoor. Indoor air pollution may be from smokes of burning fuels,
burning of incense stick produces volatile organic compounds also produced from paints. Smog is the
major source of outdoor pollution formed by combination of smoke and fog. Two major pollutants are
PM2.5 (Safe limit is 60 mg/cm3) and PM10 (safe limit is 100 mg/cm3).

There might be many causes responsible for this air pollution like harmful exhaust released from the
industries and the vehicles, burning of municipal waste in open, stubble burning by the farmers just after
the harvesting of Kharif crops (usually rice), construction dust, burning of crackers, forest fires, etc. The
impacts are various respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer etc. The
possible solution includes proper designing of exhaust system, ban on waste burning, Road rationing at
the time when pollution is at peak.

Government has taken many initiatives to combat this menace like Saubhagya yojana, Ujjwala yojana,
signing of Paris agreement, jump from BS-IV to BS-VI, conversion of 5 lakh government vehicles running
on conventional fuel to e vehicles. This has resulted in improvement of ranking of India in climate change
performance index from 14 to 11 in 2019. Air pollution is dreadful disease and requires our
commitment and efforts for its eradication. Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 6

 4) CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change refers to any significant long term change in the expected patterns of average weather of
a region (or entire Earth) including precipitation, temperature, cloud cover, etc, over a significant period
of time. Climate change is a global phenomena and India is no exception to it. India was ranked at 11 out
of 58 countries in the climate change performance index which is a good improvement as compared to
14th rank of last year, but there is still a long way to go.

There are many causes of climate change like emission of greenhouse gases from various sources like
vehicles, industries, burning of fossil fuels and municipal waste, forest fires, etc. Further deforestation
leads to loss of green belt and carbon dioxide will not be absorbed and will occupy the atmosphere.
The greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide have the potential to trap infrared
rays of sun and hence lead to increase in temperature. Some natural factors like El nino and La nina,
little change in orbit of Earth, volcanic eruptions are also responsible.

Impacts of climate change are equally perilous like droughts, floods, melting of the glaciers leading to
increase in sea level, acidification of oceans, expansion of deserts, natural imbalance, etc. Possible
solution include properly designed exhaust system of vehicles and industrial chimneys, ban on burning
waste, stringent laws and hefty penalty for the perpetrators, awareness by educational institutions and
NGOs on this issue.

Government has also taken various initiatives like Saubhagya yojana, Ujjwala yojana, signing Paris
agreement, jump from BS-IV to BS-VI, conversion of 5 lakh government vehicles running on conventional
fuel to e-vehicles. Climate change is dreadful disease and requires our commitment and efforts for its
eradication. Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 7

 5) CORRUPTION
Corruption refers to an unethical act performed by a person or a group of people using the power of
position or authority to acquire personal benefits. Corruption is a global phenomena and India is no
exception to it. India has been ranked at 78th position in corruption perception index 2018 out of 180
countries which suggest there is a long way to go.

There are various causes of corruption like emergence of political elite who believe in interest oriented
rather than nation oriented policies, acceptance of people towards corruption and and absence of
strong forum for opposition of corruption, high population combined with illiteracy and poor economic
infrastructure, complex laws that alienate people from asking help of government and bribery to
politicians for influence and bribery by politicians for vote bank.

The impacts are equally perilous like economic imbalance, income disparity i.e. poor will become poorer
and rich will become richer, dearth of righteous political leaders and losing of confidence in the
government. Possible solution are - regular accounts auditing of political parties, denying person with
criminal record to contest in elections, and setting up of more courts for speedy judgment on
corruption cases.

Government has also take several initiatives like Jan Lokpal bill with formation of lokpal at central level
and lokayukta at state level to deal with corruption charges on bureaucrats, setting up of four
departments for anti corruption measures i.e. administrative vigilance division, central bureau of
investigation, domestic vigilance units and central vigilance commission, various acts like the black money
and imposition of tax act for foreign black money and Income declaration scheme for domestic black
money. Corruption is a dreadful disease and requires our commitment and efforts for its eradication.
Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 8

 6) WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
“Woman is builder and molder of the Nation’s destiny. She is supreme inspiration for man’s onward
march.”

