‘Solar tracking mechanism 2 Solar teachers heepthe solar panel o oar eller perpendicular tothe un ay | Solar traching i needed te masimiz the flor radiance ot all times ‘Broadly Solar tracing systoms can be cased Inte twe types: (D pase or open loop tracking system and (I) ectveo dosed loop tracking Syste 1 In passive or open lop teaching sytomy, the tracker performs calculation to identiy ‘he's peiion and te determine the retational anges of the traching ans wing @ ‘pectic rantraching formule te erin the oer collactor towards ther 12 Dr the other hand, cctve tracing systom normaly sees the direct solar radiation falling on a photo-enor oa fedbach gna to ensure thatthe tla cllocor can ‘rac the a al heme '* On the basi of dears of freedor tracking mechanism can be cased os singe axs, ‘double ce ed muons Manabendra is presentingMathematical formulation of parabolic collector «The wefil heat Is calelate bated on the amount of heat transler t the {had Inthe abvoror tub. The mecraniim ofthe heat transfers forced e ‘cipeteatbs caine) OH 0, =hA CT, —Lam) ‘© The heat transfer coefficient can be estimated using the Nusselt number (/ aefined on AL Nu=— k «For turbulent flow (Re > 2300) with smooth absorber tube, the Nusselt number (i) ‘can be calculated using the Dittu:-Boelter equation: Nu =0.023Re°* Pr’ 1 The absorbed solar energy (js) Is separated into useful heat (Q,) and to thermal losses (Q) Dein = Qe F Dire ¢ The thermal losses (Q,..) parts have different components: (I) lortes from absorber tube to cover plate (0...) » (Wi) lostes from cover plate to ambient by radiation and DRC cay (una)12:04 AaB @ 1D © 4232 ye Porm) €___ hrw-nhfw-gsa > al_Processes_3rd_Edition pdf [Pageview Derga Dors Aads anatars Gesu Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes Third Edition John A. Duffie (Deceased) ‘mein Per of Chemie! Exgoering William A. Beckman Brera Prfese of Mel BeringWorking principle of parabolic trough collector © Sun’s rays are too diffused to collect by an absorber plate ‘¢ Solar concentrators are ured to concentrate and collect the sun’s ray to heat ‘working fluid to a desired temperature ‘¢ Parabolic troughs or parabolic collectors are a class of solar concentrators ‘curved or parabolic surfaces to concentrate solar rays on a straight tube Parabolic trough collector 4, Solar radiation DIC CayDRC ay Mathematical formulation of parabolic collector ‘© The available solar energy on the collector aperture Is the product of t beam solar irradiation (G,) and of the collector aperture (A.), Q=4G (© The optical losses are calculated with the optical efficiency (1,,.) This parameter depends on various parameters: Ny =NarraKO) (© The useful energy part (0,) is calculated by the energy balance in the working fluid volume, at presented byt Es Q=meCniT) {© The thermal afficioncy (7) of the solar collector Is the ratio of the produced useful heat to the available solar energy (0)11:20 OB iukon €___ hrw-nhfw-gsa > Solar energy, a source of sustainable energy «Renewable energy sources are the elternats solutions for tachling worldwide imate change © Among diferent sources of renewable energy (Le hydro, nuclear, tidal, ste) solar energy possesses the highest prospect because ofits abundance and al stesplity n converting into ueful heat or electricity '¢ folar energy s exploited inform of electricity with photovoltaic (PU) module or infor of heat to generate power coupled with Rankine, Brayton oSiling cycles | India les in the sunny belt region of the world ond ls endowed with vast solar potential. Most pert of India get 300 days of sunshine a year [1] ‘¢ About 5,000 trlion hWh per year energy is inedent aver Indian land areas with creas reesiving 4-7 KWh per sq. meter per day [2] Manabendra is presentingDRC Cay Solar thermal technology © Solar collectors are categorized into two types: (i) non-concentrating and (ii) concentrating, ‘¢ Non-concentrating collectors are for low and medium temperature ay such as solar water heaters for household and process industries, solar air drying process ete. © Concentrating collectors are for high temperature applications such ar steam ‘generation for solar thermal power plant ‘¢ In concentrated solar collector energy delivery temperature can be increased by decreasing the area from which heat