Women empowerment means giving cart Blanche to women so that they can they can take the decision
of their life on their own and ensure the well being of family and society. Even Article 14 of the Indian
constitution says there should be equality before law and equal protection of law. India ranks 108 out of
149 countries in gender gap index 2018 which tells there is long way to go.

There are many women who have made India proud and are epitome of women empowerment like
Sakshi Malik and PV Sindhu (who won only medals for India in 2016 Olympics). Rani laxmi bai, Sarojini
Naidu, Sucheta kriplani are perfect example of bravery. Sania mirza, Saina Nehwal, Marycom have made
their mark in sports field.

Government of India has taken several steps in this regard like Beti bachao beti padhao, Suknya samridhi
yojana, Mahila-e-haat, Mahila shakti Kendra, Ujjwala yojana. Recently a bill increasing the paid maternity
leave for women from 16 weeks to 26 weeks was also passed. Women are provided with the 33%
reservation in panchayati raj system and a similar bill was also introduced for reservation in the
parliament (108th constitutional amendment bill). Past governments have also worked for women
empowerment by enacting Maternity benefit act 1961, Prohibition of dowry act 1961, prohibition of
child marriage act 2006.

It will uplift the women and their family and they will no longer be subordinate and will have equal say in
everything. Though there are some challenges like orthodox thinking of people, corrupt means stepping
in while implementation of government schemes.

Women should be provided with defence training at the school level for self-protection. Women
empowerment is a step towards holistic, inclusive and seamless growth of our nation. Government is
putting all efforts to achieve this mission but our contribution is needed. For when these missions are
energized by participation of people they become vibrant mass movement. Hope we do needful.

“There is no tool for development more effective than women empowerment”.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 9

 7) TERRORISM
Terrorism means armed violent movement against government or non government target, involving pre
mediated attack with arms and ammunitions on civilians and resorting to intimidation tactics like hostage
taking and hijacking. Terrorism may also mean organized way of intimidation and violence with political
agenda. Terrorism is a global phenomena and India is no exception to it. India ranks 7 among 163
nations in global terrorism index 2018 which tells the impact of terrorism on India.

Since independence India has been struck by terrorism in one form or other like 26/11 Taj hotel attack,
2005 delhi bombings, 2001 Indian Parliament attack, Pulwama attack. And due to this worst affected
states are J&K, Punjab, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, etc. There are many terror groups in India having link
with like minded terror groups of other countries like Marxist of India having link with Maoist of
Bangladesh and Nepal. There are many ways in which terrorism is propagated like through social media
some terror groups might select particular individual and imbrue in his mind misconception and
encourage him to cause terrorism. There are many radical groups within the country which permeate
radical thoughts in people’s mind. Causes of terrorism include political frustration, Religion and race
fanaticism and personal political interest.

Studies show that greater the terror activities greater is the dip in the GDP, in terror prone areas
foreign companies deter to make investment, cost of doing business also increases for example shipping
cost of goods increases when they have to pass through some terror prone area. Radical groups should
be identified and extirpated from roots and anti terror squads must be deployed after proper training.

Government of India has taken several bold steps to combat this menace like surgical strikes in 2016 and
Balakot strikes in 2019. Terrorism is a dreadful disease not only for India but also entire world and this
requires efforts and commitment of every nation to eradicate this disease. Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 10

 10) WATER CRISIS
Water crisis is a situation when available potable and unpolluted water in a region is less than the
region’s demand. Water crisis is a global phenomena and India is no exception to it. According to NITI
AAYOG’s report 21 cities of India will run out of groundwater by 2020. According to NITI AAYAOG’s
composite water management index per capita availability of water is only 1300 m3 which was 6008 m3
at the time of independence. India ranks 120 among 122 countries in Global Water quality index which
speaks of the grim situation.

There are many causes of water crisis like high population so high demand of water, deforestation, rapid
urbanization, lack of civic sense in people regarding water conservation, excessive use of tube wells,
excessive use for agricultural practices, pollution of freshwater bodies by industrial effluents and ash
spillage, climate change is major reason due to which glaciers are shrinking and freshwater is
evaporating.

Impact are equally perilous like disputes between the states for water and a possibility of war for water
in future, many places will run out of water so their survival will become difficult, food shortage,
sanitation problems, energy shortages and economic slowdown. Possible solution are use of drip
irrigation in farming, stringent laws on water pollution, rainwater harvesting, renovation of tradition and
other water bodies, reuse of water (greywater) and recharging of structures, watershed management
and intense afforestation.

State governments have taken various steps like “Jal swawlamban abhiyaan” (Rajasthan), “Jalyukta shivar”
(Maharashtra) and “Mission kakatiya” (Telangana) and central government’s jal shakti abhiyaan for
addressing the water crisis. The government is making every effort to eradicate this dreadful dilemma
but our contribution is required. For when these missions are energized by people’s participation, they
become vibrant mass movement. Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 11

 11) CHILD LABOUR
“Children are meant to learn not to earn.”

Child labor means the employment of the children in any kind of work that hampers their physical or
mental development, depriving them of their basic educational and recreational requirements. According
to the census of 2011, 10.2 million children are engaged in work of which about 4.5 million
are girls. Child labor is a global phenomenon and India is no exception to it.

There are many causes of child labor like High population but limited resources, orthodox thinking of
some people that children are meant to earn which in turn leads to the increase in population, Parental
illiteracy and unemployment are also responsible to some extent. Impacts are equally perilous like
children are forced to do hazardous work in industries so it is harmful for their health. It is due to these
things that India has the highest child wasting rate in the world at 20%. Also bonded labor leads to
child trafficking from rural to urban areas. It creates a vicious cycle of illiteracy, unemployment, child
marriage, poverty so on and so forth.

Government has taken several steps to contain this menace like introduction of Right to education as
fundamental right in 2003, also 25% seats in the private schools are reserved for the economically
weaker section and bonded labor system act 2000 was also passed.

Further NGOs should reach out to poor people to make them understand the consequences of child
labor. Financially well off families should pool some money for education of poor students. The principle
of “Each one teach one” can be followed. Child labor is a dreadful disease which requires the
collaboration of government and its citizens for its eradication.

“Children are not things to be molded but things to be unfolded.”

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 12

 12) ROLE OF MEDIA
Media in simple words is a means of mass communication. Media has important role to play in a
democratic country like India where public opinion is a major aspect. Media is considered as the fourth
pillar of the nation other three being executive, legislature and judiciary. Media is also considered as
the mirror or moduler of public opinion. Modern day media has evolved from radio and television to
the social media platform.

There are many positive impacts of constructive media in today’s time. Media has important role of
exposing scams, corruption and ensuring public awareness. It is also a source of knowledge for the
people who don’t have access to conventional educational means. Programmes like KRISHI
DARSHAN (for the help of farmers), DD-SCIENCE (for the science loving people) attempt
to disseminate knowledge among common people of the nation. People get to know about various
government initiatives like SWACH BHARAT mission and rural development programmes. Our Prime
Minister Narendra Modiji has used this platform by speaking his mind on “MAN KI BAAT” and hence
removing a kind of communication barriers with the citizens.

There are some negatives too like spreading of bogus information through any media which might lead
to communal violence, mob lynching, etc. Excessive coverage to sensitive matters might lead to
insensitivity. There is a threat to life of righteous reporters these days (India ranks 140 out of 180
countries in world press freedom index 2019).

It is important that media reports in a fair and unbiased manner. Media reaches from door to door and
hence it is its moral and social responsibility to present factual and authentic picture of any incident as
media plays a major role in forming public opinion.

“An independent and free Media is essential to ensure democracy.”

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 13

 13) UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment is defined as the condition when the person is willing to do work but is unable to find
work due to varied reasons. There are many types of unemployment like structural, disguised, open,
cyclical, etc. Unemployment in our country is measured by unemployment rate (number of
unemployed people divided by total labor force). Unemployment rate in India in August reached a high
of 8.4% which is a cause of concern.

There are many causes of unemployment like high population but limited opportunities, poverty,
illiteracy, structural change in the economy (technology is replacing manpower), lack of requisite skills,
periods of slowdown in the economy leads to laying off of many employed people increasing
unemployment. Mismatch between market requirement and education curriculum, lack of vocational
skills are also responsible. In India most prevalent unemployment are disguised (more people are
employed than required e.g. agriculture) and seasonal. There are various ill effects of this problem.
People go into depression leading to various mental problems. People out of anxiety resort to unlawful
means leading to increase in crime rate in India. This also leads to the pauperism among people.