losses occur '* This s done by imposing an optical device betqveen the source of radiation andl the ‘energy-abrorbing surface ‘© Concentrators can be of two type: (i) reflectors or (Ii) refractor: ‘© Concentration ratio is ctor aperture arear to ‘abrotber areanerdy jFlat plate collector vs concentrated collector "Compared to concentrated collector, lat plate collectors are simple te construct "Concentrated cllector are more efficent due to (ls heat lon, and (8) we of tured sales soy ‘+ As the temperature difference between cllector and environment increases the les ‘rom let plate collector Increases reuling in decreas In thermal eficency (3.8) + Father nator tei effect more vere ct plate collec lowing to pins ‘dogsing 7 Concentrated callers or gonaraly stable for mediam te high heat generating | Malordluadvantage of concentrated calector are ifcles In vacuum eating of sbiorber tub, high cot of reflecting surface end traching mechonim(3] eek pl see pee aoe fra vA, ‘concept of De-It-Veursel “slarise the technology o Manabendra is presenting11:48 OB Coe eet) Noun a) D + Lao eat at yeti a econ QasH Ah ALT )4A,a2,0 12) conan oes he ome het wane coin can be ppronnated Snags" + rk mening rl afc ft ce a ry teMathematical formulation of parabolic collector +The unl hea is oetate haved onthe count of heat tronfr fe the ‘utd nth aberber tab hs cc ef eect rns fred Saccnrbs cape BE Ot hd, T, -T a) '© The heat transfer coefficient can be estimated using the Nusselt number ( Ie defined a: hh Nua e «* For turbulent flow (Re > 2300) with smooth absorber tube, the Nusselt number (i) ‘can be calculated using the Dittu:-Boelter equation: Nu =0.023Re** Pr™* (¢ The absorbed solar energy (0,,,) is separated into useful heat (Q,) and to thermal Hosses (Qpnde Dein = DF ioe © The thermal losses (@...) parts have different components: (i) losses from absorber tube to cover plate (0... [EES nblent by radiation and DIC ay 18 (Quad ¥ ELEbby photovoltaic technology Is currently in the range of Rs 13 — 28 per bWh [3] ‘© With the development of hybrid technologies, solar thermal power can be managed te adapt the enersy production according to the demand at any given time, Worldwide installed capacity of solar thermal technology is 15 GW [4] ® '¢ Conversion efficiency of solar thermal technology Is 30-40%, whereas photovoltaic ‘conversion efficiency range Is 20-30% DIC aySolar tracking mechanism ‘© Diurnal and seasonal movement of earth affects the radiation intensity systems, Sun trackers move the solar systems to compensate for these] lheeping the best orientation relative to the sun. i) DIM 3 tre [7D ieParabolic trough collector '¢ Porabolc trough cllcor (PTC) tthe most mature solar technology for utilization inva greot range of applications where temperature can be achieved up te 420 °C bom "Tay toc wetting Gd be BTC ore wntercecr Deel ofc orl salen Slow wel or there are tome applications with gor working Hui (air nitrogen, heim fan carbon conde) [2-16] 19 The cot of PIC: is remonable and it epprosimately i 7 A09\er for large scale Insaations and nus PTGS are mere competitive choles compared to other slar technologies (9 However, the sutainabilty of BTCr ir depended on their thermal performance hl ct otecet th vet energy pdt ore. Manabendra is presentingMathematical formulation of parabolic collector ‘© The thermal lores from the absorber tube to cover plate can be given a: A,o(T Qin = Aog Hau (Te= Togs) + Ags 8 (Te = ‘¢ For radiation lous shy temperature can be approximated’: 7- 0533.7. (© For convection losses, the convective heat transfer coefficient can be approximated = ig = AVrgt Dig «© All there formulations indicate that thermal efficiency of the collector decreases with the increase in absorber temperature and decrease in ambient condition ‘© Thus for increasing thermal efficiency of the collector, useful energy part needs to be PER TERE PT bocreased and losses parts should be decreased11:44 OB Co eect) NE Cunt a) C + ee me plates eben rela cot Qas- Ah ATT )sA, 20-12) 1 Fora ty pert cn be eprinated et 7-9 95337 + Fercanscton nes the mute at tantric cn be epee = fi narazns + hark ening Sr fc ft ce, a ry te11:48 OB Dh ALA? Nin=0 023Re Dash ee (0 td in i a) an er 0.0, +0, . Th a (9) pte erent compen) os re aoe DICER SS) secre 0 mest ens pony ond