The Government has though taken several initiatives to contain this menace like Jawahar Rozgar
yojana, Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act to provide 100 days
employment to rural poor people, Pradhan mantri kaushal vikas yojana, make in India,
start up India stand up India, etc. Further small scale industries, cottage industries should be set up
to provide employment to the poor people, proper vocational training should be provided as per the
market demands.

In Toto government is making every effort to eradicate this dreadful disease and state governments
must collaborate to introduce more schemes that make India a job creating Nation instead of job
seeking Nation.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 14

 14) SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media is shifting the way we communicate, interact, and form opinions or even shop. It is blurring
the boundaries, increasing transparency and fluidity in everything we do. Social media is a great
equalizer; it gives voice and platform to anyone willing to engage and indeed one of the greatest
inventions for 21st century.

There are many advantages of social media these days. People can talk to their families, friends and
relatives anywhere in the world in seconds. It is a powerful tool of communication. It also plays an
important role in providing education and information. Government is also using social media to spread
awareness about the government schemes, ensuring transparency in the governance and quick
addressing of grievances. It is being used to expand businesses, connect with customers and getting
quick feedbacks. Social networking sites like LINKEDIN are providing the businessmen with the
opportunity to find new talent and potential partners.

But as it is said it is a double edged sword. Social media sometimes leads to the isolation of the
youngsters which brings in them disastrous behavioral changes, without knowing sometimes adolescents
might start talking to the strangers who might have malevolent intention. Excessive use of social media
might lead to decrease in attention span and efficiency in work. It also provides the breeding grounds for
terrorism and anti social elements as they can select a particular individual and imbrue in his mind
certain misconception and encourage him to cause terrorism. Spreading of fake news through social
media might lead to communal violence and other violent activities.

Social media has both curses and blessings but it is upto the users that how well they utilize it or how
badly they screw it.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 15

 15) CYBER SECURITY
Cyber security means protecting the cyber space including the critical information infrastructure from
attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage. Cyber attack is global phenomenon and no country is
exception to it. India ranks 23 out of 165 countries in cyber security index and 47 out of 100 countries
in internet inclusive index. There are many types of cyber attacks like malware, ransomware, phishing,
etc. Recently there have been many cases of cyber attack like DTrack attack on kundankulam nuclear
power plant and ISRO, Pegasus attack on privacy of some selected journalists all over the world.

There might be various causes of these cyber attacks like malafide intention of individuals to get some
commercial gains, obtain intelligence plans of the country, attack the assets of the country, to virally
promote some message which might be political, to show that vulnerability exists in the system or to
disturb the communal harmony of the nation.

Impacts are equally perilous like there is possibility of threat to privacy and financial transactions. This
might lead to blackmailing and may even provide breeding grounds for terrorism. To contain this robust
cyber infrastructure along with stringent cyber laws, efficient use of artificial intelligence to predict the
attacks, awareness about cyber attacks and digital literacy are need of the hour.

Government has though taken several steps to contain this menace like Cyber surakshit Bharat
initiative, Cyber swachta Kendra, Information technology act, 2000. Government is making every effort
to eradicate this menace but our commitment and efforts are needed for when theses ambitious mission
are energized by people participation they become vibrant mass movement.

NOTE- CYBER ATTACK is the malicious and deliberate attempt by an individual or organization to
breach information system of other individual or organization.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 16

 16) GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is defined as the long term rise in the average temperatures of the Earth’s climate
system. Global warming is a worldwide phenomenon and India is no exception to it. India has ranked 11
out of 58 countries in climate change performance index which is a improvement from last year’s rank
of 14 but there is still a long way to go.

There are many causes of this phenomenon. But the basic cause is the increase in the level of
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide which are responsible for trapping of the
infrared radiation of the sun and hence increase in the temperature. These gases are released from
exhaust system of vehicles and industries, burning of municipal waste in open, forest fires, stubble
burning, crackers burning etc. Some natural phenomena like EL NINO and LA NINA, volcanic eruptions,
slight change in the orbit of earth are responsible. Deforestation is another cause.

Impacts are equally perilous. It leads to the climate change due to which there are frequent floods,
droughts, shrinking of the glaciers, increase in the sea level, acidification of oceans, and expansion of
deserts. Possible solution include proper designing of exhaust system of vehicles and industries, ban of
waste burning, road rationing at the time when pollution is at the peak.

Government has taken many initiatives in this regard like SUBHAGYA yojana, UJJWALA yojana, signing
of Paris agreement, jump from BS IV to BS VI and conversion of 5 lakh government vehicles running on
conventional fuel to e-vehicles. Government is making every effort to contain this menace but our
commitment and efforts are needed. Hope we do needful.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 17

 17) FLOODS IN INDIA
“A tree at stay keeps the flood away.”

Flood is a natural disaster in which there is sudden overflow of water from rivers and creeks which
results in the submerging of the land and causes difficulty in daily life of the people. Floods are not
recent phenomena but they have been occurring since ages. But this year from July to August there have
been many cases of floods in about 13 states submerging around 25 stations leading to the loss of life of
about 200 people and displacement of people on large scale.

Various factors contribute to these floods. Factors like tropical cyclone, earthquake, cloud burst, storm
in the coastal areas, silting of the rivers are natural factors. Factors like clogging of drain due to the
industrial waste and plastic waste, improper planning of the infrastructure of dams and deforestation are
anthropogenic factors. These floods lead to loss of life, livelihood and property, destruction of crops,
mass migration, scarcity of resources and a economic slowdown as whole of the infrastructure has to be
built anew.

Measures can be taken to contain this natural disaster. Measures include identification of flood prone
areas, proper flood forecasting system, making sure that plastic waste doesn’t clog the drain, properly
built dams, intense afforestation to reduce water run-off, desilting the rivers, forming channel between
flood prone and drought prone areas.

Government has taken various initiatives to control floods like setting of central water commission, the
farakka barrage project authority, the Ganga flood control commission and ban of single use plastic. We
can’t prevent the natural disaster but we can guard ourselves with knowledge to deal with it in advance.
Hope we all acquire that knowledge.

CREATED BY JITENDRA SINGH RATHORE Page 18

 18) MOBILE PHONES
Mobile phones are electronic wireless, portable scientific device which are used to send and receive calls
and messages. But with the advent of smart phones the definition of mobile phones has changed, now
they are not only source of communication but also a source of entertainment and information.
Alexender Graham Bell invented the telephone for the first time. It was Motorola that introduced the
first hand held phone (DYNA TAC 8000x). Since then phones have come a long way.

There are various advantages of using mobile phones like instant connectivity, entertainment and
information. It helps to overcome the physical distance. It is helpful to conduct your business efficiently
and connect with customers whenever you want. You can learn anytime with smart phones these days
through applications like Unacademy, Byjus, Study IQ, Khan study, it is a virtual teacher which also
increases the imagination among the children. It is our savior whenever we are in some kind of trouble.

On the contrary people these days have become confined to these phones that they become socially
isolated. Power of retaining things has reduced. Overuse of these devices have brought disastrous
changes in the behavior of people, it leads to increase in irritation and anxiety. Studies have shown that
its overuse leads to decrease in attention span and work efficiency, weak eyesight, migraine, Alzheimer,
chronic fatigue and many other health issues. It affects the physical and mental development of children.

Technology is good as long as it is our slave, the day it starts becoming our master it leads to serious
complications. It is our duty to make optimal use of these mobile phones to reap maximum benefit from
them.

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 19) UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality, to change something build a model that make
the existing model obsolete.”

Basic income is the regular and periodical cash transfer done unconditionally to every citizen of the
country, without the requirement of work or willingness to work. There are three components to this
universal basic income i.e. Universality (including all citizens), unconditionality (no prior condition) and
agency (transfer in form of cash). This proposal is being discussed in the politics of India these days.

There are many advantages of this noble idea. It will lead to reduction in poverty, increase in national
happiness (India ranked 133 in 2018 in global happiness index), reduction in gini coefficient (income
disparities will reduce), improvement in financial inclusion as more people will be encouraged to open
bank accounts and will improve the social fabric. Though there might be some challenges like
cooperation between states and centre regarding cost sharing, covering of such a large demography,
geographical challenge in terms of delivery of services, moral challenges and possibility of
misappropriation of money.

The concept of UBI is not new to India, there have been many initiatives in this regard like National old
age pension scheme, Indira Gandhi national widow pension scheme, Raythu Bandhu scheme, Kisaan
samaan nidhi yojana, etc. Centre and state governments must collaborate for its effective
implementation. Monitoring committee must be set up to keep an account of the fund being used.

In Toto this sui generis idea of UBI is a step towards achieving the social and economic justice for its
citizens. This idea of UBI is a powerful one whose time even if not ripe for implementation, if ripe for
discussion.

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 20) NON PERFORMING ASSETS
Nonperforming assets also called non performing loans are loans that are given by the banks and
financial institutions for which the repayments or interest payments are not done on time. In general
NPA is an asset of the bank that is making no income at all. If the borrower does not make repayment
or interest payment in 90 days then that loan is considered to be NPA.

There are many causes of NPA in our country like economic slowdown due to which the business of
the borrower might be stagnant. Further there might be a possibility that he is channeling the fund
somewhere else, he might be a willful defaulter. There is also a possibility that bank have poor loan
giving system as sometimes they offer loan to even persons having the bad credit history, also there is
absence of regular industry visits by official of bank. These NPAs have certain disadvantages like it affects
profitability and liquidity of bank, also extra effort and time is required to deal with these NPAs. Bank
may start charging higher interest rates on further loans to compensate NPAs. Further bank
stakeholders are adversely affected.

Government has taken various steps in this regard like Reserve Bank of India had issued Prompt
corrective action to ensure sound health of banks, amendment of banking laws to give more powers to
RBI, new insolvency and bankruptcy code to deal with defaulters. More measures can be taken to
contain these NPAs like giving loans on the basis of credit history, regular visits to industries.

The growth of NPA is showing signs of a slowdown and government should keep making efforts as
minimum NPAs is a step towards holistic, inclusive and seamless economic growth of nation.

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 21) FAKE NEWS
Fake news is a news, story, or hoax that is deliberately created to misinform or deceive the people. Fake
news is propagated with the aim of changing people’s view, pushing political agenda or for the sake of
some kind of financial profit. Propagation of fake news is not a new phenomenon, it has been continuing
since ages.

There are many causes of the spread of fake news like erosion of ethics of Media, advent of social media
has decentralized the propagation of fake news, polarization of society also leads to easy propagation of
fake news, there is lack of legislation in case of fake news and there is also a confirmation bias i.e.
readers don’t care to find out the authencity of news. It in turn leads to many negative events happening
like communal violence, mob lynching, etc. It can imbrue in minds of people misconception and may
create a kind of bias in their minds and it may even provide breeding grounds for terrorism.

Though some measures can be taken like fact checking of the news to find any error and mismatch,
instant removal of fake news by digital platforms, educating the end users to discern between authentic
and fake news. Government has also floated a proposal to find the source of fake news by de
anonymizing the social media accounts but it will be against the right to privacy.

Fake news can affect the freedom of speech and is threat to communal harmony of the nation.
Government is making every effort to eradicate this dreadful disease but our efforts are needed, for
when these ambitious missions are energized by people participation they become vibrant mass
movement.

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 22) PLASTIC POLLUTION
“Plastic is virtual termite, it will eventually hollow everything if allowed to grow.”

Plastic pollution means the accumulation of the plastic in the Earth’s environment which impacts the life
of every specie on this earth. According to latest survey, of the total plastic waste, 9% is recycled, 12% is
incinerated and 79% ends in the landfill. Further this plastic pollution is responsible for the death of
about 1 lakh marine animals and turtles every year which speaks of the grim situation.

The basic cause of plastic pollution is the fact that it is quite cheap and since the population is increasing
quite rapidly it is being overused. Further people are reckless with the disposal of plastic waste. Single
use plastic constitutes 40% of the total plastic in circulation, it is much more harmful.

There are many negative impacts of plastic pollution like it leads to water pollution, soil pollution, and
air pollution (when it is burnt), clogging of the sewerage in the rainy season, micro plastic in oceans is
affecting marine life, water bodies are covered with the plastic waste and hence sunlight is not able to
reach the aquatic plants and hence this reduces photosynthesis. The best solution of this problem is to
follow 3 Rs i.e. reuse, reduce and recycle and focus more on biodegradable options.

Government of India has announced a nationwide ban on single use plastic to make Indian cities plastic
free by 2022. Ministry of Textile has pushed for production of jute bags instead of plastic bags. The
plastic pollution is menace to the mankind and government is making every effort to eradicate it but our
contribution is needed.

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